A checklist to assess the quality of survey studies in psychology

Associations between restrictive feeding practices and children's dietary intake: Systematic review and meta-analyses

BACKGROUND

Parents' attempt to limit or restrict children's intake of 'unhealthy' or discretionary foods has been widely considered as a counterproductive feeding practice associated with poorer dietary outcomes, but empirical evidence is varied.

AIM

The present systematic literature review aimed to investigate the association between parental restriction and children's dietary intake.

METHOD

Studies were identified through PsycInfo, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus databases on April 29th, 2022. Included were peer-reviewed, English-language articles published between 2001 and 2022, with an effect size between restriction and children's intake of foods that are 'healthy' (i.e., fruit, vegetables, other general healthy foods) or 'discretionary' (i.e., sweet or savoury energy-dense/nutrient poor foods, high-sugar foods, high-salt/fat foods, and high-energy/sugar-sweetened beverages), or overall diet quality. Risk of bias was assessed using a quality assessment checklist designed to evaluate survey studies.

RESULTS

Included studies (n = 44) were most often conducted in the USA, cross-sectional, and participants were mothers. Effect sizes (k = 59) from 21 studies were used in nine meta-analyses investigating various healthy and discretionary dietary intake variables. No meta-analytic effects were statistically significant. Qualitative synthesis of effect sizes ineligible for meta-analysis (k = 91) identified patterns of associations between restriction and increased intake of healthy foods, and decreased intake of discretionary foods.

CONCLUSIONS

Studies used a diverse selection of measures of restriction and dietary intake, limiting the ability of this review to make accurate cross-study comparisons. However, results suggest that instead of restriction being detrimental for children's dietary outcomes, it may be unrelated, or associated with more beneficial dietary outcomes. Research that utilises validated measures of restriction and dietary outcomes and a longitudinal design is needed to clarify this association.

Social Media Use and Internalizing Symptoms in Clinical and Community Adolescent Samples: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Importance

In response to widespread concerns about social media's influence on adolescent mental health, most research has studied adolescents from the general population, overlooking clinical groups.

Objective

To synthesize, quantify, and compare evidence on the association between social media use and internalizing symptoms in adolescent clinical and community samples.

Data Sources

Peer-reviewed publications from MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Scopus (initially reviewed in May 2022 and updated in October 2023) and preprints from Europe PubMed Central (February 2023) published in English between 2007 and 2023.

Study Selection

Two blinded reviewers initially identified 14 211 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies quantifying the association between social media use and internalizing symptoms, excluding experimental studies and randomized clinical trials.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines were followed, pooling data using a random-effects model and robust variance estimation. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Quality of Survey Studies in Psychology Checklist.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Articles were included if they reported at least 1 quantitative measure of social media use (time spent, active vs passive use, activity, content, user perception, and other) and internalizing symptoms (anxiety, depression, or both).

Results

The 143 studies reviewed included 1 094 890 adolescents and 886 effect sizes, 11% of which examined clinical samples. In these samples, a positive and significant meta-correlation was found between social media use and internalizing symptoms, both for time spent (n = 2893; r, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.15; P = .03; I2, 57.83) and user engagement (n = 859; r, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.15; P = .002; I2, 82.67). These associations mirrored those in community samples.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings in this study highlight a lack of research on clinical populations, a critical gap considering public concerns about the increase in adolescent mental health symptoms at clinical levels. This paucity of evidence not only restricts the generalizability of existing research but also hinders our ability to evaluate and compare the link between social media use and mental health in clinical vs nonclinical populations.

The Influences of SES on Patient Choice of Doctor: A Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION

As patients become increasingly involved in healthcare decision-making, it is important to examine the drivers behind patient choice of doctor (PCOD); the initial decision can have lasting impacts on patients' trust in providers and health outcomes. However, limited studies have explored PCOD relative to socioeconomic status (SES) or health disparity. This review identified similar preferences and varied decision criteria in PCOD across SES groups.

METHODS

PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and relevant cross-references were searched for articles published between January 2007-September 2022. Papers were screened using Covidence. Included studies examined PCOD by income and/or educational levels. Analysis was performed in 2022-2023.

RESULTS

From 4,449 search results, 29 articles were selected (16 countries, 14 medical specialties, total of 32,651 participants). Individuals of higher SES ranked physician characteristics (e.g., qualifications, empathy) or performance more important than cost or convenience. Individuals of lower SES often had to prioritize logistical factors (e.g., insurance coverage, distance) due to resource constraints and gaps in knowledge or awareness about options. Despite differing healthcare systems, such divergence in PCOD were relatively consistent across countries. Some patients, especially females and disadvantaged groups, favored gender-concordant physicians for intimate medical matters (e.g., gynecologist); this partiality was not limited to conservative cultures. Few researchers investigated the outcomes of PCOD and indicated that lower-SES populations inadvertently chose, experienced, or perceived lower quality of care.

DISCUSSION

Patients' decision criteria varied by SES, even under national systems intended for universal access, indicating the impacts of social determinants and structural inequities. Health education supporting patient decision-making and research on how SES affects PCOD and outcomes could help reduce health disparity.

