1
|
Luo Y, Qiu R, Zhang X, Li F. Biofouling behaviors of reverse osmosis membrane in the presence of trace plasticizer for circulating cooling water treatment: Characteristics and mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 260:121937. [PMID: 38878313 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) system has been increasingly applied for circulating cooling water (CCW) reclamation. Plasticizers, which may be dissolved into CCW system in plastic manufacturing industry, cannot be completely removed by the pretreatment prior to RO system, possibly leading to severe membrane biofouling. Deciphering the characteristics and mechanisms of RO membrane biofouling in the presence of trace plasticizers are of paramount importance to the development of effective fouling control strategies. Herein, we demonstrate that exposure to a low concentration (1 - 10 μg/L) of three typical plasticizers (Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Tributyl phosphate (TBP) and 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane-1,3-diol (TMPD)) detected in pretreated real CCW promoted Escherichia coli biofilm formation. DBP, TBP and TMPD showed the highest stimulation at 5 or 10 μg/L with biomass increasing by 55.7 ± 8.2 %, 35.9 ± 9.5 % and 32.2 ± 14.7 % respectively, relative to the unexposed control. Accordingly, the bacteria upon exposure to trace plasticizers showed enhanced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activity, stimulated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) excretion and suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction, causing by upregulation of related genes. Long-term study further showed that the RO membranes flowing by the pretreated real CCW in a polypropylene plant exhibited a severer biofouling behavior than exposed control, and DBP and TBP parts played a key role in stimulation effects on bacterial proliferation. Overall, we demonstrate that RO membrane exposure to trace plasticizers in pretreated CCW can upregulate molecular processes and physiologic responses that accelerate membrane biofouling, which provides important implications for biofouling control strategies in membrane-based CCW treatment systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Centre of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Riji Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Centre of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xingran Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Centre of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Fang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Centre of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abkar L, Aghili Mehrizi A, Jafari M, Beck SE, Ghassemi A, Van Loosdrecht MCM. Optimizing energy efficiency in brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO): A comprehensive study on prioritizing critical operating parameters for specific energy consumption minimization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172772. [PMID: 38688362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) systems offer a viable solution for treating brackish water (BW), a common but underutilized water resource. However, the energy-intensive nature of brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) systems poses affordability challenges to water supply, necessitating a focus on minimizing their energy consumption to support SDG6's goal of providing safe and affordable drinking water for all. This study addresses the critical need to minimize the specific energy consumption (SEC) of a typical BWRO system, defined as the energy consumed per unit of water recovered, mathematically and experimentally. Empirical models were developed proving there is a global minimum SEC while adjusting the operating conditions. Furthermore, we identified the key operating factors influencing SEC and their priority levels, along with their interactive effects. Notably, no prior study has discussed the significance and interaction of these operating factors (e.g., feed water salinity, temperature, pressure, flowrate and membrane permeability) on SEC of a BWRO system. Employing a full factorial experimental design with mixed levels of operating parameters, the study developed regression models that elucidate the mechanistic interaction between these parameters and system performance. Moreover, the models were validated experimentally, with a new dataset demonstrating their accuracy and reliability. ANOVA statistical analysis identified feed salinity, pressure, flow rate, feed flow rate×pressure, salinity×pressure, and temperature as influential operating parameters in reducing SEC, in descending order of importance. Operating within the determined optimum range resulted in a 36 % decrease in SEC and a more than fourfold increase in water recovery. The study's systematic approach and findings can be extrapolated to optimize the performance of other desalination technologies and diverse feed water types, contributing significantly to global water sustainability efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leili Abkar
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | | | | | - Sara E Beck
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Abbas Ghassemi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, United States of America.
| | - Mark C M Van Loosdrecht
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ziemann E, Coves T, Oren YS, Maman N, Sharon-Gojman R, Neklyudov V, Freger V, Ramon GZ, Bernstein R. Pseudo-bottle-brush decorated thin-film composite desalination membranes with ultrahigh mineral scale resistance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm7668. [PMID: 38781328 PMCID: PMC11114193 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm7668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
High water recovery is crucial to inland desalination but is impeded by mineral scaling of the membrane. This work presents a two-step modification approach for grafting high-density zwitterionic pseudo-bottle-brushes to polyamide reverse osmosis membranes to prevent scaling during high-recovery desalination of brackish water. Increasing brush density, induced by increasing reaction time, correlated with reduced scaling. High-density grafting eliminated gypsum scaling and almost completely prevented silica scaling during desalination of synthetic brackish water at a recovery ratio of 80%. Moreover, scaling was effectively mitigated during long-term desalination of real brackish water at a recovery ratio of 90% without pretreatment or antiscalants. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the critical dependence of the membrane's silica antiscaling ability on the degree to which the coating screens the membrane surface from readily forming silica aggregates. This finding highlights the importance of maximizing grafting density for optimal performance and advanced antiscaling properties to allow high-recovery desalination of complex salt solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ziemann
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Campus Sde Boker, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Tali Coves
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Campus Sde Boker, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Yaeli S. Oren
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Campus Sde Boker, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Nitzan Maman
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Revital Sharon-Gojman
