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He H, Liu K, Liu M, Yang AJ, Cheng KW, Lu LW, Liu B, Chen JH. The impact of medium-chain triglycerides on weight loss and metabolic health in individuals with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1755-1768. [PMID: 38936302 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The efficacy of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) for weight management and mitigating metabolic disorders among individuals with overweight and obesity remains a topic of ongoing discussion. Notably, there is a gap in the distinction between pure MCTs and medium-long-chain triglycerides (MLCTs). METHODS This meta-analysis investigates the efficacy of MCTs on weight loss and glucolipid metabolism in these populations, explicitly evaluating the differential effects of pure MCTs and MLCTs. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis on relevant studies examining weight loss and glucolipid parameters, incorporating a subgroup analysis conducted based on intervention types, pure MCTs versus MLCTs. RESULTS Our findings revealed diets enriched with MCTs are more effective in achieving weight reduction (WMD: -1.53%; 95% CI: -2.44, -0.63; p < 0.01), particularly those containing pure MCTs (WMD: -1.62%; 95% CI: -2.78, -0.46; p < 0.01), compared to long-chain fatty acids (LCTs) enriched diets. However, our subgroup analysis indicates that an MLCTs-enriched diet did not significantly reduce weight loss. Additionally, MCTs-enriched diets were associated with significant reductions in blood triglyceride levels and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) scores, compared to LCTs-enriched diets. CONCLUSIONS Hence, the authors recommend incorporating pure MCTs in dietary interventions for individuals with overweight and obesity, particularly those with comorbidities such as dyslipidemia and impaired glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Kang Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ai-Jia Yang
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ka-Wing Cheng
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Louise Weiwei Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. louise.%
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgangdong Road, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Jie-Hua Chen
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Pedersen K, Ipsen DH, Skat-Rørdam J, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Dietary Long-Chain Fatty Acids Accelerate Metabolic Dysfunction in Guinea Pigs with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112445. [PMID: 37299406 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of dietary fatty acids may be important for the development and progression of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study investigated the effect of two high-fat diets based on coconut oil, containing predominantly medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), or cocoa butter, containing mainly long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), on glucose homeostasis and NASH in guinea pigs following 16 and 32 weeks of diet. At week 16, glucose intolerance was increased in the LCFA animals compared to the MCFA animals (p < 0.001), with both groups differing from the controls by week 32 (p < 0.0001), supported by increased hemoglobin A1c (p < 0.05). NASH was present in both high-fat groups from week 16, with advancing fibrosis appearing more progressive in the LCFA animals at week 16. In agreement, gene expression showed overall increased expression of NASH target genes in the LCFA animals compared to the MCFA animals at weeks 16 and 32 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001, respectively). The LCFA animals also displayed increased plasma uric acid at both time points (p < 0.05), a phenomenon linked to NASH in humans. In conclusion, this study reports that a diet high in LCFA promotes metabolic imbalance and may accelerate NASH-associated hepatic fibrosis. This highlights the importance of a critical evaluation of fatty acid composition when investigating NASH-associated endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Pedersen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - David Højland Ipsen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Integrated Physiology Research, Obesity and NASH Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Josephine Skat-Rørdam
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Shcherbakova K, Schwarz A, Ivleva I, Nikitina V, Krytskaya D, Apryatin S, Karpenko M, Trofimov A. Short- and long-term cognitive and metabolic effects of medium-chain triglyceride supplementation in rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13446. [PMID: 36825166 PMCID: PMC9941952 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) possess neuroprotective properties. However, the long-term metabolic consequences of supplementing a regular diet with cognition-enhancing doses of MCT are largely unknown. We studied the effects of chronic (28 days) supplementation of regular diet with different doses of MCT oil (1, 3, or 6 g/kg/day) or water (control) on working memory (Y-maze), behavior in the Open Field, spatial learning (Morris water maze), and weight of internal organs in male Wistar 2.5-m.o. Rats. In a separate experiment, we evaluated acute (single gavage) and chronic (28 days) effects of MCT or lard supplementation (3 g/kg) on blood biochemical parameters. MCT-1 and MCT-3 doses improved working memory in YM. In MWM, MCT-6 treatment improved spatial memory. Chronic MCT-1 or MCT-3 treatment did not affect internal organ weight, while MCT-6 dose increased liver weight and the brown/white adipose tissue ratio. Acutely, MCT administration elevated blood β-hydroxybutyrate and malondialdehyde levels. Chronic MCT administration (3 g/kg) did not affect the blood levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, total and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, and aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase activities. Therefore, daily supplementation of standard feed with MCT resulted in mild intermittent ketosis. It improved working memory at lower concentrations without significant adverse side effects. At higher concentrations, it improved long-term spatial memory but also resulted in organ weight changes and is likely unsafe. These results highlight the importance of monitoring the metabolic effects of MCT supplementation alongside cognitive assessment in future studies of MCT's neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Shcherbakova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Akad. Pavlova St., 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Alexander Schwarz
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Avenue, 194223, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Ivleva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Akad. Pavlova St., 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Veronika Nikitina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Akad. Pavlova St., 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Darya Krytskaya
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Akad. Pavlova St., 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Apryatin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Akad. Pavlova St., 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Karpenko
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Akad. Pavlova St., 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Trofimov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Akad. Pavlova St., 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Corresponding author.
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Hsu HI, Lee TA, Wang MF, Li PH, Ho JH. Influence of an Edible Oil-Medium-Chain Triglyceride Blend on the Physicochemical Properties of Low-Fat Mayonnaise. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154983. [PMID: 35956940 PMCID: PMC9370733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mayonnaise is a semisolid oil-in-water emulsion comprised of egg yolk, oil, and vinegar. One main problem with mayonnaise is its high fat content, so efforts have been made to develop low-fat sauces with similar characteristics to real mayonnaise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) blended with edible oil (soybean and olive oil) on the rheological, physicochemical, and sensory properties of low-fat mayonnaise. The results revealed that the shear viscosity decreased with the increase in medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) contents and decreased with an increasing shear rate. Tan δ was <1, and a semisolid fluid with shear-thinning behavior was formed. The oscillation frequency test showed that the MCFA-containing mayonnaise was viscoelastic. The particle size and oil droplet analyses revealed that the emulsion droplet size and distribution were not significantly different in the MCT group compared to the control. The sensory evaluation demonstrated that the MCFA-containing mayonnaise was acceptable. This study illustrates that MCTs are a good substitute to produce the proper physicochemical properties of mayonnaise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-I Hsu
- Department of Food Science, Tunghai University, 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 40704, Taiwan
| | - Tan-Ang Lee
- Department of Food Science, Tunghai University, 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 40704, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fu Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43301, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsien Li
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43301, Taiwan
| | - Jou-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Food Science, Tunghai University, 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 40704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-23590121 (ext. 37330); Fax: +886-4-23599059
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Shcherbakova K, Schwarz A, Apryatin S, Karpenko M, Trofimov A. Supplementation of Regular Diet With Medium-Chain Triglycerides for Procognitive Effects: A Narrative Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:934497. [PMID: 35911092 PMCID: PMC9334743 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.934497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that ketosis (a physiological state characterized by elevated plasma ketone body levels) possesses a wide range of neuroprotective effects. There is a growing interest in the use of ketogenic supplements, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), to achieve intermittent ketosis without adhering to a strict ketogenic diet. MCT supplementation is an inexpensive and simple ketogenic intervention, proven to benefit both individuals with normal cognition and those suffering from mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and other cognitive disorders. The commonly accepted paradigm underlying MCT supplementation trials is that the benefits stem from ketogenesis and that MCT supplementation is safe. However, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) may also exert effects in the brain directly. Moreover, MCFAs, long-chain fatty acids, and glucose participate in mutually intertwined metabolic pathways. Therefore, the metabolic effects must be considered if the desired procognitive effects require administering MCT in doses larger than 1 g/kg. This review summarizes currently available research on the procognitive effects of using MCTs as a supplement to regular feed/diet without concomitant reduction of carbohydrate intake and focuses on the revealed mechanisms linked to particular MCT metabolites (ketone bodies, MCFAs), highlighting open questions and potential considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Shcherbakova
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia,*Correspondence: Ksenia Shcherbakova
| | - Alexander Schwarz
- Laboratory of the Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (RAS), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Apryatin
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Karpenko
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Trofimov
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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6
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Watanabe S, Tsujino S. Applications of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Foods. Front Nutr 2022; 9:802805. [PMID: 35719157 PMCID: PMC9203050 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.802805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1950s, the production of processed fats and oils from coconut oil was popular in the United States. It became necessary to find uses for the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) that were byproducts of the process, and a production method for medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) was established. At the time of this development, its use as a non-fattening fat was being studied. In the early days MCFAs included fatty acids ranging from hexanoic acid (C6:0) to dodecanoic acid (C12:0), but today their compositions vary among manufacturers and there seems to be no clear definition. MCFAs are more polar than long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) because of their shorter chain length, and their hydrolysis and absorption properties differ greatly. These differences in physical properties have led, since the 1960s, to the use of MCTs to improve various lipid absorption disorders and malnutrition. More than half a century has passed since MCTs were first used in the medical field. It has been reported that they not only have properties as an energy source, but also have various physiological effects, such as effects on fat and protein metabolism. The enhancement of fat oxidation through ingestion of MCTs has led to interest in the study of body fat reduction and improvement of endurance during exercise. Recently, MCTs have also been shown to promote protein anabolism and inhibit catabolism, and applied research has been conducted into the prevention of frailty in the elderly. In addition, a relatively large ingestion of MCTs can be partially converted into ketone bodies, which can be used as a component of "ketone diets" in the dietary treatment of patients with intractable epilepsy, or in the nutritional support of terminally ill cancer patients. The possibility of improving cognitive function in dementia patients and mild cognitive impairment is also being studied. Obesity due to over-nutrition and lack of exercise, and frailty due to under-nutrition and aging, are major health issues in today's society. MCTs have been studied in relation to these concerns. In this paper we will introduce the results of applied research into the use of MCTs by healthy subjects.
