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Čolić M, Kraljević Pavelić S, Peršurić Ž, Agaj A, Bulog A, Pavelić K. Enhancing the bioavailability and activity of natural antioxidants with nanobubbles and nanoparticles. Redox Rep 2024; 29:2333619. [PMID: 38577911 PMCID: PMC11000614 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2024.2333619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
KEY POLICY HIGHLIGHTSNanobubbles and nanoparticles may enhance the polyphenols' bioavailabilityNanobubbles may stimulate the activation of Nrf2 and detox enzymesArmoured oxygen nanobubbles may enhance radiotherapy or chemotherapy effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Željka Peršurić
- Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Pula, Croatia
| | - Andrea Agaj
- Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Pula, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Bulog
- Teaching Institute for Public Health of Primorsko-Goranska County, Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Pavelić
- Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Pula, Croatia
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2
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Zhou Y, Zhang L, Li Q, Wang P, Wang H, Shi H, Lu W, Zhang Y. Prenatal PFAS exposure, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and neurobehavioral development in childhood. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133920. [PMID: 38457972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Studies on the role of the gut microbiota in the associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure and adverse neurodevelopment are limited. Umbilical cord serum and faeces samples were collected from children, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was conducted. Generalized linear models, linear mixed-effects models, multivariate analysis by linear models and microbiome regression-based kernel association tests were used to evaluate the associations among PFAS exposure, the gut microbiota, and neurobehavioural development. Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) exposure was associated with increased scores for conduct problems and externalizing problems, as well as altered gut microbiota alpha and beta diversity. PFHxS concentrations were associated with higher relative abundances of Enterococcus spp. but lower relative abundances of several short-chain fatty acid-producing genera (e.g., Ruminococcus gauvreauii group spp.). PFHxS exposure was also associated with increased oxidative phosphorylation. Alpha and beta diversity were found significantly associated with conduct problems and externalizing problems. Ruminococcus gauvreauii group spp. abundance was positively correlated with prosocial behavior scores. Increased alpha diversity played a mediating role in the associations of PFHxS exposure with conduct problems. Our results suggest that the gut microbiota might play an important role in PFAS neurotoxicity, which may have implications for PFAS control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhou
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liyi Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Putuo District Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200333, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huijing Shi
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- School of Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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3
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Wu MM, Liao B, Xia IF, Luk PK, Wong KH, Kwok KW. Food emulsifiers increase toxicity of food contaminants in three human GI tract cell lines. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 185:114499. [PMID: 38309685 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Food products simultaneously containing both food contaminants and emulsifiers are common in baked products, coffee and chocolate. Little is known regarding how food contaminants and emulsifiers interact and alter toxicity. Recent studies have shown that while emulsifiers themselves have little toxicity, they could cause changes in the gut microenvironment and lead to issues such as increased uptake of allergens. This study examined toxic effect of two common process contaminants acrylamide (AA) and benzo [a]pyrene (BAP) combined with food emulsifiers polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (TW) or glycerol monostearate (G). In liver cell line HepG2 and gastrointestinal cell lines HIEC6 and Caco-2, toxicities of AA and BAP were increased by TW but not by G as indicated by decrease in IC50 values. Addition of TW also exacerbated gene expression changes caused by AA or BAP. Cellular uptake and cell membrane permeability were enhanced by TW but not by G, but tight junction proteins of Caco-2 monolayer was impacted by both emulsifiers. These results suggested that TW could increase toxicity of AA and BAP through increasing cell permeability thus chemical uptake and potentially through other interactions. The study is to draw the attention of regulators on the potential synergistic interaction of co-occurring chemicals in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Mh Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Baoshan Liao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan Fan Xia
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Peter Kh Luk
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Hing Wong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Wh Kwok
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Kong W, Xie Y, Hu J, Ding W, Cao C. Higher ultra processed foods intake is associated with low muscle mass in young to middle-aged adults: a cross-sectional NHANES study. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1280665. [PMID: 38439924 PMCID: PMC10909937 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1280665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Design Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have become a pressing global health concern, prompting investigations into their potential association with low muscle mass in adults. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 10,255 adults aged 20-59 years who participated in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) during cycles spanning from 2011 to 2018. The primary outcome, low muscle mass, was assessed using the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) definition, employing restricted cubic splines and weighted multivariate regression for analysis. Sensitivity analysis incorporated three other prevalent definitions to explore optimal cut points for muscle quality in the context of sarcopenia. Results The weighted prevalence of low muscle mass was 7.65%. Comparing the percentage of UPFs calories intake between individuals with normal and low muscle mass, the values were found to be similar (55.70 vs. 54.62%). Significantly linear associations were observed between UPFs consumption and low muscle mass (P for non-linear = 0.7915, P for total = 0.0117). Upon full adjustment for potential confounding factors, participants with the highest UPFs intake exhibited a 60% increased risk of low muscle mass (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.26, P for trend = 0.003) and a decrease in ALM/BMI (β = -0.0176, 95% CI: -0.0274 to -0.0077, P for trend = 0.003). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the consistency of these associations, except for the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS) definition, where the observed association between the highest quartiles of UPFs (%Kcal) and low muscle mass did not attain statistical significance (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.87, P for trend = 0.082). Conclusion Our study underscores a significant linear association between higher UPFs consumption and an elevated risk of low muscle mass in adults. These findings emphasize the potential adverse impact of UPFs on muscle health and emphasize the need to address UPFs consumption as a modifiable risk factor in the context of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yilian Xie
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Álvarez-Herms J, González-Benito A, Corbi F, Odriozola A. What if gastrointestinal complications in endurance athletes were gut injuries in response to a high consumption of ultra-processed foods? Please take care of your bugs if you want to improve endurance performance: a narrative review. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:383-402. [PMID: 37839038 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
To improve performance and recovery faster, athletes are advised to eat more often than usual and consume higher doses of simple carbohydrates, during and after exercise. Sports energetic supplements contain food additives, such as artificial sweeteners, emulsifiers, acidity regulators, preservatives, and salts, which could be harmful to the gut microbiota and impair the intestinal barrier function. The intestinal barrier plays a critical function in bidirectionally regulation of the selective transfer of nutrients, water, and electrolytes, while preventing at the same time, the entrance of harmful substances (selective permeability). The gut microbiota helps to the host to regulate intestinal homeostasis through metabolic, protective, and immune functions. Globally, the gut health is essential to maintain systemic homeostasis in athletes, and to ensure proper digestion, metabolization, and substrate absorption. Gastrointestinal complaints are an important cause of underperformance and dropout during endurance events. These complications are directly related to the loss of gut equilibrium, mainly linked to microbiota dysbiosis and leaky gut. In summary, athletes must be cautious with the elevated intake of ultra-processed foods and specifically those contained on sports nutrition supplements. This review points out the specific nutritional interventions that should be implemented and/or discontinued depending on individual gut functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Álvarez-Herms
- Phymolab (Physiology and Molecular Laboratory), Collado Hermoso, Segovia, Spain.
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain.
| | - A González-Benito
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - F Corbi
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - A Odriozola
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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Zhang Y, Kong L, Lawrence JC, Tan L. Utilization of Biopolymer-Based Lutein Emulsion as an Effective Delivery System to Improve Lutein Bioavailability in Neonatal Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:422. [PMID: 38337704 PMCID: PMC10857328 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Newborns' eyes and brains are prone to oxidative stress. Lutein has antioxidant properties and is the main component of macular pigment essential for protecting the retina, but has low bioavailability, thereby limiting its potential as a nutritional supplement. Oil-in-water emulsions have been used as lutein delivery systems. In particular, octenylsuccinated (OS) starch is a biopolymer-derived emulsifier safe to use in infant foods, while exhibiting superior emulsifying capacity. This study determined the effects of an OS starch-stabilized lutein emulsion on lutein bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats. In an acute study, 10-day-old pups received a single oral dose of free lutein or lutein emulsion, with subsequent blood sampling over 24 h to analyze pharmacokinetics. The lutein emulsion group had a 2.12- and 1.91-fold higher maximum serum lutein concentration and area under the curve, respectively, compared to the free lutein group. In two daily dosing studies, oral lutein was given from postnatal day 5 to 18. Blood and tissue lutein concentrations were measured. The results indicated that the daily intake of lutein emulsion led to a higher lutein concentration in circulation and key tissues compared to free lutein. The OS starch-stabilized emulsion could be an effective and safe lutein delivery system for newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Libo Tan
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; (Y.Z.); (L.K.); (J.C.L.)
