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Juhász N, Bartha FA, Marzban S, Han R, Röst G. Probability of early infection extinction depends linearly on the virus clearance rate. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240903. [PMID: 39359461 PMCID: PMC11444767 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
We provide an in silico study of stochastic viral infection extinction from a pharmacokinetical viewpoint. Our work considers a non-specific antiviral drug that increases the virus clearance rate, and we investigate the effect of this drug on early infection extinction. Infection extinction data are generated by a hybrid multiscale framework that applies both continuous and discrete mathematical approaches. The central result of our paper is the observation, analysis and explanation of a linear relationship between the virus clearance rate and the probability of early infection extinction. The derivation behind this simple relationship is given by merging different mathematical toolboxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Juhász
- National Laboratory for Health Security, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - F A Bartha
- National Laboratory for Health Security, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - S Marzban
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - R Han
- School of Sciences, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - G Röst
- National Laboratory for Health Security, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), Szeged, Hungary
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2
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Asaba CN, Ekabe CJ, Ayuk HS, Gwanyama BN, Bitazar R, Bukong TN. Interplay of TLR4 and SARS-CoV-2: Unveiling the Complex Mechanisms of Inflammation and Severity in COVID-19 Infections. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:5077-5091. [PMID: 39081874 PMCID: PMC11288317 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s474707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The late 2019 emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, caused profound and unprecedented disruption to the global socio-economic structure, negatively affecting millions of lives worldwide. A typical hallmark of severe COVID-19 is hyper inflammation due to aberrant cytokine release (cytokine storm) by innate immune cells. Recent studies have revealed that SARS-CoV-2, through its spike (S) protein, can activate the body's innate immune cells via Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR4. In silico studies have demonstrated that the S protein binds with high affinity to TLR4, triggering downstream signaling processes that result in pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Compared to other TLRs, such as TLR2, TLR4 plays a more significant role in initiating and sustaining the inflammatory response associated with severe COVID-19. Furthermore, interactions between the virus and target cells can enhance the cellular expression of TLR4, making cells more susceptible to viral interactions and subsequent inflammation. This increased expression of TLR4 upon viral entry creates a feedback loop, where heightened TLR4 levels lead to amplified inflammatory responses, contributing to the severity of the disease. Additionally, TLR4's potent activation of inflammatory pathways sets it apart from other TLRs, underscoring its pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In this review, we thoroughly explore the multitude of regulatory signaling pathways that SARS-CoV-2 employs to incite inflammation. We specifically focus on the critical impact of TLR4 activation compared to other TLRs, highlighting how TLR4's interactions with the viral S protein can exacerbate the severity of COVID-19. By delving into the mechanisms of TLR4-mediated inflammation, we aim to shed light on potential therapeutic targets that could mitigate the inflammatory damage caused by severe COVID-19. Understanding the unique role of TLR4 in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection could pave the way for novel treatment strategies that specifically inhibit this receptor's activity, thereby reducing the overall disease burden and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Njinju Asaba
- Armand-Frappier Sante Biotechnologie Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Cyril Jabea Ekabe
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Humblenoble Stembridge Ayuk
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | | | - Razieh Bitazar
- Armand-Frappier Sante Biotechnologie Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Terence Ndonyi Bukong
- Armand-Frappier Sante Biotechnologie Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
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Huang B, Yu Z, Cui D, Du F. MAPKAP1 orchestrates macrophage polarization and lipid metabolism in fatty liver-enhanced colorectal cancer. Transl Oncol 2024; 45:101941. [PMID: 38692197 PMCID: PMC11070763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Various factors, including fatty liver and macrophage alterations, influence colorectal cancer (CRC). This study explores the mechanistic role of fatty liver in CRC progression, focusing on macrophage polarization and lipid metabolism. A murine fatty liver model was created with a high-fat diet (HFD), and CRC was induced using AOM and DSS. Single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq) identified MAPKAP1 as a critical gene promoting CRC via M2 macrophage polarization and lipid metabolism reprogramming. Prognosis analysis on the TCGA-CRC dataset confirmed MAPKAP1's significance. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that EVs from fatty liver cells enhanced MAPKAP1 expression, accelerating CRC development and metastasis. HFD exacerbated CRC, but fatty acid inhibitors delayed progression. Fatty liver upregulates MAPKAP1, driving M2 macrophage polarization and lipid metabolism changes, worsening CRC. These findings suggest potential therapeutic strategies for CRC, particularly targeting lipid metabolism and macrophage-mediated tumor promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Department of Hypertension, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No.28, Guimedical Street, Yunyan District, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, PR China.
| | - Zhenqiu Yu
- Department of Hypertension, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No.28, Guimedical Street, Yunyan District, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, PR China.
| | - Dejun Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, PR China.
| | - Fawang Du
- Department of Hypertension, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No.28, Guimedical Street, Yunyan District, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, PR China
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Li J, He S, Yang H, Zhang L, Xiao J, Liang C, Liu S. The Main Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Treatments against COVID-19. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:545-556. [PMID: 38573476 PMCID: PMC11087407 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-024-00633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a clinical manifestation of hypoxic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, COVID-19 still lacks of effective clinical treatments so far. As a promising potential treatment against COVID-19, stem cell therapy raised recently and had attracted much attention. Here we review the mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments against COVID-19, and provide potential cues for the effective control of COVID-19 in the future. METHODS Literature is obtained from databases PubMed and Web of Science. Key words were chosen for COVID- 19, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, mesenchymal stem cells, stem cell therapy, and therapeutic mechanism. Then we summarize and critically analyze the relevant articles retrieved. RESULTS Mesenchymal stem cell therapy is a potential effective treatment against COVID-19. Its therapeutic efficacy is mainly reflected in reducing severe pulmonary inflammation, reducing lung injury, improving pulmonary function, protecting and repairing lung tissue of the patients. Possible therapeutic mechanisms might include immunoregulation, anti-inflammatory effect, tissue regeneration, anti-apoptosis effect, antiviral, and antibacterial effect, MSC - EVs, and so on. CONCLUSION Mesenchymal stem cells can effectively treat COVID-19 through immunoregulation, anti-inflammatory, tissue regeneration, anti-apoptosis, anti-virus and antibacterial, MSC - EVs, and other ways. Systematically elucidating the mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments for COVID-19 will provide novel insights into the follow-up research and development of new therapeutic strategies in next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Li
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine Center, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shipei He
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizeai Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyi Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Wolszczak-Biedrzycka B, Dorf J, Matowicka-Karna J, Dymicka-Piekarska V, Wojewódzka-Żeleźniakowicz M, Żukowski P, Zalewska A, Dąbrowski Ł, Maciejczyk M. Redox Biomarkers - An Effective Tool for Diagnosing COVID-19 Patients and Convalescents. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2589-2607. [PMID: 38699594 PMCID: PMC11063110 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s456849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim COVID-19 triggers the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which, in combination with a weakened antioxidant barrier, can lead to protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to evaluate enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, the overall redox potential, and protein and lipid peroxidation products in COVID-19 patients, convalescents, and healthy subjects, and to the determine the diagnostic applicability of these parameters in COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods The study involved 218 patients with COVID-19, 69 convalescents, and 48 healthy subjects who were selected for the research based on age and sex. The study was conducted between 20 February 2021 and 20 November 2021 in Białystok, Poland. The antioxidant barrier, redox status, and oxidative damage products were assessed in serum/plasma samples with the use of colorimetric and spectrophotometric assays. Results Glutathione reductase (GR) activity was higher, whereas total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was lower in COVID-19 patients than in convalescents (p<0.0001) and the control group (p<0.0001). The concentrations of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were higher in COVID-19 patients (p<0.0001) and convalescents (p<0.0001) than in the control group. AGEs were the most effective diagnostic biomarker for differentiating COVID-19 patients from the control group (AUC=0.9971) and convalescents from the control group (AUC=1.000). Conclusion An infection with the SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the redox balance and increases protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. AGEs fulfill the criteria for a potential diagnostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients and convalescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Wolszczak-Biedrzycka
- Department of Psychology and Sociology of Health and Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Justyna Dorf
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Matowicka-Karna
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Piotr Żukowski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Croydon University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Independent Laboratory of Experimental Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Wang HY, Tsai SC, Lin YC, Hou JU, Chao CH. The effect of antifibrotic agents on acute respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study from TriNetX US collaborative networks. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:160. [PMID: 38566026 PMCID: PMC10986056 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-02947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on global health and economies, resulting in millions of infections and deaths. This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the effect of antifibrotic agents (nintedanib and pirfenidone) on 1-year mortality in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure. METHODS Data from 61 healthcare organizations in the TriNetX database were analyzed. Adult patients with COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure were included. Patients with a pre-existing diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis before their COVID-19 diagnosis were excluded. The study population was divided into an antifibrotic group and a control group. Propensity score matching was used to compare outcomes, and hazard ratios (HR) for 1-year mortality were calculated. RESULTS The antifibrotic group exhibited a significantly lower 1-year mortality rate compared to the control group. The survival probability at the end of the study was 84.42% in the antifibrotic group and 69.87% in the control group. The Log-Rank test yielded a p-value of less than 0.001. The hazard ratio was 0.434 (95% CI: 0.264-0.712), indicating a significant reduction in 1-year mortality in the antifibrotic group. Subgroup analysis demonstrated significantly improved 1-year survival in patients receiving nintedanib treatment and during periods when the Wuhan strain was predominant. DISCUSSION This study is the first to demonstrate a survival benefit of antifibrotic agents in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure. Further research and clinical trials are needed to confirm the efficacy of these antifibrotic agents in the context of COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chuan Tsai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Uei Hou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chao
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