Social cognition correlates of self-management behaviors in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH): A meta-analytic review

OBJECTIVE

Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disorder leading to increased risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This risk can be ameliorated through adherence to pharmacological treatment and salient lifestyle behaviors (e.g., physical activity participation, healthy eating). Identifying theory-based, modifiable determinants of these behaviors may inform behavioral interventions promoting participation in FH self-management behaviors. We aimed to identify the belief-based social cognition constructs uniquely associated with intentions to perform, and actual participation in, FH self-management behaviors in the extant research.

METHOD

A systematic database search identified studies (k = 9, N = 1394) reporting relations between social cognition theory constructs and intention toward, or actual participation in, self-management behaviors in FH patients. As no studies examining prospectively-measured behaviors were identified, we tested relations among social cognition constructs, intentions, and past FH-self-management behavior using random effects multi-level meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation modelling.

RESULTS

We found non-zero averaged correlations among the key social cognition constructs (attitudes, norms, risk perceptions, self-efficacy), intentions, and past behavior. A meta-analytic structural equation model indicated non-zero averaged direct effects of attitudes, norms, self-efficacy, and past behavior on FH self-management behavioral intentions. There were also non-zero averaged indirect effects of past behavior on intentions mediated by the social cognition constructs.

CONCLUSION

Findings provide evidence to support the proposed model and highlight the importance of personal, normative, and capacity related beliefs and past experience as unique correlates of intentions to perform FH self-management behaviors. The model may signal potential constructs that could be targeted in behavioral interventions to promote participation in FH self-management behaviors.

Personal growth initiative across the life span: a systematic review protocol of quantitative studies using the Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II

BACKGROUND

Personal Growth Initiative (PGI) a multi-dimensional construct, conceptualised as a skill set that helps individuals to intentionally grow is considered an important construct throughout the life span. Coping with the challenges, transitions, experiences and stressors of life requires an active growth orientation. In previous empirical research, the construct has been measured by either the PGIS-I or PGIS-II, of which only the latter takes account of the theoretically established multi-dimensionality of the construct. This paper describes the protocol for conducting a systematic review of published peer-reviewed empirical research articles on the multi-dimensional construct of PGI. The aim of this review is threefold: (1) to better understand the multi-dimensional construct PGI in different contexts and populations, (2) to improve our understanding of the reliability and validity of the PGIS-II in various research populations and (3) to obtain an overview of its associations with relevant psychosocial factors.

METHODS

For the development of this protocol, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) reporting guidelines were used. Four databases and one registry will be searched using a predetermined search strategy for relevant studies. Studies will be screened, by two reviewers independently, against the established inclusion criteria. During the data extraction process, the quality of the included studies will be assessed using the Quality Assessment for Survey Studies in Psychology (Q-SSP). The collected data will then be analysed and reported in both narrative and tabular form according to the PRISMA 2020 statement guidelines and flow diagram.

DISCUSSION

The findings of this study will increase our understanding of the dynamics of PGI throughout the lifespan, its associations with other psychosocial factors and the psychometric properties of the PGIS-II. It will also clarify where additional research is needed. The objectives of the proposed review can provide a basis for the development of practical applications and interventions.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42022377342.

Microaggressions Toward Sexual and Gender Minority Emerging Adults: An Updated Systematic Review of Psychological Correlates and Outcomes and the Role of Intersectionality

Purpose: Quantitative data on the psychological effects of microaggressions toward sexual and gender minority individuals have grown substantially. Sexual orientation-based and transgender and gender-diverse (trans+) identity-based microaggressions have been thematically identified in prior research. In addition, combined lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and gender-diverse, queer/questioning, and other non-heterosexual (LGBTQ) microaggressions can be examined intersectionally with other marginalized identities. This systematic review synthesizes research on the relationships among these microaggressions and psychological correlates and outcomes. Methods: Forty-five quantitative studies examining sexual orientation-, trans+ identity-, or intersectional identity-based microaggressions and various psychological outcomes were identified from systematic searches of PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases. Data regarding microaggressions were extracted, synthesized, and grouped by mental health outcome or correlate. Results: Sexual orientation-based microaggressions were risk factors for depression, anxiety, and internalized stigma and were positively associated with psychological distress, traumatic stress symptoms, alcohol use and abuse, cannabis use and problems, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt. Trans+ identity-based microaggressions were positively associated with depression, suicide attempt, and cannabis use. LGBTQ intersectional identity-based microaggressions concerning race/ethnicity were associated with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Research on other intersectional identity-based microaggressions is scarce. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the psychological harm inflicted by various microaggressions on LGBTQ late adolescents and early adults. Future work should focus on microaggressions toward individuals with trans+ and intersectional identities and protective factors for these experiences. This review also highlights the distinct need for community-based research on implementing microintervention strategies in family, school, and work environments to mitigate the harmful effects of these microaggressions.

Global Rate of Willingness to Volunteer Among Medical and Health Students During Pandemic: Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

During health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, shortages of health care workers often occur. Recruiting students as volunteers could be an option, but it is uncertain whether the idea is well-accepted.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to estimate the global rate of willingness to volunteer among medical and health students in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies reporting the number of health students willing to volunteer during COVID-19 from 2019 to November 17, 2023. The meta-analysis was performed using a restricted maximum-likelihood model with logit transformation.

