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Lowik A, Mniszak C, Pang M, Ziafat K, Karamouzian M, Knight R. A sex- and gender-based analysis of alcohol treatment intervention research involving youth: A methodological systematic review. PLoS Med 2024; 21:e1004413. [PMID: 38829916 PMCID: PMC11182506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there is widespread consensus that sex- and gender-related factors are important for how interventions are designed, implemented, and evaluated, it is not currently known how alcohol treatment research accounts for sex characteristics and/or gender identities and modalities. This methodological systematic review documents and assesses how sex characteristics, gender identities, and gender modalities are operationalized in alcohol treatment intervention research involving youth. METHODS AND FINDINGS We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LGBT Life, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and grey literature from 2008 to 2023. We included articles that reported genders and/or sexes of participants 30 years of age and under and screened participants using AUDIT, AUDIT-C, or a structured interview using DSM-IV criteria. We limited the inclusion to studies that enrolled participants in alcohol treatment interventions and used a quantitative study design. We provide a narrative overview of the findings. Of 8,019 studies screened for inclusion, 86 articles were included in the review. None of the studies defined, measured, and reported both sex and gender variables accurately. Only 2 studies reported including trans participants. Most of the studies used gender or sex measures as a covariate to control for the effects of sex or gender on the intervention but did not discuss the rationale for or implications of this procedure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify that the majority of alcohol treatment intervention research with youth conflate sex and gender factors, including terminologically, conceptually, and methodologically. Based on these findings, we recommend future research in this area define and account for a spectrum of gender modalities, identities, and/or sex characteristics throughout the research life cycle, including during study design, data collection, data analysis, and reporting. It is also imperative that sex and gender variables are used expansively to ensure that intersex and trans youth are meaningfully integrated. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registration: PROSPERO, registration number: CRD42019119408.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Lowik
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
- Institute for Gender, Race, Sexuality and Social Justice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Caroline Mniszak
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michelle Pang
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kimia Ziafat
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Rod Knight
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
- Université de Montréal, École de santé publique, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Montréal, Canada
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Klamert L, Craike M, Bedi G, Kidd S, Pascoe MC, Parker AG. Underreporting of implementation strategies and barriers in physical activity interventions for young people at risk of problematic substance use: a brief report. Implement Sci Commun 2024; 5:45. [PMID: 38649968 PMCID: PMC11036629 DOI: 10.1186/s43058-024-00578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have assessed whether physical activity interventions can reduce substance use in young people at risk of problematic substance use. This report identifies and describes the reporting of implementation characteristics within published studies of physical activity interventions for young people at risk of problematic substance use and provides recommendations for future reporting. METHODS Reported implementation strategies (including intervention manualization), barriers, implementation fidelity, and personnel acceptance were extracted from studies of physical activity interventions for young people aged 12-25 years at risk of problematic substance use that were included in a previous systematic review of intervention efficacy. RESULTS Implementation strategies were reported in less than half of the included studies (42.9%), implementation barriers in only 10.7% of studies, intervention fidelity in 21.4%, and personnel acceptance in a single study (3.6%). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate insufficient reporting of implementation strategies, barriers, fidelity, and personnel acceptance. Consideration of implementation characteristics is essential for implementing physical activity interventions in practice. Inadequate or limited reporting of these characteristics may contribute to delayed uptake and adoption of evidence-based interventions in clinical practice. Recommendations to improve the reporting of implementation information include integrating standards for reporting implementation characteristics into existing reporting guidelines, developing an international taxonomy of implementation strategies, and upskilling intervention researchers in the fundamentals of implementation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Klamert
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, 70/104 Ballarat Rd, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia.
- , Orygen, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Melinda Craike
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, 70/104 Ballarat Rd, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia
- Mitchell Institute for Education and Health Policy, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Gillinder Bedi
- , Orygen, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Susan Kidd
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, 70/104 Ballarat Rd, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia
- Acute Care Service, Tweed Byron Mental Health, Northern NSW Health District, Lismore, Australia
| | - Michaela C Pascoe
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, 70/104 Ballarat Rd, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Alexandra G Parker
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, 70/104 Ballarat Rd, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia
- , Orygen, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
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Klamert L, Craike M, Bedi G, Kidd S, Pascoe MC, Parker AG. Behaviour change techniques in physical activity-focused interventions for young people at risk of problematic substance use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2023; 17:1139-1153. [PMID: 37749782 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM This systematic review investigates behaviour change techniques in interventions promoting physical activity for young people aged 12-25 years at heightened risk of problematic substance use, and the effect of these techniques on physical activity participation and substance use outcomes. METHODS Four databases (PsycINFO, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and Medline) were searched between November 2020 and November 2022 for randomized and non-randomized controlled studies according to inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were calculated using weighted, standardized averages of effect sizes (Hedges' g). RESULTS Twenty-eight studies were included, 14 studies in the meta-analysis (intervention n = 1328; control n = 845). Reported BCTs included behavioural instructions, social comparison and goal setting. There was a significant effect of behaviour change techniques on combined substance use outcomes, such as cravings and consumption, for interventions reporting multiple behaviour change techniques (g = -0.33, p < .001, 95% CI [-0.50,-0.16]) or one single behaviour change technique (g = -1.84, p < .001, 95% CI [-2.89,-0.8]). Limitations include unexplained variance and limited reporting of relevant behaviour change technique data in the included studies. CONCLUSION The results indicate that using behaviour change techniques in interventions that promote physical activity for young people has an effect on substance use. Further research needs to be completed comparing the impact of the number and type of behaviour change technique, and improved reporting of intervention content is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Klamert
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melinda Craike
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
- Mitchell Institute for Education and Health Policy, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gillinder Bedi
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan Kidd
- Acute Care Service, Tweed Byron Mental Health, Northern NSW Health District, Tweed Heads, Australia
| | - Michaela C Pascoe
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra G Parker