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Behboudi E, Nooreddin Faraji S, Daryabor G, Mohammad Ali Hashemi S, Asadi M, Edalat F, Javad Raee M, Hatam G. SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of cell tropism in various organs considering host factors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26577. [PMID: 38420467 PMCID: PMC10901034 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A critical step in the drug design for SARS-CoV-2 is to discover its molecular targets. This study comprehensively reviewed the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, exploring host cell tropism and interaction targets crucial for cell entry. The findings revealed that beyond ACE2 as the primary entry receptor, alternative receptors, co-receptors, and several proteases such as TMPRSS2, Furin, Cathepsin L, and ADAM play critical roles in virus entry and subsequent pathogenesis. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 displays tropism in various human organs due to its diverse receptors. This review delves into the intricate details of receptors, host proteases, and the involvement of each organ. Polymorphisms in the ACE2 receptor and mutations in the spike or its RBD region contribute to the emergence of variants like Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, impacting the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. The challenge posed by mutations raises questions about the effectiveness of existing vaccines and drugs, necessitating consideration for updates in their formulations. In the urgency of these critical situations, repurposed drugs such as Camostat Mesylate and Nafamostat Mesylate emerge as viable pharmaceutical options. Numerous drugs are involved in inhibiting receptors and host factors crucial for SARS-CoV-2 entry, with most discussed in this review. In conclusion, this study may provide valuable insights to inform decisions in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Behboudi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Seyed Nooreddin Faraji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Daryabor
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Maryam Asadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fahime Edalat
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Raee
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Kumar S, Granados J, Aceves M, Peralta J, Leandro AC, Thomas J, Williams-Blangero S, Curran JE, Blangero J. Pre-Infection Innate Immunity Attenuates SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Viral Load in iPSC-Derived Alveolar Epithelial Type 2 Cells. Cells 2024; 13:369. [PMID: 38474333 PMCID: PMC10931100 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A large portion of the heterogeneity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) susceptibility and severity of illness (SOI) remains poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated damage to alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AT2s) in the distal lung may directly contribute to disease severity and poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients. Our in vitro modeling of SARS-CoV-2 infection in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived AT2s from 10 different individuals showed interindividual variability in infection susceptibility and the postinfection cellular viral load. To understand the underlying mechanism of the AT2's capacity to regulate SARS-CoV-2 infection and cellular viral load, a genome-wide differential gene expression analysis between the mock and SARS-CoV-2 infection-challenged AT2s was performed. The 1393 genes, which were significantly (one-way ANOVA FDR-corrected p ≤ 0.05; FC abs ≥ 2.0) differentially expressed (DE), suggest significant upregulation of viral infection-related cellular innate immune response pathways (p-value ≤ 0.05; activation z-score ≥ 3.5), and significant downregulation of the cholesterol- and xenobiotic-related metabolic pathways (p-value ≤ 0.05; activation z-score ≤ -3.5). Whilst the effect of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection response on the infection susceptibility and postinfection viral load in AT2s is not clear, interestingly, pre-infection (mock-challenged) expression of 238 DE genes showed a high correlation with the postinfection SARS-CoV-2 viral load (FDR-corrected p-value ≤ 0.05 and r2-absolute ≥ 0.57). The 85 genes whose expression was negatively correlated with the viral load showed significant enrichment in viral recognition and cytokine-mediated innate immune GO biological processes (p-value range: 4.65 × 10-10 to 2.24 × 10-6). The 153 genes whose expression was positively correlated with the viral load showed significant enrichment in cholesterol homeostasis, extracellular matrix, and MAPK/ERK pathway-related GO biological processes (p-value range: 5.06 × 10-5 to 6.53 × 10-4). Overall, our results strongly suggest that AT2s' pre-infection innate immunity and metabolic state affect their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- Division of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (J.G.); (M.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Jose Granados
- Division of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (J.G.); (M.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Miriam Aceves
- Division of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (J.G.); (M.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Juan Peralta
- Division of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; (J.P.); (A.C.L.); (S.W.-B.); (J.E.C.); (J.B.)
| | - Ana C. Leandro
- Division of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; (J.P.); (A.C.L.); (S.W.-B.); (J.E.C.); (J.B.)
| | - John Thomas
- Division of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (J.G.); (M.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Sarah Williams-Blangero
- Division of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; (J.P.); (A.C.L.); (S.W.-B.); (J.E.C.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Division of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; (J.P.); (A.C.L.); (S.W.-B.); (J.E.C.); (J.B.)
| | - John Blangero
- Division of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; (J.P.); (A.C.L.); (S.W.-B.); (J.E.C.); (J.B.)
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Kesika P, Thangaleela S, Sisubalan N, Radha A, Sivamaruthi BS, Chaiyasut C. The Role of the Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) Pathway in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pathogens 2024; 13:164. [PMID: 38392902 PMCID: PMC10892479 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a global health threat caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. The present review discusses nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and its potential therapeutical role in treating COVID-19. COVID-19 pathogenesis, the major NF-κB pathways, and the involvement of NF-κB in SARS-CoV-2 have been detailed. Specifically, NF-κB activation and its impact on managing COVID-19 has been discussed. As a central player in the immune and inflammatory responses, modulating NF-κB activation could offer a strategic avenue for managing SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding the NF-κB pathway's role could aid in developing treatments against SARS-CoV-2. Further investigations into the intricacies of NF-κB activation are required to reveal effective therapeutic strategies for managing and combating the SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periyanaina Kesika
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.K.); (N.S.)
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Subramanian Thangaleela
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Sisubalan
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.K.); (N.S.)
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Arumugam Radha
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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10
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Yamaguchi F, Suzuki A, Hashiguchi M, Kondo E, Maeda A, Yokoe T, Sasaki J, Shikama Y, Hayashi M, Kobayashi S, Suzuki H. Combination of rRT-PCR and Clinical Features to Predict Coronavirus Disease 2019 for Nosocomial Infection Control. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:161-170. [PMID: 38260181 PMCID: PMC10802122 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s432198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), immediately became a pandemic. Therefore, nosocomial infection control is necessary to screen for patients with possible COVID-19. Objective This study aimed to investigate commonly measured clinical variables to predict COVID-19. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 1087 patients in the isolation ward of a university hospital. Conferences were organized to differentiate COVID-19 from non-COVID-19 cases, and multiple nucleic acid tests were mandatory when COVID-19 could not be excluded. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to determine the clinical factors associated with COVID-19 at the time of hospitalization. Results Overall, 352 (32.4%) patients were diagnosed with COVID-19. The majority of the non-COVID-19 cases were predominantly caused by bacterial infections. Multivariate analysis indicated that COVID-19 was significantly associated with age, sex, body mass index, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, and malignancy. Conclusion Some clinical factors are useful to predict patients with COVID-19 among those with symptoms similar to COVID-19. This study suggests that at least two real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions of SARS-CoV-2 are recommended to exclude COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hashiguchi
- Department of Infection Control, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Emiko Kondo
- Department of Infection Control, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsuo Maeda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokoe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Sasaki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shikama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hayashi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sei Kobayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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11
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Priyandoko D, Widowati W, Lenny L, Novianti S, Revika R, Kusuma HSW, Sholihah IA. Green Tea Extract Reduced Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in L2 Cells as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Model Through Genes and Cytokine Pro-Inflammatory. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2024; 16:57-65. [PMID: 38605739 PMCID: PMC11005400 DOI: 10.18502/ajmb.v16i1.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung inflammatory condition that has the capacity to impair gas exchange and lead to hypoxemia. This condition is found to have been one of the most prevalent in patients of COVID-19 with a more serious condition. Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) contains polyphenols that possess many health benefits. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activities of green tea extract in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung cells as ARDS cells model. Methods In this study, rat lung cells (L2) were induced by LPS to mimic the inflammation observed in ARDS and later treated with green tea extract. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin (IL)-12, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) as well as Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) were investigated using the ELISA method. Gene expression of NOD-Like Receptor Protein 3 (NLRP-3), Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-product (RAGE), Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR-4), and Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were evaluated by qRTPCR. Apoptotic cells were measured using flow cytometry. Results The results showed that green tea extract treatment can reduce inflammation by suppressing gene expressions of NF-κB, NLRP-3, TLR-4, and RAGE, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, TNF-α, and CRP, an acute phase protein. Apoptosis levels of inflamed cells also found to be lowered when green tea extract was administered; thus, also increasing live cells compared to non-treated cells. Conclusion These findings could lead to the future development of supplements from green tea to help alleviate ARDS symptoms, especially during critical moments such as the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didik Priyandoko
- Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Widowati
- Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, Indonesia
| | - Lenny Lenny
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Tangerang 15345, Indonesia
| | - Sintya Novianti
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Tangerang 15345, Indonesia
| | - Revika Revika
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Tangerang 15345, Indonesia
| | | | - Ika Adhani Sholihah
- Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama, Bandung 40163, Indonesia
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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12
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Elekhnawy E, Alexiou A, Batiha GES. The Potential Effect of Dapsone on the Inflammatory Reactions in COVID-19: Staggering View. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:674-678. [PMID: 36999691 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230331121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked with an overstated immune response with the succeeding release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and progression of the cytokine storm. In addition, severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with the development of oxidative stress and coagulopathy. Dapsone (DPS) is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that has a potent anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, this mini-review aimed to elucidate the potential role of DPS in mitigating inflammatory disorders in COVID-19 patients. DPS inhibits neutrophil myeloperoxidase, inflammation, and neutrophil chemotaxis. Therefore, DPS could be effective against neutrophilia-induced complications in COVID-19. In addition, DPS could be effective in mitigating inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders by suppressing the expression of inflammatory signaling pathways and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) correspondingly. In conclusion, DPS might be effective in the management of COVID-19 through the attenuation of inflammatory disorders. Therefore, preclinical and clinical studies are reasonable in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
- AFNP Med Austria, Wien, Austria
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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13