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Abstract
Metabolomics emerged as an important tool to gain insights on how the body responds to therapeutic interventions. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity and obesity-related co-morbidities. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of the available data on metabolomics profiles that characterize patients submitted to different bariatric surgery procedures, which could be useful to predict clinical outcomes including weight loss and type 2 diabetes remission. For that, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - PRISMA guidelines were followed. Data from forty-seven original study reports addressing metabolomics profiles induced by bariatric surgery that met eligibility criteria were compiled and summarized. Amino acids, lipids, energy-related and gut microbiota-related were the metabolite classes most influenced by bariatric surgery. Among these, higher pre-operative levels of specific lipids including phospholipids, long-chain fatty acids and bile acids were associated with post-operative T2D remission. As conclusion, metabolite profiling could become a useful tool to predict long term response to different bariatric surgery procedures, allowing more personalized interventions and improved healthcare resources allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Vaz
- Endocrine & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Pereira
- Endocrine & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Endocrine & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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8
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Kamoshita K, Tsugane H, Ishii KA, Takayama H, Yao X, Abuduwaili H, Tanida R, Taniguchi Y, Oo HK, Gafiyatullina G, Kaneko S, Matsugo S, Takamura T. Lauric acid impairs insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation by upregulating SELENOP expression via HNF4α induction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E556-E568. [PMID: 35499234 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00163.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selenoprotein P (SeP; encoded by SELENOP in humans, Selenop in rodents) is a hepatokine that is upregulated in the liver of humans with type 2 diabetes. Excess SeP contributes to the onset of insulin resistance and various type 2 diabetes-related complications. We have previously reported that the long-chain saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, upregulates Selenop expression, whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) downregulate it in hepatocytes. However, the effect of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) on Selenop is unknown. Here we report novel mechanisms that underlie the lauric acid-mediated Selenop gene regulation in hepatocytes. Lauric acid upregulated Selenop expression in Hepa1-6 hepatocytes and mice liver. A luciferase promoter assay and computational analysis of transcription factor-binding sites identified the hepatic nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) binding site in the SELENOP promoter. A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that lauric acid increased the binding of HNF4α to the SELENOP promoter. The knockdown of Hnf4α using siRNA canceled the upregulation of lauric acid-induced Selenop. Thus, the lauric acid-induced impairment of Akt phosphorylation brought about by insulin was rescued by the knockdown of either Hnf4α or Selenop. These results provide new insights into the regulation of SeP by fatty acids and suggest that SeP may mediate MCFA-induced hepatic insulin signal reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Kamoshita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Tsugane
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural System, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kiyo-Aki Ishii
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Integrative Medicine for Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takayama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of System Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Technology Department, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Xingyu Yao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Halimulati Abuduwaili
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanida
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Taniguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hein Ko Oo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Guzel Gafiyatullina
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of System Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Seiichi Matsugo
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural System, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshinari Takamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Basak S, Banerjee A, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Dietary Fats and the Gut Microbiota: Their impacts on lipid-induced metabolic syndrome. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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10
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Lew LC, Mat Ludin AF, Shahar S, Abdul Manaf Z, Mohd Tohit N. Efficacy and Sustainability of Diabetes-Specific Meal Replacement on Obese and Overweight Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Study Approaches for a Randomised Controlled Trial and Impact of COVID-19 on Trial Progress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074188. [PMID: 35409872 PMCID: PMC8998339 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Meal replacement (MR) is widely used in weight and diabetes management programs due to its ease of compliance and handling. However, little is known about its impact on outcomes other than glycaemic control and weight loss. Furthermore, not many studies evaluate its cost-effectiveness and sustainability. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a diabetes-specific MR for the weight reduction and glycaemic controls of overweight and obese T2DM patients, as compared to routine dietary consultation. Other health outcomes, the cost effectiveness, and the sustainability of the MR will also be evaluated. Materials and Methods: This randomised controlled clinical trial will involve 156 participants who have been randomised equally into the intervention and control groups. As a baseline, both groups will receive diet consultation. Additionally, the intervention group will receive an MR to replace one meal for 5 days a week. The duration of intervention will be 12 weeks, with 36 weeks of follow-up to monitor the sustainability of the MR. The primary endpoints are weight and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, while the secondary endpoints are anthropometry, biochemical measurements, satiety, hormone changes, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on study design is also discussed in this paper. This study has obtained human ethics approval from RECUKM (JEP-2019-566) and is registered at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR ID: TCTR20210921004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leong Chen Lew
- Biomedical Science Programme, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.S.); (Z.A.M.)
| | - Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin
- Biomedical Science Programme, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.S.); (Z.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-92898043
| | - Suzana Shahar
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.S.); (Z.A.M.)
- Dietetic Programme, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Zahara Abdul Manaf
- Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.S.); (Z.A.M.)
- Dietetic Programme, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Noorlaili Mohd Tohit
- Department of Family Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
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Dhanasekara CS, Nelson A, Spradley M, Wynn A, Robohm-Leavitt C, Shen CL, Kahathuduwa CN. Effects of consumption of coconut oil or coconut on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:53-68. [PMID: 34802850 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The often purported claim that coconut fat is beneficial for cardiovascular health and was disputed in several recent meta-analyses. However, the evidence on the effects of coconut fat intake on glycemic control remains equivocal. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines to determine the effects of dietary coconut fats on markers of acute and long-term glycemic control. METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web-of-Science databases were searched and the records were screened by three independent reviewers to identify interventional studies examining acute and long-term (i.e., >10 days) effects of coconut fat on glycemic control. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analyses were performed using the meta-package in R (4.0.2). Seven interventional studies on acute effects and 11 interventional studies on long-term effects of coconut fat were included. Meals with coconut fat acutely increased the incremental area under the curve (AUC) of glucose (p = 0.046) and decreased the incremental AUC of insulin (p = 0.037) vs. control meals. Long-term coconut fat intake increased HOMA-IR (p = 0.049), but did not significantly affect fasting glucose, insulin, or HOMA-β vs. control meals. CONCLUSIONS Coconut fat in meals seems to be associated with a diminished postprandial insulin response, resulting in a subtle increase in the postprandial glycemic response. Long-term intake of coconut fat seems to increase insulin resistance, yet does not seem to be beneficial for long-term glycemic control. Thus, our results disprove the popular claim that coconut fat improves glycemic control. REGISTRATION PROSPERO registry (CRD42020183450).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Sciences and Primary Care, School of Health Professions, TTUHSC, United States
| | - Megan Spradley
- Department of Laboratory Sciences and Primary Care, School of Health Professions, TTUHSC, United States
| | - Adam Wynn
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, TTUHSC, United States
| | - Christina Robohm-Leavitt
- Department of Laboratory Sciences and Primary Care, School of Health Professions, TTUHSC, United States
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, TTUHSC, United States; Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, TTUHSC, United States; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, TTUHSC, United States
| | - Chanaka N Kahathuduwa
- Department of Laboratory Sciences and Primary Care, School of Health Professions, TTUHSC, United States; Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, TTUHSC, United States; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, TTUHSC, United States; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, TTUHSC, United States.