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Campus Sde Boker, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Vadim Neklyudov
- Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Viatcheslav Freger
- Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Grand Water Research Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Guy Z. Ramon
- Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Grand Water Research Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Roy Bernstein
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Campus Sde Boker, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lei Q, Elele E, Shen Y, Tang J, Guerra KL, Leitz F, Khusid B. Evaluating the Efficiency of Magnetic Treatment for Feed Water in Reverse Osmosis Processes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:641. [PMID: 37505007 PMCID: PMC10383654 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents a new methodology for short-term (5-25 min) benchtop tests to evaluate the effectiveness of magnetic treatment of feed water for reducing mineral scaling on a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. Scale deposition is measured at a controlled level of salt supersaturation in water flowing through an RO unit in once-through mode. A magnetic water conditioner is tested in a transient flow regime when variations of the permeate flux along the flow path are insignificant. Scale formation under these conditions is governed by salt crystallization on the membrane surface. The proposed method was implemented to investigate the influence of magnetic treatment on gypsum deposition on RO membranes in supersaturated aqueous CaSO4/NaCl solutions. The effects of magnetic water treatment on scale formation under our experimental conditions were found to be statistically insignificant with a confidence level of 95%. However, this outcome should not be considered to negate the potential efficiency of magnetic water treatment in specific applications. The proposed methodology of testing under a controlled level of salt supersaturation will also be useful for evaluating the efficiency of other water treatment technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lei
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Ezinwa Elele
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Yueyang Shen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - John Tang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Katherine L Guerra
- Water Treatment Group, Technical Service Center, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, P.O. Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225, USA
| | - Frank Leitz
- Water Treatment Group, Technical Service Center, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, P.O. Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225, USA
| | - Boris Khusid
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hasanin G, Mosquera AM, Emwas AH, Altmann T, Das R, Buijs PJ, Vrouwenvelder JS, Gonzalez-Gil G. The microbial growth potential of antiscalants used in seawater desalination. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119802. [PMID: 36871379 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
20 years since the first report on the biofouling potential of chemicals used for scale control, still, antiscalants with high bacterial growth potential are used in practice. Evaluating the bacterial growth potential of commercially available antiscalants is therefore essential for a rational selection of these chemicals. Previous antiscalant growth potential tests were conducted in drinking water or seawater inoculated with model bacterial species which do not represent natural bacterial communities. To reflect better on the conditions of desalination systems, we investigated the bacterial growth potential of eight different antiscalants in natural seawater and an autochthonous bacterial population as inoculum. The antiscalants differed strongly in their bacterial growth potential varying from ≤ 1 to 6 μg easily biodegradable C equivalents/mg antiscalant. The six phosphonate-based antiscalants investigated showed a broad range of growth potential, which depended on their chemical composition, whilst the biopolymer and the synthetic carboxylated polymers-based antiscalants showed limited or no significant bacterial growth. Moreover, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) scans enabled antiscalant fingerprinting, identifying components and contaminants, providing a rapid and sensitive characterization, and opening opportunities for rational selection of antiscalants for biofouling control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer Hasanin
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ana Maria Mosquera
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Advanced Nanofabrication Imaging and Characterization, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Altmann
- Innovation and New Technology, ACWA Power, 41st Floor, The One Tower, Barsha Heights, Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ratul Das
- Innovation and New Technology, ACWA Power, 41st Floor, The One Tower, Barsha Heights, Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Paulus J Buijs
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Graciela Gonzalez-Gil
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marques JA, Gafni A, Adler O, Levy O, Bar-Zeev E. Antiscalants used in the desalination industry impact the physiology of the coral Montipora capricornis. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119411. [PMID: 36463678 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many coral reefs are found in arid and semi-arid regions that often face severe water scarcity and depend on seawater desalination for freshwater supply. Alongside freshwater production, desalination plants discharge brine waste into the sea. Brine includes various chemicals (e.g., antiscalants) that may harm the coastal environment. Although widely used, little is known about the ecotoxicological effects of antiscalants (AS) on hard corals. This study compared the impacts of polyphosphonate-based and polymer-based ASs on the coral Montipora capricornis. After two weeks of exposure, we determined the effects of AS on coral physiology, symbiotic microalgae, and associated bacteria, using various analytical approaches such as optical coherence tomography, pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Both ASs reduced polyp activity (∼25%) and caused tissue damage (30% and 41% for polymer and polyphosphonate based AS, respectively). In addition, exposure to polyphosphonate-based AS decreased the abundance of endosymbiotic algae (39%) and upregulated the antioxidant capacity of the animal host (45%). The microalgal symbionts were under oxidative stress, with increased levels of antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage (a 2-fold increase compared to the control). Interestingly, exposure to AS enhanced the numbers of associated bacteria (∼40% compared to the control seawater) regardless of the AS type. Our results introduce new insights into the effects of brine on the physiology of hard corals, highlighting that choosing AS type must be examined according to the receiving ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseane A Marques
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research (ZIWR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker 84990, Israel; The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat 8810369, Israel.