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Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is a critical component of lung function in healthy individuals. It functions in part by lowering surface tension in the alveoli, thereby allowing for breathing with minimal effort. The prevailing thinking is that low surface tension is attained by a compression-driven squeeze-out of unsaturated phospholipids during exhalation, forming a film enriched in saturated phospholipids that achieves surface tensions close to zero. A thorough review of past and recent literature suggests that the compression-driven squeeze-out mechanism may be erroneous. Here, we posit that a surfactant film enriched in saturated lipids is formed shortly after birth by an adsorption-driven sorting process and that its composition does not change during normal breathing. We provide biophysical evidence for the rapid formation of an enriched film at high surfactant concentrations, facilitated by adsorption structures containing hydrophobic surfactant proteins. We examine biophysical evidence for and against the compression-driven squeeze-out mechanism and propose a new model for surfactant function. The proposed model is tested against existing physiological and pathophysiological evidence in neonatal and adult lungs, leading to ideas for biophysical research, that should be addressed to establish the physiological relevance of this new perspective on the function of the mighty thin film that surfactant provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Possmayer
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Yi Y Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manon, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96826, United States
| | - Ruud A W Veldhuizen
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Nils O Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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14
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Shimasaki S, Baba T, Ogura T, Akasaka K, Matsushima H, Izumi S, Takasaki J, Tsushima K, Kinouchi T, Kichikawa Y, Awashima M, Izumo T, Awano N, Nishimura N, Tazawa R, Mikami A, Kitamura N, Ishii H, Kurihara Y, Taniguchi M, Aikawa S, Okada M, Morita Y, Ishikawa Y, Ohinata A, Nakata K. Short-term inhalation of sargramostim with concomitant high-dose steroids does not hasten recovery in moderate COVID-19 pneumonia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023; 55:857-873. [PMID: 37729076 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2254380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) inhalation may alleviate pulmonary inflammation caused by viral pneumonia. To investigate this, we evaluated its efficacy on COVID-19 pneumonia. METHODS This double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04642950) evaluated patients in the first half of 2021 at seven Japanese hospitals. Hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with moderate hypoxaemia inhaled sargramostim or placebo for 5 days. The primary endpoint was days to achieve a ≥ 2-category improvement from baseline on a modified 7-category ordinal scale. Secondary endpoints included degree of oxygenation, defined by amount of oxygen supply, and serum CCL17 level. RESULTS Seventy-five patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive sargramostim or placebo, of which 47 and 23 were analysed, respectively. No difference was observed between groups regarding the primary endpoint (8.0 and 7.0 days for sargramostim and placebo, respectively) or in the secondary endpoints, except for CCL17. A post hoc sub-analysis indicated that endpoint assessments were influenced by concomitant corticosteroid therapy. When the cumulative corticosteroid dose was ≤500 mg during Days 1-5, recovery and oxygenation were faster in the sargramostim group than for placebo. Bolus dose corticosteroids were associated with temporarily impaired oxygenation and delayed clinical recovery. The increase in serum CCL17, a candidate prognostic factor, reflected improvement with sargramostim inhalation. The number of adverse events was similar between groups. Two serious adverse events were observed in the sargramostim group without causal relation. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled sargramostim was likely to be effective for COVID-19 pneumonia unless the concomitant corticosteroid dose was high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomohisa Baba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Akasaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Red Cross Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Matsushima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Red Cross Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinyu Izumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Jin Takasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsushima
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare (IUHW), Chiba, Japan
| | - Toru Kinouchi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare (IUHW), Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kichikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Mishuku Hospital, Meguro-ku, Japan
| | - Maiko Awashima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Mishuku Hospital, Meguro-ku, Japan
| | - Takehiro Izumo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Shibuya-ku, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Awano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Shibuya-ku, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishimura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Thoracic Center, St. Luke's International Hospital, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Ryushi Tazawa
- Health Administration Center, Student Support and Health Administration Organization, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Ayako Mikami
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kitamura
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kurihara
- Department of Radiology, St. Luke's International Hospital, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Koh Nakata
- Center for Medical Innovation, Division of Pioneering Advanced Therapeutics, Niigata University Medical Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
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15
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Cai Y, Zhao Z, Zhuge C. The spatial dynamics of immune response upon virus infection through hybrid dynamical computational model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1257953. [PMID: 38022575 PMCID: PMC10657891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The immune responses play important roles in the course of disease initiation and progression upon virus infection such as SARS-CoV-2. As the tissues consist of spatial structures, the spatial dynamics of immune responses upon viral infection are essential to the outcome of infection. Methods A hybrid computational model based on cellular automata coupled with partial differential equations is developed to simulate the spatial patterns and dynamics of the immune responses of tissue upon virus infection with several different immune movement modes. Results Various patterns of the distribution of virus particles under different immune strengths and movement modes of immune cells are obtained through the computational models. The results also reveal that the directed immune cell wandering model has a better immunization effect. Several other characteristics, such as the peak level of virus density and onset time and the onset of the diseases, are also checked with different immune and physiological conditions, for example, different immune clearance strengths, and different cell-to-cell transmission rates. Furthermore, by the Lasso analysis, it is identified that the three main parameters had the most impact on the rate of onset time of disease. It is also shown that the cell-to-cell transmission rate has a significant effect and is more important for controlling the diseases than those for the cell-free virus given that the faster cell-to-cell transmission than cell-free transmission the rate of virus release is low. Discussion Our model simulates the process of viral and immune response interactions in the alveola repithelial tissues of infected individuals, providing insights into the viral propagation of viruses in two dimensions as well as the influence of immune response patterns and key factors on the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Changjing Zhuge
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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16
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Al‐Kuraishy HM, Al‐Maiahy TJ, Al‐Gareeb AI, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Elhussieny O, Saad HM, Batiha GE. New insights on the potential effect of progesterone in Covid-19: Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1100. [PMID: 38018575 PMCID: PMC10683562 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is higher in men than women and sex hormones have immune-modulator effects during different viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 infection. One of the essential sex hormones is progesterone (P4). AIMS This review aimed to reveal the association between P4 and Covid-19. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The possible role of P4 in COVID-19 could be beneficial through the modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, induction of the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibition release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. P4 stimulates skew of naïve T cells from inflammatory Th1 toward anti-inflammatory Th2 with activation release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and activation of regulatory T cells (Treg) with decreased interferon-gamma production that increased during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, P4 is regarded as a potent antagonist of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), it could reduce MRs that were activated by stimulated aldosterone from high AngII during SARS-CoV-2. P4 active metabolite allopregnanolone is regarded as a neurosteroid that acts as a positive modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA ) so it may reduce neuropsychiatric manifestations and dysautonomia in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION Taken together, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of P4 may improve central and peripheral complications in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al‐Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Thabat J. Al‐Maiahy
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of MedicineAl‐Mustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & DevelopmentChandigarh UniversityMohaliPunjabIndia
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Research & DevelopmentAFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Omnya Elhussieny
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMarsa MatruhEgypt
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMarsa MatruhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour University, DamanhourAlBeheiraEgypt
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17
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Guo BC, Wu KH, Chen CY, Lin WY, Chang YJ, Lee TA, Lin MJ, Wu HP. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14800. [PMID: 37834246 PMCID: PMC10573267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many lives have been tragically lost to severe infections. The COVID-19 impact extends beyond the respiratory system, affecting various organs and functions. In severe cases, it can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure, often fueled by an excessive immune response known as a cytokine storm. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable potential because they can mitigate inflammation, modulate immune responses, and promote tissue regeneration. Accumulating evidence underscores the efficacy and safety of MSCs in treating severe COVID-19 and ARDS. Nonetheless, critical aspects, such as optimal routes of MSC administration, appropriate dosage, treatment intervals, management of extrapulmonary complications, and potential pediatric applications, warrant further exploration. These research avenues hold promise for enriching our understanding and refining the application of MSCs in confronting the multifaceted challenges posed by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Cyuan Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan;
| | - Kang-Hsi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tungs’ Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 35664, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ya Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jun Chang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostastics, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-An Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 50544, Taiwan;
| | - Mao-Jen Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 42743, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97002, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ping Wu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
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18
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Vats A, Chaturvedi P. The Regenerative Power of Stem Cells: Treating Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis. Stem Cells Cloning 2023; 16:43-59. [PMID: 37719787 PMCID: PMC10505024 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s419474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease with no known cure, characterized by the formation of scar tissue in the lungs, leading to respiratory failure. Although the exact cause of IPF remains unclear, the condition is thought to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most widely used animal models to study IPF is the bleomycin-induced lung injury model in mice. In this model, the administration of the chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin causes pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, which closely mimics the pathological features of human IPF. Numerous recent investigations have explored the functions of various categories of stem cells in the healing process of lung injury induced by bleomycin in mice, documenting the beneficial effects and challenges of this approach. Differentiation of stem cells into various cell types and their ability to modulate tissue microenvironment is an emerging aspect of the regenerative therapies. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of stem cells in repairing bleomycin-induced lung injury. It delves into the mechanisms through which various types of stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and lung resident stem cells, exert their therapeutic effects in this specific model. We have also discussed the unique set of intermediate markers and signaling factors that can influence the proliferation and differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells both during lung repair and homeostasis. Finally, we highlight the challenges and opportunities associated with translating stem cell therapy to the clinic for IPF patients. The novelty and implications of this review extend beyond the understanding of the potential of stem cells in treating IPF to the broader field of regenerative medicine. We believe that the review paves the way for further advancements in stem cell therapies, offering hope for patients suffering from this debilitating and currently incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Vats