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Subramaniam S, Elz A, Wignall A, Kamath S, Ariaee A, Hunter A, Newblack T, Wardill HR, Prestidge CA, Joyce P. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) disrupt the gut microbiota and trigger an intestinal inflammatory response in rats. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123614. [PMID: 37979632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (i.e. SEDDS, SMEDDS and SNEDDS) are widely employed as solubility and bioavailability enhancing formulation strategies for poorly water-soluble drugs. Despite the capacity for SEDDS to effectively facilitate oral drug absorption, tolerability concerns exist due to the capacity for high concentrations of surfactants (typically present within SEDDS) to induce gastrointestinal toxicity and mucosal irritation. With new knowledge surrounding the role of the gut microbiota in modulating intestinal inflammation and mucosal injury, there is a clear need to determine the impact of SEDDS on the gut microbiota. The current study is the first of its kind to demonstrate the detrimental impact of SEDDS on the gut microbiota of Sprague-Dawley rats, following daily oral administration (100 mg/kg) for 21 days. SEDDS comprising a lipid phase (i.e. Type I, II and III formulations according to the Lipid Formulation Classification Scheme) induced significant changes to the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota, evidenced through a reduction in operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and alpha diversity (Shannon's index), along with statistically significant shifts in beta diversity (according to PERMANOVA of multi-dimensional Bray-Curtis plots). Key signatures of gut microbiota dysbiosis correlated with the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines within the jejunum, while mucosal injury was characterised by significant reductions in plasma citrulline levels, a validated biomarker of enterocyte mass and mucosal barrier integrity. These findings have potential clinical ramifications for chronically administered drugs that are formulated with SEDDS and stresses the need for further studies that investigate dose-dependent effects of SEDDS on the gastrointestinal microenvironment in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhni Subramaniam
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Aurelia Elz
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Wignall
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Srinivas Kamath
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amin Ariaee
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander Hunter
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tahlia Newblack
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine (Theme), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia.
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Liu C, Shi J, Wang J, Dai Y, Raghavan V. Effects of different processing degrees of plant-based meat on the blood biochemical level, inflammation and intestinal microorganisms in mice. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113398. [PMID: 37803736 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, with the increasing health needs of people, plant-based meat products have gradually entered the public's vision. However, many plant-based meats on the market today are so heavily processed and use so many additives that they can be classified as ultra-processed foods (UPFs). Very limited studies report whether the benefits of these plant-based meats are discounted when lots of additives were added. In this experiment, mice were fed with processed plant-based meat, ultra-processed plant-based meat, low-processed red meat, ultra-processed red meat to compare the health effects. In this experiment, some serum biochemical indexes, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of liver and intestine, 16s rDNA and short-chain fatty acids of mouse feces were detected. Compared with the negative control group, it was found that mice in the ultra-processed plant-based meat group, ultra-processed red meat group, and low-processed red meat group gained significant weight, and there exist intestinal inflammation and liver inflammation. In terms of gut microbiota, the diversity and structure of gut microbiota in both two plant-meat group was better than that in both two red-meat group. It can be concluded that plant-based meat and red meat cause different gut microbiota outcomes, which in turn affect body weight and the occurrence of liver and intestinal inflammation. What's more, plant-based meat is healthier than red meat, but overprocessing reduces the benefits of plant-based meat. There is a need to improve the way plant-based meat is processed and reduce the amount of additives used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jialu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yue Dai
- Institute of Food Safety and Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, H9X3V9 QC, Canada
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Maher S, Geoghegan C, Brayden DJ. Safety of surfactant excipients in oral drug formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 202:115086. [PMID: 37739041 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are a diverse group of compounds that share the capacity to adsorb at the boundary between distinct phases of matter. They are used as pharmaceutical excipients, food additives, emulsifiers in cosmetics, and as household/industrial detergents. This review outlines the interaction of surfactant-type excipients present in oral pharmaceutical dosage forms with the intestinal epithelium of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Many surfactants permitted for human consumption in oral products reduce intestinal epithelial cell viability in vitro and alter barrier integrity in epithelial cell monolayers, isolated GI tissue mucosae, and in animal models. This suggests a degree of mis-match for predicting safety issues in humans from such models. Recent controversial preclinical research also infers that some widely used emulsifiers used in oral products may be linked to ulcerative colitis, some metabolic disorders, and cancers. We review a wide range of surfactant excipients in oral dosage forms regarding their interactions with the GI tract. Safety data is reviewed across in vitro, ex vivo, pre-clinical animal, and human studies. The factors that may mitigate against some of the potentially abrasive effects of surfactants on GI epithelia observed in pre-clinical studies are summarised. We conclude with a perspective on the overall safety of surfactants in oral pharmaceutical dosage forms, which has relevance for delivery system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Maher
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Caroline Geoghegan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Liang L, Saunders C, Sanossian N. Food, gut barrier dysfunction, and related diseases: A new target for future individualized disease prevention and management. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1671-1704. [PMID: 37051344 PMCID: PMC10084985 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of gut barrier is known as "leaky gut" or increased intestinal permeability. Numerous recent scientific evidences showed the association between gut dysfunction and multiple gastrointestinal tract (GI) and non-GI diseases. Research also demonstrated that food plays a crucial role to cause or remedy gut dysfunction related to diseases. We reviewed recent articles from electronic databases, mainly PubMed. The data were based on animal models, cell models, and human research in vivo and in vitro models. In this comprehensive review, our aim focused on the relationship between dietary factors, intestinal permeability dysfunction, and related diseases. This review synthesizes currently available literature and is discussed in three parts: (a) the mechanism of gut barrier and function, (b) food and dietary supplements that may promote gut health, and food or medication that may alter gut function, and (c) a table that organizes the synthesized information by general mechanisms for diseases related to leaky gut/intestinal permeability and associated dietary influences. With future research, dietary intervention could be a new target for individualized disease prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Liang
- University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Nerses Sanossian
- Department of NeurologyMedical School of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Amerikanou C, Kleftaki SA, Valsamidou E, Chroni E, Biagki T, Sigala D, Koutoulogenis K, Anapliotis P, Gioxari A, Kaliora AC. Food, Dietary Patterns, or Is Eating Behavior to Blame? Analyzing the Nutritional Aspects of Functional Dyspepsia. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061544. [PMID: 36986274 PMCID: PMC10059716 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by postprandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning. The pathophysiology of the disease is not fully elucidated and there is no permanent cure, although some therapies (drugs or herbal remedies) try to reduce the symptoms. Diet plays a critical role in either the reduction or the exacerbation of functional dyspepsia symptoms; therefore dietary management is considered to be of high importance. Several foods have been suggested to be associated with worsening functional dyspepsia, such as fatty and spicy foods, soft drinks, and others, and other foods are thought to alleviate symptoms, such as apples, rice, bread, olive oil, yogurt, and others. Although an association between functional dyspepsia and irregular eating habits (abnormal meal frequency, skipping meals, late-night snacking, dining out, etc.) has been established, not many dietary patterns have been reported as potential factors that influence the severity of functional dyspepsia. A higher adherence to Western diets and a lower adherence to FODMAPs diets and healthy patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, can contribute to the worsening of symptoms. More research is needed on the role of specific foods, dietary patterns, or specific eating habits in the management of functional dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampia Amerikanou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia-Angeliki Kleftaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Evdokia Valsamidou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Chroni
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Biagki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetra Sigala
- Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, School of Health Science, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata-Messinia, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Koutoulogenis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Anapliotis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17676 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristea Gioxari
- Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, School of Health Science, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata-Messinia, Greece
| | - Andriana C Kaliora
