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de Mendoza C, Lozano AB, Rando A, Nieto MDC, Cebollero A, Cabezas T, Maciá MD, Cortizo S, Basalobre L, Aldamiz T, Pena MJ, Soriano V. The incidence of HIV-2 infection in Spain is declining - a registry data analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 146:107076. [PMID: 38823624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-2 infection is a neglected disease caused by a human retrovirus that causes AIDS more slowly than HIV-1. Infection with HIV-2 is endemic in West Africa. Given its differential features, guidelines recommend ruling out HIV-2 infection in all newly diagnosed HIV-seropositive individuals. METHODS A national registry of HIV-2 cases was created in Spain in 1989, following the first report of three HIV-2+ individuals in Barcelona. The main demographics, clinical, and virological data are reported up to December 2023. RESULTS A total of 424 individuals with HIV-2 infection were recorded in the Spanish registry. After a peak in 2009 when 31 cases were reported, new HIV-2 diagnoses steadily decreased. Less than 10 cases/year have been notified since the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, only eight cases were reported. Mean age at HIV-2 diagnosis was 44 years old, ranging from birth to 83 years. A total of 265 (62.5%) were male. Migrants predominated, being 322 (76%) Sub-Saharan Africans; however, 60 (14.2%) were native Spaniards. Heterosexual exposure was the most likely route of infection in at least 287 (67.7%) cases. A few cases could be traced to transfusions (n = 4), vertical infection (n = 2), or injection drug use (n = 7). In addition, 15 individuals (3.5%) were men who had sex with men. Coinfection with HIV-1 was recognized in 39 (9.2%) individuals. Molecular characterization of HIV-2 subtypes was performed in 139 individuals, 121 being infected with subtype A and 18 with subtype B. CONCLUSION The annual incidence of HIV-2 infection in Spain has decreased after peaking 15 years ago, being the current number of cases below 10 per year. Three-quarters are African migrants, and two-thirds are male. Circulation of HIV-2 in Spain is limited and steadily decreasing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ariadna Rando
- Hospital Universitario Vall d' Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Cortizo
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Luz Basalobre
- UR Salud, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María José Pena
- Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Vicente Soriano
- UNIR Health Sciences School & Medical Center, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Smith RA, Raugi DN, Nixon RS, Seydi M, Margot NA, Callebaut C, Gottlieb GS. Antiviral Activity of Lenacapavir Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) Isolates and Drug-Resistant HIV-2 Mutants. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1290-1294. [PMID: 38060982 PMCID: PMC11095534 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The activity of lenacapavir against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been extensively evaluated in vitro, but comparable data for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) are scarce. We determined the anti-HIV-2 activity of lenacapavir using single-cycle infections of MAGIC-5A cells and multicycle infections of a T-cell line. Lenacapavir exhibited low-nanomolar activity against HIV-2, but was 11- to 14-fold less potent against HIV-2 in comparison to HIV-1. Mutations in HIV-2 that confer resistance to other antiretrovirals did not confer cross-resistance to lenacapavir. Although lenacapavir-containing regimens might be considered for appropriate patients with HIV-2, more frequent viral load and/or CD4 testing may be needed to assess clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Smith
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Dana N Raugi
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Robert S Nixon
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
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3
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Xu S, Sun L, Barnett M, Zhang X, Ding D, Gattu A, Shi D, Taka JRH, Shen W, Jiang X, Cocklin S, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Goldstone DC, Liu X, Dick A, Zhan P. Discovery, Crystallographic Studies, and Mechanistic Investigations of Novel Phenylalanine Derivatives Bearing a Quinazolin-4-one Scaffold as Potent HIV Capsid Modulators. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16303-16329. [PMID: 38054267 PMCID: PMC10790229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of compound 11L led to the identification of novel HIV capsid modulators, quinazolin-4-one-bearing phenylalanine derivatives, displaying potent antiviral activities against both HIV-1 and HIV-2. Notably, derivatives 12a2 and 21a2 showed significant improvements, with 2.5-fold over 11L and 7.3-fold over PF74 for HIV-1, and approximately 40-fold over PF74 for HIV-2. The X-ray co-crystal structures confirmed the multiple pocket occupation of 12a2 and 21a2 in the binding site. Mechanistic studies revealed a dual-stage inhibition profile, where the compounds disrupted capsid-host factor interactions at the early stage and promoted capsid misassembly at the late stage. Remarkably, 12a2 and 21a2 significantly promoted capsid misassembly, outperforming 11L, PF74, and LEN. The substitution of easily metabolized amide bond with quinolin-4-one marginally enhanced the stability of 12a2 in human liver microsomes compared to controls. Overall, 12a2 and 21a2 highlight their potential as potent HIV capsid modulators, paving the way for future advancements in anti-HIV drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Michael Barnett
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Xujie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dang Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Anushka Gattu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Dazhou Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jamie R H Taka
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Wenli Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Specifica Inc., The Santa Fe Railyard, 1607 Alcaldesa Street, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, United States
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - David C Goldstone
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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4
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Williams A, Menon S, Crowe M, Agarwal N, Biccler J, Bbosa N, Ssemwanga D, Adungo F, Moecklinghoff C, Macartney M, Oriol-Mathieu V. Geographic and Population Distributions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2 Circulating Subtypes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis (2010-2021). J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1583-1591. [PMID: 37592824 PMCID: PMC10681860 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV poses significant challenges for vaccine development due to its high genetic mutation and recombination rates. Understanding the distribution of HIV subtypes (clades) across regions and populations is crucial. In this study, a systematic review of the past decade was conducted to characterize HIV-1/HIV-2 subtypes. METHODS A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, and CABI Global Health, yielding 454 studies from 91 countries. RESULTS Globally, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs)/unique recombinant forms (URFs) accounted for 29% of HIV-1 strains, followed by subtype C (23%) and subtype A (17%). Among studies reporting subtype breakdowns in key populations, 62% of HIV infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) and 38% among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) were CRF/URFs. Latin America and the Caribbean exhibited a 25% increase in other CRFs (excluding CRF01_AE or CRF02_AG) prevalence between 2010-2015 and 2016-2021. CONCLUSIONS This review underscores the global distribution of HIV subtypes, with an increasing prevalence of CRFs and a lower prevalence of subtype C. Data on HIV-2 were limited. Understanding subtype diversity is crucial for vaccine development, which need to elicit immune responses capable of targeting various subtypes. Further research is needed to enhance our knowledge and address the challenges posed by HIV subtype diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Menon
- P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiological Services, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Madeleine Crowe
- P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiological Services, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Neha Agarwal
- P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiological Services, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jorne Biccler
- P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiological Services, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicholas Bbosa
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe
| | - Deogratius Ssemwanga
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe
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5
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Gottlieb GS. Dolutegravir-based Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) Infection: Progress for People With HIV-2. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:749-751. [PMID: 37288974 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Enivormental Health & Safety, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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6
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Bruggemans A, Vansant G, Van de Velde P, Debyser Z. The HIV-2 OGH double reporter virus shows that HIV-2 is less cytotoxic and less sensitive to reactivation from latency than HIV-1 in cell culture. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100343. [PMID: 37701289 PMCID: PMC10493508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of HIV-1 latency is a research priority in HIV cure research. Conversely, little is known about the latency characteristics of HIV-2, the closely related human lentivirus. Though both viruses cause AIDS, HIV-2 infection progresses more slowly with significantly lower viral loads, even when corrected for CD4+ T cell counts. Hence a direct comparison of latency characteristics between HIV-1 and HIV-2 could provide important clues towards a functional cure. Transduction of SupT1 cells with single-round HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter showed higher levels of eGFP expression for HIV-2 than HIV-1, while HIV-1 expression appeared more cytotoxic. To compare HIV-1 and HIV-2 gene expression, latency and reactivation in more detail, we have generated HIV-2 OGH, a replication deficient, near full- length, double reporter virus that discriminates latently and productively infected cells in cell culture. This construct is based on HIV-1 OGH, and to our knowledge, first of its kind for HIV-2. Using this construct we have observed a higher eGFP expression for HIV-2, but higher losses of HIV-1 transduced cells in SupT1 and Jurkat cells and a reduced sensitivity of HIV-2 for reactivation with TNF-α. In addition, we have analysed HIV-2 integration sites and their epigenetic environment. HIV-1 and HIV-2 share a preference for actively transcribed genes in gene-dense regions and favor active chromatin marks while disfavoring methylation markers associated with heterochromatin. In conclusion the HIV-2 OGH construct provides an interesting tool for studying HIV-2 expression, latency and reactivation. As simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV-2 have been proposed to model a functional HIV cure, a better understanding of the mechanisms governing HIV-2 and SIV latency will be important to move forward. Further research is needed to investigate if HIV-2 uses similar mechanisms as HIV-1 to achieve its integration site selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bruggemans
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Gerlinde Vansant
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | | | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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7
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Konstantinidis I, Crothers K, Kunisaki KM, Drummond MB, Benfield T, Zar HJ, Huang L, Morris A. HIV-associated lung disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:39. [PMID: 37500684 PMCID: PMC11146142 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Lung disease encompasses acute, infectious processes and chronic, non-infectious processes such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and lung cancer. People living with HIV are at increased risk of both acute and chronic lung diseases. Although the use of effective antiretroviral therapy has diminished the burden of infectious lung disease, people living with HIV experience growing morbidity and mortality from chronic lung diseases. A key risk factor for HIV-associated lung disease is cigarette smoking, which is more prevalent in people living with HIV than in uninfected people. Other risk factors include older age, history of bacterial pneumonia, Pneumocystis pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and immunosuppression. Mechanistic investigations support roles for aberrant innate and adaptive immunity, local and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, altered lung and gut microbiota, and environmental exposures such as biomass fuel burning in the development of HIV-associated lung disease. Assessment, prevention and treatment strategies are largely extrapolated from data from HIV-uninfected people. Smoking cessation is essential. Data on the long-term consequences of HIV-associated lung disease are limited. Efforts to continue quantifying the effects of HIV infection on the lung, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, are essential to advance our knowledge and optimize respiratory care in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Konstantinidis
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristina Crothers
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ken M Kunisaki
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M Bradley Drummond
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laurence Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Taveira N, Figueiredo I, Calado R, Martin F, Bártolo I, Marcelino JM, Borrego P, Cardoso F, Barroso H. An HIV-1/HIV-2 Chimeric Envelope Glycoprotein Generates Binding and Neutralising Antibodies against HIV-1 and HIV-2 Isolates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109077. [PMID: 37240423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of immunogens that elicit broadly reactive neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) is the highest priority for an HIV vaccine. We have shown that a prime-boost vaccination strategy with vaccinia virus expressing the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-2 and a polypeptide comprising the envelope regions C2, V3 and C3 elicits bNAbs against HIV-2. We hypothesised that a chimeric envelope gp120 containing the C2, V3 and C3 regions of HIV-2 and the remaining parts of HIV-1 would elicit a neutralising response against HIV-1 and HIV-2. This chimeric envelope was synthesised and expressed in vaccinia virus. Balb/c mice primed with the recombinant vaccinia virus and boosted with an HIV-2 C2V3C3 polypeptide or monomeric gp120 from a CRF01_AG HIV-1 isolate produced antibodies that neutralised >60% (serum dilution 1:40) of a primary HIV-2 isolate. Four out of nine mice also produced antibodies that neutralised at least one HIV-1 isolate. Neutralising epitope specificity was assessed using a panel of HIV-1 TRO.11 pseudoviruses with key neutralising epitopes disrupted by alanine substitution (N160A in V2; N278A in the CD4 binding site region; N332A in the high mannose patch). The neutralisation of the mutant pseudoviruses was reduced or abolished in one mouse, suggesting that neutralising antibodies target the three major neutralising epitopes in the HIV-1 envelope gp120. These results provide proof of concept for chimeric HIV-1/HIV-2 envelope glycoproteins as vaccine immunogens that can direct the antibody response against neutralising epitopes in the HIV-1 and HIV-2 surface glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Taveira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Figueiredo
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rita Calado
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Martin
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Bártolo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M Marcelino