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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19
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Grotberg JB, Romanò F. Computational pulmonary edema: A microvascular model of alveolar capillary and interstitial flow. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:036101. [PMID: 37426383 PMCID: PMC10325818 DOI: 10.1063/5.0158324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a microvascular model of fluid transport in the alveolar septa related to pulmonary edema. It consists of a two-dimensional capillary sheet coursing by several alveoli. The alveolar epithelial membrane runs parallel to the capillary endothelial membrane with an interstitial layer in between, making one long septal tract. A coupled system of equations uses lubrication theory for the capillary blood, Darcy flow for the porous media of the interstitium, a passive alveolus, and the Starling equation at both membranes. Case examples include normal physiology, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), hypoalbuminemia, and effects of PEEP. COVID-19 has dramatically increased ARDS in the world population, raising the urgency for such a model to create an analytical framework. Under normal conditions fluid exits the alveolus, crosses the interstitium, and enters the capillary. For edema, this crossflow is reversed with fluid leaving the capillary and entering the alveolus. Because both the interstitial and capillary pressures decrease downstream, the reversal can occur within a single septal tract, with edema upstream and clearance downstream. Clinically useful solution forms are provided allowing calculation of interstitial fluid pressure, crossflows, and critical capillary pressures. Overall, the interstitial pressures are found to be significantly more positive than values used in the traditional physiological literature. That creates steep gradients near the upstream and downstream end outlets, driving significant flows toward the distant lymphatics. This new physiological flow provides an explanation to the puzzle, noted since 1896, of how pulmonary lymphatics can function so far from the alveoli: the interstitium is self-clearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Grotberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Francesco Romanò
- Université Lille, CNRS, ONERA, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Centrale Lille, UMR 9014 LMFL-Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille-Kampé de Fériet, F-59000 Lille, France
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20
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Apostolo D, Ferreira LL, Di Tizio A, Ruaro B, Patrucco F, Bellan M. A Review: The Potential Involvement of Growth Arrest-Specific 6 and Its Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Lung Damage and in Coronavirus Disease 2019. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2038. [PMID: 37630598 PMCID: PMC10459962 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase receptors of the TAM family-Tyro3, Axl and Mer-and their main ligand Gas6 (growth arrest-specific 6) have been implicated in several human diseases, having a particularly important role in the regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory response. The Gas6/TAM system is involved in the recognition of apoptotic debris by immune cells and this mechanism has been exploited by viruses for cell entry and infection. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multi-systemic disease, but the lungs are particularly affected during the acute phase and some patients may suffer persistent lung damage. Among the manifestations of the disease, fibrotic abnormalities have been observed among the survivors of COVID-19. The mechanisms of COVID-related fibrosis remain elusive, even though some parallels may be drawn with other fibrotic diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Due to the still limited number of scientific studies addressing this question, in this review we aimed to integrate the current knowledge of the Gas6/TAM axis with the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying COVID-19, with emphasis on the development of a fibrotic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Apostolo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.A.); (L.L.F.); (A.D.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Luciana L. Ferreira
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.A.); (L.L.F.); (A.D.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Alice Di Tizio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.A.); (L.L.F.); (A.D.T.); (M.B.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Medical Department, AOU Maggiore della Carità Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Barbara Ruaro
- Pulmonology Department, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Filippo Patrucco
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Medical Department, AOU Maggiore della Carità Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mattia Bellan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.A.); (L.L.F.); (A.D.T.); (M.B.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, Medical Department, AOU Maggiore della Carità Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
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21
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Chaudhary S, Joshi A, Sesham K, Rai P, Kumar S, Mridha AR, Baitha U, Nag TC, Yadav SC. Impact of prophylactic hydroxychloroquine on ultrastructural impairment and cellular SARS-CoV-2 infection in different cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12733. [PMID: 37543667 PMCID: PMC10404249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many drugs were recommended as antiviral agents for infection control and effective therapy to reduce the mortality rate for COVID-19 patients. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an antimalarial drug, has been controversially recommended for prophylactic use in many countries, including India, to control SARS-CoV-2 infections. We have explored the effect of prophylactic HCQ from the cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome patients to determine the level of infection and ultrastructural alterations in the ciliated epithelium, type II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and enucleated granulocytes. Ultrastructural investigation of ciliated epithelium and type II pneumocytes showed lesser infections and cellular impairment in the prophylactic HCQ+ group than HCQ- group. However, macrophages and neutrophils displayed similar infection and ultrastructural alterations in both patient groups. The enucleated fragments of granulocytes showed phagocytosis of the matured virus in HCQ+ groups. The present report unveils the ultrastructural proof to complement the paradox regarding the role of prophylactic HCQ in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Chaudhary
- Electron Microscope Facility, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Arti Joshi
- Electron Microscope Facility, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kishore Sesham
- Electron Microscope Facility, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Preeti Rai
- Electron Microscope Facility, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Asit Ranjan Mridha
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Upendra Baitha
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Electron Microscope Facility, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Subhash Chandra Yadav
- Electron Microscope Facility, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India.
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22
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Carlini V, Noonan DM, Abdalalem E, Goletti D, Sansone C, Calabrone L, Albini A. The multifaceted nature of IL-10: regulation, role in immunological homeostasis and its relevance to cancer, COVID-19 and post-COVID conditions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161067. [PMID: 37359549 PMCID: PMC10287165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has a fundamental role in modulating inflammation and in maintaining cell homeostasis. It primarily acts as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, protecting the body from an uncontrolled immune response, mostly through the Jak1/Tyk2 and STAT3 signaling pathway. On the other hand, IL-10 can also have immunostimulating functions under certain conditions. Given the pivotal role of IL-10 in immune modulation, this cytokine could have relevant implications in pathologies characterized by hyperinflammatory state, such as cancer, or infectious diseases as in the case of COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 syndrome. Recent evidence proposed IL-10 as a predictor of severity and mortality for patients with acute or post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this context, IL-10 can act as an endogenous danger signal, released by tissues undergoing damage in an attempt to protect the organism from harmful hyperinflammation. Pharmacological strategies aimed to potentiate or restore IL-10 immunomodulatory action may represent novel promising avenues to counteract cytokine storm arising from hyperinflammation and effectively mitigate severe complications. Natural bioactive compounds, derived from terrestrial or marine photosynthetic organisms and able to increase IL-10 expression, could represent a useful prevention strategy to curb inflammation through IL-10 elevation and will be discussed here. However, the multifaceted nature of IL-10 has to be taken into account in the attempts to modulate its levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Carlini
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Douglas M. Noonan
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Eslam Abdalalem
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Clementina Sansone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale di Biologia, Ecologia e Biotecnologie Marine, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luana Calabrone
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Albini
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) European Institute of Oncology IEO-, Milan, Italy
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23
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Nie Y, Mou L, Long Q, Deng D, Hu R, Cheng J, Wu J. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a positively regulates NF-κB activity by enhancing IKKβ-NEMO interaction. Virus Res 2023; 328:199086. [PMID: 36894068 PMCID: PMC10009424 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit robust induction of proinflammatory cytokines, which are closely associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms of the NF-κB activation mediated by SARS-CoV-2 infection remain poorly understood. Here, we screened SARS-CoV-2 genes and found that ORF3a induces proinflammatory cytokines by activating the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, we found that ORF3a interacts with IKKβ and NEMO and enhances the interaction of IKKβ-NEMO, thereby positively regulating NF-κB activity. Together, these results suggest ORF3a may play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and provide novel insights into the interaction between host immune responses and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Nie
- Department of Parasitology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; These authors contributed equally: Ying Nie, Lumin Mou
| | - Lumin Mou
- Department of Parasitology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; These authors contributed equally: Ying Nie, Lumin Mou
| | - Qizhou Long
- Department of Parasitology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dongqing Deng
- Department of Parasitology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rongying Hu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Jinzhi Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiahong Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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24
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Ayoup MS, ElShafey MM, Abdel-Hamid H, Ghareeb DA, Abu-Serie MM, Heikal LA, Teleb M. Repurposing 1,2,4-oxadiazoles as SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitors and investigation of their possible viral entry blockade potential. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 252:115272. [PMID: 36966652 PMCID: PMC10008816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Although vaccines are obviously mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic diffusion, efficient complementary antiviral agents are urgently needed to combat SARS-CoV-2. The viral papain-like protease (PLpro) is a promising therapeutic target being one of only two essential proteases crucial for viral replication. Nevertheless, it dysregulates the host immune sensing response. Here we report repositioning of the privileged 1,2,4-oxadiazole scaffold as promising SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitor with potential viral entry inhibition profile. The design strategy relied on mimicking the general structural features of the lead benzamide PLpro inhibitor GRL0617 with isosteric replacement of its pharmacophoric amide backbone by 1,2,4-oxadiazole core. Inspired by the multitarget antiviral agents, the substitution pattern was rationalized to tune the scaffold's potency against other additional viral targets, especially the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) that is responsible for the viral invasion. The Adopted facial synthetic protocol allowed easy access to various rationally substituted derivatives. Among the evaluated series, the 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]aniline (5) displayed the most balanced dual inhibitory potential against SARS-CoV-2 PLpro (IC50=7.197 μM) and spike protein RBD (IC50 = 8.673 μM), with acceptable ligand efficiency metrics, practical LogP (3.8) and safety profile on Wi-38 (CC50 = 51.78 μM) and LT-A549 (CC50 = 45.77 μM) lung cells. Docking simulations declared the possible structural determinants of activities and enriched the SAR data for further optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Salah Ayoup
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt.
