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Faiz H, Malin SK. A low-calorie diet raises β-aminoisobutyric acid in relation to glucose regulation and leptin independent of exercise in women with obesity. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1210567. [PMID: 37362426 PMCID: PMC10289796 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1210567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) is a suggested cytokine secreted from skeletal muscles that regulates insulin sensitivity, pancreatic function, and fat oxidation. However, no studies to date have examined if a low-calorie diet (LCD) or LCD + with interval exercise (LCD + INT) differentially raises BAIBA. The purpose was to examine if LCD or LCD + INT raises circulating BAIBA in relation to cardiometabolic health. Methods: For this, twenty-three women with obesity were randomized to either 2-weeks of LCD (n = 12, 48.4 ± 2.5 y, 37.84 ± 1.5 kg/m2; ∼1200 kcal/day) or LCD + INT (n = 11, 47.6 ± 4.3 y, 37.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2; ∼60 min/d of INT alternating 3 min of 90% and 50% HRpeak), with matched energy availability. Fasting BAIBA and adipokines along with glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and FFA after every 30 min up to 120 min were obtained during a 75 g OGTT to estimate total area under the curve (tAUC), insulin sensitivity (SIIS), pancreatic function [disposition index (DI)], and hepatic insulin clearance (HIC). Fuel use (indirect calorimetry) was tested at 0, 60, and 120 min of the OGTT along with fitness (VO2peak) and body composition (BodPod). Results: Both treatments lowered body weight (p < 0.001) and leptin (p < 0.001) but raised BAIBA (p = 0.007) and insulin sensitivity (p = 0.02). LCD + INT increased VO2peak (p = 0.02) and REE tAUC120min (p = 0.02) while LCD and LCD + INT decreased carbohydrate oxidation (CHOox) tAUC120min (p < 0.001). Increased BAIBA associated with reduced weight (r = -0.67, p < 0.001), leptin (r = -0.66, p = 0.001), CHOox tAUC120min (r = -0.44, p = 0.03) and DImuscle120min (r = -0.45, p = 0.03), but elevated HIC120min (r = 0.47, p = 0.02). Discussion: Concluding, LCD and LCD + INT increased BAIBA in relation to reduced body weight and pancreatic function in women with obesity. This suggests energy deficit is a key factor regulating circulating BAIBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habiba Faiz
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Ampeire IP, Kawugezi PC, Mulogo EM. Prevalence of prediabetes and associated factors among community members in rural Isingiro district. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:958. [PMID: 37231408 PMCID: PMC10214659 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rural Uganda a significant number of persons afflicted with pre-diabetes are unaware of the condition. This is likely to lead to diabetic complications resulting in catastrophic health expendirure.The burden of prediabetes in rural Isingiro has not previously been determined. This study examined the prevalence of prediabetes and the associated factors among rural community members. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey and enrolled 370 participants aged between 18 and 70 years in the Kabuyanda sub-county, rural Isingiro district in march 2021. Multistage sampling and systematic random sampling were conducted to select eligible households. Data was collected using a pretested WHO STEP-wise protocol questionnaire. The primary outcome was prediabetes (FBG = 6.1mmol/l to 6.9mmol/l), calculated as a proportion. Participants known to be diabetic or on medication were excluded. Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression model were performed for data analysis using STATA. RESULTS The prevalence of prediabetes was 9.19% (95% CI 6.23-12.14). Independent factors significantly associated with pre-diabetes were; advancing age [AOR = 5.7, 95% CI:1.03-32.30], moderate-intensity work [AOR = 2.6,95% CI:1.23-5.63], high level of consumption of a healthy diet [AOR = 5.7, 95% CI:1.67-19.05] and body mass index [AOR = 3.7, 95% CI:1.41-9.20]. CONCLUSION Prediabetes is prevalent among adult community members in rural Isingiro, southwestern Uganda. Age and lifestyle factors predict prediabetes in this rural population, suggesting a need for targeted health promotion interventions.