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Borrego
- Centre for Public Administration and Public Policies, Institute of Social and Political Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-663 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cardoso
- Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Saúde Global e Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Barroso
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
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9
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Dutschke A, Jespersen S, Medina C, Nanque JP, Rodrigues A, Wejse C, Hønge BL, Jensen MM. Cohort Profile Update: The Bissau HIV Cohort-a Cohort of HIV-1, HIV-2 and Co-infected Patients. Int J Epidemiol 2023:7169443. [PMID: 37196333 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanne Jespersen
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Candida Medina
- National HIV Programme, Ministry of Health, Bissau Guinea-Bissau
- Hospital Nacional Simão Mendes, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | | | | | - Christian Wejse
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- GloHAU, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bo Langhoff Hønge
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Varanda J, Santos JM. It Was Not the Perfect Storm: The Social History of the HIV-2 Virus in Guinea-Bissau. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050261. [PMID: 37235309 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The perfect storm model that was elaborated for the HIV-1M pandemic has also been used to explain the emergence of HIV-2, a second human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV-AIDS) that became an epidemic in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. The use of this model creates epidemiological generalizations, ecological oversimplifications and historical misunderstandings as its assumptions-an urban center with explosive population growth, a high level of commercial sex and a surge in STDs, a network of mechanical transport and country-wide, en masse mobile campaigns-are absent from the historical record. This model fails to explain how the HIV-2 epidemic actually came about. This is the first study to conduct an exhaustive examination of sociohistorical contextual developments and align them with environmental, virological and epidemiological data. The interdisciplinary dialogue indicates that the emergence of the HIV-2 epidemic piggybacked on local sociopolitical transformations. The war's indirect effects on ecological relations, mobility and sociability were acute in rural areas and are a key to the HIV-2 epidemic. This setting had the natural host of the virus, the population numbers, the mobility trends and the use of technology on a scale needed to foster viral adaptation and amplification. The present analysis suggests new reflections on the processes of zoonotic spillovers and disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Varanda
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-UC), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine-NOVA-Lisbon (GHTM-UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Maurício Santos
- Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory TERRA, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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Moranguinho I, Taveira N, Bártolo I. Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV-2 Infection: Available Drugs, Resistance Pathways, and Promising New Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065905. [PMID: 36982978 PMCID: PMC10053740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is estimated that 1-2 million people worldwide are infected with HIV-2, accounting for 3-5% of the global burden of HIV. The course of HIV-2 infection is longer compared to HIV-1 infection, but without effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), a substantial proportion of infected patients will progress to AIDS and die. Antiretroviral drugs in clinical use were designed for HIV-1 and, unfortunately, some do not work as well, or do not work at all, for HIV-2. This is the case for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20), most protease inhibitors (PIs), the attachment inhibitor fostemsavir and most broadly neutralizing antibodies. Integrase inhibitors work well against HIV-2 and are included in first-line therapeutic regimens for HIV-2-infected patients. However, rapid emergence of drug resistance and cross-resistance within each drug class dramatically reduces second-line treatment options. New drugs are needed to treat infection with drug-resistant isolates. Here, we review the therapeutic armamentarium available to treat HIV-2-infected patients, as well as promising drugs in development. We also review HIV-2 drug resistance mutations and resistance pathways that develop in HIV-2-infected patients under treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Moranguinho
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Inês Bártolo
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
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12
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Jiang X, Sharma PP, Rathi B, Ji X, Hu L, Gao Z, Kang D, Wang Z, Xie M, Xu S, Zhang X, De Clercq E, Cocklin S, Pannecouque C, Dick A, Liu X, Zhan P. Discovery of novel 1,2,4-triazole phenylalanine derivatives targeting an unexplored region within the interprotomer pocket of the HIV capsid protein. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5975-5986. [PMID: 35949003 PMCID: PMC10790228 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) capsid (CA) protein is a promising target for developing novel anti-HIV drugs. Starting from highly anticipated CA inhibitors PF-74, we used scaffold hopping strategy to design a series of novel 1,2,4-triazole phenylalanine derivatives by targeting an unexplored region composed of residues 106-109 in HIV-1 CA hexamer. Compound d19 displayed excellent antiretroviral potency against HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains with EC50 values of 0.59 and 2.69 µM, respectively. Additionally, we show via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrometry that d19 preferentially interacts with the hexameric form of CA, with a significantly improved hexamer/monomer specificity ratio (ratio = 59) than PF-74 (ratio = 21). Moreover, we show via SPR that d19 competes with CPSF-6 for binding to CA hexamers with IC50 value of 33.4 nM. Like PF-74, d19 inhibits the replication of HIV-1 NL4.3 pseudo typed virus in both early and late stages. In addition, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations provide binding mode information of d19 to HIV-1 CA and rationale for improved affinity and potency over PF-74. Overall, the lead compound d19 displays a distinct chemotype form PF-74, improved CA affinity, and anti-HIV potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Prem Prakash Sharma
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Xiangkai Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lide Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhen Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Minghui Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xujie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U.Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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13
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Bártolo I, Moranguinho I, Gonçalves P, Diniz AR, Borrego P, Martin F, Figueiredo I, Gomes P, Gonçalves F, Alves AJS, Alves N, Caixas U, Pinto IV, Barahona I, Pinho e Melo TMVD, Taveira N. High Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential of Bictegravir and the New Spiro-β-Lactam BSS-730A for HIV-2 Isolates from RAL-Naïve and RAL-Failing Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214300. [PMID: 36430777 PMCID: PMC9695772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase inhibitors (INIs) are an important class of drugs for treating HIV-2 infection, given the limited number of drugs active against this virus. While the clinical efficacy of raltegravir and dolutegravir is well established, the clinical efficacy of bictegravir for treating HIV-2 infected patients has not been determined. Little information is available regarding the activity of bictegravir against HIV-2 isolates from patients failing raltegravir-based therapy. In this study, we examined the phenotypic and matched genotypic susceptibility of HIV-2 primary isolates from raltegravir-naïve and raltegravir-failing patients to raltegravir, dolutegravir, and bictegravir, and to the new spiro-β-lactam BSS-730A. The instantaneous inhibitory potential (IIP) was calculated to help predict the clinical activity of bictegravir and BSS-730A. Isolates from raltegravir-naïve patients were highly sensitive to all INIs and BSS-730A. Combined integrase mutations E92A and Q148K conferred high-level resistance to raltegravir, and E92Q and T97A conferred resistance to raltegravir and dolutegravir. The antiviral activity of bictegravir and BSS-730A was not affected by these mutations. BSS-730A displayed strong antiviral synergism with raltegravir. Mean IIP values at Cmax were similar for all INIs and were not significantly affected by resistance mutations. IIP values were significantly higher for BSS-730A than for INIs. The high IIP values of bictegravir and BSS-730A for raltegravir-naïve and raltegravir-resistant HIV-2 isolates highlight their potential value for treating HIV-2 infection. Overall, the results are consistent with the high clinical efficacy of raltegravir and dolutegravir for HIV-2 infection and suggest a promising clinical profile for bictegravir and BSS-730A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Bártolo
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Moranguinho
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paloma Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Diniz
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Borrego
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Administração e Políticas Públicas (CAPP), Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas (ISCSP), Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Martin
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Figueiredo
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Perpétua Gomes
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, LMCBM, SPC, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental–HEM, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, LMCBM, SPC, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental–HEM, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Américo J. S. Alves
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Umbelina Caixas
- Serviço de Medicina 1.4, Hospital de S. José, CHLC, EPE, and Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, FCM-Nova, Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas–CEDOC, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês V. Pinto
- Medicina Interna, Hospital de Cascais Dr. José de Almeida, 2755-009 Alcabideche, Portugal
| | - Isabel Barahona
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre-Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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14
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Boswell MT, Nazziwa J, Kuroki K, Palm A, Karlson S, Månsson F, Biague A, da Silva ZJ, Onyango CO, de Silva TI, Jaye A, Norrgren H, Medstrand P, Jansson M, Maenaka K, Rowland-Jones SL, Esbjörnsson J. Intrahost evolution of the HIV-2 capsid correlates with progression to AIDS. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac075. [PMID: 36533148 PMCID: PMC9753047 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-2 infection will progress to AIDS in most patients without treatment, albeit at approximately half the rate of HIV-1 infection. HIV-2 capsid (p26) amino acid polymorphisms are associated with lower viral loads and enhanced processing of T cell epitopes, which may lead to protective Gag-specific T cell responses common in slower progressors. Lower virus evolutionary rates, and positive selection on conserved residues in HIV-2 env have been associated with slower progression to AIDS. In this study we analysed 369 heterochronous HIV-2 p26 sequences from 12 participants with a median age of 30 years at enrolment. CD4% change over time was used to stratify participants into relative faster and slower progressor groups. We analysed p26 sequence diversity evolution, measured site-specific selection pressures and evolutionary rates, and determined if these evolutionary parameters were associated with progression status. Faster progressors had lower CD4% and faster CD4% decline rates. Median pairwise sequence diversity was higher in faster progressors (5.7x10-3 versus 1.4x10-3 base substitutions per site, P<0.001). p26 evolved under negative selection in both groups (dN/dS=0.12). Median virus evolutionary rates were higher in faster than slower progressors - synonymous rates: 4.6x10-3 vs. 2.3x10-3; and nonsynonymous rates: 6.9x10-4 vs. 2.7x10-4 substitutions/site/year, respectively. Virus evolutionary rates correlated negatively with CD4% change rates (ρ = -0.8, P=0.02), but not CD4% level. The signature amino acid at p26 positions 6, 12 and 119 differed between faster (6A, 12I, 119A) and slower (6G, 12V, 119P) progressors. These amino acid positions clustered near to the TRIM5α/p26 hexamer interface surface. p26 evolutionary rates were associated with progression to AIDS and were mostly driven by synonymous substitutions. Nonsynonymous evolutionary rates were an order of magnitude lower than synonymous rates, with limited amino acid sequence evolution over time within hosts. These results indicate HIV-2 p26 may be an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Boswell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
| | - J Nazziwa
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - K Kuroki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - A Palm
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - S Karlson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - F Månsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Biague
- National Public Health Laboratory, V94M+HM4, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Z J da Silva
- National Public Health Laboratory, V94M+HM4, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - C O Onyango
- US Centres for Disease Control, KEMRI Complex, Mbagathi Road off Mbagathi Way PO Box 606-00621, Kenya
| | - T I de Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Rd, S10 2RX, Sheffield, UK
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara P. O. Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - A Jaye
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara P. O. Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - H Norrgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - P Medstrand
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, Sweden
| | - K Maenaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - S L Rowland-Jones
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara P. O. Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - J Esbjörnsson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7FZ, Oxford, UK
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Makgoo L, Mosebi S, Mbita Z. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in HIV-mediated carcinogenesis: Role in cell homeostasis, cell survival processes and drug resistance. Noncoding RNA Res 2022; 7:184-196. [PMID: 35991514 PMCID: PMC9361211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accruing data implicating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development and progression of non-communicable diseases such as cancer. These lncRNAs have been implicated in many diverse HIV-host interactions, some of which are beneficial to HIV propagation. The virus-host interactions induce the expression of HIV-regulated long non-coding RNAs, which are implicated in the carcinogenesis process, therefore, it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms that underpin these HIV-regulated lncRNAs, especially in cancer formation. Herein, we summarize the role of HIV-regulated lncRNAs targeting cancer development-related processes including apoptosis, cell cycle, cell survival signalling, angiogenesis and drug resistance. It is unclear how lncRNAs regulate cancer development, this review also discuss recent discoveries regarding the functions of lncRNAs in cancer biology. Innovative research in this field will be beneficial for the future development of therapeutic strategies targeting long non-coding RNAs that are regulated by HIV, especially in HIV associated cancers.