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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McGrath AB, Weinstock J, Cloutier R, Christensen M, Taylor DJ, Henderson CE. Examination of college student health behaviors and self-reported executive functions. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:639-649. [PMID: 33830875 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1904951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Objective: Emerging adulthood is characterized by maturation of executive functions (EF) and changes in health behaviors (HB). Interestingly, EF are bi-directionally related to many specific HB; yet how EF performs in relation to overall patterns of HB engagement is unclear. Groupings of HB and the relationship between these HB groupings and EF were examined. PARTICIPANTS Full-time college students were recruited from three large Mid- and Southwest universities (N = 1,387). METHODS Online self-report questionnaires assessing demographics, HB, and EF were completed. RESULTS Latent class analysis of HB revealed three classes: (1) High Substance Use, (2) Moderately Healthy, (3) Healthy. In general, the Healthy class had significantly greater EF compared to no significant differences between the other two classes. CONCLUSIONS Collective engagement in HB is associated with EF. Interventions targeting both HB and EF simultaneously may be most efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B McGrath
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Renee Cloutier
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Methodology Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Craig E Henderson
- Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
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Pascoe MC, Bailey AP, Craike M, Carter T, Patten RK, Stepto NK, Parker AG. Poor reporting of physical activity and exercise interventions in youth mental health trials: A brief report. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:1414-1422. [PMID: 32924318 PMCID: PMC8451843 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the quality and completeness of the description and reporting of physical activity and exercise interventions delivered to young people to promote mental health or treat mental illness. METHODS We conducted a series of scoping reviews identifying 64 controlled trials of physical activity and exercise interventions delivered to young people. We extracted: intervention characteristics, personnel and delivery format, the intensity, duration, frequency and type of physical activity or exercise. RESULTS There was limited reporting of intervention details across studies; 52% did not provide information to confidently assess intervention intensity, 29% did not state who delivered the intervention, and 44% did not specify the intervention delivery format. CONCLUSIONS We recommend that authors adhere to the CONSORT reporting requirements and its intervention reporting extensions, (a) the Template for Intervention Description and Replication, (b) Consensus for Exercise Reporting Template and (c) as part of this, detail the frequency, intensity, time and type of physical activity recommendations and prescriptions. Without this, future trials are unable to replicate and extend previous work to support or disconfirm existing knowledge, leading to research waste and diminishing translation and implementation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C. Pascoe
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Alan P. Bailey
- Orygen, and Centre for Youth Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Melinda Craike
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Mitchell InstituteVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tim Carter
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Health SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Rhiannon K. Patten
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Nigel K. Stepto
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Alexandra G. Parker
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Orygen, and Centre for Youth Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Lardier DT, Coakley KE, Holladay KR, Amorim FT, Zuhl MN. Exercise as a Useful Intervention to Reduce Alcohol Consumption and Improve Physical Fitness in Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:675285. [PMID: 34305729 PMCID: PMC8292965 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This meta-analysis and systematic review examined the effects of exercise interventions on alcohol consumption and binge drinking in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Data sources: PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SPORTDiscus, and ERIC databases. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials published in English between 1970 and 2021. All studies compared exercise (Ex) and treatment as usual (TAU) to TAU in adults with an alcohol-related diagnosis. All forms of exercise interventions were included (e.g., aerobic exercise, yoga, resistance exercise, etc.). Data Extraction: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols standard and the Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies guidelines were followed. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool as described by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and Interventions. Results: The literature searches retrieved a combined 2527 studies, with 1,034 studies screened after removal of duplicates and 973 (94%) rejected after reviewing titles and abstracts. Full-text review was performed on 61 studies, with seven studies meeting inclusion criteria for qualitative and meta-analysis. Across seven studies (n = 492 participants), a significant effect (Z-value = -3.37; g = -0.30; 95% CI [-0.50--0.09]; p = 0.001) was found for Ex+TAU on drinking volume. There was no effect of Ex+TAU on binge drinking. The effect of Ex+TAU on physical fitness (VO2max, ml•kg-1•min-1) was significant (Z-score = 3.70; g = 0.64; 95% CI [0.19-1.08]; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Exercise interventions may decrease alcohol consumption and improve fitness and can be an effective adjunctive treatment for individuals with alcohol-related diagnoses including AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Lardier
- Department of Individual, Family and Community Education, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Coakley
- Department of Individual, Family and Community Education, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kelley R. Holladay
- Department of Individual, Family and Community Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- College of Health Sciences, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Fabiano T. Amorim
- Department of Health Education and Sports Sciences College of Education and Human Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Micah N. Zuhl
- School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
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7
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Recruiting and retaining young adults: what can we learn from behavioural interventions targeting nutrition, physical activity and/or obesity? A systematic review of the literature. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:5686-5703. [PMID: 33722332 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe strategies used to recruit and retain young adults in nutrition, physical activity and/or obesity intervention studies, and quantify the success and efficiency of these strategies. DESIGN A systematic review was conducted. The search included six electronic databases to identify randomised controlled trials (RCT) published up to 6 December 2019 that evaluated nutrition, physical activity and/or obesity interventions in young adults (17-35 years). Recruitment was considered successful if the pre-determined sample size goal was met. Retention was considered acceptable if ≥80 % retained for ≤6-month follow-up or ≥70 % for >6-month follow-up. RESULTS From 21 582 manuscripts identified, 107 RCT were included. Universities were the most common recruitment setting used in eighty-four studies (79 %). Less than half (46 %) of the studies provided sufficient information to evaluate whether individual recruitment strategies met sample size goals, with 77 % successfully achieving recruitment targets. Reporting for retention was slightly better with 69 % of studies providing sufficient information to determine whether individual retention strategies achieved adequate retention rates. Of these, 65 % had adequate retention. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights poor reporting of recruitment and retention information across trials. Findings may not be applicable outside a university setting. Guidance on how to improve reporting practices to optimise recruitment and retention strategies within young adults could assist researchers in improving outcomes.