RESULTS

A total of 21 studies involving 26,056 health students were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of the willingness-to-volunteer rate among health students across multiple countries was 66.13%, with an I2 of 98.99% and P value of heterogeneity (P-Het)<.001. Removing a study with the highest influence led to the rate being 64.34%. Our stratified analyses indicated that those with older age, being first-year students, and being female were more willing to volunteer (P<.001). From highest to lowest, the rates were 77.38%, 77.03%, 65.48%, 64.11%, 62.71%, and 55.23% in Africa, Western Europe, East and Southeast Asia, Middle East, and Eastern Europe, respectively. Because of the high heterogeneity, the evidence from this study has moderate strength.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of students are willing to volunteer during COVID-19, suggesting that volunteer recruitment is well-accepted.

Public Perceptions Toward Community Management Policies for Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Community management policies for individuals convicted of sexual offenses (ICSO) are controversial, mainly because the effectiveness of these policies in reducing recidivism is limited and appear to have some collateral effects. Despite this, the current meta-analysis found the public highly support these policies. Studies examining public perceptions regarding community management policies for ICSO to understand levels of support, misconceptions about the policies, and factors affecting the views of the public were reviewed. After searching 7 electronic databases, 43 studies, both quantitative and qualitative, were included in the systematic review and 31 in the meta-analysis. Studies could be longitudinal or cross-sectional, needed to include public attitudes, opinions, and perceptions about ICSO community management policies and could include standardized or non-standardized measures, indirect assessments of attitudes, along with interviews and focus groups. Results suggest that overall, policies were supported by 76% of the public, 61% believed in their effectiveness, and 63% felt safer because of the policies. However, only 36% accessed the registry, 38% took preventive actions, and 40% were aware/concerned about the collateral consequences. All analyses yielded high levels of heterogeneity. Misconceptions about policies and ICSO were moderate. Finally, 36 studies explored factors that affected the public's attitudes and perceptions of policies with a variety of significant associations and predictors. The findings provide comprehensive evidence that while these policies are supported by the public, the public have less belief in the effectiveness of them in protecting children and reducing recidivism. Implications for public policy and future research are discussed.

Experimental research on non-idealized models: A systematic literature review

Current literature on non-idealized models seems to offer mixed evidence on whether such models generate a positive body image and increase advertising effectiveness. To closely investigate this claim, we conducted a systematic review to summarize the empirical findings on the effects of non-idealized models on body image, well-being, and advertising outcomes among men and women. To contextualize these results, we also synthesized (1) the conceptualization of a non-idealized body size (i.e., labelling and operationalization), (2) the message accompanying the model (i.e., medium type and marketing intent), and (3) individual traits of participants tested as potential moderators. Three databases in different disciplines (i.e., ProQuest Psychology, Communication and Mass Media Complete, and Web of Science) were searched, and 86 unique studies were included in the review. While most studies found positive or null effects of non-idealized models on body image, well-being, and advertising outcomes, a small number of studies obtained negative results. These inconsistent findings could be explained by the large variety of labels and unclear operationalizations identified within our review. The conclusions of this review call for a clearer definition and measurement of non-idealized models.

Antecedents predicting digital contact tracing acceptance: a systematic review and meta-analysis

An awareness of antecedents of acceptance of digital contact tracing (DCT) can enable healthcare authorities to design appropriate strategies for fighting COVID-19 or other infectious diseases that may emerge in the future. However, mixed results about these antecedents are frequently reported. Most prior DCT acceptance review studies lack statistical synthesis of their results. This study aims to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of antecedents of DCT acceptance and investigate potential moderators of these antecedents. By searching multiple databases and filtering studies by using both inclusion and exclusion criteria, 76 and 25 studies were included for systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Random-effects models were chosen to estimate meta-analysis results since Q, I 2, and H index signified some degree of heterogeneity. Fail-safe N was used to assess publication bias. Most DCT acceptance studies have focused on DCT related factors. Included antecedents are all significant predictors of DCT acceptance except for privacy concerns and fear of COVID-19. Subgroup analysis showed that individualism/collectivism moderate the relationships between norms/privacy concerns and intention to use DCT. Based on the results, the mean effect size of antecedents of DCT acceptance and the potential moderators may be more clearly identified. Appropriate strategies for boosting the DCT acceptance rate can be proposed accordingly.

The relationship between tonic immobility and the development, severity, and course of posttraumatic stress disorder: Systematic and meta-analytic literature review

BACKGROUND

Tonic immobility (TI) is a reflexive, involuntary response that causes motor inhibition, vocal suppression, and analgesia. TI is elicited by extreme fear and perception of entrapment in a life-threatening situation. Research suggests that TI is a frequent peritraumatic response and may be related to subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, findings are mixed and, as of yet, no systematic or meta-analytic review examining associations between TI and PTSD has been published.

OBJECTIVE

We systematically and meta-analytically reviewed the literature and investigated whether TI is associated with the development, severity, and course of PTSD. Additionally, we evaluated whether different types of traumatic events are differentially associated with TI, and whether TI severity differs according to sex.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted using Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Meta-analyses were performed on the included articles.

RESULTS

We identified 27 eligible articles. We found a significant association between TI and PTSD symptom severity (r = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.34-0.44; p < .0001). TI was more severe among females (Cohen's d=0.37, 95% CI: 0.25-0.48; p < .0001) and was more often elicited in situations involving interpersonal violence. We found limited longitudinal data to perform a meta-analysis of the association between TI and the development and/or course of PTSD. However, the literature available seems to support the role of TI in both the development and course of PTSD.