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16
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Cho M, Min X, Son HS. Analysis of evolutionary and genetic patterns in structural genes of primate lentiviruses. Genes Genomics 2022; 44:773-791. [PMID: 35511321 PMCID: PMC9068864 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Primate lentiviruses (HIV1, HIV2, and Simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV]) cause immune deficiency, encephalitis, and infectious anemia in mammals such as cattle, cat, goat, sheep, horse, and puma. Objective This study was designed and conducted with the main purpose of confirming the overall codon usage pattern of primate lentiviruses and exploring the evolutionary and genetic characteristics commonly or specifically expressed in HIV1, HIV2, and SIV. Methods The gag, pol, and env gene sequences of HIV1, HIV2, and SIV were analyzed to determine their evolutionary relationships, nucleotide compositions, codon usage patterns, neutrality, selection pressure (influence of mutational pressure and natural selection), and viral adaptation to human codon usage. Results A strong ‘A’ bias was confirmed in all three structural genes, consistent with previous findings regarding HIV. Notably, the ENC-GC3s plot and neutral evolution analysis showed that all primate lentiviruses were more affected by selection pressure than by mutation caused by the GC composition of the gene, consistent with prior reports regarding HIV1. The overall codon usage bias of pol was highest among the structural genes, while the codon usage bias of env was lowest. The virus groups showing high codon bias in all three genes were HIV1 and SIVcolobus. The codon adaptation index (CAI) and similarity D(A, B) values indicated that although there was a high degree of similarity to human codon usage in all three structural genes of HIV, this similarity was not caused by translation pressure. In addition, compared with HIV1, the codon usage of HIV2 is more similar to the human codon usage, but the overall codon usage bias is lower. Conclusion The origin viruses of HIV (SIVcpz_gor and SIVsmm) exhibit greater similarity to human codon usage in the gag gene, confirming their robust adaptability to human codon usage. Therefore, HIV1 and HIV2 may have evolved to avoid human codon usage by selection pressure in the gag gene after interspecies transmission from SIV hosts to humans. By overcoming safety and stability issues, information from codon usage analysis will be useful for attenuated HIV1 vaccine development. A recoded HIV1 variant can be used as a vaccine vector or in immunotherapy to induce specific innate immune responses. Further research regarding HIV1 dinucleotide usage and codon pair usage will facilitate new approaches to the treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongji Cho
- Laboratory of Computational Virology & Viroinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Xianglan Min
- Laboratory of Computational Virology & Viroinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeon S Son
- Laboratory of Computational Virology & Viroinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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17
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Meissner ME, Talledge N, Mansky LM. Molecular Biology and Diversification of Human Retroviruses. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022; 2:872599. [PMID: 35783361 PMCID: PMC9242851 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.872599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies of retroviruses have led to many extraordinary discoveries that have advanced our understanding of not only human diseases, but also molecular biology as a whole. The most recognizable human retrovirus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), is the causative agent of the global AIDS epidemic and has been extensively studied. Other human retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), have received less attention, and many of the assumptions about the replication and biology of these viruses are based on knowledge of HIV-1. Existing comparative studies on human retroviruses, however, have revealed that key differences between these viruses exist that affect evolution, diversification, and potentially pathogenicity. In this review, we examine current insights on disparities in the replication of pathogenic human retroviruses, with a particular focus on the determinants of structural and genetic diversity amongst HIVs and HTLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Meissner
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Nathaniel Talledge
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Louis M. Mansky
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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18
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Valadés-Alcaraz A, Reinosa R, Holguín Á. HIV Transmembrane Glycoprotein Conserved Domains and Genetic Markers Across HIV-1 and HIV-2 Variants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:855232. [PMID: 35694284 PMCID: PMC9184819 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.855232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV envelope transmembrane glycoproteins gp41 (HIV-1) and gp36 (HIV-2) present high variability and play a key role in the HIV-host cell membrane's fusion, as a target for human broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and drugs. Thus, a better knowledge of amino acid (aa) conservation across structural domains and HIV variants can help to identify conserved targets to direct new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. All available gp41/gp36 nucleotide sequences were downloaded from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) HIV Sequence Database, selecting 17,078 sequences ascribed to HIV-1 and HIV-2 variants with ≥3 sequences. After aligning and translating into aa with MEGAv6.0, an in-house bioinformatics program (EpiMolBio) was used to identify the most conserved aa and the aa changes that were specific for each variant (V-markers) vs. HXB2/BEN (HIV-1/HIV-2) reference sequence. We analyzed the presence of specific aa changes among V-markers affecting infectivity, gp41 structure, function, or resistance to the enfuvirtide viral fusion inhibitor (T-20). We also inferred the consensus sequences per HIV variant, describing in each HIV-1 group (M, N, O, P) the conservation level along the complete gp41 per structural domain and locating in each binding site the anti-gp41 human Abs (bnAbs and non bnAbs) described in LANL. We found 38.3/59.7% highly conserved aa present in ≥90% of the 16,803/275 gp41/gp36 sequences ascribed to 105/3 HIV-1/HIV-2 variants, with 9/12.6% of them showing complete conservation across LANL sequences. The fusion peptide, its proximal region, the N-heptad repeat, and the membrane-proximal external region were the gp41 domains with ≥84% of conserved aa in the HIV-1 consensus sequence, the target of most Abs. No natural major resistance mutations to T-20 were observed. Our results show, for the first time, a complete conservation study of gp41/gp36 per variant in the largest panel of HIV variants analyzed to date, providing useful information for a more rational design of drugs, vaccines, and molecular detection tests targeting the HIV transmembrane glycoprotein.