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17676 Athens, Greece
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Sharma D, Singh D, Sukhbir-Singh GM, Karamchandani BM, Aseri GK, Banat IM, Satpute SK. Biosurfactants: Forthcomings and Regulatory Affairs in Food-Based Industries. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062823. [PMID: 36985795 PMCID: PMC10055102 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The terms discussed in this review-biosurfactants (BSs) and bioemulsifiers (BEs)-describe surface-active molecules of microbial origin which are popular chemical entities for many industries, including food. BSs are generally low-molecular-weight compounds with the ability to reduce surface tension noticeably, whereas BEs are high-molecular-weight molecules with efficient emulsifying abilities. Some other biomolecules, such as lecithin and egg yolk, are useful as natural BEs in food products. The high toxicity and severe ecological impact of many chemical-based surfactants have directed interest towards BSs/BEs. Interest in food surfactant formulations and consumer anticipation of "green label" additives over synthetic or chemical-based surfactants have been steadily increasing. BSs have an undeniable prospective for replacing chemical surfactants with vast significance to food formulations. However, the commercialization of BSs/BEs production has often been limited by several challenges, such as the optimization of fermentation parameters, high downstream costs, and low yields, which had an immense impact on their broader adoptions in different industries, including food. The foremost restriction regarding the access of BSs/BEs is not their lack of cost-effective industrial production methods, but a reluctance regarding their potential safety, as well as the probable microbial hazards that may be associated with them. Most research on BSs/BEs in food production has been restricted to demonstrations and lacks a comprehensive assessment of safety and risk analysis, which has limited their adoption for varied food-related applications. Furthermore, regulatory agencies require extensive exploration and analysis to secure endorsements for the inclusion of BSs/BEs as potential food additives. This review emphasizes the promising properties of BSs/BEs, trailed by an overview of their current use in food formulations, as well as risk and toxicity assessment. Finally, we assess their potential challenges and upcoming future in substituting chemical-based surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepansh Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, J. C Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA Faridabad-Haryana, Haryana 121006, India
| | - Deepti Singh
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India
| | | | | | - Gajender Kumar Aseri
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India
| | - Ibrahim M Banat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Surekha K Satpute
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
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Hendrixson DT, Naskidashvili N, Stephenson KB, Laury ML, Koroma AS, Manary MJ. An Alternative Oat-Containing, Ready-To-Use, Therapeutic Food Does Not Alter Intestinal Permeability or the 16S Ribosomal RNA Fecal Microbiome Configuration Among Children With Severe Malnutrition in Sierra Leone: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2023; 152:2744-2753. [PMID: 36055798 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, a novel oat ready-to-use therapeutic food (o-RUTF) resulted in improved recovery from severe acute malnutrition (SAM) when compared to a standard RUTF (s-RUTF). The o-RUTF contained 18% oat, while the s-RUTF has no cereal ingredients. OBJECTIVES We determined the effects of o-RUTF on intestinal permeability, as measured by lactulose permeability, and the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) fecal microbiome configuration of children with SAM. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial. Sierra Leonean children aged 6-59 mo with SAM, defined by a midupper arm circumference < 11.5 cm, were randomized to receive o-RUTF or s-RUTF. All children received 7 d of amoxicillin per guidelines. Lactulose permeability testing and fecal 16S rRNA sequencing were performed at baseline and after 4 wk of therapy. The change in lactulose permeability was the primary outcome, while the fecal 16S rRNA configuration at 4 wk was a secondary outcome. RESULTS Of the 129 children enrolled, lactulose permeability testing was completed by 100 at baseline and 82 at week 4. After 4 wk of therapeutic feeding, there were no differences in lactulose permeability between the o-RUTF and s-RUTF groups (P = 0.84), and over half of children had increased lactulose permeability (50% s-RUTF compared with 58% o-RUTF, mean difference = -7.5%; 95% CI: -29.2, 15.2; P = 0.50). After 4 wk of feeding, there were no differences in the 16S rRNA configurations between the o-RUTF and s-RUTF groups (Permanova, 999 permutations; P = 0.648; pseudo-F = 0.581), nor were there differences in α or β diversity. CONCLUSIONS Despite remarkably different compositions of o-RUTF and s-RUTF, no differences were identified in lactulose permeability or the fecal 16S rRNA configuration among children with SAM receiving these foods. These results suggest that the o-RUTF exerts its beneficial effects through mechanisms other than reducing intestinal permeability or altering the fecal 16S configuration. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04334538.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin B Stephenson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marie L Laury
- Genome Technology Access Center, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aminata Shamit Koroma
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, The Republic of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mark J Manary
- Project Peanut Butter, Freetown, Sierra Leone.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,USDA Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Gui W, Guo H, Chen X, Wang J, Guo Y, Zhang H, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Dai J. Emerging polyfluorinated compound Nafion by-product 2 disturbs intestinal homeostasis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114368. [PMID: 36508837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nafion by-product 2 (Nafion BP2), an emerging fluorinated sulfonic acid commonly used in polymer electrolyte membrane technologies, has been detected in various environmental and human matrices. To date, however, few studies have explored its toxicity. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to Nafion BP2 at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160 mg/L from fertilization to 120 post-fertilization (hpf), and multiple developmental parameters (survival rate, hatching rate, and malformation rate) were then determined. Results showed that Nafion BP2 exposure led to a significant decrease in survival and hatching rates and an increase in malformations. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of Nafion BP2 for malformation at 120 hpf was 55 mg/L, which is higher than the globally important contaminant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 6 mg/L). Furthermore, exposure to Nafion BP2 resulted in additional types of malformations compared to PFOS exposure. Pathologically, Nafion BP2 caused abnormal early foregut development, with exfoliation of intestinal mucosa, damage to lamina propria, and aberrant proliferation of lamina propria cells. Nitric oxide content also decreased markedly. In addition, embryos showed an inflammatory response following Nafion BP2 exposure, with significantly increased levels of pro-inflammatory factors C4 and IL-6. Acidic mucin in the hindgut increased more than two-fold. 16 S rRNA sequencing revealed a marked increase in the pathogen Pseudomonas otitidis. Furthermore, pathways involved in intestinal protein digestion and absorption, inflammatory response, and immune response were significantly altered. Our findings suggest that the intestine is a crucial toxicity target of Nafion BP2 in zebrafish, thus highlighting the need to evaluate its health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Gui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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15
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Kim YJ, Lee IY, Kim TE, Lee JH, Chun YG, Kim BK, Lee MH. Cholecalciferol- and α-tocopherol-loaded walnut oil emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate and soy lecithin for food applications. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5738-5749. [PMID: 35396740 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To overcome the limitations in the use of protein as an emulsifier, soy lecithin, a natural surfactant, was used along with whey protein isolate (WPI) to produce o/w emulsions containing cholecalciferol and α-tocopherol. The physical stability of the emulsions prepared with WPI and varying concentrations of lecithin (0, 1, 2, and 3% w/w) was measured in different heat, pH, and ionic-strength food environmental conditions. RESULTS All emulsions were shown to be less than 250 nm in size and less than 0.3 in polydispersity index (PDI). The morphology of the emulsions was spherical, and the droplets of the emulsion containing lecithin were thicker and larger than those of the emulsion without lecithin (WPI_L0). After autoclaving, WPI_L0 increased in size from 197.8 ± 1.7 nm to 528.5 ± 28.4 nm, and the retention of cholecalciferol and α-tocopherol decreased to 40.83 ± 0.63% and 49.68 ± 1.84%, respectively. At pH 5.5, near the isoelectric point of WPI, WPI_L0 increased in size due to aggregation, but emulsions containing lecithin remained stable at a PDI under 0.3. Turbiscan stability index of the emulsion prepared with WPI and 3% lecithin was the lowest, indicating good storage stability. In addition, it was confirmed that the higher the lecithin content, the higher the viscosity, and the higher the amount of free fatty acids released in the in vitro digestion model. CONCLUSION This study can provide theoretical evidence for enhancing the physical stability of protein emulsions by co-stabilization with lecithin, promoting their application in various foods. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jeong Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Young Lee
- Food Convergence Infrastructure Team, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Gi Chun
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Keun Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hyeock Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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16