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Whatnall MC, Sharkey T, Hutchesson MJ, Haslam RL, Bezzina A, Collins CE, Ashton LM. Effectiveness of interventions and behaviour change techniques for improving physical activity in young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1754-1771. [PMID: 33685357 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1898107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) participation declines from adolescence to young adulthood. This review evaluates the effectiveness of interventions aiming to improve PA among healthy young adults (17-35 years), and the effectiveness of the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used. Six electronic databases were searched up to December 2019, for randomized controlled trials aiming to achieve PA behaviour change among young adults. In total, 66 RCTs were included. Meta-analyses for moderate-vigorous PA (n = 11 studies), steps (n = 5 studies) and total PA (MET min/week, n = 11 studies) identified that intervention participants compared with control significantly increased PA at time points up to 3 months and >3 months. Narrative synthesis identified that 34 RCTs (52%) reported significant between group differences favouring the intervention for one or more PA outcome. BCTs with the highest effectiveness were material reward, valued self-identity and habit formation. However, the overall test of significance demonstrated no significant relationship between type or number of BCTs and effectiveness. This review identified interventions that improve steps, moderate-vigorous and total PA in young adults in the shorter-term, and BCTs associated with greater effectiveness. Further research is needed to determine strategies to achieve longer-term effectiveness of PA interventions in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Whatnall
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Thomas Sharkey
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Melinda J Hutchesson
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Haslam
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Aaron Bezzina
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Lee M Ashton
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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Thompson TP, Horrell J, Taylor AH, Wanner A, Husk K, Wei Y, Creanor S, Kandiyali R, Neale J, Sinclair J, Nasser M, Wallace G. Physical activity and the prevention, reduction, and treatment of alcohol and other drug use across the lifespan (The PHASE review): A systematic review. Ment Health Phys Act 2020; 19:100360. [PMID: 33020704 PMCID: PMC7527800 DOI: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to systematically describe and quantify the effects of PA interventions on alcohol and other drug use outcomes, and to identify any apparent effect of PA dose and type, possible mechanisms of effect, and any other aspect of intervention delivery (e.g. key behaviour change processes), within a framework to inform the design and evaluation of future interventions. Systematic searches were designed to identify published and grey literature on the role of PA for reducing the risk of progression to alcohol and other drug use (PREVENTION), supporting individuals to reduce alcohol and other drug use for harm reduction (REDUCTION), and promote abstinence and relapse prevention during and after treatment of alcohol and other drug use (TREATMENT). Searches identified 49,518 records, with 49,342 excluded on title and abstract. We screened 176 full text articles from which we included 32 studies in 32 papers with quantitative results of relevance to this review. Meta-analysis of two studies showed a significant effect of PA on prevention of alcohol initiation (risk ratio [RR]: 0.72, 95%CI: 0.61 to 0.85). Meta-analysis of four studies showed no clear evidence for an effect of PA on alcohol consumption (Standardised Mean Difference [SMD]: 0.19, 95%, Confidence Interval -0.57 to 0.18). We were unable to quantitatively examine the effects of PA interventions on other drug use alone, or in combination with alcohol use, for prevention, reduction or treatment. Among the 19 treatment studies with an alcohol and other drug use outcome, there was a trend for promising short-term effect but with limited information about intervention fidelity and exercise dose, there was a moderate to high risk of bias. We identified no studies reporting the cost-effectiveness of interventions. More rigorous and well-designed research is needed. Our novel approach to the review provides a clearer guide to achieve this in future research questions addressed to inform policy and practice for different populations and settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Thompson
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, Dentistry & Human Sciences University of Plymouth, Plymouth Science Park Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK
| | - J Horrell
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, Dentistry & Human Sciences University of Plymouth, Plymouth Science Park Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK
| | - A H Taylor
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, Dentistry & Human Sciences University of Plymouth, Plymouth Science Park Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK
| | - A Wanner
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, Dentistry & Human Sciences University of Plymouth, Plymouth Science Park Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK
| | - K Husk
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, Dentistry & Human Sciences University of Plymouth, Plymouth Science Park Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK
| | - Y Wei
- University of Plymouth, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - S Creanor
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, Dentistry & Human Sciences University of Plymouth, Plymouth Science Park Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK
| | - R Kandiyali
- Bristol University, School of Social and Community Medicine, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - J Neale
- King's College London Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | - J Sinclair
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, 4-12 Terminus Terrace, Southampton, SO14 3DT, UK
| | - M Nasser
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, Dentistry & Human Sciences University of Plymouth, Plymouth Science Park Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 8BX, UK
| | - G Wallace
- Plymouth City Council, Public Dispensary, Catherine Street, Plymouth, PL1 2AA, UK
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10
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Sharkey T, Whatnall MC, Hutchesson MJ, Haslam RL, Bezzina A, Collins CE, Ashton LM. Effectiveness of gender-targeted versus gender-neutral interventions aimed at improving dietary intake, physical activity and/or overweight/obesity in young adults (aged 17-35 years): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J 2020; 19:78. [PMID: 32731865 PMCID: PMC7393713 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adulthood has become synonymous with the development of poor lifestyle behaviours associated with an increased risk of preventable chronic disease in later years. Interventions aiming to improve health behaviours may be more engaging and effective if they are targeted to males or females than interventions with a gender-neutral approach. This review will examine the outcome effectiveness of gender-targeted and gender-neutral interventions targeting nutrition, physical activity or overweight/obesity in young adults (17-35 years). METHODS Six electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published up to December 2019 that evaluated nutrition, physical activity and/or overweight/obesity interventions in young adults (17-35 years). An effective intervention was one where the change in one or more primary outcome was positive and statistically significantly different from baseline, compared with control, or if no control comparator, compared with another active intervention. Effectiveness