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19
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Lu MD, Telwatte S, Kumar N, Ferreira F, Martin HA, Kadiyala GN, Wedrychowski A, Moron-Lopez S, Chen TH, Goecker EA, Coombs RW, Lu CM, Wong JK, Tsibris A, Yukl SA. Novel assays to investigate the mechanisms of latent infection with HIV-2. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267402. [PMID: 35476802 PMCID: PMC9045618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there have been great advancements in the field of HIV treatment and prevention, there is no cure. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. In addition to genetic differences between the two types of HIV, HIV-2 infection causes a slower disease progression, and the rate of new HIV-2 infections has dramatically decreased since 2003. Like HIV-1, HIV-2 is capable of establishing latent infection in CD4+ T cells, thereby allowing the virus to evade viral cytopathic effects and detection by the immune system. The mechanisms underlying HIV latency are not fully understood, rendering this a significant barrier to development of a cure. Using RT-ddPCR, we previously demonstrated that latent infection with HIV-1 may be due to blocks to HIV transcriptional elongation, distal transcription/polyadenylation, and multiple splicing. In this study, we describe the development of seven highly-specific RT-ddPCR assays for HIV-2 that can be applied to the study of HIV-2 infections and latency. We designed and validated seven assays targeting different HIV-2 RNA regions along the genome that can be used to measure the degree of progression through different blocks to HIV-2 transcription and splicing. Given that HIV-2 is vastly understudied relative to HIV-1 and that it can be considered a model of a less virulent infection, application of these assays to studies of HIV-2 latency may inform new therapies for HIV-2, HIV-1, and other retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Nitasha Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Fernanda Ferreira
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Holly Anne Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Gayatri Nikhila Kadiyala
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Adam Wedrychowski
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sara Moron-Lopez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Tsui-Hua Chen
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Erin A. Goecker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Coombs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chuanyi M. Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph K. Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Athe Tsibris
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Yukl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Smith RA, Wu VH, Song J, Raugi DN, Diallo Mbaye K, Seydi M, Gottlieb GS. Spectrum of Activity of Raltegravir and Dolutegravir Against Novel Treatment-Associated Mutations in HIV-2 Integrase: A Phenotypic Analysis Using an Expanded Panel of Site-Directed Mutants. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:497-509. [PMID: 35134180 PMCID: PMC9417127 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrase inhibitors (INIs) are a key component of antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 infection. Although INI resistance pathways are well-defined for HIV-1, mutations that emerge in HIV-2 in response to INIs are incompletely characterized. METHODS We performed systematic searches of GenBank and HIV-2 drug resistance literature to identify treatment-associated mutations for phenotypic evaluation. We then constructed a library of 95 mutants of HIV-2ROD9 that contained single or multiple amino acid changes in the integrase protein. Each variant was tested for susceptibility to raltegravir and dolutegravir using a single-cycle indicator cell assay. RESULTS We observed extensive cross-resistance between raltegravir and dolutegravir in HIV-2ROD9. HIV-2-specific integrase mutations Q91R, E92A, A153G, and H157Q/S, which have not been previously characterized, significantly increased the half maximum effective concentration (EC50) for raltegravir when introduced into 1 or more mutational backgrounds; mutations E92A/Q, T97A, and G140A/S conferred similar enhancements of dolutegravir resistance. HIV-2ROD9 variants encoding G118R alone, or insertions of residues SREGK or SREGR at position 231, were resistant to both INIs. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis demonstrates the contributions of novel INI-associated mutations to raltegravir and dolutegravir resistance in HIV-2. These findings should help to improve algorithms for genotypic drug resistance testing in HIV-2-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Smith
- Correspondence: Robert A. Smith, PhD, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Building E, Box 358061, Seattle, WA 98109 ()
| | - Vincent H Wu
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer Song
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dana N Raugi
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Khardiata Diallo Mbaye
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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21
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Differential Activity of APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H in the Restriction of HIV-2. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167355. [PMID: 34774569 PMCID: PMC8752514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mutagenesis is driven by a variety of internal and external sources, including the host APOBEC3 (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypetide-like 3; A3) family of mutagenesis factors, which catalyze G-to-A transition mutations during virus replication. HIV-2 replication is characterized by a relative lack of G-to-A mutations, suggesting infrequent mutagenesis by A3 proteins. To date, the activity of the A3 repertoire against HIV-2 has remained largely uncharacterized, and the mutagenic activity of these proteins against HIV-2 remains to be elucidated. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive characterization of the restrictive capacity of A3 proteins against HIV-2 in cell culture using a dual fluorescent reporter HIV-2 vector virus. We found that A3F, A3G, and A3H restricted HIV-2 infectivity in the absence of Vif and were associated with significant increases in the frequency of viral mutants. These proteins increased the frequency of G-to-A mutations within the proviruses of infected cells as well. A3G and A3H also reduced HIV-2 infectivity via inhibition of reverse transcription and the accumulation of DNA products during replication. In contrast, A3D did not exhibit any restrictive activity against HIV-2, even at higher expression levels. Taken together, these results provide evidence that A3F, A3G, and A3H, but not A3D, are capable of HIV-2 restriction. Differences in A3-mediated restriction of HIV-1 and HIV-2 may serve to provide new insights in the observed mutation profiles of these viruses.
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22
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Baroš S, Šipetić-Grujičić S. Key policies and measures of HIV/AIDS prevention and control at global level. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/mp73-40594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 40 years, the development of medical HIV and AIDS related knowledge has been followed by a coordinated international HIV response, in terms of developing policies and measures for the HIV/AIDS prevention and control based on evidence from public health and clinical studies. The HIV response can be divided into three periods: the period of HIV response establishment (1981-1996); the period of multi-sectoral response (1996-2007) and the period of strengthening biomedical measures for HIV prevention (2007 and beyond). International policies and recommended HIV prevention measures have undergone a series of transformations, from the establishment of the first organized and coordinated national programs, to the design and implementation of innovative biomedical prevention measures, such as voluntary medical circumcision, pre-exposure prophylaxis and the implementation of the "test and treat" measure - the introduction of antiretroviral therapy immediately after diagnosing HIV infection to achieve undetectable viral load. New findings on successful use of antiretroviral therapy as prevention led to the formulation of goals for 2020: 90% of all people living with HIV to know their HIV status, 90% of them to receive antiretroviral therapy, and 90% of them to have viral suppression; to have less than 500 000 of both newly HIV infected persons, and AIDS related deaths. Despite of the HIV response major improvements, such as development and implementation of multisectoral national HIV/AIDS policies on prevention and control, the 2020 goals have not been meet. For achieving the main goal - ending AIDS as public health threat by 2030 - implementation of all recommended biomedical, behavioral and structural interventions should be intensified.
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23
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Lešnik S, Bren U. Mechanistic Insights into Biological Activities of Polyphenolic Compounds from Rosemary Obtained by Inverse Molecular Docking. Foods 2021; 11:67. [PMID: 35010191 PMCID: PMC8750736 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) represents a medicinal plant known for its various health-promoting properties. Its extracts and essential oils exhibit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial activities. The main compounds responsible for these effects are the diterpenes carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmanol, as well as the phenolic acid ester rosmarinic acid. However, surprisingly little is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for the pharmacological activities of rosemary and its compounds. To discern these mechanisms, we performed a large-scale inverse molecular docking study to identify their potential protein targets. Listed compounds were separately docked into predicted binding sites of all non-redundant holo proteins from the Protein Data Bank and those with the top scores were further examined. We focused on proteins directly related to human health, including human and mammalian proteins as well as proteins from pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The observed interactions of rosemary compounds indeed confirm the beforementioned activities, whereas we also identified their potential for anticoagulant and antiparasitic actions. The obtained results were carefully checked against the existing experimental findings from the scientific literature as well as further validated using both redocking procedures and retrospective metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Lešnik
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Urban Bren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
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24
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Chen Y, Jin H, Tang X, Li L, Geng X, Zhu Y, Chong H, He Y. Cell membrane-anchored anti-HIV single-chain antibodies and bifunctional inhibitors targeting the gp41 fusion protein: new strategies for HIV gene therapy. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 11:30-49. [PMID: 34821542 PMCID: PMC8735881 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2011616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies indicate that infusion of HIV-resistant cells could be an effective strategy to achieve a sterilizing or functional cure. We recently reported that glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored nanobody or a fusion inhibitory peptide can render modified cells resistant to HIV-1 infection. In this study, we comprehensively characterized a panel of newly isolated HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies as GPI-anchored inhibitors. Fusion genes encoding the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of 3BNC117, N6, PGT126, PGT128, 10E8, or 35O22 were constructed with a self-inactivating lentiviral vector, and they were efficiently expressed in the lipid raft sites of target cell membrane without affecting the expression of HIV-1 receptors (CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4). Significantly, transduced cells exhibited various degrees of resistance to cell-free HIV-1 infection and cell-associated HIV-1 transmission, as well as viral Env-mediated cell–cell fusion, with the cells modified by GPI-10E8 showing the most potent and broad anti-HIV activity. In mechanism, GPI-10E8 also interfered with the processing of viral Env in transduced cells and attenuated the infectivity of progeny viruses. By genetically linking 10E8 with a fusion inhibitor peptide, we subsequently designed a group of eight bifunctional constructs as cell membrane-based inhibitors, designated CMI01∼CMI08, which rendered cells completely resistant to HIV-1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). In human CD4+ T cells, GPI-10E8 and its bifunctional derivatives blocked both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 isolates efficiently, and the modified cells displayed robust survival selection under HIV-1 infection. Therefore, our studies provide new strategies for generating HIV-resistant cells, which can be used alone or with other gene therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoran Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzhu Geng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanmei Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Chong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxian He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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25