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Sandys O, Te Velde A. Raising the Alarm: Environmental Factors in the Onset and Maintenance of Chronic (Low-Grade) Inflammation in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:4355-4368. [PMID: 34981314 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is defined by several pathophysiological characteristics, such as dysbiosis of the microbiota, epithelial barrier hyperpermeability, systemic dissemination of endotoxins and chronic inflammation. In addition to well-reported environmental factors in non-communicable disease, such as smoking, diet, and exercise, humans are frequently exposed to myriads more environmental factors, from pesticides to food additives. Such factors are ubiquitous across both our diet and indoor/outdoor environments. A major route of human exposure to these factors is ingestion, which frequently occurs due to their intentional addition (intentional food additives) and/or unintentional contamination (unintentional food contaminants) of food products-often linked to environmental pollution. Understanding how this persistent, diverse exposure impacts GI health is of paramount importance, as deterioration of the GI barrier is proposed to be the first step towards systemic inflammation and chronic disease. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the impact of ingestion of environmental factors on inflammatory processes in the GI tract. In this review, we highlight human exposure to intentional food additives (e.g. emulsifiers, bulking agents) and unintentional food contaminants (e.g. persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, microplastics), then present evidence for their association with chronic disease, modification of the GI microbiota, increased permeability of the GI barrier, systemic dissemination of endotoxins, local (and distal) pro-inflammatory signalling, and induction of oxidative stress and/or endoplasmic reticulum stress. We also propose a link to NLRP3-inflammasome activation. These findings highlight the contribution of common environmental factors towards deterioration of GI health and the induction of pathophysiology associated with onset and maintenance of chronic inflammation in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Sandys
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AGEM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anje Te Velde
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AGEM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Kuenzig ME, Benchimol EI. The Role of the Urban Exposome in the Increasing Global Rates of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 75:116-119. [PMID: 35653436 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming increasingly common around the world, rapidly accelerating in regions undergoing rapid economic development. IBD is more common among those living in cities, and the association between the urban environment and IBD incidence is strongest in children. The "urban exposome" is defined as the totality of environmental exposures associated with urban living: air pollution, water contamination, green and blue space, nighttime light, noise, and availability of pre-processed and packaged foods. Investigation of the role of the urban exposome and IBD is in its infancy. Existing research has reached heterogeneous conclusions, and most studies have focused specifically on adult-onset disease and environmental exposures in isolation rather than the interaction between exposures. By better understanding the impact of the urban exposome on pediatric IBD, we can work to minimize these exposures and decrease the future burden of IBD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ellen Kuenzig
- From the SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric I Benchimol
- From the SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- the ICES, Toronto, Ontario Canada
- the Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Richey Levine A, Picoraro JA, Dorfzaun S, LeLeiko NS. Emulsifiers and Intestinal Health: An Introduction. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 74:314-319. [PMID: 35226642 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Food additives in general, and emulsifiers in particular, are considered to be important dietary components with a potential to harm the intestine, in part by promoting intestinal inflammation. There is inadequate objective information about the specific nature and the magnitude of the problem.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recognized approximately 450 items added to our foods as being generally regarded as safe and has placed them on a generally regarded as safe (GRAS) list. Additionally, it has also approved approximately 3000 "food additives." There is a general lack of transparency as to how either of these selections were and continue to be made. Once items are officially designated by the FDA as "food additives" or placed on the GRAS list, there is no regulatory mechanism for the ongoing monitoring of their safety.The most widely used emulsifier is "lecithin," which is biochemically identified as phosphatidylcholine (PC). Regulatory guidelines allow manufacturers to use the label "lecithin" to be applied to emulsifiers that contain PC plus other phospholipids in a variety of unspecified concentrations. The PC used in experiments cited in the literature, is unlikely to be the same thing as the "lecithin" in our diets.The objective of this introduction to emulsifiers is to raise awareness of the current state of food additives in the USA and to encourage thoughtful approaches to the study of all additives found in our diets. The overriding goal should be to assure the safety of what we eat. As examples we discuss eight widely distributed food additives; four "natural" emulsifiers that are classified as GRAS as well as an additional emulsifier-associated food additive that is also on the GRAS list, and three synthetic emulsifying agents that are FDA approved as "food additives."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph A Picoraro
- Pediatric IBD Program, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Sally Dorfzaun
- Pediatric IBD Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Neal S LeLeiko
- Pediatric IBD Program, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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19
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Khuda SE, Nguyen AV, Sharma GM, Alam MS, Balan KV, Williams KM. Effects of emulsifiers on an in vitro model of intestinal epithelial tight junctions and the transport of food allergens. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100576. [PMID: 34779572 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Certain food emulsifiers may interfere with gut barrier function in ways correlating to increased exposure to allergens. Understanding the consequences of interactions between these food ingredients and the intestinal epithelium is important for evaluating allergen dose exposure characteristics. METHODS AND RESULTS Wechallenged Caco-2 cell monolayers, an in vitromodel of human intestinal epithelial tight junctions with synthetic polysorbate-80 or natural lecithin alone, or in combination with known allergens (egg proteins: ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and ovotransferrin; and a synthetic form of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), an allergen of increasing concern). For most doses of individual emulsifiers and allergens, >90% cell viability and <15% cytotoxicity wasobserved; however, toxicity increased at a 0.5% concentration of emulsifiers. At low cytotoxic concentration (0.2%), only polysorbate-80 treatment reduced monolayer integrity (∼20%) with increased lucifer yellow passage. Dose-related differences in expression of tight junction genes and occludin proteins wereobserved with emulsifier treatments. The transport of all tested allergens across the cell monolayers, excluding ovotransferrin, nearly doubled in the presence of 0.2% polysorbate-80 compared to lecithin and untreated control. CONCLUSION By modulating paracellular permeability, polysorbate-80 may enhance absorption of allergens in a size-dependent manner. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefat E Khuda
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Ann V Nguyen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Girdhari M Sharma
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Mohammad S Alam
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Kannan V Balan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Kristina M Williams
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
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20
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Ruan Y, Li X, You L, Chen J, Shen Y, Zhang J, Yuan Y, Kang L, Qin C, Wu C. Effect of Pharmaceutical Excipients on Intestinal Absorption of Metformin via Organic Cation-Selective Transporters. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2198-2207. [PMID: 33956455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown that some pharmaceutical excipients can act on drug transporters. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of 13 commonly used excipients on the intestinal absorption of metformin (MTF) and the underlying mechanisms using Caco-2 cells and an ex vivo mouse non-everted gut sac model. First, the uptake of MTF in Caco-2 cells was markedly inhibited by nonionic excipients including Solutol HS 15, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, and crospovidone. Second, transport profile studies showed that MTF was taken up via multiple cation-selective transporters, among which a novel pyrilamine-sensitive proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC+) antiporter played a key role. Third, Solutol HS 15, polysorbate 40, and polysorbate 60 showed cis-inhibitory effects on the uptake of either pyrilamine (prototypical substrate of the pyrilamine-sensitive H+/OC+ antiporter) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (substrate of traditional cation-selective transporters including OCTs, MATEs, PMAT, SERT, and THTR-2), indicating that their suppression on MTF uptake is due to the synergistic inhibition toward multiple influx transporters. Finally, the pH-dependent mouse intestinal absorption of MTF was significantly decreased by Solutol HS 15, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, and pyrilamine. In conclusion, this study revealed that a novel transport process mediated by the pyrilamine-sensitive H+/OC+ antiporter contributes to the intestinal absorption of MTF in conjunction with the traditional cation-selective transporters. Mechanistic understanding of the interaction of excipients with cation-selective transporters can improve the formulation design and clinical application of cationic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Linjun You
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jungen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yueyue Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yaozuo Yuan
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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Xia L, Yang M, He M, Jiang M, Qin C, Wei Z, Gao H. Food emulsifier glycerin monostearate aggravates phthalates’ testicular toxicity by disrupting tight junctions’ barrier function in rats. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the effect of the widely used food emulsifier glycerin monostearate (GM) on testicular toxicity caused by the mixture of three commonly used phthalate esters (MPEs) in rats, and further to explore the underlying mechanism.