| | - Mariam M ElShafey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Hamida Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Bio‑screening and preclinical trial lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21511, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Abu-Serie
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Egypt
| | - Lamia A Heikal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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25
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Mobley JA, Molyvdas A, Kojima K, Ahmad I, Jilling T, Li JL, Garantziotis S, Matalon S. The SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein induces global proteomic changes in ATII-like rat L2 cells that are attenuated by hyaluronan. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L413-L432. [PMID: 36719087 PMCID: PMC10042596 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00282.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impose a major impact on global health and economy since its identification in early 2020, causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, along with a growing number of variants, COVID-19 has led to 651,918,402 confirmed cases and 6,656,601 deaths worldwide (as of December 27, 2022; https://covid19.who.int/). Despite advances in our understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis, the precise mechanism by which SARS-CoV2 causes epithelial injury is incompletely understood. In this current study, robust application of global-discovery proteomics identified highly significant induced changes by the Spike S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 in the proteome of alveolar type II (ATII)-like rat L2 cells that lack ACE2 receptors. Systems biology analysis revealed that the S1-induced proteomics changes were associated with three significant network hubs: E2F1, CREB1/RelA, and ROCK2/RhoA. We also found that pretreatment of L2 cells with high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMW-HA) greatly attenuated the S1 effects on the proteome. Western blotting analysis and cell cycle measurements confirmed the S1 upregulation of E2F1 and ROCK2/RhoA in L2 cells and the protective effects of HMW-HA. Taken as a whole, our studies revealed profound and novel biological changes that contribute to our current understanding of both S1 and hyaluronan biology. These data show that the S1 protein may contribute to epithelial injury induced by SARS-CoV-2. In addition, our work supports the potential benefit of HMW-HA in ameliorating SARS CoV-2-induced cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Mobley
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Adam Molyvdas
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Kyoko Kojima
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Israr Ahmad
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Tamas Jilling
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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26
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Bukreieva T, Svitina H, Nikulina V, Vega A, Chybisov O, Shablii I, Ustymenko A, Nemtinov P, Lobyntseva G, Skrypkina I, Shablii V. Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Caused by COVID-19 with Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054435. [PMID: 36901868 PMCID: PMC10003440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the impact of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on the safety and clinical outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19. This research focused on how lung functional status, miRNA, and cytokine levels changed following mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and their correlation with fibrotic changes in the lung. This study involved 15 patients following conventional anti-viral treatment (Control group) and 13 patients after three consecutive doses of combined treatment with MSC transplantation (MCS group). ELISA was used to measure cytokine levels, real-time qPCR for miRNA expression, and lung computed tomography (CT) imaging to grade fibrosis. Data were collected on the day of patient admission (day 0) and on the 7th, 14th, and 28th days of follow-up. A lung CT assay was performed on weeks 2, 8, 24, and 48 after the beginning of hospitalization. The relationship between levels of biomarkers in peripheral blood and lung function parameters was investigated using correlation analysis. We confirmed that triple MSC transplantation in individuals with severe COVID-19 was safe and did not cause severe adverse reactions. The total score of lung CT between patients from the Control and MSC groups did not differ significantly on weeks 2, 8, and 24 after the beginning of hospitalization. However, on week 48, the CT total score was 12 times lower in patients in the MSC group (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the Control group. In the MSC group, this parameter gradually decreased from week 2 to week 48 of observation, whereas in the Control group, a significant drop was observed up to week 24 and remained unchanged afterward. In our study, MSC therapy improved lymphocyte recovery. The percentage of banded neutrophils in the MSC group was significantly lower in comparison with control patients on day 14. Inflammatory markers such as ESR and CRP decreased more rapidly in the MSC group in comparison to the Control group. The plasma levels of surfactant D, a marker of alveocyte type II damage, decreased after MSC transplantation for four weeks in contrast to patients in the Control group, in whom slight elevations were observed. We first showed that MSC transplantation in severe COVID-19 patients led to the elevation of the plasma levels of IP-10, MIP-1α, G-CSF, and IL-10. However, the plasma levels of inflammatory markers such as IL-6, MCP-1, and RAGE did not differ between groups. MSC transplantation had no impact on the relative expression levels of miR-146a, miR-27a, miR-126, miR-221, miR-21, miR-133, miR-92a-3p, miR-124, and miR-424. In vitro, UC-MSC exhibited an immunomodulatory impact on PBMC, increasing neutrophil activation, phagocytosis, and leukocyte movement, activating early T cell markers, and decreasing effector and senescent effector T cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Bukreieva
- Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Functional Genomics, National Academy of Science, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Placenta Stem Cell Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03035 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Hanna Svitina
- Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Functional Genomics, National Academy of Science, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Placenta Stem Cell Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03035 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Viktoriia Nikulina
- Placenta Stem Cell Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03035 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alyona Vega
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, 04112 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksii Chybisov
- Endoscopic Unit, CNE Kyiv City Clinical Hospital # 4, 03110 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Iuliia Shablii
- Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Functional Genomics, National Academy of Science, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alina Ustymenko
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Cultures, Department of Cell and Tissue Technologies, Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, State Institution, 04114 Kyiv, Ukraine
- National Scientific Center “Institute of Cardiology, Clinical and Regenerative Medicine n.a. M. D. Strazhesko”, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Immunology, D. F. Chebotarev State Institute of Gerontology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 04114 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Petro Nemtinov
- Placenta Stem Cell Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03035 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Coordination Center for Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, 01021 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Lobyntseva
- Placenta Stem Cell Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03035 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Inessa Skrypkina
- Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Functional Genomics, National Academy of Science, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Volodymyr Shablii
- Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Functional Genomics, National Academy of Science, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Placenta Stem Cell Laboratory, Cryobank, Institute of Cell Therapy, 03035 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (V.S.)
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27
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Abu-Serie MM, Habashy NH. Major royal jelly proteins elicited suppression of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication with halting lung injury. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 228:715-731. [PMID: 36584778 PMCID: PMC9794390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
For reasons of high transmissibility and virulence, Alpha (UK, B.1.1.7) and Beta (South African, B.1.351) SARS-CoV-2 variants are classified with other types as variants of concern. Here we report on the influence of royal jelly (RJ) protein fraction (PF)50 (major RJ protein 2 and its isoform X1) on the entry of these variants into the ACE2-human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells using the lentiviral system. The efficiency of PF50 on SARS-CoV-2 replication (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase "RdRp" activity), as well as its impact on bleomycin-induced lung injury in vitro, were also assessed. The PF50 efficiently inhibited infection of kidney cells with the UK and S. African variant spikes of pseudotyped lentivirus particles (IC50 = 7.25 μM and 16.92 μM, respectively) and suppressed the RdRp activity (IC50 = 29.93 μM). Moreover, PF50 displayed protective and therapeutic efficacy against lung injury due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and angiotensin II blocking activities. The current findings, taken together, offer a novel perspective on PF50 as a promising agent against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M. Abu-Serie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Noha H. Habashy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt,Corresponding author
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28
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Gottschalk CG, Peterson D, Armstrong J, Knox K, Roy A. Potential molecular mechanisms of chronic fatigue in long haul COVID and other viral diseases. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:7. [PMID: 36750846 PMCID: PMC9902840 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00485-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, COVID-19 emerges as one of the most devastating diseases of humankind, which creates an unmanageable health crisis worldwide. Until now, this disease costs millions of lives and continues to paralyze human civilization's economy and social growth, leaving an enduring damage that will take an exceptionally long time to repair. While a majority of infected patients survive after mild to moderate reactions after two to six weeks, a growing population of patients suffers for months with severe and prolonged symptoms of fatigue, depression, and anxiety. These patients are no less than 10% of total COVID-19 infected individuals with distinctive chronic clinical symptomatology, collectively termed post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or more commonly long-haul COVID. Interestingly, Long-haul COVID and many debilitating viral diseases display a similar range of clinical symptoms of muscle fatigue, dizziness, depression, and chronic inflammation. In our current hypothesis-driven review article, we attempt to discuss the molecular mechanism of muscle fatigue in long-haul COVID, and other viral diseases as caused by HHV6, Powassan, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and HIV. We also discuss the pathological resemblance of virus-triggered muscle fatigue with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Gunnar Gottschalk
- Simmaron Research INC, 948 Incline Way, Incline Village, NV 89451 USA ,grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA ,Coppe Laboratories, W229N1870 Westwood Dr, Waukesha, WI 53186 USA
| | - Daniel Peterson
- Simmaron Research INC, 948 Incline Way, Incline Village, NV 89451 USA ,Coppe Laboratories, W229N1870 Westwood Dr, Waukesha, WI 53186 USA
| | - Jan Armstrong
- Simmaron Research INC, 948 Incline Way, Incline Village, NV 89451 USA ,Coppe Laboratories, W229N1870 Westwood Dr, Waukesha, WI 53186 USA
| | - Konstance Knox
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA ,Coppe Laboratories, W229N1870 Westwood Dr, Waukesha, WI 53186 USA
| | - Avik Roy
- Simmaron Research INC, 948 Incline Way, Incline Village, NV, 89451, USA. .,Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA. .,Coppe Laboratories, W229N1870 Westwood Dr, Waukesha, WI, 53186, USA.
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Capistrano KJ, Richner J, Schwartz J, Mukherjee SK, Shukla D, Naqvi AR. Host microRNAs exhibit differential propensity to interact with SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166612. [PMID: 36481486 PMCID: PMC9721271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A significant number of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals naturally overcome viral infection, suggesting the existence of a potent endogenous antiviral mechanism. As an innate defense mechanism, microRNA (miRNA) pathways in mammals have evolved to restrict viruses, besides regulating endogenous mRNAs. In this study, we systematically examined the complete repertoire of human miRNAs for potential binding sites on SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1, Beta, Delta, and Omicron. Human miRNA and viral genome interaction were analyzed using RNAhybrid 2.2 with stringent parameters to identify highly bonafide miRNA targets. Using publicly available data, we filtered for miRNAs expressed in lung epithelial cells/tissue and oral keratinocytes, concentrating on the miRNAs that target SARS-CoV-2 S protein mRNAs. Our results show a significant loss of human miRNA and SARS-CoV-2 interactions in Omicron (130 miRNAs) compared to Wuhan-Hu-1 (271 miRNAs), Beta (279 miRNAs), and Delta (275 miRNAs). In particular, hsa-miR-3150b-3p and hsa-miR-4784 show binding affinity for S protein of Wuhan strain but not Beta, Delta, and Omicron. Loss of miRNA binding sites on N protein was also observed for Omicron. Through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), we examined the experimentally validated and highly predicted functional role of these miRNAs. We found that hsa-miR-3150b-3p and hsa-miR-4784 have several experimentally validated or highly predicted target genes in the Toll-like receptor, IL-17, Th1, Th2, interferon, and coronavirus pathogenesis pathways. Focusing on the coronavirus pathogenesis pathway, we found that hsa-miR-3150b-3p and hsa-miR-4784 are highly predicted to target MAPK13. Exploring miRNAs to manipulate viral genome/gene expression can provide a promising strategy with successful outcomes by targeting specific VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristelle J Capistrano
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago 60612, IL, USA
| | - Justin Richner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago 60612, IL, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Molecular Pathology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sunil K Mukherjee
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago 60612, IL, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ocular Virology Laboratory, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago 60612, IL, USA
| | - Afsar R Naqvi
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago 60612, IL, USA.