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Ter Schiphorst E, Hansen KC, Holm M, Hønge BL. Mother-to-child HIV-2 transmission: comparison with HIV-1 and evaluation of factors influencing the rate of transmission. A systematic review. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:399-408. [PMID: 34791488 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A review and collection of data on HIV-2 mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is absent in the literature. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide a pooled estimate of the rate of HIV-2 MTCT and to identify factors influencing the rate of transmission. PubMed and EMBASE were used to identify eligible publications using a sensitive search strategy. All publications until February 2021 were considered; 146 full-text articles were assessed. Observational studies describing the rate of HIV-2 MTCT in a defined HIV-2 infected study population were included. Other publication types and studies describing HIV-1 or dually infected populations were excluded. Nine studies consisting of 901 mother-child pairs in West Africa, France and Portugal were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled rate estimate of HIV-2 MTCT for antiretroviral therapy-naïve women was 0.2% (95% CI 0.03 to 1.47%), considerably lower than that for HIV-1. The levels of maternal HIV RNA and CD4 cell count were positively related to the vertical transmission rate. Maternal HIV-2 infection did not significantly affect perinatal mortality. It was concluded that the vertical transmission of HIV-2 is lower than that of HIV-1. Maternal viral load and CD4 cell count appear to influence the rate of HIV-2 MTCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Ter Schiphorst
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Kamille Carstens Hansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mette Holm
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Bo Langhoff Hønge
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.,Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau Codex, Guinea-Bissau
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26
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Ceccarelli G, Giovanetti M, Sagnelli C, Ciccozzi A, d’Ettorre G, Angeletti S, Borsetti A, Ciccozzi M. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111377. [PMID: 34832533 PMCID: PMC8621479 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
West Africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection in the world, but a high number of cases has been recognized in Europe, India, and the United States. The virus is less transmissible than HIV-1, with sexual contacts being the most frequent route of acquisition. In the absence of specific antiretroviral therapy, most HIV-2 carriers will develop AIDS. Although, it requires more time than HIV-1 infection, CD4+ T cell decline occurs more slowly in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 patients. HIV-2 is resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and some protease inhibitors. Misdiagnosis of HIV-2 in patients mistakenly considered HIV-1-positive or in those with dual infections can cause treatment failures with undetectable HIV-1 RNA. In this era of global integration, clinicians must be aware of when to consider the diagnosis of HIV-2 infection and how to test for this virus. Although there is debate regarding when therapy should be initiated and which regimen should be chosen, recent trials have provided important information on treatment options for HIV-2 infection. In this review, we focus mainly on data available and on the insight they offer about molecular epidemiology, clinical presentation, antiretroviral therapy, and diagnostic tests of HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. Armanni 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriella d’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-22541-9187
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27
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Troyano-Hernáez P, Reinosa R, Burgos MC, Holguín Á. Short Communication: Update in Natural Antiretroviral Resistance-Associated Mutations Among HIV Type 2 Variants and Discrepancies Across HIV Type 2 Resistance Interpretation Tools. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:793-795. [PMID: 33586996 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV variants carry natural polymorphisms related to drug resistance (R-markers) fixed during viral evolution in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) that may impact on drug susceptibility and resistance pathways. We aimed to identify the HIV type 2 (HIV-2) variant-specific R-markers at Pol in all available sequences from ART-naive subjects deposited in Los Alamos database according to reported HIV-2 drug resistance-associated mutations (DRMs) and report the performance of two online HIV-2 resistance interpretation tools (HIV2EU Tool and Stanford HIVdb Program for HIV-2) to detect them. From a total of 587 sequences, we found 23 R-markers in low frequency, in groups A, B, and G. Four were present in >10% of the sequences with no direct impact on antiretroviral susceptibility. HIV2EU Tool detected one, whereas Stanford program all four. Stanford new tool, although still under development, seems effective in detecting HIV-2 DRMs and may prove a useful tool for HIV-2 resistance interpretation when fully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Troyano-Hernáez
- HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Red en Investigación Translacional en Infecciones Pediátricas (RITIP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Reinosa
- HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Red en Investigación Translacional en Infecciones Pediátricas (RITIP), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Concepción Burgos
- HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Red en Investigación Translacional en Infecciones Pediátricas (RITIP), Madrid, Spain
| | - África Holguín
- HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Red en Investigación Translacional en Infecciones Pediátricas (RITIP), Madrid, Spain
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28
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Visseaux B, Bertine M, Le Hingrat Q, Ferré V, Charpentier C, Collin F, Damond F, Matheron S, Hué S, Descamps D. HIV-2 diversity displays two clades within group A with distinct geographical distribution and evolution. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab024. [PMID: 34422316 PMCID: PMC8377049 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity of HIV-2 groups A and B has not yet been fully described, especially in a few Western Africa countries such as Ivory-Coast or Mali. We collected 444 pol, 152 vif, 129 env, and 74 LTR sequences from patients of the French ANRS CO5 HIV-2 cohort completed by 221 pol, 18 vif, 377 env, and 63 LTR unique sequences from public databases. We performed phylogenetic reconstructions and revealed two distinct lineages within HIV-2 group A, herein called A1 and A2, presenting non-negligible genetic distances and distinct geographic distributions as A1 is related to coastal Western African countries and A2 to inland Western countries. Estimated early diversification times for groups A and B in human populations were 1940 [95% higher probability densitiy: 1935–53] and 1961 [1952–70]. A1 experienced an early diversification in 1942 [1937–58] with two distinct early epidemics in Guinea-Bissau or Senegal, raising the possibility of group A emergence in those countries from an initial introduction from Ivory-Coast to Senegal, two former French colonies. Changes in effective population sizes over time revealed that A1 exponentially grew concomitantly to Guinea-Bissau independence war, but both A2 and B lineages experienced a latter growth, starting during the 80s economic crisis. This large HIV-2 genetic analysis provides the existence of two distinct subtypes within group A and new data about HIV-2 early spreading patterns and recent epidemiologic evolution for which data are scarce outside Guinea-Bissau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Visseaux
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Virology, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Bertine
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Virology, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Le Hingrat
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Virology, Paris, France
| | - Valentine Ferré
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Virology, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Virology, Paris, France
| | - Fidéline Collin
- ISPED, UMR 897, INSERM, Université de Bordeaux, Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florence Damond
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Virology, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Hué
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Diane Descamps
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Department of Virology, Paris, France
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29
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Barquín D, Ndarabu A, Carlos S, Fernández-Alonso M, Rubio-Garrido M, Makonda B, Holguín Á, Reina G. HIV-1 diagnosis using dried blood spots from patients in Kinshasa, DRC: a tool to detect misdiagnosis and achieve World Health Organization 2030 targets. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 111:253-260. [PMID: 34419584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, only 54% of the population of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) know their HIV status. The aim of this study was to detect HIV misdiagnosis from rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and to evaluate serological immunoassays using dried blood spots (DBS) from patients in Kinshasa, DRC. METHODS Between 2016 and 2018, 365 DBS samples were collected from 363 individuals and shipped to Spain. The samples were from people with a new HIV positive (n = 123) or indeterminate (n = 23) result, known HIV-positive patients (n = 157), and a negative control group (n = 62). HIV serology was performed using Elecsys HIV combi PT (Roche), VIDAS HIV Duo Quick (BioMérieux), and Geenius (Bio-Rad). In addition, HIV RNA detection was performed in all samples using the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS Taqman HIV-1 Test 2.0 (Roche). RESULTS Overall, 272 samples were found to be positive and 93 to be negative for HIV serology. The sensitivity was 100% for both Elecsys and VIDAS techniques, but specificity was slightly higher for the VIDAS test: 100% (96.1-100%) vs 98.9% (94.1-99.9%). Of the 23 indeterminate cases using RDT, only three cases were true-positives with a detectable viral load. Eleven samples out of the 280 classified as positive by RDT corresponded to nine patients who had received a false diagnosis of HIV through RDT (3.9%); six of them had been on antiretroviral therapy for at least 2 years. CONCLUSIONS Elecsys HIV combi PT and VIDAS HIV Duo Quick immunoassays showed high sensitivity and specificity when using DBS. RDT-based serological diagnosis can lead to HIV misdiagnosis with personal and social consequences in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barquín
- Microbiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adolphe Ndarabu
- Centre Hospitalier Monkole, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Silvia Carlos
- ISTUN, Institute of Tropical Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mirian Fernández-Alonso
- Microbiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; ISTUN, Institute of Tropical Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marina Rubio-Garrido
- HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS and CIBEREsp-RITIP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benit Makonda
- Centre Hospitalier Monkole, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - África Holguín
- HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS and CIBEREsp-RITIP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Reina
- Microbiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; ISTUN, Institute of Tropical Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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30
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Meissner ME, Julik EJ, Badalamenti JP, Arndt WG, Mills LJ, Mansky LM. Development of a User-Friendly Pipeline for Mutational Analyses of HIV Using Ultra-Accurate Maximum-Depth Sequencing. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071338. [PMID: 34372543 PMCID: PMC8310143 DOI: 10.3390/v13071338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) accumulates fewer mutations during replication than HIV type 1 (HIV-1). Advanced studies of HIV-2 mutagenesis, however, have historically been confounded by high background error rates in traditional next-generation sequencing techniques. In this study, we describe the adaptation of the previously described maximum-depth sequencing (MDS) technique to studies of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 for the ultra-accurate characterization of viral mutagenesis. We also present the development of a user-friendly Galaxy workflow for the bioinformatic analyses of sequencing data generated using the MDS technique, designed to improve replicability and accessibility to molecular virologists. This adapted MDS technique and analysis pipeline were validated by comparisons with previously published analyses of the frequency and spectra of mutations in HIV-1 and HIV-2 and is readily expandable to studies of viral mutation across the genomes of both viruses. Using this novel sequencing pipeline, we observed that the background error rate was reduced 100-fold over standard Illumina error rates, and 10-fold over traditional unique molecular identifier (UMI)-based sequencing. This technical advancement will allow for the exploration of novel and previously unrecognized sources of viral mutagenesis in both HIV-1 and HIV-2, which will expand our understanding of retroviral diversity and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Meissner
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (E.J.J.); (W.G.A.)
| | - Emily J. Julik
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (E.J.J.); (W.G.A.)
- Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Badalamenti
- University of Minnesota Genomics Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - William G. Arndt
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (E.J.J.); (W.G.A.)
- Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lauren J. Mills
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (L.J.M.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Louis M. Mansky
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (E.J.J.); (W.G.A.)
- Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (L.J.M.); (L.M.M.)