of outcomes was compared between gender-targeted and gender-neutral studies. RESULTS In total 21,582 manuscripts were identified and 107 RCTs were included; 30 gender-targeted studies (28%) and 77 gender-neutral (72%). Most gender-targeted studies were female targeted (n = 22, 73%). Primary outcome/s were adiposity (n = 36, 34%), nutrition (n = 29, 27%), physical activity (n = 28, 26%), or a combination of (n = 14, 14%). A greater proportion of gender-targeted than gender-neutral studies were effective in improving nutrition (n = 6, 100% and n = 17, 74% of studies respectively) and physical activity outcomes (n = 6, 86% and n = 14, 67% respectively), where as a greater proportion of gender-neutral studies were effective in improving adiposity outcomes (n = 13, 59% and n = 5, 36% respectively). None of these differences were statistically significant. Meta-analyses for weight found no significant differences between gender-targeted and gender-neutral studies for weight loss or weight gain prevention studies. Meta-analysis for fruit and vegetable intake demonstrated a significantly greater increase in intervention participants in gender-targeted studies of +158 g/day for > 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Although differences in outcome effectiveness were identified between gender-targeted and gender-neutral studies, these were not significantly different. This is likely due to an insufficient number of studies to detect a difference. The meta-analysis for fruit and vegetable intake findings should be interpreted with caution due to including only two gender-targeted studies. The findings collectively are suggestive of a potential difference requiring further investigation. To truly determine the effectiveness of gender-targeted interventions, well-designed RCTs comparing gender-targeted interventions with gender-neutral and control are needed. REGISTRATION This systematic review is a secondary analysis of studies included in a systematic review examining the effectiveness of interventions targeting nutrition, physical activity, or overweight/obesity in young adults, for which a predefined protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017075795).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sharkey
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
| | - Megan C. Whatnall
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
| | - Melinda J. Hutchesson
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
| | - Rebecca L. Haslam
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
| | - Aaron Bezzina
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
| | - Clare E. Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
| | - Lee M. Ashton
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 Australia
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11
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Gür F, Can Gür G. Is Exercise a Useful Intervention in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Health Promot 2020; 34:520-537. [PMID: 32212949 DOI: 10.1177/0890117120913169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of exercise on individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) across multiple health outcomes. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Academic Search complete, Sport Discuss, and ERIC databases. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA Interventional studies published between 2000 and 2018 focused on evaluating the effectiveness of exercise interventions in adults with AUD. DATA EXTRACTION This protocol was prepared using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocols standard and the Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies guidelines. DATA SYNTHESIS Physical activity levels/fitness [VO2 max (Oxygen Uptake) and HRmax (Maximum Heart Rate)], levels of depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, quality of life, and alcohol consumption (number of standard drinks consumed per day and per week). RESULTS The findings indicated that exercise significantly improved physical fitness as assessed by VO2 max (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.487, P < .05) and HRmax (SMD: 0.717, P < .05). Similarly, exercise significantly improved mental health as assessed by quality of life (SMD: 0.425, P < .05), but levels of depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, and alcohol consumption did not change significantly. Aerobic exercise alleviated depression and anxiety symptoms more than that of yoga and mixed types. Duration of exercise also had a similar effect on anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS Exercise can be an effective and persistent adjunctive treatment for individuals with AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Gür
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Pamukkale, Pamukkale, Turkey
| | - Ganime Can Gür
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Pamukkale, Pamukkale, Turkey
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12
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Pascoe M, Bailey AP, Craike M, Carter T, Patten R, Stepto N, Parker A. Physical activity and exercise in youth mental health promotion: a scoping review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000677. [PMID: 32095272 PMCID: PMC7010991 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM This scoping review examined the breadth and outcomes of controlled trials testing the effect of physical activity and exercise interventions across all mental health outcomes for mental health promotion and indicated prevention studies in young people. METHODS The literature search was conducted using 'Evidence Finder'. RESULTS Thirty publications were included. Available evidence suggested that interventions of varying intensity may lead to a reduction in depression symptoms and that moderate-to-vigorous-intensity and light-intensity interventions may reduce anxiety symptoms. Effects of physical activity/exercise interventions on additional mental health outcomes were also shown; however, the number of studies was small, indicating a limited evidence base. Robust research regarding the effects of physical activity/exercise on mental health promotion and as an indicated prevention strategy in young people is lacking. CONCLUSION The available evidence suggests that physical activity/exercise is a promising mental health promotion and early intervention strategy and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Pascoe
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Experiances Reasearch, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan P Bailey
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melinda Craike
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Mitchell Institute, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Carter
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Rhiannon Patten
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel Stepto
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria Universit, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Medicine-Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra Parker