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12
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Muñoz-Prieto A, Rubić I, Horvatic A, Rafaj RB, Cerón JJ, Tvarijonaviciute A, Mrljak V. Metabolic profiling of serum from dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Res Vet Sci 2021; 138:161-166. [PMID: 34147706 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is one of the most common endocrine diseases in dogs characterized by excessive cortisol production caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting tumor, namely pituitary-dependent HAC (PDH) or cortisol-secreting adrenal tumor. Metabolomics presents the ability to identify small molecule metabolites. Thus, the use of metabolomics techniques in canine PDH can provide information about the pathophysiology and metabolic changes in this disease. This study aimed to identify and compare differences in serum metabolites between dogs with PDH and healthy dogs. The metabolomic profile of 20 dogs diagnosed with PDH was compared with 20 healthy dogs using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and metabolite discrimination was performed using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the variable important in projection (VIP) and fold changes (FC) group-wise comparisons. The hypergeometric test identified the significantly altered pathways. A total of 21 metabolites were found to be significantly different between the two groups. The major alterations were found in arachidonic and decanoic acid, and phospholipids related to phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). These metabolites are related to insulin resistance and other complications (i.e. hypertension). Our results indicate that PDH produces changes in serum metabolites of dogs, and the knowledge of these changes can aid to better understanding of pathophysiological processes involved and contribute to potentially detect new biomarkers for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivana Rubić
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Anita Horvatic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Baric Rafaj
- Department for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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13
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Myette-Côté É, St-Pierre V, Beaulieu S, Castellano CA, Fortier M, Plourde M, Bocti C, Fulop T, Cunnane SC. The effect of a 6-month ketogenic medium-chain triglyceride supplement on plasma cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers in mild cognitive impairment. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 169:102236. [PMID: 33906081 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is often accompanied by metabolic abnormalities and inflammation that might play a role in the development of cognitive impairment. The use of ketogenic medium-chain triglycerides (kMCT) to improve cognition in this population has shown promising results but remains controversial because of the potentially detrimental effect of elevated intake of saturated fatty acids on cardiovascular (CV) health and perhaps inflammatory processes. The primary aim of this secondary data analysis report is to describe changes in cardiometabolic markers and peripheral inflammation during a 6-month kMCT intervention in MCI. METHODS Thirty-nine participants with MCI completed the intervention of 30 g/day of either a kMCT drink or calorie-matched placebo (high-oleic acid) for 6 months. Plasma concentrations of cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers were collected before (fasting state) and after the intervention (2 h following the last drink). RESULTS A mixed model ANOVA analysis revealed a time by group interaction for ketones (P < 0.001), plasma 8:0 and 10:0 acids (both P < 0.001) and IL-8 (P = 0.002) with follow up comparison revealing a significant increase in the kMCT group (+48%, P = 0.005), (+3,800 and +4,900%, both P < 0.001) and (+147%, P < 0.001) respectively. A main effect of time was observed for insulin (P = 0.004), triglycerides (P = 0.011) and non-esterified fatty acids (P = 0.036). CONCLUSION Under these study conditions, 30 g/d of kMCT taken for six months and up to 2-hour before post-intervention testing had minimal effect on an extensive profile of circulating cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers as compared to a placebo calorie-matched drink. Our results support the safety kMCT supplementation in individuals with MCI. The clinical significance of the observed increase in circulating IL-8 levels is presently unknown and awaits future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Myette-Côté
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Valérie St-Pierre
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sandrine Beaulieu
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Mélanie Fortier
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Bocti
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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14
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Huang L, Gao L, Chen C. Role of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in Healthy Metabolism: A Clinical Perspective. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:351-366. [PMID: 33832826 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) serve not only as an energy source but also regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. The unique transport and rapid metabolism of MCFAs provide additional clinical benefits over other substrates such as long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and have prompted interest in the use of MCFAs for treating metabolic and neurological disorders. This review focuses on the metabolic role of MCFAs in modulating cellular signaling and regulating key circulating metabolites and hormones. The potential of MCFAs in treating various metabolic diseases in a clinical setting has also been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lin Gao
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
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15
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Wang Y, Zhang T, Liu R, Chang M, Wei W, Jin Q, Wang X. New perspective toward nutritional support for malnourished cancer patients: Role of lipids. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1381-1421. [PMID: 33533186 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To improve the difficulties related to malnutrition, nutritional support has become an essential part of multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment for cancer. Lipids are essential nutrient source for the human body, and nowadays in clinical practices, it has a positive interventional effect on patients suffering from cancer. However, contribution of lipids in nutritional support of cancer patients is still poorly understood. Moreover, the sensory and physicochemical properties of lipids can severely restrict their applications in lipid-rich formula foods. In this review article, for the first time, we have presented a summary of the existing studies which were related to the associations between different lipids and improved malnutrition in cancer patients and discussed possible mechanisms. Subsequently, we discussed the challenges and effective solutions during processing of lipids into formula foods. Further, by considering existing problems in current lipid nutritional support, we proposed a novel method for the treatment of malnutrition, including developing individualized lipid nutrition for different patients depending on the individual's genotype and enterotype. Nonetheless, this review study provides a new direction for future research on nutritional support and the development of lipid-rich formula foods for cancer patients, and probably will help to improve the efficacy of lipids in the treatment of cancer malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ming Chang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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16
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Lee YY, Tang TK, Chan ES, Phuah ET, Lai OM, Tan CP, Wang Y, Ab Karim NA, Mat Dian NH, Tan JS. Medium chain triglyceride and medium-and long chain triglyceride: metabolism, production, health impacts and its applications - a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4169-4185. [PMID: 33480262 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1873729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Structured lipid is a type of modified form of lipid that is "fabricated" with the purpose to improve the nutritional and functional properties of conventional fats and oils derived from animal and plant sources. Such healthier choice of lipid received escalating attention from the public for its capability to manage the rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Of which, medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) and medium-and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) are the few examples of the "new generation" custom-made healthful lipids which are mainly composed of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA). MCT is made up exclusively of MCFA whereas MLCT contains a mixture of MCFA and long chain fatty acid (LCFA), respectively. Attributed by the unique metabolism of MCFA which is rapidly metabolized by the body, MCFA and MCT showed to acquire multiple physiological and functional properties in managing and reversing certain health disorders. Several chemically or enzymatically oils and fats modification processes catalyzed by a biological or chemical catalyst such as acidolysis, interesterification and esterification are adopted to synthesis MCT and MLCT. With their purported health benefits, MCT and MLCT are widely being used as nutraceutical in food and pharmaceutical sectors. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on MCT and MLCT, with an emphasis on the basic understanding of its structures, properties, unique metabolism; the current status of the touted health benefits; latest routes of production; its up-to-date applications in the different food systems; relevant patents filed and its drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Ying Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Monash Industry Palm Oil Research and Education Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Teck-Kim Tang
- International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oils Processing and Safety, Jinan University- Universiti Putra Malaysia.Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eng-Seng Chan
- Monash Industry Palm Oil Research and Education Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eng-Tong Phuah
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Oi-Ming Lai
- International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oils Processing and Safety, Jinan University- Universiti Putra Malaysia.Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor
| | - Chin-Ping Tan
- International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oils Processing and Safety, Jinan University- Universiti Putra Malaysia. Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong Wang
- International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oils Processing and Safety, Jinan University- Universiti Putra Malaysia. Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Nur Azwani Ab Karim
- Sime Darby Research Sdn Bhd, R&D Carey Island-Upstream, Carey Island, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorlida Habi Mat Dian
- Malaysia Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Joo Shun Tan
- Bioprocess Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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17