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Rahbarghazi A, Alamdari KA, Rahbarghazi R, Salehi-Pourmehr H. Co-administration of exercise training and melatonin on the function of diabetic heart tissue: a systematic review and meta-analysis of rodent models. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:67. [PMID: 37005639 PMCID: PMC10067225 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes mellitus (DM), a hyperglycemic condition, occurs due to the failure of insulin secretion and resistance. This study investigated the combined effects of exercise training and melatonin (Mel) on the function of heart tissue in diabetic rodent models. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in Embase, ProQuest, Cochrane library, Clinicaltrial.gov, WHO, Google Scholar, PubMed, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science, Ongoing Trials Registers, and Conference Proceedings in July 2022 with no limit of date or language. All trials associated with the effect of Mel and exercise in diabetic rodent models were included. Of the 962 relevant publications, 58 studies met our inclusion criteria as follows; Mel and type 1 DM (16 studies), Mel and type 2 DM (6 studies), exercise and type 1 DM (24 studies), and exercise and type 2 DM (12 studies). Meta-analysis of the data was done using the Mantel Haenszel method. RESULTS In most of these studies, antioxidant status and oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis rate, lipid profiles, and glucose levels were monitored in diabetic heart tissue. According to our findings, both Mel and exercise can improve antioxidant capacity by activating antioxidant enzymes compared to the control diabetic groups (p < 0.05). The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α were reduced in diabetic rodents after being treated with Mel and exercise. Apoptotic changes were diminished in diabetic rodents subjected to the Mel regime and exercise in which p53 levels and the activity of Caspases reached near normal levels (p < 0.05). Based on the data, both Mel and exercise can change the lipid profile in diabetic rodents, especially rats, and close it to near-to-control levels. CONCLUSION These data showed that exercise and Mel can reduce the harmful effects of diabetic conditions on the heart through the regulation of lipid profile, antioxidant capacity, apoptosis, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Rahbarghazi
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Educational Science and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil, Daneshgah Street, Ardabil, 56199-11367 Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St, Tabriz, Iran
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Insulin-Related Liver Pathways and the Therapeutic Effects of Aerobic Training, Green Coffee, and Chlorogenic Acid Supplementation in Prediabetic Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5318245. [PMID: 35663196 PMCID: PMC9162863 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5318245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The liver controls blood glucose levels via regulation of anabolic (glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis) and catabolic (glycolysis and glycogenolysis) processes through activation of the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of aerobic training, green coffee, and chlorogenic acid supplementation on glucose metabolism-regulating pathways in prediabetic mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a high-fat diet and physical activity limitation to induce a state of prediabetes. After 12 weeks, mice were fed a high-fat diet compared to the control mice. The prediabetic mice were further treated with either green coffee, chlorogenic acid, or training or combinations of the same for 10 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, metabolic data (FBG, GTT, HOMA for IR, plasma level of insulinfrom systematic, AST, and ALT assessed into blood), histopathologic, and analysis of gene and protein expressions were obtained for target tissues. Results Training along with green coffee and chlorogenic acid supplementation improved complications of prediabetes including weight gain and elevated fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. These effects were associated with the changes in mRNA levels of genes important in hepatic glycogen synthesis (GYS2), glucogenesis (PCK and G6PC2), and glycolysis (GK, PK, and PFKL). Conclusion The training in conjunction with green coffee or chlorogenic acid is effective in the prevention of prediabetes in mice. As these interventions are relatively inexpensive and safe application to individuals with prediabetes appears warranted.
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Singh R, Mohapatra L, Tripathi AS. Targeting mitochondrial biogenesis: a potential approach for preventing and controlling diabetes. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Diabetes mellitus is a lingering hyperglycemic ailment resulting in several life-threatening difficulties. Enduring hyperglycemia often persuades the buildup of reactive oxygen species that are the significant pathological makers of diabetic complications. The mitochondrial dysfunction, with mitochondrial damage and too much production of reactive oxygen species, have been proposed to be convoluted in the progress of insulin resistance. Numerous studies advocate that agents that enhance the mitochondrial number and/or decrease their dysfunction, could be greatly helpful in management of diabetes and its complications.
Main body
Mitochondrial biogenesis is an extremely delimited procedure arbitrated by numerous transcription influences, in which mitochondrial fusion and fission happen in synchronization in a standard vigorous cell. But this synchronization is greatly disturbed in diabetic condition designated by modification in the working of several important transcription factors regulating the expressions of different genes. Numerous preclinical and clinical investigations have suggested that, the compromised functions of mitochondria play a significant protagonist in development of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, skeletal muscle insulin resistance and several diabetic complications. However, there are several phytoconstituents performing through numerous alleyways, either unswervingly by motivating biogenesis or indirectly by constraining or averting dysfunction and producing a beneficial effect on overall function of the mitochondria.
Conclusion
This review describes standard mitochondrial physiology and anomalous modifications that transpire in answer to persistent hyperglycemia in diabetes condition. It also discusses about the different phytoconstituents that can affect the biogenesis pathways of mitochondria and thus can be used in the treatment and prevention of diabetes.