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Andreassen Ø, Brønnick K, Njå AL, Furulund E, Nesvåg S. The Effect of High-Intensity Interval/Circuit Training on Cognitive Functioning and Quality of Life During Recovery From Substance Abuse Disorder. A Study Protocol. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2564. [PMID: 31803108 PMCID: PMC6873325 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This proposed study will examine whether structured physical activity reduces the recovery time of cognitive functioning during the early phase of substance use disorder treatment. Addiction or substance dependence is associated with neurobiological changes and cognitive impairment that can affect quality of life and the efficacy of therapy for up to a year after clinical detoxification. The biological, psychological, and social effects of physical exercise have the potential to be a therapeutic approach to increase quality of life and relieve symptoms associated with substance abuse, such as psychosis, depression, and anxiety. There is a dearth of research on physical activity and exercise in clinical substance use disorder patients. This protocol describes a clinical study that will examine cognitive recovery after substance abuse using physical exercise as a treatment intervention. We will use a quasi-experimental longitudinal clinical trial, with a pretest and multiple posttests, on naturally randomized sequential groups. Patients will be consecutively be recruited into the study groups, with a control group that is completed, before its followed by an intervention group, each with 30 patients. Patients will be enrolled 2 weeks after the start of detoxification, at which time all subjects will be inpatients at the Stavanger Salvation Army Treatment Center in the Norwegian specialized healthcare system. Cognition will be evaluated with a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests, including several tests of executive function. Physical fitness will be tested with the Rockport 1-Mile Walk Test, the 30-S Chair Stand Test, the 1-Min Burpee Test at baseline (within the first 2 weeks of admittance) and after 4 weeks. The intervention will be a 30-min workout at 70–90% of maximum heart rate (134–170 bpm), recorded and calculated by a Polar heart rate monitor. The intervention treatment will be administered four times a week for 4 weeks and will consist of high-intensity circuit training, high-intensity interval training, functional movement, and primitive reflex training. We anticipate improvement in both the control and intervention groups, with the exercise intervention group having the greatest increase in recovery of cognitive function because of the combination of functional full body movements and primitive movement training in an intense interval training program. Clinical Trial Registration ID: ISRCTN74750479, Retrospectively Registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Andreassen
- Salvation Army Treatment Center Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Center for Alcohol and Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kolbjørn Brønnick
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stavanger, Norway.,Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anne-Lill Njå
- Center for Alcohol and Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Einar Furulund
- Center for Alcohol and Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sverre Nesvåg
- Center for Alcohol and Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stavanger, Norway
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14
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Weinstock J, Petry NM, Pescatello LS, Henderson CE, Nelson CR. Randomized clinical trial of exercise for nontreatment seeking adults with alcohol use disorder. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2019; 34:65-75. [PMID: 31424244 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) do not seek professional help despite its significant consequences upon the individual and society. Current interventions for nontreatment seeking individuals with AUD (e.g., screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment [SBIRT]) have limited efficacy and alternative nonstigmatizing approaches are needed. This randomized clinical trial examined the utility of exercise as an intervention for sedentary nontreatment seeking adults with AUD. Participants (N = 66) were randomized to receive (a) a 4-month YMCA gym membership only (MO) or (b) a 4-month YMCA gym membership plus a 16-week integrated motivational intervention for exercise consisting of motivational interviewing and contingency management (MI + CM). Participants in both study conditions significantly increased their exercise behavior compared to baseline, and the MI + CM participants exercised significantly more often and an overall larger volume of exercise than the MO participants (ds > 2.0). Significant reductions in drinking and alcohol-related consequences were noted over time but did not differ significantly by study condition and were not related to changes in exercise. Future interventions using exercise as an intervention for AUD may want to frame this type of intervention as "wellness," directly link the 2 behaviors, and compare this intervention to SBIRT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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15
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Bilberg R, Roessler KK, Nielsen AS. Saying yes or no to physical activity - A comparative cohort analysis of patients seeking treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 9:100180. [PMID: 31193872 PMCID: PMC6544560 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Engaging individuals, suffering from alcohol use disorder (AUD), in a physical activity can be a challenge, and often it is a limitation of the quality of studies on the topic. The aim of the present study is to investigate differences between participants and non-participants in a randomized controlled trial on the effect of physical exercise as add-on to treatment as usual (TAU) to treatment for alcohol use disorder, thereby identifying potential factors that may predict lack of willingness or ability to consider increasing the level of physical activity. Method The Healthy Lifestyle Study was a randomized controlled trial with three arms, of which two included adding physical activities to treatment for AUD as usual. All patients from an outpatient alcohol treatment clinic were invited to participate in the study. 172 accepted participation, and 384 patients either did not show up for information about the study or declined to participate. All patients in the treatment clinic were assessed by means of European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI). Results The only predictor of participation in the study was the drinking pattern. Patients, who had been drinking every day for the last 6 months were less likely to participate in the study (OR 0.7 CI 0.4–0.9). Neither somatic nor psychiatric health seemed to impact whether or not the patients participated in the study. Conclusion Non-participants did not differ from participants in this study except in their drinking pattern. No psychological or social differences between participants and non-participants Non-participants drink alcohol on a daily base. Non-participants are affected by something else than health and social problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Bilberg
- Unit for Clinical Alcohol Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.,Department of Psychiatry, University Function, Region of Southern Denmark, Denmark.,Odense Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Kaya Roessler
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Anette Søgaard Nielsen
- Unit for Clinical Alcohol Research, Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.,Department of Psychiatry, University Function, Region of Southern Denmark, Denmark.,Odense Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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16
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Abrantes AM, Blevins CE. Exercise in the context of substance use treatment: key issues and future directions. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 30:103-108. [PMID: 31079012 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Substance Use Disorders (SUD) continue to be a significant public health concern. Exercise has been examined as an adjunctive approach to addiction treatment in an effort to improve mental health, physical health, and substance use outcomes. This review will present the existing evidence for the efficacy of exercise in the context of SUD treatment. In addition, we identify key factors, specific to this population, that may be contributing to treatment outcomes of exercise intervention studies. Lastly, we present a number of considerations for the development of more effective exercise interventions, in the future, with patients in SUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Abrantes
- Butler Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States.