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Park YW. The Impact of Plant-Based Non-Dairy Alternative Milk on the Dairy Industry. Food Sci Anim Resour 2021; 41:8-15. [PMID: 33506213 PMCID: PMC7810394 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetarians have claimed and actively promoted the advantages of plant-based alternative milks as the best option for human nutrition and health, compared to the natural dairy milk. However, numerous scientific evidences and reports have demonstrated that the natural milk possesses more beneficial nutrients and bioactive components than artificially manufactured plant-derived milks. The biochemical and nutritional advantages and functionalities of natural dairy milk cannot be replaced by man-made or crafted plant-based beverage products. On the other hand, the tremendous increase in production and consumption of the plant-based alternative milks in recent years has led a serious business downturn in traditional roles and stability of the dairy industry, especially in the major dairy producing Western countries. Although plant-based milk alternatives may have some benefits on nutrition and health of certain consumers, the plant-derived alternative milks may not overshadow the true values of natural milk. Milk is not a high fat and high cholesterol food as animal meat products. Unlike plant-based alternative milks, natural milk contains many bioactive as well as antiappetizing peptides, which can reduce body weight. It has proven that taking low-fat, cultured and lactase treated milk and dairy products with other diversified nutritionally balanced diets have been shown to be healthier dietary option than plant-based milk/foods alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Park
- Georgia Small Ruminant Research &
Extension Center, Fort Valley State University, The University System of
Georgia, Fort Valley, GA 31030,
USA
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18
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Lundsgaard AM, Fritzen AM, Sjøberg KA, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Kiens B. Small Amounts of Dietary Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Protect Against Insulin Resistance During Caloric Excess in Humans. Diabetes 2021; 70:91-98. [PMID: 33122393 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have in rodents been shown to have protective effects on glucose homeostasis during high-fat overfeeding. In this study, we investigated whether dietary MCFAs protect against insulin resistance induced by a hypercaloric high-fat diet in humans. Healthy, lean men ingested a eucaloric control diet and a 3-day hypercaloric high-fat diet (increase of 75% in energy, 81-83% energy [E%] from fat) in randomized order. For one group (n = 8), the high-fat diet was enriched with saturated long-chain FAs (LCSFA-HFD), while the other group (n = 9) ingested a matched diet, but with ∼30 g (5E%) saturated MCFAs (MCSFA-HFD) in substitution for a corresponding fraction of the saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with femoral arteriovenous balance and glucose tracer was applied after the control and hypercaloric diets. In LCSFA-HFD, whole-body insulin sensitivity and peripheral insulin-stimulated glucose disposal were reduced. These impairments were prevented in MCSFA-HFD, accompanied by increased basal fatty acid oxidation, maintained glucose metabolic flexibility, increased nonoxidative glucose disposal related to lower starting glycogen content, and increased glycogen synthase activity, together with increased muscle lactate production. In conclusion, substitution of a small amount of dietary LCFAs with MCFAs rescues insulin action in conditions of lipid-induced energy excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Nunes ÂA, Buccini DF, dos Santos Jaques JA, Portugal LC, Guimarães RCA, Favaro SP, de Araújo Caldas R, Carvalho CME. Effect of dietary Acrocomia aculeata kernel oil rich in medium chain fatty acids on type 2 diabetic rats. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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20
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Chatterjee P, Fernando M, Fernando B, Dias CB, Shah T, Silva R, Williams S, Pedrini S, Hillebrandt H, Goozee K, Barin E, Sohrabi HR, Garg M, Cunnane S, Martins RN. Potential of coconut oil and medium chain triglycerides in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 186:111209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Thomas DD, Stockman MC, Yu L, Meshulam T, McCarthy AC, Ionson A, Burritt N, Deeney J, Cabral H, Corkey B, Istfan N, Apovian CM. Effects of medium chain triglycerides supplementation on insulin sensitivity and beta cell function: A feasibility study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226200. [PMID: 31869355 PMCID: PMC6927614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) have unique metabolic properties which may improve insulin sensitivity (Si) and beta cell function but data in humans are limited. We conducted a 6-week clinical trial of MCT oil supplementation. Methods 22 subjects without diabetes (8 males, 14 females, mean ± standard error age 39±2.9 years, baseline BMI 27.0±1.4 kg/m2) were counseled to maintain their body weight and physical activity (PA) during the trial. Dietary intake, PA data, body composition, and resting energy expenditure (REE) were obtained through dietary recall, international PA questionnaire, dual x-ray absorptiometry, and indirect calorimetry, respectively. MCT prescriptions were given based on REE and PA to replace part of dietary fat with 30 grams of MCT per 2000 kcal daily. Insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed before and after MCT to measure changes in Si, acute insulin response (AIR), disposition index (DI), and glucose effectiveness (Sg). Results MCT were well tolerated and weight remained stable (mean change 0.3 kg, p = 0.39). Fasting REE, respiratory quotient, and body composition were stable during the intervention. There were no significant changes in mean fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, fasting total ketones, Si, AIR, DI, Sg, leptin, fructosamine, and proinsulin. The mean change in Si was 0.5 10−4 min-1 per mU/L (95% CI: -1.4, 2.4), corresponding to a 12% increase from baseline, and the range was -4.7 to 12.9 10−4 min-1 per mU/L. Mean total adiponectin decreased significantly from 22925 ng/mL at baseline to 17598 ng/mL at final visit (p = 0.02). The baseline clinical and laboratory parameters were not significantly associated with the change in Si. Discussion There were a wide range of changes in the minimal model parameters of glucose and insulin metabolism in subjects following 6 weeks of MCT as an isocaloric substitution for part of usual dietary fat intake. Since this was a single-arm non-randomized study without a control group, it cannot be certain whether these changes were due to MCT so further randomized controlled trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan D. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
| | - Mary-Catherine Stockman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition and Weight Management, Nutrition and Weight Management Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Liqun Yu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition and Weight Management, Nutrition and Weight Management Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tova Meshulam
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
| | - Ashley C. McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
| | - Annaliese Ionson
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nathan Burritt
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition and Weight Management, Nutrition and Weight Management Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jude Deeney
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
| | - Howard Cabral
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Barbara Corkey
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
| | - Nawfal Istfan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition and Weight Management, Nutrition and Weight Management Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Apovian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition and Weight Management, Nutrition and Weight Management Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Montgomery MK, Osborne B, Brandon AE, O'Reilly L, Fiveash CE, Brown SHJ, Wilkins BP, Samsudeen A, Yu J, Devanapalli B, Hertzog A, Tolun AA, Kavanagh T, Cooper AA, Mitchell TW, Biden TJ, Smith NJ, Cooney GJ, Turner N. Regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in murine skeletal muscle by the medium-chain fatty acid receptor Gpr84. FASEB J 2019; 33:12264-12276. [PMID: 31415180 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900234r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid receptors have been recognized as important players in glycaemic control. This study is the first to describe a role for the medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) receptor G-protein-coupled receptor (Gpr) 84 in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and insulin secretion. We are able to show that Gpr84 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Mice with global deletion of Gpr84 [Gpr84 knockout (KO)] exhibit a mild impairment in glucose tolerance when fed a MCFA-enriched diet. Studies in mice and pancreatic islets suggest that glucose intolerance is accompanied by a defect in insulin secretion. MCFA-fed KO mice also exhibit a significant impairment in the intrinsic respiratory capacity of their skeletal muscle mitochondria, but at the same time also exhibit a substantial increase in mitochondrial content. Changes in canonical pathways of mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover are unable to explain these mitochondrial differences. Our results show that Gpr84 plays a crucial role in regulating mitochondrial function and quality control.-Montgomery, M. K., Osborne, B., Brandon, A. E., O'Reilly, L., Fiveash, C. E., Brown, S. H. J., Wilkins, B. P., Samsudeen, A., Yu, J., Devanapalli, B., Hertzog, A., Tolun, A. A., Kavanagh, T., Cooper, A. A., Mitchell, T. W., Biden, T. J., Smith, N. J., Cooney, G. J., Turner, N. Regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in murine skeletal muscle by the medium-chain fatty acid receptor Gpr84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene K Montgomery
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brenna Osborne
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda E Brandon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liam O'Reilly
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Corrine E Fiveash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon H J Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brendan P Wilkins
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Division of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Azrah Samsudeen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Josephine Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Beena Devanapalli
- New South Wales (NSW) Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ashley Hertzog
- New South Wales (NSW) Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adviye A Tolun
- New South Wales (NSW) Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Genomic Medicine, and Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tomas Kavanagh
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antony A Cooper
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor J Biden
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Division of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sales and consumption of coconut oil have been on the raise due to effective marketing strategies. Coconut oil is stated to offer various benefits including weight loss, improvement in immunity, heart health support, and memory enhancement. Also, it is often portrayed as an excellent source of medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). Here, we review the evidence behind the clinical utility of coconut oil consumption. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies consistently showed consumption of coconut oil increases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and thereby could increase adverse cardiovascular health. Even though coconut oil has relatively high MCT concentration, the clinical benefits of commercial MCT oils cannot be generalized to coconut oil. Until the long-term effects of coconut oil on cardiovascular health are clearly established, coconut oil should be considered as a saturated fat and its consumption should not exceed the USDA's daily recommendation (less than 10% of total calorie intake).