| | - Almog Gafni
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research (ZIWR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker 84990, Israel
| | - Osher Adler
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research (ZIWR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker 84990, Israel
| | - Oren Levy
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The Mina and Everard Goodman, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat 8810369, Israel
| | - Edo Bar-Zeev
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research (ZIWR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker 84990, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang C, Clark GG, Zaki FR, Won J, Ning R, Boppart SA, Elbanna AE, Nguyen TH. Effects of phosphate and silicate on stiffness and viscoelasticity of mature biofilms developed with simulated drinking water. BIOFOULING 2023; 39:36-46. [PMID: 36847486 PMCID: PMC10065970 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2177538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms, a porous matrix of cells aggregated with extracellular polymeric substances under the influence of chemical constituents in the feed water, can develop a viscoelastic response to mechanical stresses. In this study, the roles of phosphate and silicate, common additives in corrosion control and meat processing, on the stiffness, viscoelasticity, porous structure networks, and chemical properties of biofilm were investigated. Three-year biofilms on PVC coupons were grown from sand-filtered groundwater with or without one of the non-nutrient (silicate) or nutrient additives (phosphate or phosphate blends). Compared with non-nutrient additives, the phosphate and phosphate-blend additives led to a biofilm with the lowest stiffness, most viscoelastic, and more porous structure, including more connecting throats with greater equivalent radii. The phosphate-based additives also led to more organic species in the biofilm matrix than the silicate additive did. This work demonstrated that nutrient additives could promote biomass accumulation but also reduce mechanical stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Gemma G. Clark
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Farzana R. Zaki
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jungeun Won
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Runsen Ning
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 506 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, 306 North Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ahmed E. Elbanna
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Thanh H. Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 506 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shokri A, Sanavi Fard M. Corrosion in seawater desalination industry: A critical analysis of impacts and mitigation strategies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135640. [PMID: 35830934 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the current world, freshwater production by clean energy sources with minimum environmental footprints is the main challenge for humankind which is dramatically deteriorating by overexploitation of available water resources. Seawater desalination technology greatly contributes to the mitigation of these serious conditions to produce potable water. However, because desalination plants handle extremely aggressive seawater under stringent operational conditions, they are highly vulnerable to insidious effects of corrosion primarily in the form of general and localized corrosion. Moreover, mineral scaling and bio-fouling are major challenges that further exacerbate corrosion phenomena. So, to ensure the continual operation and curbing corrosion in seawater desalination systems, strict monitoring and selection of highly corrosion-resistance materials are of prime concern. The present paper briefly explores fundamental concepts of corrosion in the desalination industry besides discussing different mitigation strategies for reducing the pernicious effects of corrosion which gravely impair environment quality and durability of desalination infrastructures. Moreover, the authors propose the knowledge gaps and perspectives to delineate the future research direction. Effective solutions for avoiding seawater stagnation, developing highly sophisticated coatings and surface modification technologies, application of advanced computational programs for accurate prediction of possible corrosion failure in desalination plants, and using quantum technology and magnetic corrosion inhibitor in seawater desalination are recommended as an urgent future research focus to combat against corrosion. On the whole, despite outstanding breakthroughs in the field of corrosion control in the desalination industry, the long-term performance of current materials is highly controversial as still many cases of corrosion failures have been reported which indicates the necessity of intensive research work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shokri
- Jundi-Shapur Research Institute, Jundi-shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Sanavi Fard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tafresh University, Tafresh, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antiscalants Used in Seawater Desalination: Biodegradability and Effects on Microbial Diversity. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081580. [PMID: 36013998 PMCID: PMC9414044 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiscalants are organic polymers widely used for scale inhibition in seawater desalination. While they are susceptible to biodegradation, they provide nutrients for bacterial cell growth and energy for the microbes that assimilate and degrade them. This paper shows the biodegradability of three commercial antiscalants (polyacrylate—CA, polyphosphonate—PP, and carboxylated dendrimers—DN) applied in seawater reverse osmosis desalination (SWRO) as well as analyzing the antiscalant’s effects on microbial diversity using microbial cultures grown in seawater, under semi-continuous batch conditions. Nutritional uptake and contribution of the antiscalants to microbial growth were investigated by measuring DOC, TDN, NO3−, NO2−, PO4−, NH4+, and TP of the filtered samples of the incubated batch, twice a month, for twelve months. The microbial community was estimated by 16S rRNA sequencing. The main changes in the microbial communities were determined by the incubation period. However, bacterial orders of the antiscalant treatments differed significantly from the control treatment, namely Planctomycetales, Clostridiales, Sphingobacteriales, Rhodobacterales, and Flavobacteriales, and other unclassified bacterial orders, which were found in various relative abundances dependent on incubation times. The results showed the PP antiscalant to be the least biodegradable and to have the least effect on the bacterial community composition compared to the control. This result emphasizes the need to reassess the suitability criteria of antiscalants, and to further monitor their long-term environmental effects.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abada B, Safarik J, Ishida KP, Chellam S. Surface characterization of end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes from a full-scale advanced water reuse facility: Combined role of bioorganic materials and silicon on chemically irreversible fouling. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Yin Y, Kalam S, Livingston JL, Minjarez R, Lee J, Lin S, Tong T. The use of anti-scalants in gypsum scaling mitigation: Comparison with membrane surface modification and efficiency in combined reverse osmosis and membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Zhang W, Li N, Zhang X. Surface-engineered sulfonation of ion-selective nanofiltration membrane with robust scaling resistance for seawater desalination. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
13
|
Khoo YS, Lau WJ, Liang YY, Yusof N, Fauzi Ismail A. Surface modification of PA layer of TFC membranes: Does it effective for performance Improvement? J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
14
|