| | - Claire E Blevins
- Butler Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States
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17
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Ford JD, Grasso DJ, Levine J, Tennen H. Emotion Regulation Enhancement of Cognitive Behavior Therapy for College Student Problem Drinkers: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2017; 27:47-58. [PMID: 30930609 PMCID: PMC6438385 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2017.1400484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This pilot randomized clinical trial tested an emotion regulation enhancement to Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) with 29 college student problem drinkers with histories of complex trauma and current clinically significant traumatic stress symptoms. Participants received eight face-to-face sessions of manualized internet-supported CBT for problem drinking with or without trauma-focused emotion regulation skills (Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education and Therapy, TARGET). Both interventions were associated with sustained (at one-month follow-up) reductions in self-reported drinking frequency, drinking related impairment, and heavy drinking in the past week, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD symptoms, and improvement in self-reported emotion regulation. The enhanced intervention was associated with significantly greater sustained reductions in complex PTSD symptoms and resulted in medium/large effect size reductions in days of alcohol use (versus small effects by CBT). Emotion regulation enhancement of CBT for college student problem drinkers with interpersonal trauma histories warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D. Ford
- University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Damion J. Grasso
- University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Joan Levine
- University of Connecticut, 269 Glwenbrook Rd., Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Howard Tennen
- University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030
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18
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Lynch WJ, Robinson AM, Abel J, Smith MA. Exercise as a Prevention for Substance Use Disorder: A Review of Sex Differences and Neurobiological Mechanisms. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2017; 4:455-466. [PMID: 29430384 PMCID: PMC5802367 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-017-0178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This report provides an update on clinical and preclinical findings for the efficacy of exercise to prevent substance use disorder with a focus on recent evidence for sex differences and neurobiological mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Exercise/physical activity is associated with decreased drug use in humans. Preclinical results further indicate that exercise decreases vulnerability to drug use and the development of features of substance use disorder, and suggest that females have an enhanced sensitivity to its reward-substitution effects. However, certain exercise conditions may sensitize the reward pathway and enhance vulnerability suggesting that parallel observations in humans (e.g., increased prescription opioid misuse and heroin use in high-school athletes) may be biologically-based. SUMMARY Exercise is a promising prevention strategy for substance use disorder. Further work is needed to establish its efficacy as a sex-specific strategy using larger samples, and to understand the exercise conditions that induce beneficial versus risk-enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Lynch
- Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia: P.O. Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904, 434-243-0580 (phone); 434-973-7031 (fax)
| | - Andrea M Robinson
- Postdoctoral Fellow of Psychology, Davidson College: Box 7136 Davidson, NC 28035, 704-894-3012 (phone); 704-894-2512 (fax)
| | - Jean Abel
- Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia; P.O. Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904-1402, 434) 243-5767 (phone); 434-973-7031 (fax)
| | - Mark A Smith
- Professor of Psychology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, 704-894-2470 (phone); 704-894-2512 (fax)
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19
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Hallgren M, Vancampfort D, Giesen ES, Lundin A, Stubbs B. Exercise as treatment for alcohol use disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51:1058-1064. [PMID: 28087569 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating effects of exercise for people with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) across multiple health outcomes. We also investigated the prevalence and predictors of dropout from exercise studies in AUDs. DESIGN Systematic review and random effects meta-analysis with meta-regression analyses. DATA SOURCES 3 major electronic databases were searched from inception until April 2016 for exercise intervention studies in adults with AUDs. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies of acute exercise in people with AUDs; and randomised and non-randomised trials examining effects of long-term (≥2 weeks) exercise. RESULTS 21 studies and 1204 unique persons with AUDs (mean age 37.8 years, mean illness duration 4.4 years) were included. Exercise did not reduce daily alcohol consumption (standardised mean difference (SMD) =-0.886, p=0.24), or the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) total scores (SMD=-0.378, p=0.18). For weekly consumption (n=3 studies), a statistically significant difference was observed favouring exercise (SMD=-0.656, p=0.04), but not after adjustment for publication bias (SMD=-0.16, 95% CI -0.88 to 0.55). Exercise significantly reduced depressive symptoms versus control (randomised controlled trials (RCTs) =4; SMD=-0.867, p=0.006, I2=63%) and improved physical fitness (VO2) (RCTs=3; SMD=0.564, p=0.01, I2=46%). The pooled dropout rate was 40.3% (95% CI 23.3% to 60.1%) which was no different to control conditions (OR=0.73, p=0.52). Dropouts were higher among men (β=0.0622, p<0.0001, R2=0.82). LIMITATIONS It was not possible to investigate moderating effects of smoking. CONCLUSIONS Available evidence indicates exercise appears not to reduce alcohol consumption, but has significant improvements in other health outcomes, including depression and physical fitness. Additional long-term controlled studies of exercise for AUDs are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Hallgren
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davy Vancampfort
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven-University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Esther S Giesen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Lundin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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20
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Weinstock J, Farney MR, Elrod NM, Henderson CE, Weiss EP. Exercise as an Adjunctive Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: Rationale and Intervention Description. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 72:40-47. [PMID: 27666958 PMCID: PMC5289308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are maladaptive patterns of substance use that are associated with psychiatric comorbidity, unhealthy lifestyle choices, and high rates of relapse. Exercise is associated with a wide range of acute and long-term benefits for both mental and physical health and is presently being investigated as a promising adjunctive treatment for SUD. Despite positive effects of regular physical activity on treatment outcomes and risk factors for relapse, low adherence and high attrition rates limit the benefits derived from exercise interventions. Lack of motivation is one of many perceived barriers to initiating exercise that contributes to poor adherence to interventions. In the present article, we describe the protocol for a novel, integrated exercise intervention that combines motivational interviewing (MI), a client-centered approach designed to enhance intrinsic motivation and resolve ambivalence toward change, and contingency management (CM), a behavioral treatment that provides monetary incentives for the completion of target behaviors. The protocol seeks to address the challenges surrounding initiation and maintenance of an exercise program at a level consistent with public health guidelines, particularly for sedentary patients. We conclude with considerations for the implementation of the intervention in SUD specific clinics.