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Sankararaman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Suite 737, MS RBC 6004, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Thomas J Sferra
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Suite 737, MS RBC 6004, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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24
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Murata Y, Harada N, Yamane S, Iwasaki K, Ikeguchi E, Kanemaru Y, Harada T, Sankoda A, Shimazu-Kuwahara S, Joo E, Poudyal H, Inagaki N. Medium-chain triglyceride diet stimulates less GIP secretion and suppresses body weight and fat mass gain compared with long-chain triglyceride diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E53-E64. [PMID: 30990747 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00200.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin secreted from enteroendocrine K cells and potentiates insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. GIP also enhances long-chain triglyceride (LCT) diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Long-term intake of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet is known to induce less body weight and fat mass gain than that of LCT diet. However, the effect of MCT diet feeding on GIP secretion and the effect of GIP on body weight and fat mass under MCT diet-feeding condition are unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effect of single MCT oil administration on GIP secretion and compared the effect of long-term MCT and LCT diet on body weight and fat mass gain in wild-type (WT) and GIP-knockout (GIP KO) mice. Single administration of LCT oil induced GIP secretion but that of MCT oil did not in WT mice. Long-term intake of LCT diet induced GIP hypersecretion and significant body weight and fat mass gain compared with that of control fat (CF) diet in WT mice. In contrast, MCT diet did not induce GIP hypersecretion, and MCT diet-fed mice showed smaller increase in body weight and fat mass gain compared with CF diet-fed mice. In GIP KO mice, body weight and fat mass were markedly attenuated in LCT diet-fed mice but not in MCT diet-fed mice. Our results suggest that long-term intake of MCT diet stimulates less GIP secretion and suppresses body weight and fat mass gain compared with that of LCT diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Eri Ikeguchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kanemaru
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Takanari Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Akiko Sankoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Satoko Shimazu-Kuwahara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Erina Joo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hemant Poudyal
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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25
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Guimarães J, Bargut TCL, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. Medium-chain triglyceride reinforce the hepatic damage caused by fructose intake in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 140:64-71. [PMID: 30553406 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of medium-chain triglyceride oil on the high fructose diet-provoked hepatic abnormalities in mice. We used C57bl/6 mice of 3-months-old divided into four groups for 12 weeks: control (C), control with MCT (C-MCT), fructose (F), and fructose with MCT (F-MCT). We investigated food and water intake, body mass, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, plasma and liver biochemistry, hepatic protein and gene expression. There were no changes in body mass, food intake and glucose tolerance among the groups. The F group presented increased water intake and blood pressure associated with hepatic steatosis and elevated de novo lipogenesis, beta-oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis and inflammation in the liver. Surprisingly, the C-MCT group also showed hepatic steatosis and inflammation in the liver, and the F-MCT group had no exacerbations of fructose-induced abnormalities, showing marked hepatic steatosis, lipogenesis de novo and hepatic inflammation. The MCT oil groups also presented increased beta-oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis. In conclusion, MCT oil showed detrimental hepatic effects and should be used with caution, especially in the presence of hepatic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Guimarães
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Chalupa-Krebzdak S, Long CJ, Bohrer BM. Nutrient density and nutritional value of milk and plant-based milk alternatives. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Leem J, Shim HM, Cho H, Park JH. Octanoic acid potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and expression of glucokinase through the olfactory receptor in pancreatic β-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:278-284. [PMID: 29885841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are G protein-coupled receptors that mediate olfactory chemosensation, leading to the perception of smell. ORs are expressed in many tissues, but their functions are largely unknown. Here, we show that the olfactory receptor Olfr15 is highly and selectively expressed in both mouse pancreatic β-cells and MIN6 cells. In addition, octanoic acid (OA), a medium-chain fatty acid, potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The OA-induced enhancement of GSIS was inhibited by Olfr15 knockdown. Treatment with a PLC inhibitor or an Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor (IP3R) antagonist also blocked the OA-induced enhancement of GSIS. These results suggest that OA potentiates GSIS via Olfr15 though the PLC-IP3 pathway. Furthermore, long-term treatment with OA increased cellular glucose uptake in MIN6 cells by up-regulating the expression of glucokinase (GK). Moreover, this process was blocked by an IP3R antagonist and a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) inhibitor. Similarly, OA stimulated GK promoter activity, while either Olfr15 or CaMKIV knockdown blocked the stimulatory effect of OA on GK promoter activity. These results suggest that long-term treatment of OA induces GK promoter activity via Olfr15 through the IP3-CaMKK/CaMKIV pathway. In islets from type 2 diabetic mice, the expression level of Olfr15 and the OA-induced enhancement of GSIS were strongly reduced. Collectively, our results highlight the crucial role of the olfactory receptor Olfr15 in potentiating GSIS in pancreatic β-cells, suggesting that Olfr15 may be an important therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaechan Leem
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, 42472, South Korea
| | - Hae-Min Shim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Hochan Cho
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, 41931, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea; Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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28
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Hosny H, Ibrahim M, El-Siory W, Abdel-Monem A. Comparative Study Between Conventional Fasting Versus Overnight Infusion of Lipid or Carbohydrate on Insulin and Free Fatty Acids in Obese Patients Undergoing Elective On-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. A Prospective Randomized Trial. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 32:1248-1253. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Nonclinical safety and pharmacokinetics of Miglyol 812: A medium chain triglyceride in exenatide once weekly suspension. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1293-1301. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Pujol JB, Christinat N, Ratinaud Y, Savoia C, Mitchell SE, Dioum EHM. Coordination of GPR40 and Ketogenesis Signaling by Medium Chain Fatty Acids Regulates Beta Cell Function. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040473. [PMID: 29649104 PMCID: PMC5946258 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes prevalence increases with age, and β-cell dysfunction contributes to the incidence of the disease. Dietary lipids have been recognized as contributory factors in the development and progression of the disease. Unlike long chain triglycerides, medium chain triglycerides (MCT) increase fat burning in animal and human subjects as well as serum C-peptide in type 2 diabetes patients. We evaluated the beneficial effects of MCT on β-cells in vivo and in vitro. MCT improved glycemia in aged rats via β-cell function assessed by measuring insulin secretion and content. In β-cells, medium chain fatty acid (MCFA)-C10 activated fatty acid receptor 1 FFAR1/GPR40, while MCFA-C8 induced mitochondrial ketogenesis and the C8:C10 mixture improved β cell function. We showed that GPR40 signaling positively impacts ketone body production in β-cells, and chronic treatment with β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) improves β-cell function. We also showed that BHB and MCFA help β-cells recover from lipotoxic stress by improving mitochondrial function and increasing the expression of genes involved in β-cell function and insulin biogenesis, such as Glut2, MafA, and NeuroD1 in primary human islets. MCFA offers a therapeutic advantage in the preservation of β-cell function as part of a preventative strategy against diabetes in at risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Benjamin Pujol
- Islet Function, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Christinat
- Lipidomics, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yann Ratinaud
- Natural Bioactives Screening, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia Savoia
- Islet Function, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Siobhan E Mitchell
- Brain Health, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - El Hadji M Dioum
- Islet Function, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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31
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Wang Y, Liu Z, Han Y, Xu J, Huang W, Li Z. Medium Chain Triglycerides enhances exercise endurance through the increased mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191182. [PMID: 29420554 PMCID: PMC5805166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) is a dietary supplement and usually used along with medications for treating food absorption disorders including diarrhea, steatorrhea and liver disease. It has been shown that MCT plays a role in lowering weight, and decreasing metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity and inflammation. However, it is still unknown whether MCT enhances exercise endurance. Here, we demonstrated that MCT containing diet improves high temperature induced exercise performance impairment. We found that MCT up-regulates the expression and protein levels of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. Further investigation demonstrated that the increased mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism is mediated through the activation of Akt and AMPK signaling pathways and inhibition of TGF-β signaling pathway. Collectively, our findings indicate a beneficial effect of dietary MCT in exercise performance through the increase of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Changhai Hospital,Second Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Changhai Hospital,Second Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Han
- Changhai Hospital,Second Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiping Xu
- Changhai Hospital,Second Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Changhai Hospital,Second Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Changhai Hospital,Second Military Medical University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