Economics and Energy Consumption of Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Desalination: Innovations and Impacts of Feedwater Quality. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11080616. [PMID: 34436379 PMCID: PMC8399043 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brackish water desalination, using the reverse osmosis (BWRO) process, has become common in global regions, where vast reserves of brackish groundwater are found (e.g., the United States, North Africa). A literature survey and detailed analyses of several BWRO facilities in Florida have revealed some interesting and valuable information on the costs and energy use. Depending on the capacity, water quality, and additional scope items, the capital cost (CAPEX) ranges from USD 500 to USD 2947/m3 of the capacity (USD 690-USD 4067/m3 corrected for inflation to 2020). The highest number was associated with the City of Cape Coral North Plant, Florida, which had an expanded project scope. The general range of the operating cost (OPEX) is USD 0.39 to USD 0.66/m3 (cannot be corrected for inflation), for a range of capacities from 10,000 to 70,000 m3/d. The feed-water quality, in the range of 2000 to 6000 mg/L of the total dissolved solids, does not significantly impact the OPEX. There is a significant scaling trend, with OPEX cost reducing as plant capacity increases, but there is considerable scatter based on the pre- and post-treatment complexity. Many BWRO facilities operate with long-term increases in the salinity of the feedwater (groundwater), caused by pumping-induced vertical and horizontal migration of the higher salinity water. Any cost and energy increase that is caused by the higher feed water salinity, can be significantly mitigated by using energy recovery, which is not commonly used in BWRO operations. OPEX in BWRO systems is likely to remain relatively constant, based on the limitation on the plant capacity, caused by the brackish water availability at a given site. Seawater reverse osmosis facilities, with a very large capacity, have a lower OPEX compared to the upper range of BWRO, because of capacity scaling, special electrical energy deals, and process design certainty.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang W, Zhang X. Effective inhibition of gypsum using an ion–ion selective nanofiltration membrane pretreatment process for seawater desalination. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
16
|
Aldahdooh MK, Ali SA. Synthesis and application of alternate cyclopolymers of β-diallylaminoethyliminodiacetic acid with maleic acid and sulfur dioxide. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
17
|
Honarparvar S, Zhang X, Chen T, Alborzi A, Afroz K, Reible D. Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:246. [PMID: 33805438 PMCID: PMC8066301 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Honarparvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Ashkan Alborzi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Khurshida Afroz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Atkinson AJ, Armstrong MD, Eskew JT, Coronell O. 2-Aminoimidazole Reduces Fouling and Improves Membrane Performance. J Memb Sci 2021; 629. [PMID: 34366551 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biofouling is difficult to control and hinders the performance of membranes in all applications but is of particular concern when natural waters are purified. Fouling, via multiple mechanisms (organic-only, biofouling-only, cell-deposition-only, and organic+biofouling), of a commercially available membrane (control) and a corresponding membrane coated with an anti-biofouling 2-aminoimidazole (2-AI membrane) was monitored and characterized during the purification of a natural water. Results show that the amount of bacterial cell deposition and organic fouling was not significantly different between control and 2-AI membranes; however, biofilm formation, concurrent or not with other fouling mechanisms, was significantly inhibited (95-98%, p<0.001) by the 2-AI membrane. The limited biofilm that formed on the 2-AI membrane was weaker (as indicated by the polysaccharide to protein ratio) and thus presumably easier to remove. The conductivity rejection by the 2-AI and control membranes was not significantly different throughout the 75-hour experiments, but the rejection of dissolved organic carbon by biofouled (biofouling-only, cell-deposition-only, and organic+biofouling) 2-AI membranes was statistically higher (10-12%, p=0.003-0.07). When biofouled, the water permeance of the 2-AI membranes decreased significantly less (p<0.05) over 75 hours than that of the control membranes, whether or not other additional types of fouling occurred concurrently. Despite the initially lower water permeances of 2-AI membranes (11% lower on average than controls), the 2-AI membranes outperformed the controls (10-11% higher average water permeance) after biofilm formation occurred. Overall, 2-AI membranes fouled less than controls without detriment to water productivity and solute rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel J Atkinson
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mikayla D Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John T Eskew
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Orlando Coronell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yaagoob IY, Aldahdooh MK, Al‐Taq AA, Al‐Muallem HA, Mazumder MAJ, Ali SA. Synthesis of stimuli‐responsive ionic cyclopolymers in search of phosphorous‐free antiscalants. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Y. Yaagoob
- Chemistry Department King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed K. Aldahdooh
- Chemistry Department King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Al‐Taq
- Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center ‐ Advanced Research Center, Saudi Aramco Dhahran Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan A. Al‐Muallem
- Chemistry Department King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shaikh A. Ali
- Chemistry Department King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Panagopoulos A, Haralambous KJ. Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment - Challenges and mitigation measures. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 161:111773. [PMID: 33128985 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Desalination is perceived as an effective and reliable process for obtaining freshwater from aqueous saline solutions such as brackish water, seawater and brine. This can be clarified by the fact that >300 million people worldwide rely on desalinated water for their daily needs. Although the desalination process offers many advantages, there are rising concerns about possible adverse environmental impacts. Generally, environmental impacts can be generated both in the construction and operation of desalination plants. A major issue of desalination is the co-produced waste called 'brine' or 'reject' which has a high salinity along with chemical residuals and is discharged into the marine environment. In addition to brine, other main issues are the high energy consumption of the desalination and brine treatment technologies as well as the air pollution due to emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) and air pollutants. Other issues include entrainment and entrapment of marine species, and heavy use of chemicals. The purpose of this review is to analyze the potential impacts of desalination and brine treatment on the environment and suggest mitigation measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Panagopoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Katherine-Joanne Haralambous