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21
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Weinstock J, Petry NM, Pescatello LS, Henderson CE. Sedentary college student drinkers can start exercising and reduce drinking after intervention. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2016; 30:791-801. [PMID: 27669095 PMCID: PMC5687258 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heavy drinking by college students is exceedingly harmful to the individuals and to the overall college environment. Current interventions to reduce drinking and negative consequences are infrequently utilized. This randomized clinical trial examined an alternative approach that sought to increase exercise behavior, a substance free activity, in sedentary heavy drinking college students. Participants (N = 70) were randomized to an 8-week exercise intervention: (a) motivational interviewing plus weekly exercise contracting (MI + EC) or (b) motivational interviewing and weekly contingency management for exercise (MI + CM). Follow-up evaluations occurred at posttreatment (2 months) and 6 months post baseline. Participants in both interventions significantly increased exercise frequency initially, and the MI + CM participants exercised significantly more than the MI + EC intervention participants during the intervention period (d = 1.70). Exercise behavior decreased during the follow-up period in both groups. Significant reductions in drinking behaviors and consequences were noted over time, but were not related to changes in exercise or the interventions (ds ≤ 0.01). This study underscores the complex nature of promoting 1 specific health behavior change with the goal of changing another. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy M Petry
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center
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22
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Roessler KK, Bramsen RH, Dervisevic A, Bilberg R. Exercise based interventions for alcohol use disorder: A comment on motivational aspects of participation. Scand J Psychol 2016; 58:23-28. [PMID: 27727463 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exercise based treatment for alcohol use disorders have shown an impact on mental health (e.g., depression or anxiety), and alcohol outcomes (e.g., craving or abstinence). However, there is a lack of information on the role of motivational aspects of participation in the process of designing exercise interventions for alcohol use disorder. This study aims to examine: (1) whether motivational aspects are taken into account when the type and delivery method of exercise interventions are chosen; (2) whether motivational aspects are taken into account post intervention; and (3) whether there are different traditions regarding payment for participants. A systematic search was conducted to identify eligible studies in order to investigate the impact of motivational aspects including payment for participation. Twelve samples including ten to 620 participants were investigated. Participants were predominantly male and in their 40s, ranging from 20 to 69 years. Aerobic exercise (running, walking, fitness) either in a group or individual condition is the most frequently used exercise form. Two studies included ball games or cycling, while only one study offered the opportunity to choose between a wide range of sports. Motivational aspects are mentioned explicitly in half of the studies, mostly with regard to adherence to participation and social integration as the reason for using a group condition. Achievement is mentioned in two studies but not explicitly with regard to planning the intervention design. Five studies include payment for participation in exercise. Findings of the present study identify that motivational aspects for participation are rarely involved in the planning of an exercise intervention. With regard to the specific psychosocial vulnerability of an alcohol use disorder population, this should be an important aspect of further research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Randi Bilberg
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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23
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Dodge T, Clarke P, Dwan R. The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Alcohol Use Among Adults in the United States. Am J Health Promot 2016; 31:97-108. [PMID: 27630108 DOI: 10.1177/0890117116664710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize published literature that has tested the relationship between physical activity and alcohol use. DATA SOURCE A systematic review of literature published between January 2005 and May 2015 was conducted by searching the databases: PsychInfo, Medline, and Pubmed. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA Inclusion criteria: must have tested for the relationship between physical activity and alcohol use; used adult samples within the United States. EXCLUSION CRITERIA utilized samples from outside the United States, adolescents, or alcohol dependent and heavy drinkers. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted from studies that achieved a quality score of 4 or greater. The following information was recorded for each study: sample characteristics, the variable that served as the predictor, study design, covariates included in analyses, and the direction/nature of the relationship. DATA SYNTHESIS The search captured 1036 unique articles, 16 of which were included in the final systematic review. RESULTS Nearly 88% of the studies with college students and 75% of studies with nonstudent adults reported a positive relationship between physical activity and alcohol use. CONCLUSION Research published in the past decade implies a positive relationship between physical activity and alcohol use. Findings have important implications for the design of health promotion programs targeting physical activity and alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya Dodge
- 1 Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paige Clarke
- 1 Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rita Dwan
- 1 Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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24
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Kurti AN, Davis DR, Redner R, Jarvis BP, Zvorsky I, Keith DR, Bolivar HA, White TJ, Rippberger P, Markesich C, Atwood G, Higgins ST. A Review of the Literature on Remote Monitoring Technology in Incentive-Based Interventions for Health-Related Behavior Change. TRANSLATIONAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:128-152. [PMID: 27777964 DOI: 10.1037/tps0000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Use of technology (e.g., Internet, cell phones) to allow remote implementation of incentives interventions for health-related behavior change is growing. To our knowledge, there has yet to be a systematic review of this literature reported. The present report provides a systematic review of the controlled studies where technology was used to remotely implement financial incentive interventions targeting substance use and other health behaviors published between 2004 and 2015. For inclusion in the review, studies had to use technology to remotely accomplish one of the following two aims alone or in combination: (a) monitor the target behavior, or (b) deliver incentives for achieving the target goal. Studies also had to examine financial incentives (e.g., cash, vouchers) for health-related behavior change, be published in peer-reviewed journals, and include a research design that allowed evaluation of the efficacy of the incentive intervention relative to another condition (e.g., non-contingent incentives, treatment as usual). Of the 39 reports that met inclusion criteria, 18 targeted substance use, 10 targeted medication adherence or home-based health monitoring, and 11 targeted diet, exercise, or weight loss. All 39 (100%) studies used technology to facilitate remote monitoring of the target behavior, and 26 (66.7%) studies also incorporated technology in the remote delivery of incentives. Statistically significant intervention effects were reported in 71% of studies reviewed. Overall, the results offer substantial support for the efficacy of remotely implemented incentive interventions for health-related behavior change, which have the potential to increase the cost-effectiveness and reach of this treatment approach.