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32
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Munakata Y, Yamada T, Imai J, Takahashi K, Tsukita S, Shirai Y, Kodama S, Asai Y, Sugisawa T, Chiba Y, Kaneko K, Uno K, Sawada S, Hatakeyama H, Kanzaki M, Miyazaki JI, Oka Y, Katagiri H. Olfactory receptors are expressed in pancreatic β-cells and promote glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1499. [PMID: 29367680 PMCID: PMC5784078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) mediate olfactory chemo-sensation in OR neurons. Herein, we have demonstrated that the OR chemo-sensing machinery functions in pancreatic β-cells and modulates insulin secretion. First, we found several OR isoforms, including OLFR15 and OLFR821, to be expressed in pancreatic islets and a β-cell line, MIN6. Immunostaining revealed OLFR15 and OLFR821 to be uniformly expressed in pancreatic β-cells. In addition, mRNAs of Olfr15 and Olfr821 were detected in single MIN6 cells. These results indicate that multiple ORs are simultaneously expressed in individual β-cells. Octanoic acid, which is a medium-chain fatty acid contained in food and reportedly interacts with OLFR15, potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), thereby improving glucose tolerance in vivo. GSIS potentiation by octanoic acid was confirmed in isolated pancreatic islets and MIN6 cells and was blocked by OLFR15 knockdown. While Gαolf expression was not detectable in β-cells, experiments using inhibitors and siRNA revealed that the pathway dependent on phospholipase C-inositol triphosphate, rather than cAMP-protein kinase A, mediates GSIS potentiation via OLFR15. These findings suggest that the OR system in pancreatic β-cells has a chemo-sensor function allowing recognition of environmental substances obtained from food, and potentiates insulin secretion in a cell-autonomous manner, thereby modulating systemic glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Munakata
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan. .,Center for Metabolic Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Junta Imai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kei Takahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sohei Tsukita
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuta Shirai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Kodama
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Asai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugisawa
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yumiko Chiba
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keizo Kaneko
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenji Uno
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Hatakeyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Miyazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Oka
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
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33
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Fernandez MA, Panahi S, Daniel N, Tremblay A, Marette A. Yogurt and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Critical Review of Potential Mechanisms. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:812-829. [PMID: 29141967 PMCID: PMC5682997 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Associations between yogurt intake and risk of diet-related cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) have been the subject of recent research in epidemiologic nutrition. A healthy dietary pattern has been identified as a pillar for the prevention of weight gain and CMDs. Epidemiologic studies suggest that yogurt consumption is linked to healthy dietary patterns, lifestyles, and reduced risk of CMDs, particularly type 2 diabetes. However, to our knowledge, few to no randomized controlled trials have investigated yogurt intake in relation to cardiometabolic clinical outcomes. Furthermore, there has been little attempt to clarify the mechanisms that underlie the potential beneficial effects of yogurt consumption on CMDs. Yogurt is a nutrient-dense dairy food and has been suggested to reduce weight gain and prevent CMDs by contributing to intakes of protein, calcium, bioactive lipids, and several other micronutrients. In addition, fermentation with bacterial strains generates bioactive peptides, resulting in a potentially greater beneficial effect of yogurt on metabolic health than nonfermented dairy products such as milk. To date, there is little concrete evidence that the mechanisms proposed in observational studies to explain positive results of yogurt on CMDs or parameters are valid. Many proposed mechanisms are based on assumptions that commercial yogurts contain strain-specific probiotics, that viable yogurt cultures are present in adequate quantities, and that yogurt provides a minimum threshold dose of nutrients or bioactive components capable of exerting a physiologic effect. Therefore, the primary objective of this review is to investigate the plausibility of potential mechanisms commonly cited in the literature in order to shed light on the inverse associations reported between yogurt intake and various cardiometabolic health parameters that are related to its nutrient profile, bacterial constituents, and food matrix. This article reviews current gaps and challenges in identifying such mechanisms and provides a perspective on the research agenda to validate the proposed role of yogurt in protecting against CMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Anne Fernandez
- Heart and Lung Institute of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shirin Panahi
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Noémie Daniel
- Heart and Lung Institute of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Heart and Lung Institute of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Heart and Lung Institute of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Kim B, Lee J, Shin KH, Lee S, Yu KS, Jang IJ, Cho JY. Identification of ω- or (ω-1)-Hydroxylated Medium-Chain Acylcarnitines as Novel Urinary Biomarkers for CYP3A Activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 103:879-887. [PMID: 28877336 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative models of endogenous metabolites are useful in predicting CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interactions. This study aimed to identify novel predictive markers for the magnitude of CYP3A induction and inhibition in male and female subjects using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Here we report five ω- or (ω-1)-hydroxylated medium-chain acylcarnitines as novel CYP3A4 markers. As CYP4 catalyzes the ω- or (ω-1)-hydroxylation of various medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), recombinant enzyme assays were used to determine the ω- and (ω-1)-hydroxylation activities of CYP3A4, CYP4A11, and CYP4F2. CYP3A4 catalyzed ω- and (ω-1)-hydroxylated MCFAs with the lowest Km and highest Vmax /Km values. Finally, we derived a model to predict midazolam clearance using these markers and demonstrated that the predictive model including three ω- or (ω-1)-hydroxylated medium-chain acylcarnitines, 6β-OH cortisol, and gender as covariates shows reliable predictability (r2 = 0.894).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jieon Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - SeungHwan Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Jin Jang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Nishimura S, Inai M, Takagi T, Nonaka Y, Urashima S, Honda K, Aoyama T, Terada S. Preventive Effects of the Dietary Intake of Medium-chain Triacylglycerols on Immobilization-induced Muscle Atrophy in Rats. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:917-924. [PMID: 28701655 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) exert favorable effects on protein metabolism. This study evaluated the effects of the dietary intake of MCTs on rat skeletal muscle mass and total protein content during casting-induced hindlimb immobilization, which causes substantial protein degradation and muscle atrophy. Rats were fed a standard diet containing long-chain triacylglycerols (LCTs) or MCTs for 3 days and then a unilateral hindlimb was immobilized while they received the same diet. After immobilization for 3, 7, and 14 days, muscle mass and total protein content in immobilized soleus muscle in the LCT-fed rats had markedly decreased compared to the contralateral muscle; however, these losses were partially suppressed in MCT-fed rats. Autophagosomal membrane proteins (LC-I and -II), which are biomarkers of autophagy-lysosome activity, did not differ significantly between the LCT- and MCT-fed rats. In contrast, the immobilization-induced increase in muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase MuRF-1 protein expression in immobilized soleus muscle relative to contralateral muscle was completely blocked in the MCT-fed rats and was significantly lower than that observed in the LCT-fed rats. Collectively, these results indicate that the dietary intake of MCTs at least partly alleviates immobilization-induced muscle atrophy by inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Nishimura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Makoto Inai
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Tetsuo Takagi
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin-OilliO Group, Ltd
| | - Yudai Nonaka
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shogo Urashima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | | | - Shin Terada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Clegg ME. They say coconut oil can aid weight loss, but can it really? Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1139-1143. [PMID: 28589949 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has in recent years, been much media speculation and consumer interest in the beneficial satiating properties of consuming coconut oil and its potential to aid weight loss. However, the media has primarily cited studies using medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) oil. The current perspective looks at the research that is available on coconut oil. It examines if and how MCT-related research can be applied to coconut oil and if there is potential for coconut oil to aid weight loss. The current report indicates a lack of consistent evidence on the topic of coconut oil, satiety and weight loss. Given both the publicity and the increased consumption of coconut oil further research, particularly long-term clinical trials, in this area are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Clegg
- Functional Food Centre, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
This study examined the deposition of dietary bioactive fatty acids (FAs), including medium-chain and essential FAs, in tissues of broiler chickens. Six hundred newly hatched chicks were allotted to 4 treatments, 6 replicates of 25 chicks per treatment. The chicks were fed diets containing 0%, 1.6%, 4.0%, or 6.4% medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) for 36 d. The abdominal fat deposition, fat content, and FA composition of breast meat, thigh meat, and abdominal fat were measured. The accumulation rate (AR) of bioactive FAs in the tissues was estimated as the slope of the linear regression between the FA composition of tissues and diets. Results showed that a diet containing 6.4% MCTs reduced the abdominal fat deposition and fat content of thigh meat (P<0.05). Essential FAs had higher AR than did medium-chain FAs. The AR of C10:0 was higher than that of C8:0. Moreover, C6:0 could not be detected in the tissues of broiler chickens. In conclusion, essential, but not medium-chain, FAs could efficiently deposit in tissues of broiler chickens.