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lu KG, Li M, Huang H. Silica scaling of reverse osmosis membranes preconditioned by natural organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141178. [PMID: 32738720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were preconditioned in this study with humic acid, sodium alginate, or bovine serum albumin, and subsequently examined for silica scaling using the water matrix representative of concentrated brackish groundwater. The results suggested that water matrix combined with organic foulants affected silica scaling. High ambient pH favored the moderate silica ionization and thus the silica homogeneous polymerization to potentially form low molecular weight silica oligomers. The resulting scaling layer was dense and highly impermeable. Under the high Ca proportion at a given hardness, membrane scaling was enhanced through the Ca-induced silica scaling and the formation of intermolecular bridges between adjacent silica species. In contrast, high Mg hardness may facilitate the sustainable growth of silica oligomers to form the ringed high molecular weight oligomers by reducing the required energy for chain deformation. The deposition of these oligomers caused a loose scaling layer with reduced hydraulic resistance to water permeation. During the scaling tests under similar water matrix, the membranes slightly fouled by organics suffered severe flux decline due to an available space provided by the pre-existing organic fouling layer for subsequent silica scaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ge Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China; College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, No. 63, Nongye Street, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mengya Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haiou Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China; Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ashfaq MY, Al-Ghouti MA, Zouari N. Functionalization of reverse osmosis membrane with graphene oxide and polyacrylic acid to control biofouling and mineral scaling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139500. [PMID: 32479964 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membrane was modified with graphene oxide (GO), followed by polymerization of acrylic acid (used as an antiscalant) for the reduction of both biofouling and mineral scaling. After functionalization, the water contact angle reduced from 41.7 ± 4.5° for unmodified RO membrane to 24.4 ± 1.3° for the modified RO membranes, which showed that membrane hydrophilicity was significantly enhanced, in addition to the improvement in surface smoothness. The modified membranes were tested for their anti-scaling and anti-biofouling characteristics. When the mineral scaling test was performed using CaSO4 solution as feedwater, the permeate flux was reduced by only 3% as compared to the unmodified RO membrane which encountered up to 22% decline in flux by the end of the experiment. After the scaling test, the membrane surface was characterized by Scanning electron microscopy - energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The results showed that the unmodified RO membrane was fully covered with gypsum precipitates. Whereas, the precipitates were detected only at the highly saturated zones of the water channel i.e. towards the exit of water flow. Additionally, the anti-bacterial test was performed through bacteriostasis rate determination, which showed that the modified membranes inhibited the growth of nearly 95% of the bacterial cells. Further experiments were also performed to investigate the inhibition of both scaling and biofouling by modified RO membranes. Thus, it was found that the polymer-modified GO coated RO membranes were able to diminish both gypsum scaling and biofilm formation demonstrating their potential to control different types of membrane fouling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Y Ashfaq
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohammad A Al-Ghouti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
| | - Nabil Zouari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pan SY, Haddad AZ, Kumar A, Wang SW. Brackish water desalination using reverse osmosis and capacitive deionization at the water-energy nexus. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116064. [PMID: 32745671 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present a critical review of the reported performance of reverse osmosis (RO) and capacitive deionization (CDI) for brackish water (salinity < 5.0 g/L) desalination from the aspects of engineering, energy, economy and environment. We first illustrate the criteria and the key performance indicators to evaluate the performance of brackish water desalination. We then systematically summarize technological information of RO and CDI, focusing on the effect of key parameters on desalination performance, as well as energy-water efficiency, economic costs and environmental impacts (including carbon footprint). We provide in-depth discussion on the interconnectivity between desalination and energy, and the trade-off between kinetics and energetics for RO and CDI as critical factors for comparison. We also critique the results of technical-economic assessment for RO and CDI plants in the context of large-scale deployment, with focus on lifetime-oriented consideration to total costs, balance between energy efficiency and clean water production, and pretreatment/post-treatment requirements. Finally, we illustrate the challenges and opportunities for future brackish water desalination, including hybridization for energy-efficient brackish water desalination, co-removal of specific components in brackish water, and sustainable brine management with innovative utilization. Our study reveals that both RO and CDI should play important roles in water reclamation and resource recovery from brackish water, especially for inland cities or rural regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Pan
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Andrew Z Haddad
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Arkadeep Kumar
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sheng-Wei Wang
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yu W, Song D, Chen W, Yang H. Antiscalants in RO membrane scaling control. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:115985. [PMID: 32619802 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) plays an important role in freshwater production. Mineral scaling is an inevitable problem in the RO desalination process. Various methods, including the pretreatment of feed water, the optimization of operational processes, the development of novel membrane materials, and the addition of antiscalants, have been developed to mitigate scale formation in RO systems. Among these methods, the addition of antiscalants is a relatively cost-effective and convenient technique for membrane scaling control. In the current work, various kinds of antiscalants, scale inhibition mechanisms, and their applications to RO membrane scaling control are reviewed. Weakness of existing antiscalants and challenge arising from their practical applications, such as membrane fouling caused by antiscalants, increased bacterial growth, dosing control, and the disposal of resultant concentrates, are also presented. To effectively alleviate scaling on RO membrane by using antiscalants, the development of novel, high-performance, and environment-friendly antiscalants on the basis of an in-depth study of the inhibition mechanisms and well-established structure-activity relationships is urgently necessary. The optimization of antiscalants and their combinations with other pretreatments in practical RO operations are essential in efficient scaling control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Di Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee HJ, Halali MA, Baker T, Sarathy S, de Lannoy CF. A comparative study of RO membrane scale inhibitors in wastewater reclamation: Antiscalants versus pH adjustment. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Wang S, Mu C, Xiao K, Zhu X, Huang X. Surface charge regulation of reverse osmosis membrane for anti-silica and organic fouling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:137013. [PMID: 32041057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved silica and organic matter are major foulants in reverse osmosis (RO) in brackish water treatment. Though the mechanism of inorganic and organic fouling has been clear, combined silica-organic fouling-resistant membrane have been poorly investigated. In this study, we fabricated membranes with different surface charge. More negatively surface charged membrane (-COOH), acrylic acid (AA) membrane was fabricated through redox free radical grafting method. Ethylamine (EA) and ethylenediamine (ED) membranes with neutral or less negative surface charge were fabricated through -CH3 or -NH2 functional groups grafting. The surface modified membranes were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties and antifouling performance. Compared with the pristine membrane, all the modified membranes possessed better salt rejection without sacrificing water permeability. The AA membrane also showed better antifouling property and higher water flux recovery after physical rinsing. On the other hand, fouling on the EA and ED membranes were aggravated. Unlike the gel-like foulant structure on the EA and ED membrane surfaces, the AA membrane presented more disordered granular structure. Analysis of fouling layer has also proved that there was less silica scaling and organic foulants on the AA membrane surface. Despite the outstanding hydrophilicity of the AA membrane, its antifouling property was mainly attributed to the more negative surface charge, according to regression between flux decline and membrane characteristics. Importantly, we proposed that electrostatic interaction was the dominant fouling mechanism in the combined silica-organic fouling. With more negative surface charge, the AA membrane was prone to prevent foulants from depositing and aggravating, so as to mitigate membrane fouling. Our research provides a simple and practical approach to RO membrane fabrication for anti-inorganic and organic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Changjun Mu
- Weihai Weigao Purification Products Co., Ltd., Weihai, Shandong 264210, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianzheng Zhu
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xia Huang
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Luo H, Cui Y, Zhang H, Li C, Wang Z, Song P. Analyzing and verifying the association of spiral-wound reverse osmosis membrane fouling with different secondary effluents: full-scale experiments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:135150. [PMID: 31818593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to analyze and verify the association of the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling with water quality in full-scale plants, two RO systems (40, 000 m3/d and 20, 000 m3/d) treating different secondary effluents were operated in parallel. The quality of secondary effluents and the performance of RO systems were monitored over 12 months. Difference in foulants distribution and fouling layer composition between the two systems were evaluated by membrane autopsy and foulants characterization. Results verified that: 1) the secondary effluent from municipal sewage caused more serious membrane fouling; 2) more foulants deposited on the surface of leading membrane both in two systems (3.11 ± 0.15 g/m2 and 2.93 ± 0.13 g/m2); 3) the microbial community on the RO membrane surface contained more colonizing bacteria in the system treating municipal sewage secondary effluent ; 4) organics in the secondary effluent facilitated biofouling while higher ion concentration restrained biofouling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijia Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; Beijing Boda Water Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Yong Cui
- Beijing Boda Water Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Beijing Boda Water Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Caifeng Li
- Beijing Boda Water Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Peng Song
- Beijing Boda Water Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Powdered Activated Carbon Exacerbates Fouling in MBR Treating Olive Mill Wastewater. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11122498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fouling is a major obstacle in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) that treat wastewater. The addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) is commonly suggested as a way to improve the MBR wastewater treatment process with respect to membrane fouling and effluent quality. Integrating the PAC addition into the MBR may also improve the stability of the acclimated microbial community for biodegrading the recalcitrant organic compounds that can also enhance membrane fouling. In this study, the ability of the MBR-PAC system to decrease membrane fouling was evaluated. Two pilot-scale reactors were operated: one reactor was supplemented with suspended PAC, and one was operated under similar conditions, without PAC. The feed to the reactors comprised domestic and olive oil mill wastewater. Surprisingly, the permeate flux and the membrane permeability decreased faster in the MBR supplemented with PAC compared to the control reactor. Corroborating these MBR fouling results, soluble microbial products (SMPs), originating from the PAC-supplemented reactor, were found to be more adhesive to an ultrafiltration membrane mimetic surface (polyether sulfone) as analyzed in a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). While the PAC had almost no effect on the dissolved organic carbon in the MBR, it altered the molecular weight distribution of the organic molecules in the SMP as observed with gel permeation chromatography: The fractions of 577–789 kDa and the one bigger than 4 × 103 kDa, were elevated and reduced, respectively, by the addition of PAC. A biofilm formation analysis using a confocal laser scanning microscopy showed a higher amount of biofilm on the membrane taken from the PAC reactor, but this membrane showed no traces of PAC particles when analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Taken together, altering the composition of the dissolved organic matter in the MBR by PAC addition promoted its adhesion to the membrane, induced biofilm formation, and more prominently, decreased membrane permeability.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kucera J. Biofouling of Polyamide Membranes: Fouling Mechanisms, Current Mitigation and Cleaning Strategies, and Future Prospects. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:E111. [PMID: 31480327 PMCID: PMC6780091 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9090111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration systems are continuously challenged with biofouling of polyamide membranes that are used almost exclusively for these desalination techniques. Traditionally, pretreatment and reactive membrane cleanings are employed as biofouling control methods. This in-depth review paper discusses the mechanisms of membrane biofouling and effects on performance. Current industrial disinfection techniques are reviewed, including chlorine and other chemical and non-chemical alternatives to chlorine. Operational techniques such as reactive membrane cleaning are also covered. Based on this review, there are three suggested areas of additional research offering promising, polyamide membrane-targeted biofouling minimization that are discussed. One area is membrane modification. Modification using surface coatings with inclusion of various nanoparticles, and graphene oxide within the polymer or membrane matrix, are covered. This work is in the infancy stage and shows promise for minimizing the contributions of current membranes themselves in promoting biofouling, as well as creating oxidant-resistant membranes. Another area of suggested research is chemical disinfectants for possible application directly on the membrane. Likely disinfectants discussed herein include nitric oxide donor compounds, dichloroisocyanurate, and chlorine dioxide. Finally, proactive cleaning, which aims to control the extent of biofouling by cleaning before it negatively affects membrane performance, shows potential for low- to middle-risk systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kucera
- Nalco Water, An Ecolab Company, 1601 West Diehl Road, Naperville, IL 60563, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Impact of intermittent operation on reverse osmosis membrane fouling for brackish groundwater desalination systems. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
31
|
Mineral scaling in membrane desalination: Mechanisms, mitigation strategies, and feasibility of scaling-resistant membranes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
32
|