Materials and Methods
Thirty male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Rats were orally treated with 160 mg/kg/d MPEs in the MPEs group; coinstantaneously treated with 160 mg/kg/d MPEs and 200 mg/kg/d GM in the MPEs + GM group; and treated with the excipient in the control group. The intervention lasted for 5 weeks. Testis weight, epididymis weight, testicular histopathology, and serum testosterone were detected for testicular toxicity evaluation. The testicular ultrastructure, the tight junction proteins zonula occluden (ZO)-1, and claudin were measured for the mechanism exploration.
Results
The body weight, epididymis, serum testosterone level, and anogenital distance in the MPEs + GM group were significantly decreased compared with control group (P < 0.05); Testicular histopathological observation showed that shed spermatids were observed in the MPEs + GM group. Ultrastructural observation of testicular cells showed that the cristae number was decreased in some mitochondria in the MPEs group, whereas the cristae were fused and disappeared in most mitochondria in the MPEs + GM group. The tight junctions were broken in the MPEs + GM group; meanwhile, the expression of ZO-1 and claudin were altered in the MPEs + GM group (P < 0.01).
Conclusions
The results from this study indicated that GM aggravated MPEs’ testicular toxicity, which might relate to the injured mitochondria and damaged tight junctions in testicular tissue.
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22
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Zhu YT, Yuan YZ, Feng QP, Hu MY, Li WJ, Wu X, Xiang SY, Yu SQ. Food emulsifier polysorbate 80 promotes the intestinal absorption of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by disturbing intestinal barrier. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 414:115411. [PMID: 33476678 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphate (DEHP) and its main toxic metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) are the typical endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and widely affect human health. Our previous research reported that synthetic nonionic dietary emulsifier polysorbate 80 (P80, E433) had the promotional effect on the oral absorption of DEHP in rats. The aim of this study was to explore its mechanism of promoting oral absorption, focusing on the mucus barrier and mucosal barrier of the small intestine. A small molecule fluorescent probe 5-aminofluorescein-MEHP (MEHP-AF) was used as a tracker of MEHP in vivo and in vitro. First of all, we verified that P80 promoted the bioavailability of MEHP-AF in the long-term and low-dose exposure of MEHP-AF with P80 as a result of increasing the intestinal absorption of MEHP-AF. Afterwards, experimental results from Western blot, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence showed that P80 decreased the expression of proteins (mucus protein mucin-2, tight junction proteins claudin-1 and occludin) related to mucus barrier and mucosal barrier in the intestine, changed the integrity of intestinal epithelial cell, and increased the permeability of intestinal epithelial mucosa. These results indicated that P80 promoted the oral absorption of MEHP-AF by altering the intestinal mucus barrier and mucosal barrier. These findings are of great importance for assessing the safety risks of some food emulsifiers and clarifying the absorption mechanism of chemical pollutants in food, especially for EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zhen Yuan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Ping Feng
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yuan Hu
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Li
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Yun Xiang
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu-Qin Yu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
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Bianchi F, Fornari F, Riboni N, Spadini C, Cabassi CS, Iannarelli M, Carraro C, Mazzeo PP, Bacchi A, Orlandini S, Furlanetto S, Careri M. Development of novel cocrystal-based active food packaging by a Quality by Design approach. Food Chem 2021; 347:129051. [PMID: 33476921 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A way to reduce food waste is related to the increase of the shelf-life of food as a result of improving the package type. An innovative active food packaging material based on cocrystallization of microbiologically active compounds present in essential oils i.e. carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde was developed following the Quality by Design principles. The selected active components were used to produce antimicrobial plastic films with solidified active ingredients on their surface characterized by antimicrobial properties against four bacterial strains involved in fruit and vegetable spoilage. The developed packaging prototypes exhibited good antimicrobial activity in vitro providing inhibition percentage of 69 (±15)% by contact and inhibition diameters of 32 (±6) mm in the gas phase, along with a prolonged release of the active components. Finally, the prolonged shelf-life of grape samples up to 7 days at room temperature was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; University of Parma, Interdepartmental Center for Packaging (CIPACK), Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Fabio Fornari
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- University of Parma, Center for Energy and Environment (CIDEA), Parco Area delle Scienze 42, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Costanza Spadini
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Strada del Taglio 10, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Clotilde Silvia Cabassi
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Strada del Taglio 10, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Mattia Iannarelli
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Strada del Taglio 10, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Carraro
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Pio Mazzeo
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessia Bacchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; University of Parma, Biopharmanet-TEC, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Serena Orlandini
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Furlanetto
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Careri
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; University of Parma, Interdepartmental Center on Safety, Technologies and Agri-Food Innovation (SITEIA.PARMA), Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Mohammad S, Thiemermann C. Role of Metabolic Endotoxemia in Systemic Inflammation and Potential Interventions. Front Immunol 2021; 11:594150. [PMID: 33505393 PMCID: PMC7829348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced metabolic endotoxemia is an important factor in the development of many chronic diseases in animals and man. The gut epithelium is an efficient barrier that prevents the absorption of liposaccharide (LPS). Structural changes to the intestinal epithelium in response to dietary alterations allow LPS to enter the bloodstream, resulting in an increase in the plasma levels of LPS (termed metabolic endotoxemia). LPS activates Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) leading to the production of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines and, hence, low-grade systemic inflammation. Thus, metabolic endotoxemia can lead to several chronic inflammatory conditions. Obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can also cause an increase in gut permeability and potential pharmacological and dietary interventions could be used to reduce the chronic low-grade inflammation associated with endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Mohammad
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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From "Leaky Gut" to Impaired Glia-Neuron Communication in Depression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1305:129-155. [PMID: 33834399 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the last three decades, the robust scientific data emerged, demonstrating that the immune-inflammatory response is a fundamental component of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Psychological stress and various inflammatory comorbidities contribute to such immune activation. Still, this is not uncommon that patients with depression do not have defined inflammatory comorbidities, and alternative mechanisms of immune activation need to take place. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, along with gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), constitutes the largest lymphatic organ in the human body and forms the biggest surface of contact with the external environment. It is also the most significant source of bacterial and food-derived antigenic material. There is a broad range of reciprocal interactions between the GI tract, intestinal microbiota, increased intestinal permeability, activation of immune-inflammatory response, and the CNS that has crucial implications in brain function and mental health. This intercommunication takes place within the microbiota-gut-immune-glia (MGIG) axis, and glial cells are the main orchestrator of this communication. A broad range of factors, including psychological stress, inflammation, dysbiosis, may compromise the permeability of this barrier. This leads to excessive bacterial translocation and the excessive influx of food-derived antigenic material that contributes to activation of the immune-inflammatory response and depressive psychopathology. This chapter summarizes the role of increased intestinal permeability in MDD and mechanisms of how the "leaky gut" may contribute to immune-inflammatory response in this disorder.