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31
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Berzow D, Descamps D, Obermeier M, Charpentier C, Kaiser R, Guertler L, Eberle J, Wensing A, Sierra S, Ruelle J, Gomes P, Mansinho K, Taylor N, Jensen B, Döring M, Stürmer M, Rockstroh J, Camacho R. Human Immunodeficiency Virus-2 (HIV-2): A Summary of the Present Standard of Care and Treatment Options for Individuals Living with HIV-2 in Western Europe. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:503-509. [PMID: 32227124 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-2 (HIV-2) is endemic in some countries in West Africa. Due to the lower prevalence in industrialized countries, there is limited experience and knowledge on the management of individuals living with HIV-2 in Europe. Compared to HIV-1, there are differential characteristics of HIV-2 regarding diagnostic procedures, the clinical course, and, most importantly, antiretroviral therapy. We integrated the published literature on HIV-2 (studies and reports on epidemiology, diagnostics, the clinical course, and treatment), as well as expert experience in diagnosing and clinical care, to provide recommendations for a present standard of medical care of those living with HIV-2 in Western European countries, including an overview of strategies for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment, with suggestions for effective drug combinations for first- and second-line treatments, post-exposure prophylaxis, and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, as well as listings of mutations related to HIV-2 drug resistance and C-C motif chemokine receptor type 5 and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 4 coreceptor tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Berzow
- Praxis for Infectiology, Hamburg, Germany.,Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft niedergelassener Ärzte in der Versorgung HIV-Infizierter (DAGNAE) Berlin, Germany
| | - Diane Descamps
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Unité mixte de recherche (UMR),1137, Laboratory Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution (IAME), Paris, France
| | - Martin Obermeier
- Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft niedergelassener Ärzte in der Versorgung HIV-Infizierter (DAGNAE) Berlin, Germany.,Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin, Germany.,Gesellschaft für Virologie e.V., Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Unité mixte de recherche (UMR),1137, Laboratory Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution (IAME), Paris, France
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Gesellschaft für Virologie e.V., Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German AIDS Society (Deutsche AIDS-Gesellschaft, DAIG), Hamburg, Germany.,Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Lutz Guertler
- Gesellschaft für Virologie e.V., Freiburg, Germany.,German AIDS Society (Deutsche AIDS-Gesellschaft, DAIG), Hamburg, Germany.,National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Max von Pettenkofer Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef Eberle
- Gesellschaft für Virologie e.V., Freiburg, Germany.,German AIDS Society (Deutsche AIDS-Gesellschaft, DAIG), Hamburg, Germany.,National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Max von Pettenkofer Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annemarie Wensing
- European AIDS Clinical Society, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saleta Sierra
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jean Ruelle
- Laboratories Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Perpetua Gomes
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal.,Molecular Biology Laboratory, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Egas Moniz Hospital, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kamal Mansinho
- Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Occidental, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ninon Taylor
- Third Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Björn Jensen
- Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie, Rheinbach, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Döring
- Department for Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max-Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Martin Stürmer
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rockstroh
- European AIDS Clinical Society, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Medicine I, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ricardo Camacho
- Katholieke Universiteit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
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Hayn M, Blötz A, Rodríguez A, Vidal S, Preising N, Ständker L, Wiese S, Stürzel CM, Harms M, Gross R, Jung C, Kiene M, Jacob T, Pöhlmann S, Forssmann WG, Münch J, Sparrer KMJ, Seuwen K, Hahn BH, Kirchhoff F. Natural cystatin C fragments inhibit GPR15-mediated HIV and SIV infection without interfering with GPR15L signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023776118. [PMID: 33431697 PMCID: PMC7826402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023776118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR15 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) proposed to play a role in mucosal immunity that also serves as a major entry cofactor for HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). To discover novel endogenous GPR15 ligands, we screened a hemofiltrate (HF)-derived peptide library for inhibitors of GPR15-mediated SIV infection. Our approach identified a C-terminal fragment of cystatin C (CysC95-146) that specifically inhibits GPR15-dependent HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV infection. In contrast, GPR15L, the chemokine ligand of GPR15, failed to inhibit virus infection. We found that cystatin C fragments preventing GPR15-mediated viral entry do not interfere with GPR15L signaling and are generated by proteases activated at sites of inflammation. The antiretroviral activity of CysC95-146 was confirmed in primary CD4+ T cells and is conserved in simian hosts of SIV infection. Thus, we identified a potent endogenous inhibitor of GPR15-mediated HIV and SIV infection that does not interfere with the physiological function of this GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hayn
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Blötz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Armando Rodríguez
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- PHARIS Biotec GmbH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Solange Vidal
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nico Preising
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina M Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mirja Harms
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Gross
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Jung
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Miriam Kiene
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Seuwen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076;
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
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33
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Kouanfack C, Unal G, Schaeffer L, Kfutwah A, Aghokeng A, Mougnutou R, Tchemgui-Noumsi N, Alessandri-Gradt E, Delaporte E, Simon F, Vray M, Plantier JC. Comparative Immunovirological and Clinical Responses to Antiretroviral Therapy Between HIV-1 Group O and HIV-1 Group M Infected Patients. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1471-1477. [PMID: 31063537 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about impact of genetic divergence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O (HIV-1/O) relative to HIV-1 group M (HIV-1/M) on therapeutic outcomes. We aimed to determine if responses to standardized combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) were similar between groups despite strain divergence. METHODS We performed an open nonrandomized study comparing the immunological, virological, and clinical responses to cART based on 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus 1 ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor, in naive and paired HIV-1/O vs HIV-1/M infected (+) patients (ratio 1:2), matched on several criteria. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with undetectable plasma viral load (pVL, threshold 60 copies/mL) at week (W) 48. Secondary endpoints were the proportion of patients with undetectable pVL at W24 and W96 and CD4 evolution between baseline and W24, W48, and W96. RESULTS Forty-seven HIV-1/O+ and 94 HIV-1/M+ patients were included. Mean pVL at baseline was significantly lower by 1 log for HIV-1/O+ vs HIV-1/M+ patients. At W48, no significant difference was observed between populations with undetectable pVL and differences at W24 and W96 were not significant. A difference in CD4 gain was observed in favor of HIV-1/M at W48 and W96, but this was not significant when adjusted on both matched criteria and pVL at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate similar immunovirological and clinical response between HIV-1/O+ and HIV-1/M+ patients. They also reveal significantly lower baseline replication for HIV-1/O variants, suggesting specific virological properties and physiopathology that now need to be addressed. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00658346.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kouanfack
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon
| | - Guillemette Unal
- Normandy Université, Université de Rouen Normandie, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne, EA Rouen University Hospital, Laboratory of Virology associated with the National Reference Centre for HIV
| | - Laura Schaeffer
- Unit of Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Avelin Aghokeng
- Recherche Translationnelle sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses, University of Montpellier, Institut de Recherche et pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
| | - Rose Mougnutou
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon
| | - Nathalie Tchemgui-Noumsi
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon
| | - Elodie Alessandri-Gradt
- Normandy Université, Université de Rouen Normandie, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne, EA Rouen University Hospital, Laboratory of Virology associated with the National Reference Centre for HIV
| | - Eric Delaporte
- Recherche Translationnelle sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses, University of Montpellier, Institut de Recherche et pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
| | - François Simon
- Faculty of Medicine Paris Diderot, University Hospital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Vray
- Unit of Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Plantier
- Normandy Université, Université de Rouen Normandie, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne, EA Rouen University Hospital, Laboratory of Virology associated with the National Reference Centre for HIV
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Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi M, Parolin C, Borsetti A. Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in African Countries: A Comprehensive Overview. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121072. [PMID: 33371264 PMCID: PMC7766877 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) originated in non-human primates in West-central Africa and continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed almost 33 million lives so far. In Africa, it is estimated that more than 20 million people are living with HIV/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and that more than 730,000 new HIV-1 infections still occur each year, likely due to low access to testing. The high genetic variability of HIV-1, due to a fast replication cycle and high mutation rate, may cause the generation of many viral variants in a single infected patient during a single day. Therefore, the active monitoring and characterization of the HIV-1 subtypes and recombinant forms circulating through African countries poses a significant challenge to more specific diagnoses, treatments, care, and intervention strategies. In this review, a concise characterization of all the subtypes and recombinant forms circulating in Africa is presented to highlight the magnitude of the HIV-1 threat among the African countries and to understand virus genetic diversity and dispersion dynamics better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giovanetti
- Reference Laboratory of Flavivirus, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Parolin
- Department of Molecular, Medicine University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-49903082
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35
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Shepherd SJ, Sykes C, Jackson C, Bell DJ, Gunson RN. The first case of HIV-2 in Scotland. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000087. [PMID: 32974567 PMCID: PMC7470315 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infects an estimated 37 million people worldwide, while the rarer HIV-2 infects 1–2 million worldwide. HIV-2 is mainly restricted to West African countries. The majority of patients in Scotland are diagnosed with HIV-1, but in 2013 the West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre (WoSSVC) diagnosed Scotland’s first HIV-2 positive case in a patient from Côte d’Ivoire. HIV-2 differs from HIV-1 in terms of structural viral proteins, viral transmissibility, prolonged period of latency, intrinsic resistance to certain antivirals and how to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Over the course of 5 years the patient has required several changes in treatment due to both side effects and pill burden. This case highlights the complexity of HIV-2 patient management over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Shepherd
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Level 5 New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, G31 2ER, UK
| | - C Sykes
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Brownlee Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - C Jackson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Level 5 New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, G31 2ER, UK
| | - D J Bell
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Brownlee Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - R N Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Level 5 New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, G31 2ER, UK
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36
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de Mendoza C, Ramos JM, Caballero E, Soriano V. Current epidemiological status of HIV-2 and HTLV-1 infection in Spain. Med Clin (Barc) 2020; 156:290-296. [PMID: 32798034 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen de Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda-Segovia de Arana Majadahonda, Madrid.
| | - José Manuel Ramos
- Hospital General Universitario de Alicante y Universidad Miguel Hernádez, Alicante
| | | | - Vicente Soriano
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Centro Médico, UNIR, Madrid
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Samri A, Charpentier C, Cheynier R, Matheron S, Brun-Vézinet F, Autran B. [Viral reservoir in HIV-2 infection: a model for attenuated retroviral infection]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:336-339. [PMID: 32356709 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Assia Samri
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1135, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Inserm, IAME, UMR 1137, Universités Paris Diderot et Paris Nord, Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Inserm, IAME, UMR 1137, Universités Paris Diderot et Paris Nord, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1135, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a summary of the current data on the global HIV subtype diversity and distribution by region. HIV is one of the most genetically diverse pathogens due to its high-mutation and recombination rates, large population size and rapid replication rate. This rapid evolutionary process has resulted in several HIV subtypes that are heterogeneously globally distributed. RECENT FINDINGS Subtype A remains the most prevalent strain in parts of East Africa, Russia and former Soviet Union countries; subtype B in Europe, Americas and Oceania; subtype C in Southern Africa and India; CRF01_AE in Asia and CRF02_AG in Western Africa. Recent studies based on near full-length genome sequencing highlighted the growing importance of recombinant variants and subtype C viruses. SUMMARY The dynamic change in HIV subtype distribution presents future challenges for diagnosis, treatment and vaccine design and development. An increase in recombinant viruses suggests that coinfection and superinfection by divergent HIV strains has become more common necessitating continuous surveillance to keep track of the viral diversity. Cheaper near full-length genome sequencing approaches are critical in improving HIV subtype estimations. However, missing subtype data and low sequence sampling levels are still a challenge in some geographical regions. VIDEO ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/COHA/A14.