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Thabet RH, Massadeh NA, Badarna OB, Al-Momani OM. Highlights on molecular targets in the management of COVID-19: Possible role of pharmacogenomics. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231153764. [PMID: 36717541 PMCID: PMC9893104 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231153764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
By the end of 2022, there had been a reduction in new cases and deaths caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). At the same time, new variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus were being discovered. Critically ill patients with COVID-19 have been found to have high serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-6. COVID-19-related mortality has been attributed in most cases to the cytokine storm caused by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. Dexamethasone in low doses and immunomodulators such as IL-6 inhibitors are recommended to overcome the cytokine storm. This current narrative review highlights the place of other therapeutic choices such as proteasome inhibitors, protease inhibitors and nuclear factor kappa B inhibitors in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romany H. Thabet
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan,Romany H. Thabet, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Shafiq Irshidat Street, Irbid 21163, Jordan.
| | - Noor A. Massadeh
- Internship, Princess Basma Hospital, Ministry of Health, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar B. Badarna
- Internship, Princess Basma Hospital, Ministry of Health, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar M. Al-Momani
- Internship, Princess Basma Hospital, Ministry of Health, Irbid, Jordan
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Chen DY, Kenney D, Chin CV, Tavares AH, Khan N, Conway HL, Liu G, Choudhary MC, Gertje HP, O'Connell AK, Kotton DN, Herrmann A, Ensser A, Connor JH, Bosmann M, Li JZ, Gack MU, Baker SC, Kirchdoerfer RN, Kataria Y, Crossland NA, Douam F, Saeed M. Role of spike in the pathogenic and antigenic behavior of SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 Omicron. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.10.13.512134. [PMID: 36263066 PMCID: PMC9580375 DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.13.512134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The recently identified, globally predominant SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1) is highly transmissible, even in fully vaccinated individuals, and causes attenuated disease compared with other major viral variants recognized to date. The Omicron spike (S) protein, with an unusually large number of mutations, is considered the major driver of these phenotypes. We generated chimeric recombinant SARS-CoV-2 encoding the S gene of Omicron in the backbone of an ancestral SARS-CoV-2 isolate and compared this virus with the naturally circulating Omicron variant. The Omicron S-bearing virus robustly escapes vaccine-induced humoral immunity, mainly due to mutations in the receptor binding motif (RBM), yet unlike naturally occurring Omicron, efficiently replicates in cell lines and primary-like distal lung cells. In K18-hACE2 mice, while Omicron causes mild, non-fatal infection, the Omicron S-carrying virus inflicts severe disease with a mortality rate of 80%. This indicates that while the vaccine escape of Omicron is defined by mutations in S, major determinants of viral pathogenicity reside outside of S.
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Wu P, Wang X, Feng Z. Spatial and temporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2: Modeling, analysis and simulation. APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 2023; 113:220-240. [PMID: 36124095 PMCID: PMC9472993 DOI: 10.1016/j.apm.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A reaction-diffusion viral infection model is formulated to characterize the infection process of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a heterogeneous environment. In the model, the viral production, infection and death rates of compartments are given by the general functions. We consider the well-posedness of the solution, derive the basic reproduction number R 0 , discuss the global stability of uninfected steady state and explore the uniform persistence for the model. We further propose a spatial diffusion SARS-CoV-2 infection model with humoral immunity and spatial independent coefficients, and analyze the global attractivity of uninfected, humoral inactivated and humoral activated equilibria which are determined by two dynamical thresholds. Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate our theoretical results which reveal that diffusion, spatial heterogeneity and incidence types have evident impact on the SARS-CoV-2 infection process which should not be neglected for experiments and clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- Institute of Mathematics & Interdisciplinary Sciences, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiunan Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Zhaosheng Feng
- Schoolf of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
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Priya SP, Sunil PM, Varma S, Brigi C, Isnadi MFAR, Jayalal JA, Shadamarshan RA, Kumar SS, Kumari NV, Kumar RPR. Direct, indirect, post-infection damages induced by coronavirus in the human body: an overview. Virusdisease 2022; 33:429-444. [PMID: 36311173 PMCID: PMC9593972 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 invades the cells via ACE2 receptor and damages multiple organs of the human body. Understanding the pathological manifestation is mandatory to endure the rising post-infection sequel reported in patients with or without comorbidities. Materials and methods Our descriptive review emphasises the direct, indirect and post-infection damages due to COVID-19. We have performed an electronic database search according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines with selective inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results The included studies substantiated the extensive damages in the multiple organs due to direct and indirect consequences of COVID-19. After an apparent recovery, the prolonged presentation of the symptoms manifests as post-COVID that can be related with persisting viral antigens and dysregulated immune response. Conclusion A few of the symptoms of respiratory, cardiovascular, and neuropsychiatric systems that persist or reappear as post-COVID manifestations. Vaccination and preventive programs will effectively reduce the prevalence but, the post-COVID, a multisystem manifestation, will be a significant tribulation to the medical profession. However, the issue can be managed by implementing public health programs, rehabilitation services, and telemedicine virtual supports to raise awareness and reduce panic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Padma Priya
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - P. M. Sunil
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Calicut, Kerala India
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerate Medicine, Malabar Medical College, Calicut, Kerala India
| | - Sudhir Varma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Science Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India
| | - Carel Brigi
- Molecular Medicine and Translational Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Mohammad Faruq Abd Rachman Isnadi
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - J. A. Jayalal
- Department of Surgery, Kanyakumari Medical College and Hospital, Asaripallam, India
| | - R. Arunkumar Shadamarshan
- Dental Officer and Graded Specialist (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery), Indo Bhutan Friendship Hospital, IMTRAT, Thimpu Bhutan, 11001 Bhutan
| | - S. Suresh Kumar
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine,, Bharath Institute of Higher Eduction and Research, Chennai, 600073 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Neela Vasantha Kumari
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
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Grotberg JB, Romanò F. Computational pulmonary edema: A microvascular model of alveolar capillary and interstitial flow. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:046104. [PMID: 36389648 PMCID: PMC9653270 DOI: 10.1063/5.0109107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a microvascular model of fluid transport in the alveolar septa related to pulmonary edema. It consists of a two-dimensional capillary sheet coursing by several alveoli. The alveolar epithelial membrane runs parallel to the capillary endothelial membrane with an interstitial layer in between, making one long septal tract. A coupled system of equations is derived using lubrication theory for the capillary blood, Darcy flow for the porous media of the interstitium, a passive alveolus, and the Starling equation at both membranes. Case examples include normal physiology, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic edema Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and hypoalbuminemia, and the effects of positive end expiratory pressure. COVID-19 has dramatically increased ARDS in the world population, raising the urgency for such a model to create an analytical framework. Under normal conditions, the fluid exits the alveolus, crosses the interstitium, and enters the capillary. For edema, this crossflow is reversed with the fluid leaving the capillary and entering the alveolus. Because both the interstitial and capillary pressures decrease downstream, the reversal can occur within a single septal tract, with edema upstream and clearance downstream. Overall, the interstitial pressures are found to be significantly more positive than values used in the traditional physiological literature that creates steep gradients near the upstream and downstream end outlets, driving significant flows toward the distant lymphatics. This new physiological flow may provide a possible explanation to the puzzle, noted since 1896, of how pulmonary lymphatics can function so far from the alveoli: the interstitium can be self-clearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Grotberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1107 Gerstacker Bldg., 2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2099, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Tel.: (734)-936-3834. Fax: (734)-936-1905
| | - Francesco Romanò
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, ONERA, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Centrale Lille, UMR 9014, LMFL-Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides de Lille-Kampé de Fériet, F-59000 Lille, France
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35
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Sizemore G, Lucke-Wold B, Small C. Review of SARS-COV-2 Systemic Impact: Building the Case for Sepsis via Virus in the Circulatory System. SM JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE 2022; 6:7. [PMID: 36780255 PMCID: PMC9910055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-COV-2 can contribute to long term consequences associated with sepsis and circulatory dysfunction. In this insightful paper, we highlight the emerging pathophysiology utilizing two case examples. Both systemic and organ specific features are discussed. In addition, a novel laboratory assay is presented that identified SARS-COV-2 in the circulation using conserved SARS ion channels rather than the spike protein. The presentation is linked to the pathophysiology with the emphasis for early recognition and continued research. This paper will serve as a catalyst for continued discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Sizemore
- West Virginia University School of Medicine Morgantown, WV
| | | | - Coulter Small
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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36
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Li J, Xue Y, Wang X, Smith LS, He B, Liu S, Zhu H. Tissue- and cell-expression of druggable host proteins provide insights into repurposing drugs for COVID-19. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2796-2811. [PMID: 36259251 PMCID: PMC9747131 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Several human host proteins play important roles in the lifecycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Many drugs targeting these host proteins have been investigated as potential therapeutics for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The tissue-specific expressions of selected host proteins were summarized using proteomics data retrieved from the Human Protein Atlas, ProteomicsDB, Human Proteome Map databases, and a clinical COVID-19 study. Protein expression features in different cell lines were summarized based on recent proteomics studies. The half-maximal effective concentration or half-maximal inhibitory concentration values were collected from in vitro studies. The pharmacokinetic data were mainly from studies in healthy subjects or non-COVID-19 patients. Considerable tissue-specific expression patterns were observed for several host proteins. ACE2 expression in the lungs was significantly lower than in many other tissues (e.g., the kidneys and intestines); TMPRSS2 expression in the lungs was significantly lower than in other tissues (e.g., the prostate and intestines). The expression levels of endocytosis-associated proteins CTSL, CLTC, NPC1, and PIKfyve in the lungs were comparable to or higher than most other tissues. TMPRSS2 expression was markedly different between cell lines, which could be associated with the cell-dependent antiviral activities of several drugs. Drug delivery receptor ICAM1 and CTSB were expressed at a higher level in the lungs than in other tissues. In conclusion, the cell- and tissue-specific proteomics data could help interpret the in vitro antiviral activities of host-directed drugs in various cells and aid the transition of the in vitro findings to clinical research to develop safe and effective therapeutics for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Li
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Michigan College of PharmacyAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Yanling Xue
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Michigan College of PharmacyAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical University College of PharmacyRootstownOhioUSA