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Dağ F, Çimen ÖB, Doğu O. The effects of arm crank training on aerobic capacity, physical performance, quality of life, and health-related disability in patients with Parkinson's disease. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 191:1341-1348. [PMID: 34499309 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic exercise training contributes to improvement of cardiopulmonary capacity, mobility, neurological function, and quality of life. AIMS To investigate the effects of arm crank ergometer training on aerobic capacity, quality of life, and Parkinson's disease (PD)-related disability METHODS: Seventeen patients with PD were recruited to study. Assessments were performed at baseline and at the end of an 8-week arm crank ergometer (ACE) training program (3 days/week; 1 h per session, 50-70% VO2peak) with patients acting as their own control. Outcome measures included aerobic capacity assessment, 6-min walk test (6MWT), timed up and go test (TUG), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39), Beck Depression Index (BDI), the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). RESULTS At the end of the study, an increase of 30.49% in aerobic capacity was observed. Statistically significant improvements were found for the 6MWT (p = 0.001), TUG test (p = 0.001), UPDRS total score (p = 0.002), quality of life assessed with PDQ-39 (p = 0.006), BDI (p = 0.001), and FES scores (p = 0.002) after an 8-week ACE training. No significant effect on MoCA was found (p = 0.264). CONCLUSION An 8-week ACE training led to significant improvement in aerobic capacity, physical performance, and PD-related disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Figen Dağ
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mersin University, 33150, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Bölgen Çimen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mersin University, 33150, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Okan Doğu
- Okan Doğu, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Mersin University, 33150, Mersin, Turkey
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Safarimosavi S, Mohebbi H, Rohani H. High-Intensity Interval vs. Continuous Endurance Training: Preventive Effects on Hormonal Changes and Physiological Adaptations in Prediabetes Patients. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:731-738. [PMID: 29939900 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Safarimosavi, S, Mohebbi, H, and Rohani, H. High-intensity interval vs. continuous endurance training: Preventive effects on hormonal changes and physiological adaptations in prediabetes patients. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 731-738, 2021-The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention, or an isocaloric continuous endurance training (CET) intervention on insulin resistance indices and change in irisin and preptin in patients with prediabetes. Thirty-two prediabetic male patients (age = 38.7 ± 4; body mass index = 26.9 ± 1.4 kg·m-2; and V̇o2peak = 2.49 ± 0.22 L·min-1) were randomly assigned into 3 training groups (N = 8). These groups were matched based on the required energy expenditure (EE) for completing each protocol: (a) HIIT (10 × 60 seconds at 90% peak oxygen uptake [V̇o2peak], 1: 1 work to recovery at 50 W), (b) CET at an intensity equivalent to maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax) (CETFAT) (pedaling for a duration that expends an equivalent EE to an HIIT session [E ≈ HIIT]), (c) CET at an intensity equivalent to anaerobic threshold (CETAT) (E ≈ HIIT), and (d) the control group (CON): continued to perform their daily activities. After intervention, blood glucose levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the HIIT group compared with CETAT group. Exercise training improved the insulin resistance index by 35, 28, and 37% in CETFAT, CETAT, and HIIT groups, respectively. Irisin concentrations in the HIIT and CETAT groups was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared with the pre-training values. Also, HIIT and CETFAT resulted in significant (p < 0.05) changes in preptin concentration compared with baseline. This study demonstrated that both HIIT and CETFAT protocols had similar effects on the insulin resistance index of prediabetic patients. Also, the intensity and type of exercise were effective factors in changing irisin and preptin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Safarimosavi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; and
| | - Hamid Mohebbi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; and
| | - Hadi Rohani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Reitzner SM, Norrbom J, Sundberg CJ, Gidlund E. Expression of striated activator of rho-signaling in human skeletal muscle following acute exercise and long-term training. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13624. [PMID: 29504288 PMCID: PMC5835521 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The striated activator of rho-signaling (STARS) protein acts as a link between external stimuli and exercise adaptation such as muscle hypertrophy. However, the acute and long-term adaptational response of STARS is still unclear. This study aimed at investigating the acute and long-term endurance training response on the mRNA and protein expression of STARS and its related upstream and downstream factors in human skeletal muscle. mRNA and protein levels of STARS and related factors were assessed in skeletal muscle of healthy young men and women following an acute bout of endurance exercise (n = 15) or 12 weeks of one-legged training (n = 23). Muscle biopsies were obtained before (acute and long-term), at 30 min, 2, and 6 h following acute exercise, and at 24 h following both acute exercise and long-term training. Following acute exercise, STARS mRNA was significantly elevated 3.9-fold at 30 min returning back to baseline 24 h after exercise. STARS protein levels were numerically but nonsignificantly increased 7.2-fold at 24 h. No changes in STARS or ERRα mRNA or STARS protein expression were seen following long-term training. PGC-1α mRNA increased 1.7-fold following long-term training. MRTF-A mRNA was increased both following acute exercise and long-term training, in contrast to SRF mRNA and protein which did not change. STARS mRNA is acutely upregulated with exercise, but there is no cumulative effect to long-term training as seen in PGC-1α mRNA expression. Exercise intensity might play a role in manifestation of protein expression, suggesting a more complex regulation of STARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M. Reitzner
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jessica Norrbom
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and EthicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Eva‐Karin Gidlund