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Le Hingrat Q, Visseaux B, Bertine M, Chauveau L, Schwartz O, Collin F, Damond F, Matheron S, Descamps D, Charpentier C. Genetic Variability of Long Terminal Repeat Region between HIV-2 Groups Impacts Transcriptional Activity. J Virol 2020; 94:e01504-19. [PMID: 31915276 PMCID: PMC7081896 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01504-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-2 long terminal repeat (LTR) region contains several transcription factor (TF) binding sites. Efficient LTR transactivation by cellular TF and viral proteins is crucial for HIV-2 reactivation and viral production. Proviral LTRs from 66 antiretroviral-naive HIV-2-infected patients included in the French ANRS HIV-2 CO5 Cohort were sequenced. High genetic variability within the HIV-2 LTR was observed, notably in the U3 subregion, the subregion encompassing most known TF binding sites. Genetic variability was significantly higher in HIV-2 group B than in group A viruses. Notably, all group B viruses lacked the peri-ETS binding site, and 4 group B sequences (11%) also presented a complete deletion of the first Sp1 binding site. The lack of a peri-ETS binding site was responsible for lower transcriptional activity in activated T lymphocytes, while deletion of the first Sp1 binding site lowered basal or Tat-mediated transcriptional activities, depending on the cell line. Interestingly, the HIV-2 cellular reservoir was less frequently quantifiable in patients infected by group B viruses and, when quantifiable, the reservoirs were significantly smaller than in patients infected by group A viruses. Our findings suggest that mutations observed in vivo in HIV-2 LTR sequences are associated with differences in transcriptional activity and may explain the small cellular reservoirs in patients infected by HIV-2 group B, providing new insight into the reduced pathogenicity of HIV-2 infection.IMPORTANCE Over 1 million patients are infected with HIV-2, which is often described as an attenuated retroviral infection. Patients frequently have undetectable viremia and evolve at more slowly toward AIDS than HIV-1-infected patients. Several studies have reported a smaller viral reservoir in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in HIV-2-infected patients than in HIV-1-infected patients, while others have found similar sizes of reservoirs but a reduced amount of cell-associated RNA, suggesting a block in HIV-2 transcription. Recent studies have found associations between mutations within the HIV-1 LTR and reduced transcriptional activities. Until now, mutations within the HIV-2 LTR region have scarcely been studied. We conducted this research to discover if such mutations exist in the HIV-2 LTR and their potential association with the viral reservoir and transcriptional activity. Our study indicates that transcription of HIV-2 group B proviruses may be impaired, which might explain the small viral reservoir observed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Hingrat
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Bertine
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Lise Chauveau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Virus et Immunité, Paris, France
| | | | - Fidéline Collin
- ISPED, UMR 897, INSERM, Université Bordeaux, Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florence Damond
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, IINSERM, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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Performance evaluation of a laboratory developed PCR test for quantitation of HIV-2 viral RNA. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229424. [PMID: 32109949 PMCID: PMC7048284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) infections present unique challenges due to low viral titers, slow disease progression, and poor response to standard antiviral therapies. The need for a nucleic acid assay to detect and quantify HIV-2 virus has led to the development of a number of molecular-based assays for detection and/or quantification of HIV-2 viral RNA in plasma in order to provide laboratory evidence of HIV-2 infection and viral loads for use in treatment decisions. As HIV-2 is less pathogenic and transmissible than HIV-1 and has resistance to several of the antiretroviral drugs, delay of treatment is common. Cross sero-reactivity between HIV-1 and HIV-2 makes it difficult to distinguish between the two viruses based upon serological tests. As such we developed a quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay targeting the 5' long terminal repeat of HIV-2 for detection and quantification of HIV-2 viral RNA in plasma to identify HIV-2 infection and for use in viral load monitoring. Serial dilutions of cultured HIV-2 virus demonstrated a wide dynamic range (10 to 100,000 copies/ml) with excellent reproducibility (standard deviation from 0.12-0.19), linearity (R2 = 0.9994), and a lower limit of detection at 79 copies/ml (NIH-Z). The assay is highly specific for HIV-2 Groups A and B and exhibits no cross reactivity to HIV-1, HBV or HCV. Precision of the assay was demonstrated for the High (Mean = 6.41; SD = 0.12) and Medium (Mean = 4.46; SD = 0.13) HIV-2 positive controls. Replicate testing of clinical specimens showed good reproducibility above 1,000 copies/ml, with higher variability under 1,000 copies/ml. Analysis of 220 plasma samples from HIV-2 infected West African individuals demonstrated significantly lower viral loads than those observed in HIV-1 infections, consistent with results of previous studies. Slightly more than seven percent of clinical samples (7.3%) demonstrated viral loads above 100,000 copies/ml, while 37.3% of samples were undetectable. The high sensitivity, specificity, precision, and linearity of the WRAIR qRT-PCR assay makes it well suited for detection and monitoring of HIV-2 RNA levels in plasma of infected individuals.
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Peruski AH, Wesolowski LG, Delaney KP, Chavez PR, Owen SM, Granade TC, Sullivan V, Switzer WM, Dong X, Brooks JT, Joyce MP. Trends in HIV-2 Diagnoses and Use of the HIV-1/HIV-2 Differentiation Test - United States, 2010-2017. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2020; 69:63-66. [PMID: 31971928 PMCID: PMC7367036 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6903a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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El-Safty S, Shenashen M. Nanoscale dynamic chemical, biological sensor material designs for control monitoring and early detection of advanced diseases. Mater Today Bio 2020; 5:100044. [PMID: 32181446 PMCID: PMC7066237 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection and easy continuous monitoring of emerging or re-emerging infectious, contagious or other diseases are of particular interest for controlling healthcare advances and developing effective medical treatments to reduce the high global cost burden of diseases in the backdrop of lack of awareness regarding advancing diseases. Under an ever-increasing demand for biosensor design reliability for early stage recognition of infectious agents or contagious diseases and potential proteins, nanoscale manufacturing designs had developed effective nanodynamic sensing assays and compact wearable devices. Dynamic developments of biosensor technology are also vital to detect and monitor advanced diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), diabetes, cancers, liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), tuberculosis, and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In particular, nanoscale biosensor designs have indispensable contribution to improvement of health concerns by early detection of disease, monitoring ecological and therapeutic agents, and maintaining high safety level in food and cosmetics. This review reports an overview of biosensor designs and their feasibility for early investigation, detection, and quantitative determination of many advanced diseases. Biosensor strategies are highlighted to demonstrate the influence of nanocompact and lightweight designs on accurate analyses and inexpensive sensing assays. To date, the effective and foremost developments in various nanodynamic designs associated with simple analytical facilities and procedures remain challenging. Given the wide evolution of biosensor market requirements and the growing demand in the creation of early stage and real-time monitoring assays, precise output signals, and easy-to-wear and self-regulating analyses of diseases, innovations in biosensor designs based on novel fabrication of nanostructured platforms with active surface functionalities would produce remarkable biosensor devices. This review offers evidence for researchers and inventors to focus on biosensor challenge and improve fabrication of nanobiosensors to revolutionize consumer and healthcare markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukubashi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-0047, Japan
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Matheron S, Descamps D, Gallien S, Besseghir A, Sellier P, Blum L, Mortier E, Charpentier C, Tubiana R, Damond F, Peytavin G, Ponscarme D, Collin F, Brun-Vezinet F, Chene G. First-line Raltegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Combination in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) Infection: A Phase 2, Noncomparative Trial (ANRS 159 HIV-2). Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:1161-1167. [PMID: 29590335 PMCID: PMC6160602 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background New options for first-line treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection are needed. We evaluated an integrase inhibitor (raltegravir)–containing regimen. Methods Antiretroviral therapy (ART)–naive adults with symptomatic infection by HIV-2 only, CD4 count <500 cells/μL or CD4 decrease >50 cells/μL/year over the past 3 years, or a confirmed plasma HIV-2 RNA (pVL) load ≥100 copies/mL were eligible for this noncomparative trial. The composite primary endpoint was survival at 48 weeks without any of the following: CD4 gain from baseline <100 cells/μL, confirmed pVL ≥40 copies/mL from week 24, raltegravir permanent discontinuation, or incident B or C event. HIV-2 ultrasensitive pVL (uspVL) and total DNA were assessed using in-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Results Baseline median CD4 count of 30 enrolled individuals (67% women) was 436 cells/µL (interquartile range [IQR], 314–507 cells/µL); pVL was ≥40 copies/mL in 67% of them, uspVL was ≥5 copies/mL in 92%, and total DNA was >6 copies by PCR in 32%. At week 48, the composite endpoint of success was reached in 40% [95% confidence interval, 22.7%–59.4%]. Failure was mainly (50%) due to CD4 gain <100 cells/µL; uspVL was <5 copies/mL in 87% and total DNA >6 copies by PCR in 12% of participants. Median CD4 gain was 87 cells/µL (IQR, 38–213 cells/µL; n = 28). No serious adverse reactions were reported. Conclusions Raltegravir-containing ART is a safe option for first-line treatment of HIV-2 infection, yielding a comparable success rate to protease inhibitors. Clinical Trials Registration NCT 01605890.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Matheron
- Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP).,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1137.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | - Diane Descamps
- Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP).,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1137.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | | | - Amel Besseghir
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Université Bordeaux, Institut de santé publique, d'épidémiologie et de développement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bordeaux
| | | | | | | | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP).,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1137.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | - Roland Tubiana
- Hopital Pitié-Salpetriere, AP-HP, Université Paris 6, INSERM, Institut Pierre-Louis Epidémiologie et Santé Publique, UMR en Santé 1136, Paris, France
| | - Florence Damond
- Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP).,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1137.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | - Gilles Peytavin
- Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP).,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1137.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | | | - Fideline Collin
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Université Bordeaux, Institut de santé publique, d'épidémiologie et de développement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bordeaux
| | | | - Genevieve Chene
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Université Bordeaux, Institut de santé publique, d'épidémiologie et de développement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bordeaux
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A Membrane-Anchored Short-Peptide Fusion Inhibitor Fully Protects Target Cells from Infections of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01177-19. [PMID: 31462566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01177-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies demonstrate that the antiviral activity of viral fusion inhibitor peptides can be dramatically improved when being chemically or genetically anchored to the cell membrane, where viral entry occurs. We previously reported that the short-peptide fusion inhibitor 2P23 and its lipid derivative possess highly potent antiviral activities against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). To develop a sterilizing or functional-cure strategy, here we genetically linked 2P23 and two control peptides (HIV-1 fusion inhibitor C34 and hepatitis B virus [HBV] entry inhibitor 4B10) with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) attachment signal. As expected, GPI-anchored inhibitors were efficiently expressed on the plasma membrane of transduced TZM-bl cells and primarily directed to the lipid raft site without interfering with the expression of CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4. GPI-anchored 2P23 (GPI-2P23) completely protected TZM-bl cells from infections of divergent HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV isolates as well as a panel of enfuvirtide (T20)-resistant mutants. GPI-2P23 also rendered the cells resistant to viral envelope-mediated cell-cell fusion and cell-associated virion-mediated cell-cell transmission. Moreover, GPI-2P23-modified human CD4+ T cells (CEMss-CCR5) fully blocked both R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1 isolates and displayed a robust survival advantage over unmodified cells during HIV-1 infection. In contrast, it was found that GPI-anchored C34 was much less effective in inhibiting HIV-2, SIV, and T20-resistant HIV-1 mutants. Therefore, our studies have demonstrated that genetically anchoring a short-peptide fusion inhibitor to the target cell membrane is a viable strategy for gene therapy of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections.IMPORTANCE Antiretroviral therapy with multiple drugs in combination can efficiently suppress HIV replication and dramatically reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with AIDS-related illness; however, antiretroviral therapy cannot eradiate the HIV reservoirs, and lifelong treatment is required, which often results in cumulative toxicities, drug resistance, and a multitude of complications, thus necessitating the development of sterilizing-cure or functional-cure strategies. Here, we report that genetically anchoring the short-peptide fusion inhibitor 2P23 to the cell membrane can fully prevent infections from divergent HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV isolates as well as a panel of enfuvirtide-resistant mutants. Membrane-bound 2P23 also effectively blocks HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-cell fusion and cell-associated virion-mediated cell-cell transmission, renders CD4+ T cells nonpermissive to infection, and confers a robust survival advantage over unmodified cells. Thus, our studies verify a powerful strategy to generate resistant cells for gene therapy of both the HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections.