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Mohajer N, Du CY, Checkcinco C, Blumberg B. Obesogens: How They Are Identified and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Their Action. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:780888. [PMID: 34899613 PMCID: PMC8655100 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.780888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult and childhood obesity have reached pandemic level proportions. The idea that caloric excess and insufficient levels of physical activity leads to obesity is a commonly accepted answer for unwanted weight gain. This paradigm offers an inconclusive explanation as the world continually moves towards an unhealthier and heavier existence irrespective of energy balance. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that resemble natural hormones and disrupt endocrine function by interfering with the body's endogenous hormones. A subset of EDCs called obesogens have been found to cause metabolic disruptions such as increased fat storage, in vivo. Obesogens act on the metabolic system through multiple avenues and have been found to affect the homeostasis of a variety of systems such as the gut microbiome and adipose tissue functioning. Obesogenic compounds have been shown to cause metabolic disturbances later in life that can even pass into multiple future generations, post exposure. The rising rates of obesity and related metabolic disease are demanding increasing attention on chemical screening efforts and worldwide preventative strategies to keep the public and future generations safe. This review addresses the most current findings on known obesogens and their effects on the metabolic system, the mechanisms of action through which they act upon, and the screening efforts through which they were identified with. The interplay between obesogens, brown adipose tissue, and the gut microbiome are major topics that will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mohajer
- Deparment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Chrislyn Y. Du
- Deparment of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Christian Checkcinco
- Deparment of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Deparment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Deparment of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bruce Blumberg,
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Hendrixson DT, Godbout C, Los A, Callaghan-Gillespie M, Mui M, Wegner D, Bryant T, Koroma A, Manary MJ. Treatment of severe acute malnutrition with oat or standard ready-to-use therapeutic food: a triple-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. Gut 2020; 69:2143-2149. [PMID: 32179568 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesised that an alternative RUTF (ready-to-use therapeutic food) made with oats (oat-RUTF) would be non-inferior to standard RUTF (s-RUTF). DESIGN This was a randomised, triple-blind, controlled, clinical non-inferiority trial comparing oat-RUTF to s-RUTF in rural Sierra Leone. Children aged 6-59 months with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) were randomised to oat-RUTF or s-RUTF. s-RUTF was composed of milk powder, sugar, peanut paste and vegetable oil, with a hydrogenated vegetable oil additive. Oat-RUTF contained oats and no hydrogenated vegetable oil additives. The primary outcome was graduation, an increase in anthropometric measurements such that the child was not acutely malnourished. Secondary outcomes were rates of growth, time to graduation and presence of adverse events. Intention to treat analyses was used. RESULTS Of the 1406 children were enrolled, graduation was attained in 404/721 (56%) children receiving oat-RUTF and 311/685 (45%) receiving s-RUTF (difference 10.6%, 95% CI 5.4% to 15.8%). Death, hospitalisation or remaining with SAM was seen in 87/721 (12%) receiving oat-RUTF and in 125/685 (18%) receiving s-RUTF (difference 6.2%, 95% CI 2.3 to 10.0, p=0.001). Time to graduation was less for children receiving oat RUTF; 3.9±1.8 versus 4.5±1.8 visits, respectively (p<0.001). Rates of weight in the oat-RUTF group were greater than in the s-RUTF group; 3.4±2.7 versus 2.5±2.3 g/kg/d, p<0.001. CONCLUSION Oat-RUTF is superior to s-RUTF in the treatment of SAM in Sierra Leone. We speculate that might be because of beneficial bioactive components or the absence of hydrogenated vegetable oil in oat-RUTF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03407326.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Godbout
- Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alyssa Los
- Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Melody Mui
- Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Donna Wegner
- Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Aminata Koroma
- Directorate of Nutrition, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mark J Manary
- Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Perrin L, Gillet G, Gressin L, Desobry S. Interest of Pickering Emulsions for Sustainable Micro/Nanocellulose in Food and Cosmetic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2385. [PMID: 33081351 PMCID: PMC7602961 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, natural and non-toxic particles made of micro/nanocellulose were specifically targeted as stabilizers of emulsions located at dispersed and continuous phases interfaces (called Pickering Emulsions, PEs). PEs are biphasic systems stabilized by solid particles with a recent interest in food and cosmetic domains. PEs have been more and more studied in the last ten years due to their advantages compared to conventional emulsions with surfactants. PEs have already been stabilized with various types of particles and particularly cellulose. Even if some studies showed that PEs were more stable when cellulose was chemically modified, numerous other recent studies showed that unmodified micro/nanocellulose is also promising biomaterial to stabilize PEs. Micro/nanocelluloses can be extracted by various green processes from numerous agricultural wastes and co-products, as banana peels, corncob, ginkgo seed shells, lime residues, mangosteen rind, oil palm empty fruit bunches, pistachio shells, as well as wheat straw. Main green processes used to treat cellulose are grinding, high pressure homogenization, microfluidization, enzymatic hydrolysis, subcritical water, extrusion, electron beam irradiation, cryocrushing, microwaves or sonication. PEs formulated with cellulose clearly participate to a global sustainable development but, additional studies will be necessary to better understand PEs stability and improve properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Perrin
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio), Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 20163-54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy CEDEX, France;
| | - Guillaume Gillet
- SAS GENIALIS Route d’Achères, 18250 Henrichemont, France; (G.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Laurianne Gressin
- SAS GENIALIS Route d’Achères, 18250 Henrichemont, France; (G.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Stephane Desobry
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio), Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 20163-54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy CEDEX, France;
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Bourgeois C, Couëdelo L, Subirade M, Cansell M. Canola Proteins Used as Co‐Emulsifiers with Phospholipids Influence Oil Oxidability, Enzymatic Lipolysis, and Fatty Acid Absorption in Rats. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bourgeois
- Department of food sciences Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food (INAF) Université Laval Quebec Canada
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nano‐objects (CBMN) University of Bordeaux INP UMR 5248 33600 Pessac France
| | - Leslie Couëdelo
- Nutrition Metabolism and Health Department ITERG 33610 Canéjan France
| | - Muriel Subirade
- Department of food sciences Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food (INAF) Université Laval Quebec Canada
| | - Maud Cansell
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nano‐objects (CBMN) University of Bordeaux INP UMR 5248 33600 Pessac France
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30
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Rudzki L, Maes M. The Microbiota-Gut-Immune-Glia (MGIG) Axis in Major Depression. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4269-4295. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Zuzarte A, Mui M, Ordiz MI, Weber J, Ryan K, Manary MJ. Reducing Oil Separation in Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060706. [PMID: 32492836 PMCID: PMC7353625 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) is a shelf-stable, low moisture, energy dense medicinal food composed of peanut butter, vegetable oils, milk powder, a multiple micronutrient premix and sugar. RUTF is used by millions of children annually to treat malnutrition. After mixing, RUTF is a semisolid covered with oil. To produce a homogenous RUTF, hydrogenated vegetable oils are incorporated in small quantities. This study utilized a benchtop methodology to test the effect of RUTF ingredients on oil separation. An acceptable oil separation was <4%. This method compared 15 different vegetable oil stabilizers with respect to oil separation. The dynamic progression of oil separation followed a Michaelis–Menten pattern, reaching a maximum after 60 days when stored at 30 °C. Hydrogenated vegetable oils with triglyceride or 50% monoglycerides reduced the oil separation to acceptable levels. The additive showing the largest reduction in oil separation was used in an industrial trial, where it also performed acceptably. In conclusion, fully hydrogenated soybean and rapeseed oil added as 1.5% controlled oil separation in RUTF.
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Abstract
In this study, water-in-extra virgin olive oil emulsions were enriched with vitamins. Water-in oil emulsions are heterogeneous systems able to solubilize both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. Thus, hydrophilic vitamin C and lipophilic vitamin E were loaded separately or together in emulsion. A suitable emulsion composition was selected after considering different surfactant (mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, E471; sorbitan monooleate, Span 80; polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, Tween 80) and water concentrations. The most appropriate emulsion, for the high stability, resulted the one containing concentrations of Span 80 1% w/w and water 1% w/w. The antioxidant effect of vitamins in emulsions was studied considering the variation of the peroxide values during storage. The oxidation reaction was slowed down in emulsions containing vitamin C, but it was quickened by the loading of vitamin E for its high concentration. In emulsions containing vitamin E, indeed, the peroxide values were higher than in emulsions prepared in the absence of vitamins or in oil. The antioxidant activity generated by the co-loading of vitamin C and E was very effective to the point that in presence of high amounts of vitamins the peroxide values did not change in about 40 days of storage, due to the vitamin E regeneration by vitamin C.