Rathinam K, Abraham S, Oren Y, Schwahn D, Petry W, Kaufman Y, Kasher R. Surface-Induced Silica Scaling during Brackish Water Desalination: The Role of Surface Charge and Specific Chemical Groups. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5202-5211. [PMID: 30955329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Silica scaling of membranes used in reverse osmosis desalination processes is a severe problem, especially during the desalination of brackish groundwater due to high silica concentrations. This problem limits the water supply in inland arid and semiarid regions. Here, we investigated the influence of surface-exposed organic functional groups on silica precipitation and scaling. A test solution simulating the mineral content of brackish groundwater desalination brine at 75% recovery was used. The mass and chemical composition of the precipitated silica was monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy, showing that surfaces with positively charged groups induced rapid silica precipitation, and the rate of silica precipitation followed the order -NH2 ∼ -N+(CH3)3 > -NH2/-COOH > -H2PO3 ∼ -OH > -COOH > -CH3. Force vs distance AFM measurements showed that the adhesion energy between a silica colloid glued to AFM cantilever and the studied surfaces increased as the surface charge changed from negative to positive. Thus, for the first time direct measurements of molecular forces and specific chemical groups that govern silica scaling during brackish water desalination is reported here. The influence of the different functional groups and the effect of the surface charge on silica precipitation that were found here can be used to design membranes that resist silica scaling in membrane-based desalination processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Rathinam
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sde Boqer Campus , Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000 , Israel
| | - Shiju Abraham
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sde Boqer Campus , Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000 , Israel
| | - Yoram Oren
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sde Boqer Campus , Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000 , Israel
| | - Dietmar Schwahn
- Technische Universität München , Forschungs-Neutronenquelle, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II) , James-Franck-Straße 1 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Winfried Petry
- Technische Universität München , Forschungs-Neutronenquelle, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II) , James-Franck-Straße 1 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Yair Kaufman
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sde Boqer Campus , Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000 , Israel
| | - Roni Kasher
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sde Boqer Campus , Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000 , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yu W, Song D, Li A, Yang H. Control of gypsum-dominated scaling in reverse osmosis system using carboxymethyl cellulose. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
34
|
Ashfaq MY, Al-Ghouti MA, Qiblawey H, Rodrigues DF, Hu Y, Zouari N. Isolation, identification and biodiversity of antiscalant degrading seawater bacteria using MALDI-TOF-MS and multivariate analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:910-920. [PMID: 30625677 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) is a commonly used desalination technique owing to its lesser environmental and economic impacts as compared to thermal desalination techniques. Antiscalants are used in SWRO to reduce membrane scaling caused by the supersaturation of salts present in feed water. However, to remain effective in reducing membrane scaling, antiscalants should be highly stable and resistant to biological degradation by seawater microorganisms. In this research, several bacteria from Qatar's seawater were isolated and screened for their ability to use antiscalants as a carbon and energy source. The biodiversity of antiscalant degrading seawater bacteria was demonstrated through combining the techniques of MALDI-TOF MS and principle component analysis. It was found that the bacteria isolated from Qatar's seawater such as H. aquamarina, H. elongata, P. fragi, P. stutzeri and others can degrade antiscalants and use them as a carbon and energy source. It was observed that the growth rates varied based on the type of antiscalant and the bacteria used. Among the tested strains, H. aquamarina, which is also known for its potential to cause biofouling, demonstrated the highest growth rates in antiscalants media. Thus, it was concluded that there is wide variety of bacteria in Qatar's seawater that can biodegrade the antiscalants; reducing their efficiency to combat membrane scaling. Since, these antiscalants will be used as a source of carbon and energy, microbial growth will increase resulting in enhanced membrane biofouling in SWRO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Y Ashfaq
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad A Al-Ghouti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Hazim Qiblawey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Debora F Rodrigues
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yandi Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nabil Zouari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lu KG, Huang H. Dependence of initial silica scaling on the surface physicochemical properties of reverse osmosis membranes during bench-scale brackish water desalination. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:358-367. [PMID: 30550866 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Silica scaling of reverse osmosis membranes in brackish water desalination is less understood than hardness scaling due to the complex silica behaviors at the membrane/water interface. In this study, -COOH, -SO3H, -NH2 and -OH functional groups were introduced onto polyamide membranes to create distinct surface physicochemical properties. The resulting membranes were further studied under similar scaling conditions to yield temporal flux loss data that were empirically interpreted by a logistic growth model. The scaled membranes were also characterized by complementary analytical techniques. It was found that permeate flux loss was strongly correlated to the initial silica layer formed by direct interaction between reactive silanol (Si-OH) and reciprocal groups on the membrane surface, rather than the entire scaling layer. Importantly, membrane surface properties dictated the initial silica layer formation through three possible mechanisms, i.e., electrostatic repulsion, competitive adsorption, and interfacial energy change. Of these, electrostatic repulsion was identified as the primary one. Therefore, by modifying the membrane surface properties, the three aforementioned mechanisms may be enhanced to favor the formation of a loose, disordered initial silica scaling layer. Accordingly, membrane flux loss may be mitigated. This finding provided important insights into the design heuristics of scaling-resistant reverse osmosis membrane for brackish water desalination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ge Lu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Haiou Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China; Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The John Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ashfaq MY, Al-Ghouti MA, Qiblawey H, Zouari N. Evaluating the effect of antiscalants on membrane biofouling using FTIR and multivariate analysis. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:1-14. [PMID: 30672327 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1557637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A combination of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, multivariate analysis and conventional microbiological assays were utilized to characterize and differentiate membrane biofouling formed in the presence of antiscalants. Based on the FTIR spectra of biofouled reverse osmosis membranes obtained after incubating with antiscalants and H. aquamarina (as model microorganism), it was found that the biofouling intensity and composition was dependent on the type of antiscalants used. The growth of the bacterium was also highly affected by the type of antiscalants as shown by the colony forming unit (CFU) counts. By combining the techniques of principle component analysis (PCA) and FTIR, it was demonstrated that the biofouling was more intense and composed of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids, when polymer antiscalant was used. By applying PCA-FTIR with CFU counts, faster prediction of the effect of antiscalants on biofouling was made possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Y Ashfaq