CONCLUSIONS

Peritraumatic TI is associated with PTSD symptom severity, occurs more often during interpersonal violence, and is more severe among females. More longitudinal research is needed to investigate the role of TI in psychopathology development and course.

Children's Emotional and Behavioral Response Following a Migration: A Scoping Review

Background

Migration is a present and pressing global phenomenon, as climate change and political instability continue to rise, more populations will be forced to relocate. Efficient strategies must be in place to aid the transition of vulnerable populations - such as children - and strategic interventions designed based on an understanding of their particular needs and risks.

Aim of the review

This article reviewed recent research regarding the mental health of migrant children identifying a wide array of common characteristics to their emotional and behavioral responses following a migration, and compiled an extensive list of protective and risk factors. 48 studies were selected from Proquest, WOS, SCOPUS, and Pubpsych published between 2015 and 2022 covering studies of children around the world.

Findings

The migration-related factors that most negatively impacted children's mental health were experiences such as discrimination, loss of access to governmental and educational resources, premigration trauma, loss of community, cultural distance and acculturation, the burden on the family unit, and socioeconomic difficulties. Thus, with the right interventions and policy changes, it is possible to make migration a non-traumatic experience in order to avoid the common emergence of depressive symptoms, PTSS (post-traumatic stress symptoms), anxiety, and other mental health issues. Supporting the family unit's transition, encouraging peer connections, and directing government aid to expedite resources upon arrival will serve as protective factors for children while they integrate into their new environment.

A Three-level Meta-analysis on the Alliance-Outcome Association in Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy

Previous meta-analyses have found small to moderate associations between child-therapist alliance and treatment outcomes. However, these meta-analyses have not taken into account changes in alliance (i.e., alliance shifts), alliance agreement (i.e., congruence or discrepancies between child-therapist ratings), and the role of alliance as a moderator in relation to treatment outcomes (i.e., an interaction effect of alliance and treatment condition on treatment outcomes). A series of multilevel meta-analyses of 99 studies was conducted to investigate several types of alliance-outcome associations in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Associations between child-therapist alliance and child outcomes (r = 0.17), changes in child-therapist alliance and child outcomes (r = 0.19), child-therapist alliance as a moderator of outcomes (r = 0.09), and parent-therapist alliance and child outcomes (r = 0.13) were small. Associations between child-therapist alliance agreement and outcomes (r = 0.21) and between parent-therapist alliance and parent outcomes (r = 0.24) were small to moderate. This meta-analysis provides the most updated and comprehensive overview of the alliance-outcome association in child and adolescent psychotherapy, showing that the alliance continues to show impact on treatment outcomes. Alliance research in youth psychotherapy has increasingly focused on several complex aspects of the alliance-outcome association, such as the role of changes in alliance, alliance discrepancies, client and therapist variability, and the reciprocal association between alliance and prior symptom change in relation to treatment outcomes. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.

Tools for assessing health research partnership outcomes and impacts: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

To identify and assess the globally available valid, reliable and acceptable tools for assessing health research partnership outcomes and impacts.

METHODS

We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus and PsycINFO from origin to 2 June 2021, without limits, using an a priori strategy and registered protocol. We screened citations independently and in duplicate, resolving discrepancies by consensus and retaining studies involving health research partnerships, the development, use and/or assessment of tools to evaluate partnership outcomes and impacts, and reporting empirical psychometric evidence. Study, tool, psychometric and pragmatic characteristics were abstracted using a hybrid approach, then synthesized using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Study quality was assessed using the quality of survey studies in psychology (Q-SSP) checklist.

RESULTS

From 56 123 total citations, we screened 36 027 citations, assessed 2784 full-text papers, abstracted data from 48 studies and one companion report, and identified 58 tools. Most tools comprised surveys, questionnaires and scales. Studies used cross-sectional or mixed-method/embedded survey designs and employed quantitative and mixed methods. Both studies and tools were conceptually well grounded, focusing mainly on outcomes, then process, and less frequently on impact measurement. Multiple forms of empirical validity and reliability evidence was present for most tools; however, psychometric characteristics were inconsistently assessed and reported. We identified a subset of studies (22) and accompanying tools distinguished by their empirical psychometric, pragmatic and study quality characteristics. While our review demonstrated psychometric and pragmatic improvements over previous reviews, challenges related to health research partnership assessment and the nascency of partnership science persist.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review identified multiple tools demonstrating empirical psychometric evidence, pragmatic strength and moderate study quality. Increased attention to psychometric and pragmatic requirements in tool development, testing and reporting is key to advancing health research partnership assessment and partnership science. PROSPERO CRD42021137932.