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Emulsification of oil-in-water emulsions with eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 563:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Xu Y, Li Y, Scott K, Lindh CH, Jakobsson K, Fletcher T, Ohlsson B, Andersson EM. Inflammatory bowel disease and biomarkers of gut inflammation and permeability in a community with high exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances through drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108923. [PMID: 31759646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) can act as surfactants and have been suggested to be capable of affecting gut mucosa integrity, a possible factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). So far, only PFOA has been shown to have a positive association with ulcerative colitis. The present study aimed to investigate the association of PFAS and clinically diagnosed IBD in the Ronneby cohort, a population with high PFAS exposure (especially high PFOS and PFHxS) from Aqueous Film-Forming Foam through drinking water, using registry data. Additionally, to explore associations of PFAS with fecal zonulin and calprotectin, subclinical biomarkers of gut inflammation and permeability, in a sub-set of participants from Ronneby and Karlshamn (a nearby control municipality). The registry study included all people that ever resided in Ronneby municipality at least one year between 1980 and 2013. Yearly exposure to contaminated drinking water was assessed based on residential addresses and waterworks supply data, and the population classified by early, mid and late periods in ascending level of contamination. Diagnosed IBD cases were retrieved from the Swedish National Patient register and cause-of-death register. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to derive the hazard ratios (HRs) for diagnosed IBD. The biomarker study included 189 individuals who provided fecal samples. Serum PFAS were measured using LC-MS/MS. Fecal zonulin and calprotectin were measured using ELISA. Linear regression was used to assess the associations between measured PFAS and biomarker levels. In the registry study, no raised HRs for diagnosed IBD were found for cohort subjects with mid (1995-2004) or late period (2005-2013) exposure compared to never exposure. Early period exposure only (1985-1994) showed raised HRs for Crohn's disease (HR = 1.58, p = 0.048) and other non-specified IBD (HR = 1.38, p = 0.037). In the biomarker study, Karlshamn showed higher fecal calprotectin levels (median = 99.6 mg/kg in Karlshamn vs. 66.8 mg/kg in Ronneby, p = 0.04). A trend of decreased calprotectin with increased serum PFAS indicated higher PFAS was associated with lower degree of gut inflammation (p = 0.002). No association between serum PFAS and fecal zonulin was found. In conclusion, the present study found no consistent evidence to support PFAS exposure as a risk factor for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Xu
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ying Li
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristin Scott
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristina Jakobsson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tony Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva M Andersson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Glycerin Monostearate Aggravates Male Reproductive Toxicity Caused by Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Rats. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:1003-1008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Partridge D, Lloyd KA, Rhodes JM, Walker AW, Johnstone AM, Campbell BJ. Food additives: Assessing the impact of exposure to permitted emulsifiers on bowel and metabolic health - introducing the FADiets study. NUTR BULL 2019; 44:329-349. [PMID: 31866761 PMCID: PMC6899614 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emulsifiers are common components of processed foods consumed as part of a Western diet. Emerging in vitro cell-line culture, mouse model and human intestinal tissue explant studies have all suggested that very low concentrations of the food emulsifier polysorbate 80 may cause bacterial translocation across the intestinal epithelium, intestinal inflammation and metabolic syndrome. This raises the possibility that dietary emulsifiers might be factors in conditions such as coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes and Crohn's disease. The potential mechanism behind the observed effects of this emulsifier is uncertain but may be mediated via changes in the gut microbiota or by increased bacterial translocation, or both. It is also unknown whether these effects are generalisable across all emulsifiers and detergents, including perhaps the natural emulsifier lecithin or even conjugated bile acids, particularly if the latter escape reabsorption and pass through to the distal ileum or colon. A major objective of the Medical Research Council (MRC)-funded Mechanistic Nutrition in Health (MECNUT) Emulsifier project is therefore to investigate the underlying mechanisms and effects of a range of synthetic and natural emulsifiers and detergents in vitro and in vivo, and to determine the effects of a commonly consumed emulsifier (soya lecithin) on gut and metabolic health through a controlled dietary intervention study in healthy human volunteers - the FADiets study. This report provides an overview of the relevant literature, discussing the impact of emulsifiers and other additives on intestinal and metabolic health, and gives an overview of the studies being undertaken as part of the MECNUT Emulsifier project.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Partridge
- The Rowett InstituteUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - K. A. Lloyd
- Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - J. M. Rhodes
- Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - A. W. Walker
- The Rowett InstituteUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - B. J. Campbell
- Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Mutamba seed mucilage as a novel emulsifier: Stabilization mechanisms, kinetic stability and volatile compounds retention. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Physical Properties of Fish Oil Microcapsules Prepared with Octenyl Succinic Anhydride–Linked Starch and Maltodextrin. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mitsou E, Dupin A, Sassi AH, Monteil J, Sotiroudis GT, Leal-Calderon F, Xenakis A. Hydroxytyrosol encapsulated in biocompatible water-in-oil microemulsions: How the structure affects in vitro absorption. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110482. [PMID: 31539752 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, the incorporation of natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical formulations has gained attention, delaying or preventing oxidation phenomena in the final products. In order to take full advantage of their properties, protection in special microenvironments is of great importance. The unique features of the natural phenolic compound hydroxytyrosol (HT) - including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and cardioprotective properties - have been studied to clarify its mechanism of action. In the present study novel biocompatible water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions were developed as hosts for HT and subsequently examined for their absorption profile following their oral uptake. The absorption of HT in solution was compared with the encapsulated one in vitro, using a coculture model (Caco-2/TC7 and HT29-MTX cell lines). The systems were structurally characterized by means of Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) techniques. The diameter of the micelles remained unaltered after the incorporation of 678 ppm of HT but the interfacial properties were slightly affected, indicating the involvement of the HT molecules in the surfactant monolayer. EPR was used towards a lipophilic stable free radial, namely galvinoxyl, indicating a high scavenging activity of the systems and encapsulated HT. Finally, after the biocompatibility study of the microemulsions the intestinal absorption of the encapsulated HT was compared with its aqueous solution in vitro. The higher the surfactants' concentration in the system the lower the HT concentration that penetrated the constructed epithelium, indicating the involvement of the amphiphiles in the antioxidant's absorption and its entrapment in the mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Mitsou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Adeline Dupin
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Abdessattar Hadj Sassi
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Julien Monteil
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - George T Sotiroudis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Fernando Leal-Calderon
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Aristotelis Xenakis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece.
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Kim JY, Le TAN, Lee SY, Song DG, Hong SC, Cha KH, Lee JW, Pan CH, Kang K. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane Improves Intestinal Permeability Dysfunction in Cultured Human Intestinal Cells and the Model Animal Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9277-9285. [PMID: 31353906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), a digestive metabolite originating from cruciferous vegetables, has dietary potential for the treatment of various human intestinal diseases. Although intestinal permeability dysfunction is closely related to the initiation and progression of human intestinal inflammatory diseases (IBDs), the effect of DIM on intestinal permeability is unclear. We evaluated the effect of DIM on the intestinal permeability of human intestinal cell monolayers and the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans, which were treated with IL-1β and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, to mimic IBD conditions. DIM substantially restored the intestinal permeability of differentiated Caco-2 cells by enhancing the expression of tight junction proteins (including occludin and ZO-1). Compared to the IL-1β single treatment (551.0 ± 49.0 Ω·cm2), DIM (10 μM) significantly increased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of Caco-2 cell monolayers (919.0 ± 66.4 Ω·cm2, p < 0.001). DIM also ameliorated the impaired intestinal permeability and extended the lifespan of C. elegans fed P. aeruginosa. The mean lifespan of DIM-treated worms (10.8 ± 1.3 days) was higher than that of control-treated worms (9.7 ± 1.1 days, p < 0.01). Thus, DIM is a potential nutraceutical candidate for the treatment of leaky gut syndrome by improving intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yeon Kim
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tram Anh Ngoc Le
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Lee
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Hong
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Cha
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Natural Products Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Ho Pan
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsu Kang
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