| | - Logan S. Smith
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Michigan College of PharmacyAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Bing He
- Department of Computational Medicine and BioinformaticsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Shuhan Liu
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Michigan College of PharmacyAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Hao‐Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Michigan College of PharmacyAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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Rajabi H, Mortazavi D, Konyalilar N, Aksoy GT, Erkan S, Korkunc SK, Kayalar O, Bayram H, Rahbarghazi R. Forthcoming complications in recovered COVID-19 patients with COPD and asthma; possible therapeutic opportunities. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:173. [PMID: 36320055 PMCID: PMC9623941 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been growing swiftly worldwide. Patients with background chronic pulmonary inflammations such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) are likely to be infected with this virus. Of note, there is an argument that COVID-19 can remain with serious complications like fibrosis or other pathological changes in the pulmonary tissue of patients with chronic diseases. Along with conventional medications, regenerative medicine, and cell-based therapy could be alternative approaches to compensate for organ loss or restore injured sites using different stem cell types. Owing to unique differentiation capacity and paracrine activity, these cells can accelerate the healing procedure. In this review article, we have tried to scrutinize different reports related to the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 on patients with asthma and COPD, as well as the possible therapeutic effects of stem cells in the alleviation of post-COVID-19 complications. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Rajabi
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Mortazavi
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Konyalilar
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Tuse Aksoy
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinem Erkan
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seval Kubra Korkunc
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgecan Kayalar
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Bayram
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Labarrere CA, Kassab GS. Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979719. [PMID: 36274722 PMCID: PMC9582773 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has numerous risk factors leading to severe disease with high mortality rate. Oxidative stress with excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lower glutathione (GSH) levels seems to be a common pathway associated with the high COVID-19 mortality. GSH is a unique small but powerful molecule paramount for life. It sustains adequate redox cell signaling since a physiologic level of oxidative stress is fundamental for controlling life processes via redox signaling, but excessive oxidation causes cell and tissue damage. The water-soluble GSH tripeptide (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is present in the cytoplasm of all cells. GSH is at 1-10 mM concentrations in all mammalian tissues (highest concentration in liver) as the most abundant non-protein thiol that protects against excessive oxidative stress. Oxidative stress also activates the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) redox regulator pathway, releasing Nrf2 to regulate the expression of genes that control antioxidant, inflammatory and immune system responses, facilitating GSH activity. GSH exists in the thiol-reduced and disulfide-oxidized (GSSG) forms. Reduced GSH is the prevailing form accounting for >98% of total GSH. The concentrations of GSH and GSSG and their molar ratio are indicators of the functionality of the cell and its alteration is related to various human pathological processes including COVID-19. Oxidative stress plays a prominent role in SARS-CoV-2 infection following recognition of the viral S-protein by angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor and pattern recognition receptors like toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and activation of transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B, that subsequently activate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) expression succeeded by ROS production. GSH depletion may have a fundamental role in COVID-19 pathophysiology, host immune response and disease severity and mortality. Therapies enhancing GSH could become a cornerstone to reduce severity and fatal outcomes of COVID-19 disease and increasing GSH levels may prevent and subdue the disease. The life value of GSH makes for a paramount research field in biology and medicine and may be key against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease.
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The Efficacy of Methylprednisolone in Clinical Manifestations, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Antioxidant Changes in the COVID-19 Patients. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid-129799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The application of methylprednisolone in ARDS patients has led to a sustained reduction in inflammatory plasma cytokines and chemokines and has recently been used in the treatment of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Objectives: In this study, the effect of methylprednisolone on clinical symptoms and antioxidant changes of patients with COVID-19 has been investigated. Methods: In the present study, patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 who required hospitalization were entered into the study phase. Then, in addition to standard treatment, patients received methylprednisolone at a dose of 250 mg intravenously over three days. Necessary evaluations include analysis of arterial blood gases, pulse oximetry, monitoring of patient clinical signs, examination of inflammatory biomarkers, and also receiving 10 cc of peripheral blood samples to check for antioxidant changes, at the beginning of the study, after 24 hours, and 72 hours after receiving methylprednisolone was on the agenda. Results: Changes in fever, superoxide dismutase (SOD, Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST, the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP, malondialdehyde (MDA, Nitric oxide, Ferritin, and TNF-α before treatment and 72 hours after treatment were significantly different between the two stages (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The use of methylprednisolone improves the balance of antioxidants and immunological factors in patients with COVID-19 and thus improves some clinical indicators in these patients.
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Kletukhina S, Mutallapova G, Titova A, Gomzikova M. Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911212. [PMID: 36232511 PMCID: PMC9569825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial fibrotic disease that leads to disability and death within 5 years of diagnosis. Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease with a multifactorial etiology. The concept of aberrant regeneration of the pulmonary epithelium reveals the pathogenesis of IPF, according to which repeated damage and death of alveolar epithelial cells is the main mechanism leading to the development of progressive IPF. Cell death provokes the migration, proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, which overproduce extracellular matrix, resulting in fibrotic deformity of the lung tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising therapies for pulmonary fibrosis. MSCs, and EVs derived from MSCs, modulate the activity of immune cells, inhibit the expression of profibrotic genes, reduce collagen deposition and promote the repair of damaged lung tissue. This review considers the molecular mechanisms of the development of IPF and the multifaceted role of MSCs in the therapy of IPF. Currently, EVs-MSCs are regarded as a promising cell-free therapy tool, so in this review we discuss the results available to date of the use of EVs-MSCs for lung tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevindzh Kletukhina
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Guzel Mutallapova
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Angelina Titova
- Morphology and General Pathology Department, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Marina Gomzikova
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-917-8572269
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Parchwani D, Dholariya S, Katoch CDS, Singh R. Growth differentiation factor 15 as an emerging novel biomarker in SARS-CoV-2 infection. World J Methodol 2022; 12:438-447. [PMID: 36186744 PMCID: PMC9516548 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v12.i5.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is a member of a transforming growth factor-β cytokine superfamily that regulates metabolism and is released in response to inflammation, hypoxia and tissue injury. It has evolved as one of the most potent cytokines for predicting the severity of infections and inflammatory conditions, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
AIM To investigate the utility of GDF-15 in predicting the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
METHODS PubMed, Reference Citation Analysis, CNKI, and Goggle Scholar were explored by using related MeSH keywords and data such as the first author’s name, study duration, type and place of study, sample size and subgroups of participants if any, serum/plasma GDF- 15 level in pg/mL, area under the curve and cut-off value in receiver operating characteristic analysis, method of measurement of GDF-15, and the main conclusion were extracted.
RESULTS In all studies, the baseline GDF-15 level was elevated in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, and it was significantly associated with severity, hypoxemia, viral load, and worse clinical consequences. In addition, GDF-15 levels were correlated with C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin and procalcitonin, and it had superior discriminatory ability to detect severity and in-hospital mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hence, GDF-15 might be used to predict the severity and prognosis of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2.
CONCLUSION Serial estimation of GDF-15 levels in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared to have useful prognostic value and GDF-15 can be considered a clinically prominent sepsis biomarker for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Parchwani
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, Gujarat, India
| | - Sagar Dholariya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, Gujarat, India
| | - CDS Katoch
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, Gujarat, India
| | - Ragini Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, Gujarat, India
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42
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Al-Maiahy TJ, Alexiou A, Mukerjee N, Batiha GES. Prostaglandins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Covid-19. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-21. [PMID: 36098621 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2122290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In response to different viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and bioactive lipids are released from infected and immune cells. One of the most critical bioactive lipids is prostaglandins (PGs) which favor perseverance of inflammation leading to chronic inflammation as PGs act as cytokine amplifiers. PGs trigger the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activate Th cells, recruit immune cells, and increase the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Therefore, PGs may induce acute and chronic inflammations in various inflammatory disorders and viral infections like SARS-CoV-2. PGs are mainly inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by blocking cyclooxygenase enzymes (COXs), which involve PG synthesis. NSAIDs reduce inflammation by selective or non-selective blocking activity of COX2 or COX1/2, respectively. In the Covid-19 era, there is a tremendous controversy regarding the use of NSAIDs in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. As well, the possible role of PGs in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not well-defined. Thus, the objective of the present study is to review the potential role of PGs and NSAIDs in Covid-19 in a narrative review regarding the preponderance of assorted views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Thabat J Al-Maiahy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department Of Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, aghdad, Iraq
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, West Bengal, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Heber-sham, Australia
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43
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Targeting the lung epithelium after intravenous delivery by directed evolution of underexplored sites on the AAV capsid. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:331-342. [PMID: 35990749 PMCID: PMC9372736 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in adeno-associated virus (AAV) engineering have provided exciting new tools for research and potential solutions for gene therapy. However, the lung has not received the same tailored engineering as other major targets of debilitating genetic disorders. To address this, here we engineered the surface-exposed residues AA452-458 of AAV9 capsid proteins at the three-fold axis of symmetry and employed a Cre-transgenic-based screening platform to identify AAV capsids targeted to the lung after intravenous delivery in mice. Using a custom image processing pipeline to quantify transgene expression across whole tissue images, we found that one engineered variant, AAV9.452sub.LUNG1, displays dramatically improved transgene expression in lung tissue after systemic delivery in mice. This improved transduction extends to alveolar epithelial type II cells, expanding the toolbox for gene therapy research for diseases specific to the lung.