The correlation between different operationalisations of parental restrictive feeding practices and children's eating behaviours: Systematic review and meta-analyses

Strategies used by parents to restrict children's access to highly palatable but unhealthy foods have been described collectively as restrictive feeding practices. Ironically, evidence shows these practices may foster maladaptive eating behaviours and increase children's risk of obesity. This systematic review and series of meta-analyses aim to estimate the relationships between different operationalisations of parental restrictive feeding practices and children's eating behaviours measured by either the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (Wardle et al., 2001) or eating in the absence of hunger paradigm. PsycINFO, Medline Complete, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched on April 22nd 2021 for terms relating to restrictive feeding practices, children and eating behaviours. Eligible studies (n = 24) reported a correlation between restrictive feeding and children's (2-12-years) eating behaviours. Meta-analyses were conducted on different operationalisations of restrictive feeding practices and different eating behaviours where there were three or more effects to analyse. Studies that were not meta-analysed were synthesised qualitatively. All studies were quality assessed using a standard checklist. Restrictive feeding (Child Feeding Questionnaire; Birch et al., 2001), was significantly correlated with higher food responsiveness, food fussiness, emotional overeating, and lower slowness in eating. Overt restriction (Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire, E. Jansen et al., 2014) was significantly correlated with higher food responsiveness. The qualitative synthesis suggests overt restriction is related to maladaptive eating behaviours, but that other operationalisations of restrictive feeding, especially covert restriction, are not. Future research should examine whether covert restriction provides an alternative, non-harmful approach to restriction, by which parents can control children's diet quality without negatively impacting their eating behaviours.

Impact of low iodine diets on ablation success in differentiated thyroid cancer: A mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Debate remains regarding whether to recommend a low iodine diet (LID) before radioactive-iodine treatment and its duration and stringency. This mixed-methods review aimed to determine if iodine status affects treatment success, the most effective diet to reduce iodine status, and how LID impacts wellbeing.

METHODS

Five electronic databases were searched until February 2021. An effectiveness synthesis (quantitative studies) and views synthesis (qualitative, survey, and experience-based evidence) were conducted individually and then integrated. Quality assessment was undertaken.

RESULTS

Fifty-six quantitative and three qualitative studies were identified. There was greater ablation success for those with an iodine status of &lt;50 mcg/L (or mcg/gCr) compared with ≥250 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.63, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-5.86, n = 283, GRADE certainty of evidence very low). One study compared &lt;50 mcg/L (or mcg/gCr) to 100-199 and showed similar rates of ablation success (OR = 1.59, 95% CI, 0.48-6.15, n = 113; moderate risk of bias). People following a stricter LID before ablation had similar rates of success to a less-strict diet (OR = 0.67, 95% CI, 0.26-1.73, n = 256, GRADE certainty of evidence very low). A stricter LID reduced iodine status more than a less strict (SMD = -0.40, 95% CI, -0.56 to -0.24, n = 816), and reduction was seen after 1 and 2 weeks. The main challenges were a negative impact on psychological health, over restriction, confusion, and difficulty for sub-groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Although a LID of 1-2 weeks reduces iodine status, it remains unclear whether iodine status affects treatment success as only a few low-quality studies have examined this. LIDs are challenging for patients. Higher-quality studies are needed to confirm whether a LID is necessary.

Use of social media platforms by migrant and ethnic minority populations during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

Migrants and ethnic minority groups have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 and have lower levels of vaccine uptake in some contexts. We aimed to determine the extent and nature of social media use in migrant and ethnic minority communities for COVID-19 information, and implications for preventative health measures including vaccination intent and uptake.

DESIGN

A systematic review of published and grey literature following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched databases including Embase, Web of Science, PubMed NIH, CINAHL, facilitated through the WHO Global Research on COVID-19 database from 31 December 2019 to 9 June 2021.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR STUDY SELECTION

Research reporting the use of social media by migrants and/or ethnic minority groups in relation to COVID-19.

DATA EXTRACTION

We extracted data on key outcomes, study design, country, population under study and sample size.

RESULTS

1849 unique records were screened, and 21 data sources were included, including populations in the UK, USA, China, Jordan, Qatar and Turkey. We found evidence of consistent use of a range of social media platforms for COVID-19 information in some migrant and ethnic minority populations (including WeChat, Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube), which may stem from difficulty in accessing COVID-19 information in their native languages or from trusted sources. Some evidence suggested circulating misinformation and social media use may be associated with lower participation in preventative health measures, including vaccine intent and uptake, findings which are likely relevant to multiple population groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Social media platforms are an important source of information about COVID-19 for some migrant and ethnic minority populations. Urgent actions and further research are now needed to better understand effective approaches to tackling circulating misinformation, and to seize on opportunities to better use social media platforms to support public health communication and improve vaccine uptake.

REGISTRATION

This study has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021259190).

Development of a self-report measure to assess sleep satisfaction: Protocol for the Suffolk Sleep Index (SuSI)

Good sleep is essential for health but there is no consensus on how to define and measure people’s understanding of good sleep. To date, people’s perceptions of a good night’s sleep have been, almost exclusively, conceptualized under the lens of sleep quality, which refers to objective characteristics of good sleep, such as such as ease and time needed to fall asleep, hours of sleep, and physical symptoms during sleep and upon awakening. A related, yet different construct, sleep satisfaction, refers to perceived positive affect about one’s sleep experience and has, to date, received little attention. This research focuses on sleep satisfaction, rather than sleep quality, and aims to develop a self-report measure to assess sleep satisfaction in an English adult population. As the measure will be developed in Suffolk, England, and its primary intended users are Suffolk community members, it is labelled the Suffolk Sleep Index (SuSI). The SuSI will draw from principles of community-based participatory research, following a seven-phase developmental process comprising literature review, interviews with Suffolk community members, synthesis of literature review and interview findings, pre-testing, pilot-testing, scale evaluation, and refinement. The present research will also investigate indices related to sleep satisfaction, including the community’s general health status, lifestyle factors and socio-economic status. The research will add to the limited, yet emerging body of research on perceived sleep satisfaction and its measurement. To our knowledge, a valid and reliable sleep satisfaction self-report measure has not been developed in the United Kingdom previously.