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Camilleri M. Leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans. Gut 2019; 68:1516-1526. [PMID: 31076401 PMCID: PMC6790068 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this review on 'leaky gut' for clinicians are to discuss the components of the intestinal barrier, the diverse measurements of intestinal permeability, their perturbation in non-inflammatory 'stressed states' and the impact of treatment with dietary factors. Information on 'healthy' or 'leaky' gut in the public domain requires confirmation before endorsing dietary exclusions, replacement with non-irritating foods (such as fermented foods) or use of supplements to repair the damage. The intestinal barrier includes surface mucus, epithelial layer and immune defences. Epithelial permeability results from increased paracellular transport, apoptosis or transcellular permeability. Barrier function can be tested in vivo using orally administered probe molecules or in vitro using mucosal biopsies from humans, exposing the colonic mucosa from rats or mice or cell layers to extracts of colonic mucosa or stool from human patients. Assessment of intestinal barrier requires measurements beyond the epithelial layer. 'Stress' disorders such as endurance exercise, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs administration, pregnancy and surfactants (such as bile acids and dietary factors such as emulsifiers) increase permeability. Dietary factors can reverse intestinal leakiness and mucosal damage in the 'stress' disorders. Whereas inflammatory or ulcerating intestinal diseases result in leaky gut, no such disease can be cured by simply normalising intestinal barrier function. It is still unproven that restoring barrier function can ameliorate clinical manifestations in GI or systemic diseases. Clinicians should be aware of the potential of barrier dysfunction in GI diseases and of the barrier as a target for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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F. Csáki K, Sebestyén É. Who will carry out the tests that would be necessary for proper safety evaluation of food emulsifiers? FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Andrade FJET, Albuquerque PBS, Moraes GMD, Farias MDP, Teixeira-Sá DMA, Vicente AA, Carneiro-da-Cunha MG. Influence of hydrocolloids (galactomannan and xanthan gum) on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of gluten-free cakes based on fava beans (Phaseolus lunatus). Food Funct 2019; 9:6369-6379. [PMID: 30456405 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01448e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Most gluten-free bakery formulations have starch sources of low nutritional value. The objective of this work was to use fava beans (Phaseolus lunatus) for the production of gluten-free sponge cakes, in addition to evaluating the effects of the partial substitution of fava bean flour by galactomannan and xanthan gum, isolated or mixed at 0.5 and 1.0% proportions, compared with a commercial reference. The properties such as viscosity, specific gravity and microscopy of the air bubbles were evaluated in the raw cakes, while the cooked cakes were analyzed according to physicochemical (chemical composition, specific volume, texture and color) and sensorial properties. Hydrocolloids increased the viscosity, specific gravity, and incorporation of air into the batters. Xanthan gum increased the cakes' firmness after cooking; in what concerns color parameters, hydrocolloids did not interfere. Cakes based on fava beans had better sensory acceptance with or without the presence of hydrocolloids and presented higher levels of moisture, proteins, lipids and ashes when compared to the commercial reference, proving to be an excellent food option without gluten and high nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J E T Andrade
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Rodríguez-López L, Rincón-Fontán M, Vecino X, Cruz JM, Moldes AB. Preservative and Irritant Capacity of Biosurfactants From Different Sources: A Comparative Study. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2296-2304. [PMID: 30797780 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important challenges for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries is solubilization and preservation of their active ingredients. Therefore, most of these formulations contain irritant chemical additives to improve their shelf-life and the solubility of hydrophobic ingredients. An interesting alternative to chemical surfactants and preservatives is the use of biosurfactants; thus, their surfactant properties and composition make them more biocompatible than their chemical counterparts. Moreover, some biosurfactants have shown antimicrobial activity in addition to their detergent capacity. In this work, the antimicrobial and irritant effect of 2 biosurfactant extracts was studied: one produced in a controlled fermentation process with Lactobacillus pentosus and the other produced from corn stream by spontaneous fermentation. The results showed a strong antimicrobial activity of the biosurfactant extract obtained from corn stream on pathogenic bacteria, in comparison with the L. pentosus biosurfactant extract. Moreover, both biosurfactants did not produce any irritant effect on the chorioallantoic membrane of hen's egg assay contrary to sodium dodecyl sulfate. This is the first study dealing with the application of biosurfactant extracts on sensitive biological membranes, and this is the first time that the preservative capacity of a biosurfactant extract obtained in spontaneous fermentation is being evaluated, achieving promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rodríguez-López
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Industrial Engineering - Centro de Investigación Tecnológico Industrial (MTI), University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Myriam Rincón-Fontán
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Industrial Engineering - Centro de Investigación Tecnológico Industrial (MTI), University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Xanel Vecino
- Chemical Engineering Department, Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC)-Barcelona TECH, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Cruz
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Industrial Engineering - Centro de Investigación Tecnológico Industrial (MTI), University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Moldes
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Industrial Engineering - Centro de Investigación Tecnológico Industrial (MTI), University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Bourgeois C, Gomaa AI, Lefèvre T, Cansell M, Subirade M. Interaction of oil bodies proteins with phospholipid bilayers: A molecular level elucidation as revealed by infrared spectroscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 122:873-881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Milard M, Laugerette F, Bugeat S, Plaisancié P, Létisse M, Meugnier E, Loizon E, Durand A, Buisson C, Géloën A, Serieye S, Michalski MC. Metabolic effects in mice of cream formulation: Addition of both thickener and emulsifier does not alter lipid metabolism but modulates mucus cells and intestinal endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10649-10663. [PMID: 30316592 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Additives stabilize or improve the organoleptic or functional properties (or both) of many dairy products including whipping cream. Their influence on the metabolic effect of dairy cream is scarcely known. We tested the hypothesis that added emulsifier (lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides; MAG/DAG), thickener (carrageenan, CGN), or both, could modify the metabolic effect, notably in the intestine and liver. Nine-week-old male C57Bl/6J mice were fed UHT cream (indirect treatment) mixed with nonlipidic powder (final: 13% milkfat) for 1 or 4 wk. We compared creams (1) without additive (Ctl), (2) with thickener (Th), 0.02% of κ-CGN, and (3) with both thickener and emulsifier, 0.1% of MAG/DAG esters (Th/Em). We analyzed plasma parameters, intestine, and liver. Fasting glycemia, insulinemia, triglyceridemia, nonesterified fatty acids, body weight gain, and liver weight did not differ among groups. After 1 wk, Th/Em had higher expression in the duodenum of some of the genes involved in (1) intestinal lipid absorption and (2) tight junction proteins versus Ctl and Th. After 4 wk, mucus cell number in the small intestine was higher in Th/Em versus Ctl and Th. Genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the duodenum were more expressed in Th/Em after 1 wk. After 4 wk, in the colon, a higher expression of ER stress genes was observed for Th versus Th/Em and Ctl. Liver damage score was not altered by additives. Adding both CGN (0.02%) and MAG/DAG esters (0.1%) in dairy cream did not result in deleterious outcomes in mice after 4 wk regarding lipid metabolism, intestinal permeability, and liver disorders. The longer term effect of intestinal ER stress modulation deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Milard
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - F Laugerette
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - S Bugeat
- Sodiaal International Research and Innovation Department, Paris, France
| | - P Plaisancié
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Létisse
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - E Meugnier
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA Lyon, 69600 Oullins, France
| | - E Loizon
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA Lyon, 69600 Oullins, France
| | - A Durand
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - C Buisson
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A Géloën
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - S Serieye
- Sodiaal International Research and Innovation Department, Paris, France
| | - M-C Michalski
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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Association Between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Results From the French NutriNet-Santé Cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113:1217-1228. [PMID: 29904158 DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ultra-processed foods (UPF) consumption has increased over the last decades and is raising concerns about potential adverse health effects. Our objective was to assess the association between UPF consumption and four functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs): irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional constipation (FC), functional diarrhea (FDh), and functional dyspepsia (FDy), in a large sample of French adults. METHODS We analyzed dietary data of 33,343 participants from the web-based NutriNet-Santé cohort, who completed at least three 24 h food records, prior to a Rome III self-administered questionnaire. Proportion (in weight) of UPF in the diet (UPFp) was computed for each subject. The association between UPFp quartiles and FGIDs was estimated by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Participants included in the analysis were mainly women (76.4%), and the mean age was 50.4 (SD = 14.0) years. UPF accounted for 16.0% of food consumed in weight, corresponding to 33.0% of total energy intake. UPF consumption was associated with younger age, living alone, lower incomes, higher BMI, and lower physical activity level (all p < 0.0001). A total of 3516 participants reported IBS (10.5%), 1785 FC (5.4%), 1303 FDy (3.9%), and 396 FDh (1.1%). After adjusting for confounding factors, an increase in UPFp was associated with a higher risk of IBS (aOR Q4 vs. Q1 [95% CI]: 1.25 [1.12-1.39], p-trend < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests an association between UPF and IBS. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm those results and understand the relative impact of the nutritional composition and specific characteristics of UPF in this relationship.
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Gao HT, Xu R, Cao WX, Di QN, Li RX, Lu L, Xu Q, Yu SQ. Combined effects of simultaneous exposure to six phthalates and emulsifier glycerol monosterate on male reproductive system in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 341:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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