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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Gidlund EK, von Walden F, Venojärvi M, Risérus U, Heinonen OJ, Norrbom J, Sundberg CJ. Humanin skeletal muscle protein levels increase after resistance training in men with impaired glucose metabolism. Physiol Rep 2018; 4:4/23/e13063. [PMID: 27923980 PMCID: PMC5357820 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrially encoded and secreted peptide linked to glucose metabolism and tissue protecting mechanisms. Whether skeletal muscle HN gene or protein expression is influenced by exercise remains unknown. In this intervention study we show, for the first time, that HN protein levels increase in human skeletal muscle following 12 weeks of resistance training in persons with prediabetes. Male subjects (n = 55) with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) were recruited and randomly assigned to resistance training, Nordic walking or a control group. The exercise interventions were performed three times per week for 12 weeks with progressively increased intensity during the intervention period. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle and venous blood samples were taken before and after the intervention. Skeletal muscle and serum protein levels of HN were analyzed as well as skeletal muscle gene expression of the mitochondrially encoded gene MT‐RNR2, containing the open reading frame for HN. To elucidate mitochondrial training adaptation, mtDNA, and nuclear DNA as well as Citrate synthase were measured. Skeletal muscle HN protein levels increased by 35% after 12 weeks of resistance training. No change in humanin protein levels was seen in serum in any of the intervention groups. There was a significant correlation between humanin levels in serum and the improvements in the 2 h glucose loading test in the resistance training group. The increase in HN protein levels in skeletal muscle after regular resistance training in prediabetic males may suggest a role for HN in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Given the preventative effect of exercise on diabetes type 2, the role of HN as a mitochondrially derived peptide and an exercise‐responsive mitokine warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Karin Gidlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferdinand von Walden
- Neuropediatrics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Astrid Lindgren's Pediatric Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika Venojärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sports and exercise medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Departmen of Health & Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica Norrbom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Edwards J, Hosseinzadeh H. The impact of structured physical activity on glycaemic control in diabetes prevention programmes: A systematic review. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2010105817739924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Seven landmark randomised controlled trials, with some that began as early as the 1990s, observed the prediabetic state, namely, impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose conditions, against the impact of lifestyle interventions such as physical activity, to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to the landmark trials, this systematic review examines 14 studies that retained a focus on prediabetic individuals and measured the efficacy of physical activity on improving glucose tolerance. Results: Type, duration and intensity of structured physical activity can have unique benefits to prediabetic individuals. It is posited that diabetes prevention programmes must target prediabetic individuals as belonging to a high-risk group, separate and distinct from those identified with overall risk factors. While the transition from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes mellitus is not completely deterministic, the conversion rate is phenomenally higher among those with impaired glucose tolerance than those with normal glucose levels. Conclusion: Tenets of health behaviour models do support inferences that prediabetic individuals are potentially more inclined to weighing the risks and benefits of progressive illnesses and would therefore be more receptive to active participation in interventions. More research is required to develop evidence-based diabetes prevention programmes linked to structured physical activity intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Edwards
- School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Hassan Hosseinzadeh
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ruffino JS, Songsorn P, Haggett M, Edmonds D, Robinson AM, Thompson D, Vollaard NBJ. A comparison of the health benefits of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) and moderate-intensity walking in type 2 diabetes patients. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:202-208. [PMID: 28121184 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) is a genuinely time-efficient intervention that can improve aerobic capacity and insulin sensitivity in sedentary individuals. The present study compared the effects of REHIT and moderate-intensity walking on health markers in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a counter-balanced crossover study. Sixteen men with T2D (mean ± SD age: 55 ± 5 years, body mass index: 30.6 ± 2.8 kg·m-2, maximal aerobic capacity: 27 ± 4 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed 8 weeks of REHIT (three 10-min low-intensity cycling sessions/week with two "all-out" 10-20-s sprints) and 8 weeks of moderate-intensity walking (five 30-min sessions/week at an intensity corresponding to 40%-55% of heart-rate reserve), with a 2-month wash-out period between interventions. Before and after each intervention, participants underwent an incremental fitness test, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, and continuous glucose monitoring. REHIT was associated with a significantly larger increase in maximal aerobic capacity compared with walking (7% vs. 1%; time × intervention interaction effect: p < 0.05). Both REHIT and walking decreased resting mean arterial pressure (-4%; main effect of time: p < 0.05) and plasma fructosamine (-5%; main effect of time: p < 0.05). Neither intervention significantly improved OGTT-derived measures of insulin sensitivity, glycaemic control measured using continuous glucose monitors, blood lipid profile, or body composition. We conclude that REHIT is superior to a 5-fold larger volume of moderate-intensity walking in improving aerobic fitness, but similar to walking REHIT is not an effective intervention for improving insulin sensitivity or glycaemic control in T2D patients in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S Ruffino
- a Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Malindi Haggett
- a Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Daniel Edmonds
- a Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Dylan Thompson
- a Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Ranjbari A, Azarbayjani MA, Yusof A, Halim Mokhtar A, Akbarzadeh S, Ibrahim MY, Tarverdizadeh B, Farzadinia P, Hajiaghaee R, Dehghan F. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of the effects of Urtica dioica and swimming activity on diabetic factors and pancreatic beta cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:101. [PMID: 26980377 PMCID: PMC4791772 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urtica dioica (UD) has been identified as a traditional herbal medicine. This study aimed to investigate the effect of UD extract and swimming activity on diabetic parameters through in vivo and in vitro experiments. METHODS Adult WKY male rats were randomly distributed in nine groups: intact control, diabetic control, diabetic + 625 mg/kg, 1.25 g/kg UD, diabetic + 100 mg/kg Metformin, diabetic + swimming, diabetic + swimming 625 mg/kg, 1.25 g/kg UD, and diabetic +100 mg/kg Metformin + swimming. The hearts of the animals were punctured, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The entire pancreas was exposed for histologic examination. The effect of UD on insulin secretion by RIN-5F cells in 6.25 or 12.5 mM glucose dose was examined. Glucose uptake by cultured L6 myotubes was determined. RESULTS The serum glucose concentration decreased, the insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity significantly increased in treated groups. These changes were more pronounced in the group that received UD extract and swimming training. Regeneration and less beta cell damage of Langerhans islets were observed in the treated groups. UD treatment increased insulin secretion in the RIN-5F cells and glucose uptake in the L6 myotubes cells. CONCLUSIONS Swimming exercises accompanied by consuming UD aqueous extracts effectively improved diabetic parameters, repaired pancreatic tissues in streptozotocin-induced diabetics in vivo, and increased glucose uptake or insulin in UD-treated cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ranjbari