The Impact of Colleague Suicide and the Current State of Postvention Guidance for Affected Co-Workers: A Critical Integrative Review

People bereaved by suicide are affected psychologically and physically and may be at greater risk of taking their own lives. Whilst researchers have explored the impact of suicide on family members and friends, the area of colleague suicide has been neglected and postvention guidance for supporting surviving colleagues is often poorly developed. This critical integrative review explored the impact of colleague suicide on surviving co-workers and reviewed postvention guidance for workplaces. Systematic searches found 17 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Articles were appraised for quality and extracted data were analysed using a thematic network method. Article quality was moderate. Two global themes were developed: impact of a colleague suicide comprised themes of 'suicide loss in the workplace'; 'professional identities and workplace roles'; 'perceptions of professional uniqueness'; and 'professional abandonment and silencing'. Postvention following a colleague suicide comprised 'individualised responses'; 'the dual function of stigma'; and 'complex pressure on managers'. A unifying global network 'after a colleague suicide' describes the relationships between all themes. A series of disconnects between existing postvention guidance and the needs of impacted workers are discussed. This review demonstrates the need for robust, systemic postvention for colleagues impacted by the complex issue of colleague suicide.

Das Beste aus zwei Welten: Eine systematische Übersicht zu Faktoren der Implementierung einer “Blended Therapy” (Gemischte Therapie) in der Psychotherapeutischen Routineversorgung

<b><i>Ziel:</i></b> Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über bisherige wissenschaftliche Empfehlungen zur Implementierung der blended therapy, d.h. der Kombination von Therapien in Präsenz und via digitaler Medien. Die Empfehlungen um­fassen die Themen: (1) wahrgenommene Barrieren von Psychotherapeut*innen, (2) Format der blended therapy und (3) Indikationen für Patient*innen. In diesem Rahmen werden Faktoren aufgezeigt, die Akteur*innen im Gesundheitssystem als Orientierung dienen können, welche Determinanten bei der Implementierung in die Routineversorgung zu berücksichtigen sind. <b><i>Methodik:</i></b> Die systematische Suche erfolgte in den Datenbanken PsycArticles, PsycInfo, PSYNDEX und PubMed. <b><i>Ergebnisse:</i></b> Die Publikationen umfassen vier quantitative, neun qualitative sowie drei Mixed-Methods-Studien. Die bisherigen Arbeiten kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass Psychotherapeut*innen frühzeitig in den Implementierungsprozess einbezogen und langfristige supportive Maßnahmen für die Umstrukturierung der bisherigen Arbeitsroutine geschaffen werden sollten. Das Format der blended therapy sollte nicht standardisiert angewandt, sondern vielmehr individuell an die Patient*innen angepasst werden. Hinsichtlich möglicher Indikationen werden verschiedene Einflussfaktoren der Patient*innen diskutiert, die bisher jedoch nur unzureichend untersucht wurden. <b><i>Diskussion:</i></b> Bisherige Studien weisen größtenteils homogene Charakteristika und Ergebnisse auf. Forschungslücken bestehen hinsichtlich der Frage, inwieweit sich die Ergebnisse auf andere Therapieschulen, Berufsgruppen und Störungsbilder übertragen lassen. <b><i>Schlussfolgerung:</i></b> Das Review veranschaulicht, dass es wichtiger Vorarbeit hinsichtlich der Anwendungsunterstützung für Psychotherapeut*innen sowie weiterer Forschungsaktivität bedarf, um die Implementierung von blended therapy im Sinne einer möglichen Verbesserung der psychotherapeutischen Versorgung voranzutreiben.

Burden in caregivers of spinal cord injury patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Caregivers of individuals with spinal cord injury encounter high levels of physical, psychosocial, and financial burden by providing lifelong assistance. In the present study, we aimed to assess the overall burden score of caregivers in spinal cord injury by pooling different standard scores together as a review.

METHOD

Search on databases of PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Studies that assessed the burden of care using the caregiver burden inventories of CBI (caregiver burden inventory), CBS (caregiver burden scale), CG (caregiver), CSI (Caregiver Strain Index), and short- and long-form Zarit questionnaires were included in our study. The results were analyzed using the meta-analysis method and a random effect pooled estimator. All analyses were performed using STATA SE software version 14.

RESULT

A total of 23 articles out of 399 retrieved studies were added to this review study. The overall score of caregiver burden in individuals with SCI was calculated 48.68 (95% CI 42.574-54.788). The I2 heterogeneity was 11.7%, suggesting a low level of heterogeneity among the included studies. There was no systematic difference between various questionnaires added to meta-analysis (P = 0.526). In addition, the caregiver burden did not differ in less and highly developed countries (P = 0.405).

CONCLUSION

Since SCI places a considerable burden on caregivers, scoring the burden of care can help policymakers plan for essential interventions and allocate more facilities for these patients and their caregivers.

Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents with a Traumatic Injury of Permanent Teeth and the Impact on Their Families: A Systematic Review

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of a traumatic dental injury (TDI) of permanent teeth in children and adolescents on their oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) as well as on their families. A bibliographic search in the biomedical databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE) was limited to studies published between January 2000 and February 2021. The study selection criteria were cross-sectional, case control, or prospective clinical studies, which analyzed TDI before and after the treatment of permanent teeth in healthy children and adolescent, assessed their OHRQoL, and were written in English. The search found 25 eligible articles that were included in the study. The quality assessment of the studies was performed using the quality assessment checklist for survey studies in psychology (Q-SSP). The results indicated that a TDI of permanent teeth strongly influences the OHRQoL of children and adolescents, and the timely-performed dental management of a TDI allows for preventing further biological and socio-psychological impacts. Sociodemographic status, economic status, parent’s education, gender, age group, and type of schooling were determinants of the TDI impact on OHRQoL.

COVID-19 news consumption and distress in young people: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought challenges for the mental health of young people. The volume, negative content and potential for misinformation within COVID-19 related news can be an additional cause of distress. This systematic review aims to synthesise the research findings on the relationship between COVID-19 news and distress in young people.

METHODS

Following the PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases were searched on 24 April 2021 for articles that contained empirical research examining the association between COVID-19 news consumption and mental health in samples of young people with a mean age between 10 and 24 years.

RESULTS

The 13 included studies involved 760,474 participants in predominantly cross-sectional studies, with data collected during COVID-19 lockdowns across seven countries. Increased consumption of COVID-19 news was associated with a decline in mental health (n = 11). The results were more consistent for news obtained on social media with variation for traditional media sources. Misinformation may further explain the relationship.

LIMITATIONS

Heterogeneity across study methodologies, lack of longitudinal research and validated measures of news consumption.

CONCLUSIONS

The reviewed literature supports the association between increased consumption of COVID-19 related news and decreased mental health in young people. This group may benefit from support to mitigate the psychological impacts of COVID-19 news. Future research should utilise longitudinal designs, ecological momentary assessments, and reliable/valid measures of news consumption to explore the negative mental health associated with COVID-19 news in young people.

A multilevel Bayesian meta-analysis of the body inversion effect: Evaluating controversies over headless and sexualized bodies

Face and body perception rely on specialized processing mechanisms to interpret social information efficiently. The body inversion effect (BIE), refers to an inversion effect for bodies, such that recognition of bodies is impaired by inversion. The BIE, like the face inversion effect (FIE), is particularly important because a disproportionate BIE relative to inversion effects for objects could be interpreted in much the same way as the disproportionate FIE has often been characterized; that is, as evidence of specialized, configural processing. However, research supporting the BIE is marked by methodological heterogeneity and mixed findings. Our multilevel Bayesian meta-analysis addresses inconsistencies in the literature by pooling data from numerous studies to estimate the magnitude of the BIE across various methodological and stimulus properties. We included 180 effect sizes from 41 empirical articles representing data from 2,274 participants. Overall, we found that the BIE was moderate-large in magnitude (Hedges' g = 0.75). Importantly, the inversion effect was larger for bodies than objects (b = 0.42); however, the inversion effect for faces was larger than for bodies (b = 0.34). We tested the role of discrimination dimension, stimulus type, face/head inclusion, stimulus sexualization, and sexualized stimulus sex as moderators of the BIE. We found that the BIE was moderated by discrimination dimension, stimulus type, stimulus sexualization, and sexualized stimulus sex. By synthesizing the existing literature, we provide a better theoretical understanding of how underlying visual processing mechanisms may differ for different types of social information (i.e., bodies vs. faces).

A Systematic Review of Professionals' Views About Community Management Policies for Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses

A contentious criminal justice policy issue in recent times has been community management policies for individuals convicted of sexual offenses. This systematic review attained professionals' views, areas of concern, and recommendations for community management policies. It went beyond the extant literature by exploring perceptions of heterogenous professional groups involved in the criminal justice system. Of the 25 studies, 12 were quantitative, nine qualitative, and four mixed methods, and included custodial and community correctional officers, probation officers, psychologists, police officers, prosecutors, lawmakers, and academics. Overall, professionals mostly supported the policies, but had less support for public registries and community notification. Four key issues associated with the policies were apparent: problems with actuarial risk assessment tools, difficulties accessing information with partner agencies, limited resources, and lack of education among the public. Within this, four recommendations were identified. These findings offer a valuable resource for researchers, along with government and policy professionals tasked with overseeing community management policies.

Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and Investigative interviewing: A systematic review highlighting clinical and legal implications and recommendations

Individuals with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are estimated to be 19 times more likely to encounter the criminal justice system (CJS) in comparison to individuals without FASD. During encounters with the CJS, investigative interviews are employed to obtain accurate information from suspects, victims or witnesses of crime. A systematic search using PRISMA guidelines was performed to identify empirical studies published that have explored the questioning of the FASD population within the CJS and the vulnerabilities of FASD-impacted individuals during investigative interviewing. A total of 383 studies were identified from the databases searched and 7 further studies were identified from Google Scholar. After deduplication, abstract and title screening, the full text of 23 studies were assessed for inclusion and 5 were included in the narrative synthesis of results. Two papers were empirical studies focussed on the performance of FASD-impacted individuals during investigative interviewing. Whilst the first study found the FASD population susceptible to suggestions, the second (a case study), identified the ploys employed during investigative interviewing to obtain a confession. Three papers studied the wider vulnerabilities of FASD-impacted individuals and found diminished psycho-legal abilities, increased risk of recidivism and biological, psychological and social factors that render FASD-impacted individuals vulnerable to CJS encounters. Despite the greater likelihood of CJS encounters, the result of this review highlights the slim evidence base useful to establish the vulnerabilities of FASD-impacted individuals within the CJS.