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Yu CH, Guarna G, Tsao P, Jesuthasan JR, Lau ANC, Siddiqi FS, Gilmour JA, Ladha D, Halapy H, Advani A. Incentivizing health care behaviors in emerging adults: a systematic review. Patient Prefer Adherence 2016; 10:371-81. [PMID: 27069356 PMCID: PMC4818043 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE For emerging adults with chronic medical diseases, the transition from pediatric to adult health care is often a time of great upheaval, commonly associated with unhealthy self-management choices, loss to follow-up, and adverse outcomes. We conducted a systematic review to examine the use of incentive strategies to promote positive health-related behaviors in young adults with chronic medical diseases. METHODS The Medline, CINAHL, Embase, PsycInfo, and Cochrane databases were searched through June 2014. Studies of any design where an incentive was used to achieve a target behavior or outcome in a pediatric or emerging adult population (age <30 years) with chronic medical conditions including addictions, were included. RESULTS A total of 26 studies comprising 10,880 patients met our inclusion criteria after screening 10,305 abstracts and 301 full-text articles. Of these studies, 20 examined the effects of behavioral incentives on cigarette smoking or substance abuse, including alcohol; four studies explored behavioral incentives in the setting of HIV or sexual health; and two articles studied individuals with other chronic medical conditions. Seventeen articles reported a statistically significant benefit of the behavioral incentive on one or more outcomes, although only half reported follow-up after the incentive period was terminated. CONCLUSION While the majority of studies reported positive outcomes, these studies focused on promoting the cessation of adverse behaviors rather than promoting positive behaviors. In addition, conclusions were limited by the high risk of bias present in the majority of studies, as well as lack of follow-up after the incentive period. Whether behavioral incentives facilitate the adoption of positive health choices in this population remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Yu
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Correspondence: Catherine H Yu, Li, Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada, Tel +1 416 864 6060, Fax +1 416 867 3679, Email
| | - Giuliana Guarna
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jude R Jesuthasan
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian NC Lau
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ferhan S Siddiqi
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Anne Gilmour
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danyal Ladha
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Henry Halapy
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Advani
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bardo MT, Compton WM. Does physical activity protect against drug abuse vulnerability? Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 153:3-13. [PMID: 26091750 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current review examined recent literature to determine our state of knowledge about the potential ability of physical activity serve as a protectant against drug abuse vulnerability. METHODS Both preclinical and clinical studies were examined using either associational or random assignment study designs. In addition to examining drug use as an outcome variable, the potential neural mediators linking physical activity and drug abuse vulnerability were examined. CONCLUSIONS Several important conclusions may be drawn. First, the preclinical evidence is solid in showing that physical activity in various forms is able to serve as both a preventive and treatment intervention that reduces drug use, although voluntary alcohol drinking appears to be an exception to this conclusion. Second, the clinical evidence provides some evidence, albeit mixed, to suggest a beneficial effect of physical activity on tobacco dependent individuals. In contrast, there exists only circumstantial evidence that physical activity may reduce use of drugs other than nicotine, and there is essentially no solid information from random control studies to know if physical activity may prevent initiation of problem use. Finally, both preclinical and clinical evidence shows that various brain systems are altered by physical activity, with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) serving as one potential node that may mediate the putative link between physical activity and drug abuse vulnerability. It is concluded that novel neurobehavioral approaches taking advantage of novel techniques for assessing the physiological impact of physical activity are needed and can be used to inform the longitudinal random control studies that will answer definitively the question posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology and Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Wilson M Compton
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Boulevard, MSC 9581, Bethesda, MD 20892-9581, USA
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Leasure JL, Neighbors C, Henderson CE, Young CM. Exercise and Alcohol Consumption: What We Know, What We Need to Know, and Why it is Important. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:156. [PMID: 26578988 PMCID: PMC4629692 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise provides a wealth of benefits to brain and body, and is regarded as a protective factor against disease. Protective factors tend to cluster together - that is, people who engage in one healthy behavior, such as exercise, also engage in other healthy behaviors, such as maintaining a nutritious diet and getting sufficient sleep. In contrast to exercise, alcohol consumption is not typically regarded as a health-promoting behavior, although moderate intake has been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Surprisingly, several large, population-based studies have shown a positive association between physical activity and alcohol intake. The present review focuses on what is known about this relationship, including potential neural bases as well as moderating factors, and discusses important directions for further study, such as a more thorough characterization of people who both drink and exercise. We focus on ramifications for intervening with people who have alcohol use disorders, as exercise has been assessed as both a treatment and preventive measure, with mixed results. We believe that, in order for such interventions to be effective, clinical trials must distinguish treatment-seeking populations from non-treatment-seeking ones, as well as ensure that the use of exercise as a tool to decrease alcohol consumption is made explicit. We posit that a better understanding of the relationship between physical activity and alcohol intake will maximize intervention efforts by informing the design of clinical trials and research-driven prevention strategies, as well as enable individuals to make educated decisions about their health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leigh Leasure
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | | | - Craig E Henderson
- Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University , Huntsville, TX , USA
| | - Chelsie M Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
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