- />Department of Physical Education, Sanandaj Farhangyan University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani
- />Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashril Yusof
- />Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Halim Mokhtar
- />Department of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Samad Akbarzadeh
- />Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohamed Yousif Ibrahim
- />Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bahman Tarverdizadeh
- />Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr Branch, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Parviz Farzadinia
- />Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Reza Hajiaghaee
- />Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutic Department of Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Firouzeh Dehghan
- />Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Harnish CR, Sabo RT. Comparison of Two Different Sprint Interval Training Work-to-Rest Ratios on Acute Inflammatory Responses. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2016; 2:20. [PMID: 27034919 PMCID: PMC4773496 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-016-0044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background The study aims to compare how work-to-rest ratio (W:R) influences insulin sensitivity (Si) and inflammatory responses following one session of sprint interval training (SIT). Methods Thirteen men and two women completed a cross-over comparison of two SIT interventions—Tabata (TAB), 10 × 20-s sprints/10-s rest, and Wingate (WIN), 5 × 30-s sprints with 270-s rest. IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were assessed at baseline, immediately following, and 1 h after SIT, as well as prior to the 24-h post-exercise oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). Results Participants were 23.8 (±3.5) years old and 180.0 (±10.2) cm tall, weighed 78.5 (13.0) kg, and had 16.9 (±6.5) % body fat, with a mean VO2Peak of 42.0 (±7.9) ml kg−1 min−1. There were no differences in total work (kJ) between TAB (64.7 ± 12.0) and WIN (68.0 ± 15.0). Mean (±95 % CI) Si 24 h changed −2.8 (−5.1, −0.5) from baseline after TAB and −3.9 (−6.9, −0.9) after WIN. Cytokines were measured in pg ml−1 and expressed as mean change (±95 % CI). IL-6 increased significantly immediately following SIT for TAB 0.70 (0.23, 1.17), and WIN 1.11 (0.60, 1.62), and remained elevated 1 h post SIT for TAB 1.10 (0.37, 1.83), and WIN 0.95 (0.26, 1.65). IL-10 showed a significant positive change immediately following exercise for TAB 1.53 (0.77, 2.29) and WIN 1.59 (0.58, 2.59). TNF-α also increased immediately both TAB 3.26 (1.57, 4.96) and WIN 3.05 (0.56, 5.54) and was directly proportional to IL-10 (r = 0.64, p < 0.0001). Conclusions W:R did not alter either the inflammatory or metabolic response following SIT nor does SIT improve 24-h Si, despite increased levels of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy T Sabo
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
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Abstract
Bone is a living tissue needing mechanical stress to maintain strength. Traditional endurance exercises offer only modest effects on bone. Walking and running produce low impact but lead to bone fatigue. This article is specifically addressed to therapists and explains the mechanisms involved for the effects of exercise on bone. Intermittent exercise limits bone fatigue, and downhill exercises increase ground impact forces and involve eccentric muscle contractions, which are particularly osteogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Boudenot
- a Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives (UFR STAPS), Université de Montpellier, 700 Avenue du Pic Saint Loup, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Zahra Achiou
- b Collegium Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Hugues Portier
- b Collegium Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France.,c Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7052 Laboratory for Osteoarticular bioengineering and Bioimaging, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) University Paris Diderot, Sorbone Paris, Cité. 75010 Paris, France
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Gidlund EK, Ydfors M, Appel S, Rundqvist H, Sundberg CJ, Norrbom J. Rapidly elevated levels of PGC-1α-b protein in human skeletal muscle after exercise: exploring regulatory factors in a randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:374-84. [PMID: 26089547 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01000.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with high skeletal muscle mitochondrial content have a lower risk to acquire cardiovascular and metabolic disease, obesity, and type II diabetes. Regular endurance training increases mitochondrial density through a complex network of transcriptional regulators that in an accumulated way are affected by each single exercise bout. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a single exercise bout on the levels of PGC-1α and related regulatory factors important for the initial phase of skeletal muscle adaptation. Ten men and ten women were randomized to either an exercise group (60 min cycling at a work load corresponding to 70% of peak oxygen uptake) or a nonexercising control group. Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken before, at 30 min, and at 2, 6, and 24 h after the intervention. Twenty-two mRNA transcripts and five proteins were measured. With exercise, protein levels of PGC-1α-ex1b increased, and this elevation occurred before that of total PGC-1α protein. We also demonstrated the existence and postexercise expression pattern of two LIPIN-1 (LIPIN-1α and LIPIN-1β) and three NCoR1 (NCoR1-1, NCoR1-2, and NCoR1-3) isoforms in human skeletal muscle. The present study contributes new insights into the initial signaling events following a single bout of exercise and emphasizes PGC-1α-ex1b as the most exercise-responsive PGC-1α isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-karin Gidlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Mia Ydfors
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Susanna Appel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Helene Rundqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Jessica Norrbom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