- a Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | - Mohammad A Al-Ghouti
- a Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | - Hazim Qiblawey
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , College of Engineering, Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | - Nabil Zouari
- a Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bush JA, Vanneste J, Cath TY. Comparison of membrane distillation and high-temperature nanofiltration processes for treatment of silica-saturated water. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
38
|
Zheng J, Yao Y, Li M, Wang L, Zhang X. A non-MPD-type reverse osmosis membrane with enhanced permselectivity for brackish water desalination. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
39
|
|
40
|
The Influence of Synthesis Parameters on Vertically Aligned CNT Sheets: Empirical Modeling and Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology. J Membr Biol 2017; 250:651-661. [PMID: 29127488 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VA-CNT) sheets were synthesized via pyrolysis of polybenzimidazole (PBI)-Kapton inside the pores of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO). The synthesized VA-CNT sheets were then evaluated for the desalination of salty water. The results indicated that the VA-CNT sheets were effective for application as an adsorbent for desalination of salty water due to their high adsorption capacity, with no loss of CNTs in the treated water. This study explored the impact of operating time and temperature on liquid adsorption performance through optimization and modeling methods. An empirical model was developed through the evolution of a full factorial design process which considered two significant factors for enhanced antibacterial efficiency and adsorption uptake. The highest antibacterial efficiency was achieved with carbon precursors synthesized at a higher temperature. However, optimal values were obtained for both antibacterial efficiency and adsorption uptake (NaCl) with a combination of CNT membranes. The best conditions for such a membrane were 800 °C and 18 min. Under these conditions, antibacterial efficiency, contact angle, carbon content, adsorption uptake (NaCl = 10,000) and adsorption uptake (NaCl = 20,000) were 90.079, 1.69256, 75.213, 76.2352 and 0.997, respectively.
Collapse
|
41
|
Singh SP, Li Y, Be'er A, Oren Y, Tour JM, Arnusch CJ. Laser-Induced Graphene Layers and Electrodes Prevents Microbial Fouling and Exerts Antimicrobial Action. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:18238-18247. [PMID: 28520397 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of fouling on surfaces is a major challenge that broadly impacts society. Water treatment technologies, hospital infrastructure, and seawater pipes exemplify surfaces that are susceptible to biofouling. Here we show that laser-induced graphene (LIG) printed on a polyimide film by irradiation with a CO2 infrared laser under ambient conditions is extremely biofilm resistant while as an electrode is strongly antibacterial. We investigated the antibacterial activity of the LIG surface using LIG powder in suspension or deposited on surfaces, and its activity depended on the particle size and oxygen content. Remarkably, the antimicrobial effects of the surface were greatly amplified when voltages in the range of 1.1-2.5 were applied in an electrode configuration in bacterial solutions. The bactericidal mechanism was directly observed using microscopy and fast photography, which showed a rapid bacterial movement toward the LIG surface and subsequent bacterial killing. In addition, electrochemical generation of H2O2 was observed; however, the bacterial killing mechanism depended strongly on the physical and electrical contact of the bacterial cells to the surfaces. The anti-biofilm activity of the LIG surfaces and electrodes could lead to efficient protection of surfaces that are susceptible to biofouling in environmental applications by incorporating LIG onto the surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swatantra P Singh
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sede-Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Yilun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Smalley-Curl Institute and NanoCarbon Center, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Avraham Be'er
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sede-Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Yoram Oren
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sede-Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Smalley-Curl Institute and NanoCarbon Center, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christopher J Arnusch
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sede-Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tong T, Zhao S, Boo C, Hashmi SM, Elimelech M. Relating Silica Scaling in Reverse Osmosis to Membrane Surface Properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4396-4406. [PMID: 28350170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between membrane surface properties and silica scaling in reverse osmosis (RO). The effects of membrane hydrophilicity, free energy for heterogeneous nucleation, and surface charge on silica scaling were examined by comparing thin-film composite polyamide membranes grafted with a variety of polymers. Results show that the rate of silica scaling was independent of both membrane hydrophilicity and free energy for heterogeneous nucleation. In contrast, membrane surface charge demonstrated a strong correlation with the extent of silica scaling (R2 > 0.95, p < 0.001). Positively charged membranes significantly facilitated silica scaling, whereas a more negative membrane surface charge led to reduced scaling. This observation suggests that deposition of negatively charged silica species on the membrane surface plays a critical role in silica scale formation. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the mechanisms governing silica scaling in reverse osmosis and highlight the potential of membrane surface modification as a strategy to reduce silica scaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiezheng Tong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Song Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Chanhee Boo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Sara M Hashmi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ferrando D, Ziemba C, Herzberg M. Revisiting interrelated effects of extracellular polysaccharides during biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes: Viscoelastic properties and biofilm enhanced osmotic pressure. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
44
|
Azami H, Omidkhah MR. Preparation, characterization, and application of vertically aligned CNT sheets through template assisted pyrolysis of PBI-Kapton. CAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Azami
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Tarbiat Modares University; 14155-4838, Tehran Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Giwa A, Akther N, Dufour V, Hasan SW. A critical review on recent polymeric and nano-enhanced membranes for reverse osmosis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17221g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current and recent advances in polymeric and nano-enhanced membrane developments for reverse osmosis are reported in terms of membrane performance and fouling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Giwa
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Masdar Institute of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Nawshad Akther
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Masdar Institute of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Virginie Dufour
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Masdar Institute of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Shadi Wajih Hasan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Masdar Institute of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|