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Effect of GPR84 deletion on obesity and diabetes development in mice fed long chain or medium chain fatty acid rich diets. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1737-1746. [PMID: 28429080 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although there is good evidence showing that diets rich in medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have less marked obesogenic and diabetogenic effects than diets rich in long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), the role of the pro-inflammatory, medium chain fatty acid receptor (GPR84) in the aetiology of obesity and glucose intolerance is not well characterised. We set out to determine whether GPR84 expression influences obesity and glucose intolerance susceptibility in MCFA and LCFA rich diet fed mice. METHODS Wild type (WT) and GPR84 knockout (KO) mice were fed a control, MCFA or LCFA diet, and body mass, heart, liver and epididymal fat mass was assessed, as well as glucose tolerance and adipocyte size. RESULTS LCFA diets increased body mass and decreased glucose tolerance in both WT and GPR84 KO animals while MCFA diets had no effect on these parameters. There were no differences in body weight when comparing WT and GPR84 KO mice on the respective diets. Glucose tolerance was also similar in WT and GPR84 KO mice irrespective of diet. Liver mass was increased following LCFA feeding in WT but not GPR84 KO mice. Hepatic triglyceride content was increased in GPR84 KO animals fed MCFA, and myocardial triglyceride content was increased in GPR84 KO animals fed LCFA. CONCLUSIONS GPR84 deletion had no effects on body weight or glucose tolerance in mice fed either a high MCFA or LCFA diet. GPR84 may influence lipid metabolism, as GPR84 KO mice had smaller livers and increased myocardial triglyceride accumulation when fed LCFA diets, and increased liver triglyceride accumulation in responses to increased dietary MCFAs.
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SHRESTHA R, HIRANO KI, SUZUKI A, YAMAGUCHI S, MIURA Y, CHEN YF, MIZUTA M, CHIBA H, HUI SP. Change in Plasma Total, Esterified and Non-esterified Capric Acid Concentrations during a Short-term Oral Administration of Synthetic Tricaprin in Dogs. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:1297-1303. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken-ichi HIRANO
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Akira SUZUKI
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Satoshi YAMAGUCHI
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | | | - Yi-Fan CHEN
- Laboratory of Advance Data Science, Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University
| | - Masahiro MIZUTA
- Laboratory of Advance Data Science, Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University
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Lu M, Cao Y, Ho CT, Huang Q. The enhanced anti-obesity effect and reduced gastric mucosa irritation of capsaicin-loaded nanoemulsions. Food Funct 2017; 8:1803-1809. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00173h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Organogel-derived capsaicin nanoemulsions can inhibit diet-induced hepatic steatosis and reduce epididymal adipocyte size and tissue mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muwen Lu
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Yong Cao
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- P. R. China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
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Miller DW, Prosser Z, Chee EYW, Hansen CF, Dunshea FR, Mullan BP, Pluske JR. Dietary stimulation of the endogenous somatotropic axis in weaner and grower-finisher pigs using medium chain triglycerides and cysteamine hydrochloride. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:61. [PMID: 27777763 PMCID: PMC5069931 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three experiments were conducted to examine the overall hypothesis that addition of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and cysteamine hydrochloride (CSH) into the diets of young and growing pigs would stimulate the endogenous somatotropic axis to improve growth and performance. RESULTS In Experiment 1, weaner pigs were given either a 5 d dietary supplement of 5 % MCT (n = 8) or a control diet (n = 8). MCT increased the plasma concentration of growth hormone (GH; P < 0.05) and the GH secretagogue, ghrelin (P < 0.05). Additionally, the MCT treatment reduced scouring (P < 0.05), maintained villous height in the small intestine (P < 0.05) and stabilised daily weight gain (P < 0.05), compared to the controls. Experiment 2 compared the effects of 4 levels (0, 1, 3 and 6 % v/v) of MCT supplementation in grower-finisher male pigs, of approximately 35 kg live weight (n = 15 per treatment). Blood samples taken after 7 wk of treatment showed that the MCT supplementation increased circulating ghrelin (P < 0.001), GH (P < 0.01) and insulin (P < 0.05) concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the MCT diets. In Experiment 3, 64 female pigs of approximately 60 kg live weight were allocated to one of three dietary treatments: control (n = 20); 6 % MCT (n = 21); and 70 mg/kg CSH (n = 21). After 3 wk of supplementation, the MCT treated pigs had a higher plasma concentration of ghrelin compared to the control and CSH pigs (P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of GH and weight were not affected by any of the dietary treatments. CONCLUSIONS Evidence is provided in Experiment 1 to support the use of dietary MCT supplements, perhaps acting via stimulation of somatotropic endocrine pathways, to minimise weaning-associated disorders such as slowing of growth and diarrhoea. In Experiments 2 and 3, although there was no effect on weight gain or feed conversion ratio in either experiment, MCT and CSH increased endocrine components of the somatotropic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Miller
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - Zoe Prosser
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - Edward Y. W. Chee
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - Christian F. Hansen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3051 Australia
| | - Bruce P. Mullan
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Bentley Delivery Center, Locked Bag 4, Bentley, WA 6983 Australia
| | - John R. Pluske
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
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Dietary changes associated with improvement of metabolic syndrome components in postmenopausal women receiving two different nutrition interventions. Menopause 2016; 22:758-64. [PMID: 25563795 PMCID: PMC4481020 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aims to examine the association between dietary changes and improvement of metabolic syndrome components in Mexican postmenopausal women receiving two different nutrition interventions. Methods Women (n = 118) with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to group 1 (n = 63; structured hypocaloric diet) or group 2 (n = 55; behavioral therapy). Metabolic and nutrition assessment was performed at baseline and after 2, 4, and 6 months of intervention. Dietary changes throughout the study and achievement of cardioprotective dietary goals were assessed at the end of the intervention. Results There was a significant increase in the number of women who met recommended servings for fruits/vegetables, low-fat dairy, and sugars in both groups. In group 1, elimination of high-energy refined grains increased the probability of having normal fasting glucose (relative risk, 1.514; 95% CI, 0.989-2.316; P = 0.035). In this group, women who met the low-fat dairy goal at the end of the study had lower diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.012) and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.001). In group 2, women who met the high-fat dairy goal had greater probability of having normal fasting glucose (relative risk, 1.915; 95% CI, 1.123-3.266; P = 0.026). In all women, exclusion of high-fat dairy decreased by 60% the probability of having impaired fasting glucose (relative risk, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.181-0.906; P = 0.028). Conclusions Both strategies promote achievement of cardioprotective dietary goals for fruits/vegetables, sugars, soda and sweetened beverages, low-fat dairy, and high-energy refined grains, and improve some metabolic syndrome components. Elimination of high-fat dairy decreases the risk of impaired fasting glucose. Dietary strategies should be flexible and individualized based on metabolic profile.