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Karstoft K, Winding K, Knudsen SH, James NG, Scheel MM, Olesen J, Holst JJ, Pedersen BK, Solomon TPJ. Mechanisms behind the superior effects of interval vs continuous training on glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2081-93. [PMID: 25099941 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS By use of a parallel and partly crossover randomised, controlled trial design we sought to elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind the advantageous effects of interval walking training (IWT) compared with continuous walking training (CWT) on glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We hypothesised that IWT, more than CWT, would improve insulin sensitivity including skeletal muscle insulin signalling, insulin secretion and disposition index (DI). METHODS By simple randomisation (sequentially numbered, opaque sealed envelopes), eligible individuals (diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, no exogenous insulin treatment) were allocated to three groups: a control group (CON, n = 8), an IWT group (n = 12) and an energy expenditure-matched CWT group (n = 12). Training groups were prescribed free-living training, five sessions per week (60 min/session). A three-stage hyperglycaemic clamp, including glucose isotope tracers and skeletal muscle biopsies, was performed before and after a 4 month intervention in a hospitalised setting. No blinding was performed. RESULTS The improved glycaemic control, which was only seen in the IWT group, was consistent with IWT-induced increases in insulin sensitivity index (49.8 ± 14.6%; p < 0.001), peripheral glucose disposal (14.5 ± 4.9%; p < 0.05) and DI (66.2 ± 21.8%; p < 0.001), with no changes in the CWT or CON group. Moreover, only IWT improved insulin signalling in skeletal muscle via increased insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of AS160 (29.0 ± 10.8%; p < 0.05). No changes were seen in insulin secretion during hyperglycaemia alone, hyperglycaemia + glucagon-like peptide 1 infusion or arginine injection. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION IWT maintains insulin secretion and improves insulin sensitivity and DI, in contrast to energy expenditure-matched CWT. These results suggest that training with alternating intensity, and not just training volume and mean intensity, is a key determinant of changes in whole body glucose disposal in individuals with type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials (NCT01234155).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Karstoft
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Balducci S, Sacchetti M, Haxhi J, Orlando G, D'Errico V, Fallucca S, Menini S, Pugliese G. Physical exercise as therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30 Suppl 1:13-23. [PMID: 24353273 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have highlighted the importance of physical activity (PA) for health, and recent evidence now points to the positive improvements associated with exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, few physicians are willing to prescribe exercise as a therapy for diabetic patients. In addition, there is a lack of information on how to implement exercise therapy especially in long-term exercise regimens. The purpose of this manuscript is to summarize standards of exercise therapy for patients with T2DM, both in terms of prescribing and monitoring, according to the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association guidelines. We present details of the exercise therapies used in long-term studies, describing how the parameters for exercise prescription were applied in clinical practice. These parameters are described in terms of frequency, intensity, duration, mode and rate of progression in long-term therapeutic prescriptions. Individual responses to exercise dose are discussed, and critical issues to be considered in patients with underlying disease and in T2DM patients are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Balducci
- Metabolic Fitness Association, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, 'La Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy; Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
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18
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Henderson M, Gray-Donald K, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Bastard JP, Barnett TA, Benedetti A, Chaput JP, Tremblay A, Lambert M. Insulin secretion and its association with physical activity, fitness and screen time in children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:504-11. [PMID: 24030901 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the independent associations of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), fitness, screen time, and adiposity with insulin secretion in children. DESIGN AND METHODS Caucasian youth (n = 423/630), 8-10 years old, with at least one obese biological parent, were studied (QUALITY cohort). Insulin secretion was measured using HOMA2-%B, area under the curve (AUC) of insulin to glucose over the first 30 minutes (AUC I/G(t30min)) of the OGTT and AUC I/G(t120min) over 2 hours. Fitness was measured by VO₂peak ; percent fat mass (PFM) by DXA; 7-day MVPA by accelerometry; self-reported screen time included television, video game, or computer use. Models were adjusted for age, sex, season, puberty, PFM, and insulin sensitivity [IS] (HOMA2-IS, Matsuda-ISI). RESULTS PFM was strongly associated with insulin secretion, even after adjustment for IS: for every 1% increase in PFM, insulin secretion increased from 0.3% to 0.8% across indices. MVPA was negatively associated with HOMA2-%B (P < 0.05), but not with OGTT-derived measures. Fitness was negatively associated with AUC I/G(t120min) (P < 0.05). Screen time showed a trend toward higher HOMA2-%B in girls (P = 0.060). CONCLUSIONS In children with an obese parent, lower insulin secretion is associated with lower adiposity, higher MVPA, better fitness, and possibly reduced screen time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Henderson
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Interval and continuous exercise training produce similar increases in skeletal muscle and left ventricle microvascular density in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:752817. [PMID: 24371829 PMCID: PMC3858873 DOI: 10.1155/2013/752817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interval training (IT), consisting of alternated periods of high and low intensity exercise, has been proposed as a strategy to induce more marked biological adaptations than continuous exercise training (CT). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of IT and CT with equivalent total energy expenditure on capillary skeletal and cardiac muscles in rats. Wistar rats ran on a treadmill for 30 min per day with no slope (0%), 4 times/week for 13 weeks. CT has constant load of 70% max; IT has cycles of 90% max for 1 min followed by 1 min at 50% max. CT and IT increased endurance and muscle oxidative capacity and attenuated body weight gain to a similar extent (P > 0.05). In addition, CT and IT similarly increased functional capillary density of skeletal muscle (CT: 30.6 ± 11.7%; IT: 28.7 ± 11.9%) and the capillary-to-fiber ratio in skeletal muscle (CT: 28.7 ± 14.4%; IT: 40.1 ± 17.2%) and in the left ventricle (CT: 57.3 ± 53.1%; IT: 54.3 ± 40.5%). In conclusion, at equivalent total work volumes, interval exercise training induced similar functional and structural alterations in the microcirculation of skeletal muscle and myocardium in healthy rats compared to continuous exercise training.