Worldwide beliefs among pregnant women on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has been recommended to pregnant women, but survey studies showed contrasting findings worldwide in relation to the willingness to accept vaccination during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the evidence from the literature regarding the acceptance rate of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in pregnant and breastfeeding women.

STUDY DESIGN

We performed a systematic review on the main databases (MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, ISI Web of Science) searching for all the peer-reviewed survey studies analyzing the eventual acceptance rate of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine among pregnant and breastfeeding women. To combine data meta-analyses of proportions and pooled proportions with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.

RESULTS

15 studies including 25,839 women were included in the analysis. The proportion of women actually willing to be vaccinated during pregnancy is 49.1% (95% CI, 42.3-56.0), and the proportion of breastfeeding women is 61.6% (95% CI, 50.0-75.0).

CONCLUSION

The cumulative SARS-CoV-2 vaccine acceptance rate among pregnant women appears still low. Vaccinal campaign are urgently needed to drive more confidence into the vaccine to help reducing the spread of the infection and the possible consequences during pregnancy.

Beliefs and Experiences of Individuals Following a Zero-Carb Diet

The adoption of carbohydrate-restrictive diets to improve health is increasing in popularity, but there is a dearth of research on individuals who choose to severely restrict or entirely exclude carbohydrates. The present study investigated the beliefs and experiences of individuals following a diet that severely limits, or entirely excludes, dietary carbohydrates, colloquially known as a ‘zero-carb’ diet, for at least 6 months. Zero-carb dieters (n = 170) recruited via a social networking site completed an online qualitative survey prompting them to discuss their motives, rationale, and experiences of following a low-carb diet. Transcripts of participants’ responses were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results revealed that participants’ decision to follow a zero-carb diet was driven by health concerns and benefits. Participants expressed a strong social identity and belongingness to online zero-carb communities. Participants reported strong intentions to follow the diet indefinitely. Shortcomings of the diet centered on experienced stigma; lack of support from healthcare providers and significant others; limited access to, and high cost of, foods; and limited scientific data on the diet. Further research into the benefits and shortcomings of zero-carb diets across settings and populations is warranted, and guidelines for healthcare professionals on how to support individuals following a zero-carb diet are needed.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of discrepancies between logged and self-reported digital media use

There is widespread public and academic interest in understanding the uses and effects of digital media. Scholars primarily use self-report measures of the quantity or duration of media use as proxies for more objective measures, but the validity of these self-reports remains unclear. Advancements in data collection techniques have produced a collection of studies indexing both self-reported and log-based measures. To assess the alignment between these measures, we conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis of this research. Based on 106 effect sizes, we found that self-reported media use correlates only moderately with logged measurements, that self-reports were rarely an accurate reflection of logged media use and that measures of problematic media use show an even weaker association with usage logs. These findings raise concerns about the validity of findings relying solely on self-reported measures of media use.

The Big Five personality traits and online gaming: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Online gaming has become an essential form of entertainment with the advent of technology and a large sway of research has been undertaken to understand its various permutations. Previous reviews have identified associations between the Big Five personality traits and online gaming, but a systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between these constructs has yet to be undertaken. In the current study we aimed to fill this gap in the literature through a systematic review and meta-analysis comprising of 17 studies and 25,634 individuals (AgeMean = 26.55, males = 75%). The findings showed that agreeableness, extraversion, openness to experience, and neuroticism were not ubiquitously associated with online gaming. The findings showed that only conscientiousness, across samples, had a protective role in online gaming. Furthermore, there were non-significant variations in the Big Five personality traits associations with online gaming when comparing gamers to the general population, younger versus older participants, casual versus 'hardcore' gamers, and high versus low traits (with the exception of neuroticism). As a result of our observations, the underlying mechanisms of individual differences in online gaming remain unclear. Limitations and future directions for research are discussed.

General causality orientations in self-determination theory: Meta-analysis and test of a process model

Causality orientations theory, a key sub-theory of self-determination theory, identifies three distinct causality orientations: autonomy, control, and impersonal orientation. The theory proposes generalized effects of the orientations on motivation and behavior. We meta-analyzed studies ( k = 83) testing relations between causality orientations, forms of motivation from self-determination theory, and behavior. Pooled data were used to test a process model in which autonomous and controlled forms of motivation mediated relations between causality orientations and behavior. Results revealed that autonomy and control orientations were positively correlated with autonomous and controlled forms of motivation, respectively. Impersonal orientation was correlated negatively with autonomy orientation and autonomous forms of motivation, and positively with control orientation and controlled forms of motivation. Process model tests revealed total effects of autonomy orientation on behavior, comprising direct and indirect effects through autonomous motivation, and a positive direct effect of control orientation on behavior and a negative indirect effect through controlled motivation, resulting in a zero total effect. Analysis of age, gender, behavior type, study design, and study quality revealed few moderator effects on model relations. Findings support effects of autonomy orientation on motivation and behavior, and the processes involved, and identify constructs that could be targeted, or circumvented, in behavioral interventions.