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44
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Salvatore MM, Capaccione KM, Saqi A, Overdevest JB, Patrizio R, Gudis DA. Characteristic patterns of SARS-CoV-2 on chest CT suggests a hematologic pathway for viral entry into the lung. Clin Imaging 2022; 89:92-94. [PMID: 35772334 PMCID: PMC9233344 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many SARS-CoV-2 studies have supported the theory that the Type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC-2) are the primary portal of entry of the virus into the lung following its brief nasal occupation. However, the theory of inhalational transmission of the virus from the ciliated and goblet nasal cells to the lung parenchyma is not supported by the imaging findings on chest computerized tomography (CT), leading the authors to consider an alternative pathway from the nose to the lung parenchyma that could explain the peripheral, basilar predominant pattern of early disease. Imaging supports that the pulmonary capillaries may be an important vehicle for transmission of the virus and/or associated inflammatory mediators to the lung epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Salvatore
- Department of Radiology- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America.
| | - Kathleen M Capaccione
- Department of Radiology- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Anjali Saqi
- Department of Pathology- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jonathan B Overdevest
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Patrizio
- Department of Radiology- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - David A Gudis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States of America
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45
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Yi J, Miao J, Zuo Q, Owusu F, Dong Q, Lin P, Wang Q, Gao R, Kong X, Yang L. COVID-19 pandemic: A multidisciplinary perspective on the pathogenesis of a novel coronavirus from infection, immunity and pathological responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978619. [PMID: 36091053 PMCID: PMC9459044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread to more than 200 countries and regions, having a huge impact on human health, hygiene, and economic activities. The epidemiological and clinical phenotypes of COVID-19 have increased since the onset of the epidemic era, and studies into its pathogenic mechanisms have played an essential role in clinical treatment, drug development, and prognosis prevention. This paper reviews the research progress on the pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), focusing on the pathogenic characteristics, loci of action, and pathogenic mechanisms leading to immune response malfunction of SARS-CoV-2, as well as summarizing the pathological damage and pathological manifestations it causes. This will update researchers on the latest SARS-CoV-2 research and provide directions for future therapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yi
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiameng Miao
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingwei Zuo
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Felix Owusu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiutong Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Peizhe Lin
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbin Kong
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Yang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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46
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Liu L, Jing H, Wu X, Xiang M, Novakovic VA, Wang S, Shi J. The cross-talk of lung and heart complications in COVID-19: Endothelial cells dysfunction, thrombosis, and treatment. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:957006. [PMID: 35990983 PMCID: PMC9390946 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.957006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic respiratory illness SARS-CoV-2 has increasingly been shown to be a systemic disease that can also have profound impacts on the cardiovascular system. Although associated cardiopulmonary sequelae can persist after infection, the link between viral infection and these complications remains unclear. There is now a recognized link between endothelial cell dysfunction and thrombosis. Its role in stimulating platelet activation and thrombotic inflammation has been widely reported. However, the procoagulant role of microparticles (MPs) in COVID-19 seems to have been neglected. As membrane vesicles released after cell injury or apoptosis, MPs exert procoagulant activity mainly by exposing phosphatidylserine (PS) on their lipid membranes. It can provide a catalytic surface for the assembly of the prothrombinase complex. Therefore, inhibiting PS externalization is a potential therapeutic strategy. In this paper, we describe the pathophysiological mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 induces lung and heart complications through injury of endothelial cells, emphasizing the procoagulant effect of MPs and PS, and demonstrate the importance of early antithrombotic therapy. In addition, we will detail the mechanisms underlying hypoxia, another serious pulmonary complication related to SARS-CoV-2-induced endothelial cells injury and discuss the use of oxygen therapy. In the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, virus invades endothelial cells through direct infection, hypoxia, imbalance of the RAAS, and cytokine storm. These factors cause endothelial cells to release MPs, form MPs storm, and eventually lead to thrombosis. This, in turn, accelerates hypoxia and cytokine storms, forming a positive feedback loop. Given the important role of thrombosis in the disease, early antithrombotic therapy is an important tool for COVID-19. It may maintain normal blood circulation, accelerating the clearance of viruses, waning the formation of MPs storm, and avoiding disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langjiao Liu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haijiao Jing
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengqi Xiang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Valerie A. Novakovic
- Department of Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shuye Wang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Shuye Wang
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jialan Shi ;
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47
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Gori Savellini G, Anichini G, Gandolfo C, Cusi MG. Nucleopore Traffic Is Hindered by SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 Protein to Efficiently Suppress IFN-β and IL-6 Secretion. Viruses 2022; 14:1273. [PMID: 35746745 PMCID: PMC9230033 DOI: 10.3390/v14061273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A weak production of INF-β along with an exacerbated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been reported during infection by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARS-CoV-2 encodes several proteins that are able to counteract the host immune system, which is believed to be one of the most important features contributing to the viral pathogenesis and development of a severe clinical outcomes. Previous reports demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 protein strongly suppresses INF-β production by hindering the RIG-I, MDA-5, and MAVS signaling cascade. In the present study, we better characterized the mechanism by which the SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 counteracts IFN-β and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which plays a crucial role in the inflammation process associated with the viral infection. In the present study, we demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 protein has evolved an alternative mechanism to guarantee host IFN-β and IL-6 suppression, in addition to the transcriptional control exerted on the genes. Indeed, a block in movement through the nucleopore of newly synthetized messenger RNA encoding the immune-modulatory cytokines IFN-β and IL-6 are reported here. The ORF6 accessory protein of SARS-CoV-2 displays a multifunctional activity and may represent one of the most important virulence factors. Where conventional antagonistic strategies of immune evasion-such as the suppression of specific transcription factors (e.g., IRF-3, STAT-1/2)-would not be sufficient, the SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 protein is the trump card for the virus, also blocking the movement of IFN-β and IL-6 mRNAs from nucleus to cytoplasm. Conversely, we showed that nuclear translocation of the NF-κB transcription factor is not affected by the ORF6 protein, although inhibition of its cytoplasmic activation occurred. Therefore, the ORF6 protein exerts a 360-degree inhibition of the antiviral response by blocking as many critical points as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Gori Savellini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (M.G.C.)
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48
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Bartha FA, Juhász N, Marzban S, Han R, Röst G. In Silico Evaluation of Paxlovid's Pharmacometrics for SARS-CoV-2: A Multiscale Approach. Viruses 2022; 14:1103. [PMID: 35632843 PMCID: PMC9146265 DOI: 10.3390/v14051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paxlovid is a promising, orally bioavailable novel drug for SARS-CoV-2 with excellent safety profiles. Our main goal here is to explore the pharmacometric features of this new antiviral. To provide a detailed assessment of Paxlovid, we propose a hybrid multiscale mathematical approach. We demonstrate that the results of the present in silico evaluation match the clinical expectations remarkably well: on the one hand, our computations successfully replicate the outcome of an actual in vitro experiment; on the other hand, we verify both the sufficiency and the necessity of Paxlovid's two main components (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) for a simplified in vivo case. Moreover, in the simulated context of our computational framework, we visualize the importance of early interventions and identify the time window where a unit-length delay causes the highest level of tissue damage. Finally, the results' sensitivity to the diffusion coefficient of the virus is explored in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc A. Bartha
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (S.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Nóra Juhász
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (S.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Sadegh Marzban
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (S.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Renji Han
- School of Sciences, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China;
| | - Gergely Röst
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (S.M.); (G.R.)
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49
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Wang Y, Wu M, Li Y, Yuen HH, He ML. The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on modulating innate immunity and strategies of combating inflammatory response for COVID-19 therapy. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:27. [PMID: 35505345 PMCID: PMC9063252 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 has caused huge causality and unquantifiable loss of social wealth. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, strong inflammatory response associated with dysregulation of innate immunity causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and death. In this review, we update the current knowledge on how SARS-CoV-2 modulates the host innate immune response for its evasion from host defense and its corresponding pathogenesis caused by cytokine storm. We emphasize Type I interferon response and the strategies of evading innate immune defense used by SARS-CoV-2. We also extensively discuss the cells and their function involved in the innate immune response and inflammatory response, as well as the promises and challenges of drugs targeting excessive inflammation for antiviral treatment. This review would help us to figure out the current challenge questions of SARS-CoV-2 infection on innate immunity and directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mandi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yichen Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho Him Yuen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China.
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50
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Fiorito S, Soligo M, Gao Y, Ogulur I, Akdis C, Bonini S. Is the epithelial barrier hypothesis the key to understanding the higher incidence and excess mortality during COVID-19 pandemic? The case of Northern Italy. Allergy 2022; 77:1408-1417. [PMID: 35102595 PMCID: PMC9304271 DOI: 10.1111/all.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The high incidence and increased mortality of COVID-19 make Italy among the most impacted countries by SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. In the beginning of the pandemic, Northern regions accounted for 40% of cases and 45% of deaths from COVID-19 in Italy. Several factors have been suggested to explain the higher incidence and excess mortality from COVID-19 in these regions. It is noticed that Northern Italian regions, and particularly the cities in Po Valley, are the areas with the highest air pollution due to commercial vehicle traffic, industry and a stagnant meteorological condition, with one of the highest levels in Italy and Europe of fine particulate matter 2.5 micron or smaller in size (PM2.5). PM2.5, the major environmental pollutant deriving mainly by factory and automobile exhaust emissions and coal combustion, increases the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the epithelial cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and thus increase the susceptibility to this virus. The epithelial barrier hypothesis proposes that many diverse diseases may rise from the disruption of epithelial barrier of skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal system, including allergic diseases, metabolic and autoimmune diseases, and chronic neuropsychiatric conditions. There is evidence of a close correlation between air pollution and airway epithelial barrier dysfunction. Air pollution, causing lung epithelial barrier dysfunction, may contribute to local chronic inflammation, microbiome dysbiosis and impaired antiviral immune response against SARS-CoV-2, all of which contribute to the high incidence and excess mortality from COVID-19. In addition, air pollution and epithelial barrier dysfunction contribute also to the higher prevalence of several comorbidities of COVID-19, such as diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obesity, which have been identified as risk factors for mortality of COVID-19. In this article, on the basis of epidemiological and environmental monitoring data in Northern Italy, it is suggested that epithelial barrier hypothesis may help to understand the excess burden and mortality from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Fiorito
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyItalian National Research CouncilRomeItaly
| | - Marzia Soligo
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyItalian National Research CouncilRomeItaly
| | - Yadong Gao
- Department of AllergologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ismail Ogulur
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
| | - Sergio Bonini
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyItalian National Research CouncilRomeItaly
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