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Warburton DER, Gledhill N, Jamnik VK, Bredin SSD, McKenzie DC, Stone J, Charlesworth S, Shephard RJ. Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: Consensus Document 2011. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 36 Suppl 1:S266-98. [PMID: 21800945 DOI: 10.1139/h11-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and the Physical Activity Readiness Medical Evaluation (PARmed-X) are internationally known preparticipation screening tools developed on the basis of expert opinion. The primary purposes of this consensus document were to seek evidence-based support for the PAR-Q and PARmed-X forms, to identify whether further revisions of these instruments are warranted, to determine how people responding positively to questions on the PAR-Q can be safely cleared without medical referral, and to develop exercise clearance procedures appropriate for various clinical conditions across the human lifespan. Seven systematic reviews were conducted, examining physical-activity-related risks and effective risk-stratification procedures for various prevalent chronic conditions. An additional systematic review assessed the risks associated with exercise testing and training of the general population. Two gap areas were identified and evaluated systematically: the role of the qualified exercise professional and the requisite core competencies required by those working with various chronic conditions; and the risks associated with physical activity during pregnancy. The risks associated with being physically inactive are markedly higher than transient risks during and following an acute bout of exercise in both asymptomatic and symptomatic populations across the lifespan. Further refinements of the PAR-Q and the PARmed-X (including online versions of the forms) are required to address the unique limitations imposed by various chronic health conditions, and to allow the inclusion of individuals across their entire lifespan. A probing decision-tree process is proposed to assist in risk stratification and to reduce barriers to physical activity. Qualified exercise professionals will play an essential role in this revised physical activity clearance process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren E R Warburton
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, 6108 Thunderbird Blvd, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Boer PH, Meeus M, Terblanche E, Rombaut L, Wandele ID, Hermans L, Gysel T, Ruige J, Calders P. The influence of sprint interval training on body composition, physical and metabolic fitness in adolescents and young adults with intellectual disability: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2013; 28:221-31. [PMID: 23963438 DOI: 10.1177/0269215513498609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study we evaluated the effect of sprint interval training on metabolic and physical fitness in adolescents and young adults with intellectual disabilities when compared with continuous aerobic training and no training (control). METHODS Fifty-four persons with intellectual disabilities (age: 17 (3.0), body mass index: 27.7 (3.7), intelligence quotient: 59 (8.6)) were matched based on age, gender and intelligence quotient between sprint interval training (n = 17), continuous aerobic training (n = 15) and control (n = 14). Sprint interval training was composed of three blocks of 10 minutes at ventilatory threshold (blocks 1 and 3: 10 sprint bouts of 15 seconds, followed by 45 seconds relative rest; block 2: continuous training) twice a week for 15 weeks. Continuous aerobic training was composed of three blocks of 10 minutes continuous training. After eight weeks, intensity was increased to 110% of ventilatory threshold. The control group did not participate in supervised exercise training. Before and after the training period, body composition, physical and metabolic fitness were evaluated. RESULTS Sprint interval training showed a significant positive evolution for waist circumference, fat%, systolic blood pressure, lipid profile, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, peak VO2, peak Watt, ventilatory threshold, 6-minute walk distance and muscle fatigue resistance when compared with no training (P < 0.01). The sprint interval training group demonstrated significant improvements for fat%, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein, fasting insulin, peak VO2 and peak power and ventilatory threshold (P < 0.01) when compared with continuous aerobic training. CONCLUSION In this study we could observe that sprint interval training has stronger beneficial effects on body composition, physical fitness and metabolic fitness compared with control. Compared with continuous aerobic training, sprint interval training seems to result in better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Henk Boer
- 1Department of Sport Science, North West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
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Karner-Rezek K, Knechtle B, Fenzl M, Schlegel C, Konrad M, Rosemann T. The effects of an 8-week multicomponent inpatient treatment program on body composition and anaerobic fitness in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Int J Gen Med 2013; 6:159-66. [PMID: 23525602 PMCID: PMC3603329 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s40187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High intensity exercise is considered as an effective means for reducing body fat. The aims of the present study were to investigate (1) whether body mass would be lost and body composition would change and (2) whether variables of anaerobic fitness prior to the intervention period would be related to loss of body mass and changes in body composition in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Methods A total of 28 children and adolescents (19 boys, 9 girls) attended an 8-week multicomponent inpatient program. Caloric intake was based on the subject’s weight and a daily energy deficit of ~500 kcal was targeted. At the beginning and at the end of the program, variables of anaerobic fitness were assessed using Wingate tests. Body composition was measured before and after the program using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results Body mass decreased by 11.4% ± 1.6% in boys and by 11.0% ± 2.8% in girls (P < 0.001). Fat mass decreased by 23.8% ± 6.1% in boys and by 21.5% ± 5.2% in girls (P < 0.001). The decrease in fat mass was associated with the decrease in body mass in boys (r = 0.54, P = 0.017) but not in girls (P > 0.05). The decrease in body mass and the decrease in fat mass were neither associated with overall energy expenditure nor with the energy deficit in both genders (P > 0.05). Mean power in W/kg increased in the Wingate tests by 95.4% ± 109.1% in boys and by 100.0% ± 119.9% in girls (P < 0.001). Conclusions Adjustments of the chronically positive imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure of obese children and adolescents living in obesogenic environments should be addressed in a multisectoral approach. Future research in multicomponent childhood and adolescent weight loss programs should be directed towards a better understanding of the underlying complex dynamics in energy homeostasis which promote weight loss and changes in body composition due to high intensity exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Karner-Rezek
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Principality of Liechtenstein, Zurich, Switzerland