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Katsura Y, Asai S. Evolutionary Medicine of Retroviruses in the Human Genome. Am J Med Sci 2019; 358:384-388. [PMID: 31813465 PMCID: PMC7093845 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans are infected with many viruses, and the immune system mostly removes viruses and the infected cells. However, certain viruses have entered the human genome. Of the human genome, ∼45% is composed of transposable elements (long interspersed nuclear elements [LINEs], short interspersed nuclear elements [SINEs] and transposons) and 5-8% is derived from viral sequences with similarity to infectious retroviruses. If integration of retrovirus occurs in a germline, the integrated viral sequences are heritable. Accumulation of viral sequences has created the current human genome. This article summarizes recent studies of retroviruses in humans and bridges clinical fields and evolutionary genetics. First, we report the repertories of human-infective retroviruses. Second, we review endogenous retroviruses in the human genome and diseases associated with endogenous retroviruses. Third, we discuss the biological functions of endogenous retroviruses and propose the concept of accelerated human evolution via viruses. Finally, we present perspectives of virology in the field of evolutionary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Katsura
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Asai
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Hønge BL, Jespersen S, Medina C, Té DDS, da Silva ZJ, Christiansen M, Kjerulff B, Laursen AL, Wejse C, Krarup H, Erikstrup C. Discriminatory rapid tests cause HIV-type misclassification-evaluation of three rapid tests using clinical samples from Guinea-Bissau. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:555-559. [PMID: 31162598 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discrimination among HIV types is important because HIV-2 is naturally resistant to some of the first-line drugs used in the treatment of HIV-1. We evaluated three assays for HIV-type discriminatory capacity: SD Bioline HIV 1/2 3.0 (Bioline), First Response HIV 1-2-0 Card Test (First Response) and Genie III HIV-1/HIV-2 (Genie III). METHODS Based on results from the Bioline assay, samples from 239 HIV-infected patients from the Bissau HIV cohort in Guinea-Bissau were retrospectively selected for evaluation. Genie III and First Response were scored by three independent readers and compared with a reference test (INNO-LIA HIV I/II Score) confirmed by HIV RNA as well as DNA detection. RESULTS The best performing test was Genie III, with an average agreement with the reference test of 93.4%, followed by First Response (86.1%) and Bioline (72.4%). First Response and Bioline were scored with a false high number of HIV-1/2 dual infections. For both First Response and Genie III, there were discrepancies among independent readers, and some tests were scored as HIV non-reactive. CONCLUSIONS Using these rapid tests with a suboptimal performance will presumably result in a high rate of false HIV-1/2 dual diagnoses, depriving patients of alternative treatment options in cases of treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Langhoff Hønge
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sanne Jespersen
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Candida Medina
- National HIV Programme, Ministry of Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | | | - Zacarias José da Silva
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- National Public Health Laboratory, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Mette Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Bertram Kjerulff
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Alex Lund Laursen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Christian Wejse
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
- GloHAU, Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Alle 2, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Krarup
- Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Reberbansgade 15, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Gunaratne SH, Gandhi RT. HIV-2 Infection: Latest Advances. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-019-00201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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T-cell and B-cell perturbations are similar in ART-naive HIV-1 and HIV-1/2 dually infected patients. AIDS 2019; 33:1143-1153. [PMID: 30845069 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-2 may slow progression of a subsequently acquired HIV-1 infection through cross-neutralizing antibodies and polyfunctional CD8 T cells. We hypothesized that HIV-1/2 dually infected patients compared with HIV-1-infected patients had more preserved immune maturation subsets and less immune activation of T and B cells. METHODS ART-naive patients with HIV-1 (n = 83) or HIV-1/2 dual (n = 27) infections were included in this cross-sectional study at an HIV clinic in Guinea-Bissau. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry according to T-cell maturation and activation, regulatory T-cell fraction, and B-cell maturation and activation. RESULTS HIV-1/2 dually infected patients had lower levels of HIV-1 RNA compared with patients with HIV-1 infection, but the levels of total HIV RNA (HIV-1 and HIV-2) were similar in the two patient groups. T-cell maturation, and proportions of regulatory T cells (FoxP3+) were also similar in the two groups. HIV-1/2 dually infected patients had higher proportions of CD4 and CD8 T cells positive for the activation marker CD38, but there was no difference in other T-cell activation markers (CD28, CTLA-4, PD-1). HIV-1/2 dually infected patients also had higher proportions of IgM-only B cells and plasmablasts. CONCLUSION HIV-1/2 was not associated with less immune perturbations than for HIV-1 infection.
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Samri A, Charpentier C, Diallo MS, Bertine M, Even S, Morin V, Oudin A, Parizot C, Collin G, Hosmalin A, Cheynier R, Thiébaut R, Matheron S, Collin F, Zoorob R, Brun-Vézinet F, Autran B. Limited HIV-2 reservoirs in central-memory CD4 T-cells associated to CXCR6 co-receptor expression in attenuated HIV-2 infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007758. [PMID: 31095640 PMCID: PMC6541300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The low pathogenicity and replicative potential of HIV-2 are still poorly understood. We investigated whether HIV-2 reservoirs might follow the peculiar distribution reported in models of attenuated HIV-1/SIV infections, i.e. limited infection of central-memory CD4 T lymphocytes (TCM). Antiretroviral-naive HIV-2 infected individuals from the ANRS-CO5 (12 non-progressors, 2 progressors) were prospectively included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were sorted into monocytes and resting CD4 T-cell subsets (naive [TN], central- [TCM], transitional- [TTM] and effector-memory [TEM]). Reactivation of HIV-2 was tested in 30-day cultures of CD8-depleted PBMCs. HIV-2 DNA was quantified by real-time PCR. Cell surface markers, co-receptors and restriction factors were analyzed by flow-cytometry and multiplex transcriptomic study. HIV-2 DNA was undetectable in monocytes from all individuals and was quantifiable in TTM from 4 individuals (median: 2.25 log10 copies/106 cells [IQR: 1.99–2.94]) but in TCM from only 1 individual (1.75 log10 copies/106 cells). HIV-2 DNA levels in PBMCs (median: 1.94 log10 copies/106 PBMC [IQR = 1.53–2.13]) positively correlated with those in TTM (r = 0.66, p = 0.01) but not TCM. HIV-2 reactivation was observed in the cells from only 3 individuals. The CCR5 co-receptor was distributed similarly in cell populations from individuals and donors. TCM had a lower expression of CXCR6 transcripts (p = 0.002) than TTM confirmed by FACS analysis, and a higher expression of TRIM5 transcripts (p = 0.004). Thus the low HIV-2 reservoirs differ from HIV-1 reservoirs by the lack of monocytic infection and a limited infection of TCM associated to a lower expression of a potential alternative HIV-2 co-receptor, CXCR6 and a higher expression of a restriction factor, TRIM5. These findings shed new light on the low pathogenicity of HIV-2 infection suggesting mechanisms close to those reported in other models of attenuated HIV/SIV infection models. HIV-2 induces a still poorly understood attenuated infection compared to HIV-1. We investigated whether this infection might follow peculiarities associated with other models of attenuated HIV-1/SIV infection, i.e. a limited infection of a key subset of memory CD4 T lymphocytes, the central-memory ones (TCM). Thus we studied the infection rates in peripheral blood cells from 14 untreated HIV-2 infected individuals from the ANRS-CO5 HIV-2 cohort, and found; 1) a lack of infection of monocytes, 2) extremely low infection in central-memory CD4+ T lymphocytes while HIV-2 predominated in the transitional-memory cells, 3) a poor replicative capacity of HIV-2 in individuals cells. We then investigated the cellular expression of a hundred-host genes potentially involved in HIV-2 control. We found in individuals’ TCM cells, compared to TTM ones, a lower expression of CXCR6, a potentially alternative co-receptor of HIV-2 but not of HIV-1, and a higher expression of TRIM5α, a restriction factor to which HIV-2 is more sensitive than HIV-1. Altogether our findings shed new light on the low pathogenicity of HIV-2 suggesting mechanisms close to those reported in other models of attenuated HIV/SIV infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Samri
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mariama Sadjo Diallo
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Bertine
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Even
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Morin
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Oudin
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Parizot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Collin
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, INRIA SISTM, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Inserm, IAME, UMR 1137, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, HUPNVS, Paris, France
| | - Fideline Collin
- Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, INRIA SISTM, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rima Zoorob
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (FBV); (BA)
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Smith RA, Raugi DN, Wu VH, Zavala CG, Song J, Diallo KM, Seydi M, Gottlieb GS. Comparison of the Antiviral Activity of Bictegravir against HIV-1 and HIV-2 Isolates and Integrase Inhibitor-Resistant HIV-2 Mutants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e00014-19. [PMID: 30803972 PMCID: PMC6496081 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00014-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the activity of the integrase inhibitor bictegravir against HIV-1 and HIV-2 using a culture-based, single-cycle assay. Values of 50% effective concentrations ranged from 1.2 to 2.5 nM for 9 HIV-1 isolates and 1.4 to 5.6 nM for 15 HIV-2 isolates. HIV-2 integrase mutants G140S/Q148R and G140S/Q148H were 34- and 110-fold resistant to bictegravir, respectively; other resistance-associated mutations conferred ≤5-fold changes in bictegravir susceptibility. Our findings indicate that bictegravir-based antiretroviral therapy should be evaluated in HIV-2-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Smith
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dana N Raugi
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vincent H Wu
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher G Zavala
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer Song
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Moussa Seydi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHNU de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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