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Brown L, Poudyal H, Panchal SK. Functional foods as potential therapeutic options for metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev 2015; 16:914-41. [PMID: 26345360 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity as part of metabolic syndrome is a major lifestyle disorder throughout the world. Current drug treatments for obesity produce small and usually unsustainable decreases in body weight with the risk of major adverse effects. Surgery has been the only treatment producing successful long-term weight loss. As a different but complementary approach, lifestyle modification including the use of functional foods could produce a reliable decrease in obesity with decreased comorbidities. Functional foods may include fruits such as berries, vegetables, fibre-enriched grains and beverages such as tea and coffee. Although health improvements continue to be reported for these functional foods in rodent studies, further evidence showing the translation of these results into humans is required. Thus, the concept that these fruits and vegetables will act as functional foods in humans to reduce obesity and thereby improve health remains intuitive and possible rather than proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brown
- Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.,School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - H Poudyal
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, The Hakubi Centre for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S K Panchal
- Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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Should the pharmacological actions of dietary fatty acids in cardiometabolic disorders be classified based on biological or chemical function? Prog Lipid Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Medium-chain triglyceride ameliorates insulin resistance and inflammation in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:931-40. [PMID: 25911003 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vivo effects of dietary medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) on inflammation and insulin resistance as well as the underlying potential molecular mechanisms in high fat diet-induced obese mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice (n = 24) were fed one of the following three diets for a period of 12 weeks: (1) a modified AIN-76 diet with 5 % corn oil (normal diet); (2) a high-fat control diet (17 % w/w lard and 3 % w/w corn oil, HFC); (3) an isocaloric high-fat diet supplemented with MCT (17 % w/w MCT and 3 % w/w corn oil, HF-MCT). Glucose metabolism was evaluated by fasting blood glucose levels and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by fasting serum insulin levels and the index of homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance. The levels of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured by ELISA, and hepatic activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways was determined using western blot analysis. RESULTS Compared to HFC diet, consumption of HF-MCT did not induce body weight gain and white adipose tissue accumulation in mice. HFC-induced increases in serum fasting glucose and insulin levels as well as glucose intolerance were prevented by HF-MCT diet. Meanwhile, HF-MCT resulted in significantly lower serum IL-6 level and higher IL-10 level, and lower expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein in liver tissues when compared to HFC. In addition, HF-MCT attenuated HFC-triggered hepatic activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that MCT was efficacious in suppressing body fat accumulation, insulin resistance, inflammatory response, and NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation in high fat diet-fed mice. These data suggest that MCT may exert beneficial effects against high fat diet-induced insulin resistance and inflammation.
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Mumme K, Stonehouse W. Effects of medium-chain triglycerides on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Acad Nutr Diet 2015; 115:249-263. [PMID: 25636220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) may result in negative energy balance and weight loss through increased energy expenditure and lipid oxidation. However, results from human intervention studies investigating the weight reducing potential of MCTs, have been mixed. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of MCTs, specifically C8:0 and C10:0, to long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) on weight loss and body composition in adults. Changes in blood lipid levels were secondary outcomes. METHODS Randomized controlled trials >3 weeks' duration conducted in healthy adults were identified searching Web of Knowledge, Discover, PubMed, Scopus, New Zealand Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL until March 2014 with no language restriction. Identified trials were assessed for bias. Mean differences were pooled and analyzed using inverse variance models with fixed effects. Heterogeneity between studies was calculated using I(2) statistic. An I(2)>50% or P<0.10 indicated heterogeneity. RESULTS Thirteen trials (n=749) were identified. Compared with LCTs, MCTs decreased body weight (-0.51 kg [95% CI-0.80 to -0.23 kg]; P<0.001; I(2)=35%); waist circumference (-1.46 cm [95% CI -2.04 to -0.87 cm]; P<0.001; I(2)=0%), hip circumference (-0.79 cm [95% CI -1.27 to -0.30 cm]; P=0.002; I(2)=0%), total body fat (standard mean difference -0.39 [95% CI -0.57 to -0.22]; P<0.001; I(2)=0%), total subcutaneous fat (standard mean difference -0.46 [95% CI -0.64 to -0.27]; P<0.001; I(2)=20%), and visceral fat (standard mean difference -0.55 [95% CI -0.75 to -0.34]; P<0.001; I(2)=0%). No differences were seen in blood lipid levels. Many trials lacked sufficient information for a complete quality assessment, and commercial bias was detected. Although heterogeneity was absent, study designs varied with regard to duration, dose, and control of energy intake. CONCLUSIONS Replacement of LCTs with MCTs in the diet could potentially induce modest reductions in body weight and composition without adversely affecting lipid profiles. However, further research is required by independent research groups using large, well-designed studies to confirm the efficacy of MCT and to determine the dosage needed for the management of a healthy body weight and composition.
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Babu AS, Veluswamy SK, Arena R, Guazzi M, Lavie CJ. Virgin Coconut Oil and Its Potential Cardioprotective Effects. Postgrad Med 2015; 126:76-83. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.11.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Ishizawa R, Masuda K, Sakata S, Nakatani A. Effects of different fatty acid chain lengths on fatty acid oxidation-related protein expression levels in rat skeletal muscles. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:415-21. [PMID: 25766930 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles can adapt to dietary interventions that affect energy metabolism. Dietary intake of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) enhances mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids (FAO) in type IIa skeletal muscle fibers. However, the effect of MCFAs diet on mitochondrial or cytoplasmic FAO-related protein expression levels in different types of muscle fibers remains unclear. This study aims to examine the effects of a high-fat diet, containing MCFAs, on mitochondrial enzyme activities and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) levels in different types of skeletal muscle fibers. Five-week-old male Wistar rats were assigned to one of the following three dietary conditions: standard chow (SC, 12% of calories from fat), high-fat MCFA, or high-fat long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) diet (60% of calories from fat for both). The animals were provided food and water ad libitum for 4 weeks, following which citrate synthase (CS) activity and H-FABP concentration were analyzed. The epididymal fat pads (EFP) were significantly smaller in the MCFA group than in the LCFA group (p < 0.05). MCFA-fed group displayed an increase in CS activity compared with that observed in SC-fed controls in all types of skeletal muscle fibers (triceps, surface portion of gastrocnemius (gasS), deep portion of gastrocnemius (gasD), and soleus; p < 0.05,). H-FABP concentration was significantly higher in the LCFA group than in both the SC-fed and MCFA-fed groups (triceps, gasS, gasD, and soleus; p < 0.05,). However, no significant difference was observed in the H-FABP concentrations between the SC-fed and MCFA-fed groups. The results of this study showed that the MCFA diet can increase the expression of the mitochondrial enzyme CS, but not that of H-FABP, in both fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers, suggesting that H-FABP expression is dependent on the chain length of fatty acids in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Ishizawa
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; Department of Exercise Physiology, Nara University of Education, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
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Bueno NB, de Melo IV, Florêncio TT, Sawaya AL. Dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols versus long-chain triacylglycerols for body composition in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34:175-83. [PMID: 25651239 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2013.879844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of replacing dietary long-chain triacylglycerols (LCTs) with medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) on body composition in adults. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), to determine whether individuals assigned to replace at least 5 g of dietary LCTs with MCTs for a minimum of 4 weeks show positive modifications on body composition. We systematically searched, through July 2013, the CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS, and MEDLINE databases for RCTs that investigated the effects of MCT intake on body composition in adults. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) were calculated for net changes in the outcomes. We assessed heterogeneity by the Cochran Q test and I(2) statistic and publication bias with the Egger's test. Prespecified sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS In total, 11 trials were included, from which 5 presented low risk of bias. In the overall analysis, including all studies, individuals who replaced dietary LCT with MCT showed significantly reduced body weight (WMD, -0.69 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.1 to -0.28; p = 0.001); body fat (-0.89 kg; 95% CI, -1.27 to -0.51; p < 0.001), and WC (-1.78 cm; 95% CI, -2.4 to -1.1; p < 0.001). The overall quality of the evidence was low to moderate. Trials with a crossover design were responsible for the heterogeneity. CONCLUSION Despite statistically significant results, the recommendation to replace dietary LCTs with MCTs must be cautiously taken, because the available evidence is not of the highest quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassib B Bueno
- a Laboratório de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Sao Paulo , BRASIL
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