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van Tienen FHJ, Praet SFE, de Feyter HM, van den Broek NM, Lindsey PJ, Schoonderwoerd KGC, de Coo IFM, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ, Smeets HJM, van Loon LJC. Physical activity is the key determinant of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:3261-9. [PMID: 22802091 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Conflicting data exist on mitochondrial function and physical activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development. OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess mitochondrial function at different stages during T2DM development in combination with physical exercise in longstanding T2DM patients. DESIGN AND METHODS We performed cross-sectional analysis of skeletal muscle from 12 prediabetic 11 longstanding T2DM male subjects and 12 male controls matched by age and body mass index. INTERVENTION One-year intrasubject controlled supervised exercise training intervention was done in longstanding T2DM patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Extensive ex vivo analyses of mitochondrial quality, quantity, and function were collected and combined with global gene expression analysis and in vivo ATP production capacity after 1 yr of training. RESULTS Mitochondrial density, complex I activity, and the expression of Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation system-related genes were lower in longstanding T2DM subjects but not in prediabetic subjects compared with controls. This indicated a reduced capacity to generate ATP in longstanding T2DM patients only. Gene expression analysis in prediabetic subjects suggested a switch from carbohydrate toward lipid as an energy source. One year of exercise training raised in vivo skeletal muscle ATP production capacity by 21 ± 2% with an increased trend in mitochondrial density and complex I activity. In addition, expression levels of β-oxidation, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation system-related genes were higher after exercise training. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial dysfunction is apparent only in inactive longstanding T2DM patients, which suggests that mitochondrial function and insulin resistance do not depend on each other. Prolonged exercise training can, at least partly, reverse the mitochondrial impairments associated with the longstanding diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H J van Tienen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Michel S, Wanet A, De Pauw A, Rommelaere G, Arnould T, Renard P. Crosstalk between mitochondrial (dys)function and mitochondrial abundance. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2297-310. [PMID: 21928343 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A controlled regulation of mitochondrial mass through either the production (biogenesis) or the degradation (mitochondrial quality control) of the organelle represents a crucial step for proper mitochondrial and cell function. Key steps of mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control are overviewed, with an emphasis on the role of mitochondrial chaperones and proteases that keep mitochondria fully functional, provided the mitochondrial activity impairment is not excessive. In this case, the whole organelle is degraded by mitochondrial autophagy or "mitophagy." Beside the maintenance of adequate mitochondrial abundance and functions for cell homeostasis, mitochondrial biogenesis might be enhanced, through discussed signaling pathways, in response to various physiological stimuli, like contractile activity, exposure to low temperatures, caloric restriction, and stem cells differentiation. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction might also initiate a retrograde response, enabling cell adaptation through increased mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Michel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium
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Jenkins NT, Hagberg JM. Aerobic training effects on glucose tolerance in prediabetic and normoglycemic humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 43:2231-40. [PMID: 21606871 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318223b5f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is generally accepted that if prediabetic individuals adopt healthy lifestyle habits, the progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus can be prevented or delayed. However, the role of exercise training independent of other lifestyle factors has not been determined. Furthermore, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have been shown to experience greater training-induced changes in glucose and insulin metabolism compared with healthy subjects, but the adaptations of prediabetic individuals have not been adequately examined. We hypothesized that (i) prediabetic subjects would have greater endurance training-induced changes in plasma glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge compared with age- and body mass index-matched normoglycemic subjects and (ii) training would completely reverse the abnormal glucose metabolism of prediabetic subjects. METHODS Plasma glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were examined in normoglycemic (n = 119) and prediabetic (n = 47) older men and women before and after a 6-month standardized endurance exercise training program. RESULTS Prediabetic subjects had greater glucose and insulin OGTT responses than normoglycemic subjects both before and after training (P < 0.05). Prediabetic subjects had greater training-induced changes in glucose and insulin areas under the glucose tolerance curve, as well as greater changes in glucose and insulin concentrations at several points of the OGTT. However, these changes did not eliminate the baseline differences in glucose tolerance between normoglycemic and prediabetic subjects. The between-group differences in changes in glucose and insulin variables were largely independent of changes in body weight or composition. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that prediabetes is associated with greater training-induced changes in glucose tolerance. However, 6 months of endurance training alone was not sufficient to completely reverse prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2611, USA
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Wahl P, Hägele M, Zinner C, Bloch W, Mester J. [High intensity training (HIT) for the improvement of endurance capacity of recreationally active people and in prevention & rehabilitation]. Wien Med Wochenschr 2011; 160:627-36. [PMID: 21221914 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-010-0857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although intensive exercise protocols are commonly used in practical training and scientific studies, there is recently a great scientific discussion about "high intensity (interval) training" (HIT). New are the large amounts of studies and the more detailed knowledge about the physiological responses and adaptations to HIT in comparison to the classic high volume, low intensity endurance training. The present article summarizes the current knowledge about HIT in endurance exercise for clinical applications. In the first part, molecular and cellular adaptations to HIT are discussed in comparison to low intensity high volume training. Furthermore, studies are summarized which compare HIT vs. HVT in the field of prevention and rehabilitation. Terminally the differences in physiological stimuli of both training interventions are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wahl
- Institut für Trainingswissenschaft und Sportinformatik, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Köln, Germany.
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Earnest C. The role of exercise interval training in treating cardiovascular disease risk factors. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-009-0045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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