1
|
Bachelle SV, Bah SY, Addo RT, Bediako-Bowan AAA, Egyir B, Tsatsu SE, Dzudzor B, Amarh V. Genomic analysis of Enterobacteriaceae from colorectal cancer patients at a tertiary hospital in Ghana: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23195. [PMID: 39369124 PMCID: PMC11455924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a severe gastrointestinal cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Ghana. The potential role of gut Enterobacteriaceae in the increasing incidence of CRC in Ghana is yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, Enterobacteriaceae from CRC patients and healthy control participants were analyzed by whole genome sequencing to identify genomic features that are associated with CRC. Socio-demographic data showed a significant association between age and alcohol consumption and CRC. Escherichia coli was the most abundant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the study participants and they were predominantly intestinal commensals. Escherichia coli isolates belonging to phylogroup D encoded the highest number of virulence genes. The agn43 and int genes were widespread in Escherichia coli isolates from the CRC patients. Multilocus sequence types of potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli from the CRC patients also encoded genes involved in aggregation, adherence and biofilm formation. The ampC2 and ampH antimicrobial resistance genes were also widespread in the genome of the Escherichia coli isolates. This study highlights the virulence tendencies of Escherichia coli from CRC patients and their ability to transfer virulence determinants to other Enterobacteriaceae residing in the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Bachelle
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Saikou Y Bah
- School of Infection & Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richmond T Addo
- Central Laboratory, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Antoinette A A Bediako-Bowan
- Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Surgery, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Beverly Egyir
- Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sandra E Tsatsu
- Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Surgery, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bartholomew Dzudzor
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Vincent Amarh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tang L, Sabi MM, Fu M, Guan J, Wang Y, Xia T, Zheng K, Qu H, Han B. Host cell manipulation by microsporidia secreted effectors: Insights into intracellular pathogenesis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024:e13029. [PMID: 39030770 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Microsporidia are prolific producers of effector molecules, encompassing both proteins and nonproteinaceous effectors, such as toxins, small RNAs, and small peptides. These secreted effectors play a pivotal role in the pathogenicity of microsporidia, enabling them to subvert the host's innate immunity and co-opt metabolic pathways to fuel their own growth and proliferation. However, the genomes of microsporidia, despite falling within the size range of bacteria, exhibit significant reductions in both structural and physiological features, thereby affecting the repertoire of secretory effectors to varying extents. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding how microsporidia modulate host cells through the secretion of effectors, highlighting current challenges and proposed solutions in deciphering the complexities of microsporidial secretory effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Musa Makongoro Sabi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyu Guan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongnan Qu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pandey H, Tang DWT, Wong SH, Lal D. Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer: Biological Role and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030866. [PMID: 36765824 PMCID: PMC9913759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While CRC is thought to be an interplay between genetic and environmental factors, several lines of evidence suggest the involvement of gut microbiota in promoting inflammation and tumor progression. Gut microbiota refer to the ~40 trillion microorganisms that inhabit the human gut. Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and metagenomics have provided new insights into the gut microbial ecology and have helped in linking gut microbiota to CRC. Many studies carried out in humans and animal models have emphasized the role of certain gut bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and colibactin-producing Escherichia coli, in the onset and progression of CRC. Metagenomic studies have opened up new avenues for the application of gut microbiota in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRC. This review article summarizes the role of gut microbiota in CRC development and its use as a biomarker to predict the disease and its potential therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himani Pandey
- Redcliffe Labs, Electronic City, Noida 201301, India
| | - Daryl W. T. Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Sunny H. Wong
- Centre for Microbiome Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.H.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Devi Lal
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
- Correspondence: (S.H.W.); (D.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kubatzky KF. Pasteurella multocida toxin - lessons learned from a mitogenic toxin. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1058905. [PMID: 36591313 PMCID: PMC9800868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative, zoonotic bacterium Pasteurella multocida was discovered in 1880 and found to be the causative pathogen of fowl cholera. Pasteurella-related diseases can be found in domestic and wild life animals such as buffalo, sheep, goat, deer and antelope, cats, dogs and tigers and cause hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle, rhinitis or pneumonia in rabbits or fowl cholera in poultry and birds. Pasteurella multocida does not play a major role in the immune-competent human host, but can be found after animal bites or in people with close contact to animals. Toxigenic strains are most commonly found in pigs and express a phage-encoded 146 kDa protein, the Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT). Toxin-expressing strains cause atrophic rhinitis where nasal turbinate bones are destroyed through the inhibition of bone building osteoblasts and the activation of bone resorbing osteoclasts. After its uptake through receptor-mediated endocytosis, PMT specifically targets the alpha subunit of several heterotrimeric G proteins and constitutively activates them through deamidation of a glutamine residue to glutamate in the alpha subunit. This results in cytoskeletal rearrangement, proliferation, differentiation and survival of cells. Because of the toxin's mitogenic effects, it was suggested that it might have carcinogenic properties, however, no link between Pasteurella infections and cell transformation could be established, neither in tissue culture models nor through epidemiological data. In the recent years it was shown that the toxin not only affects bone, but also the heart as well as basically all cells of innate and adaptive immunity. During the last decade the focus of research shifted from signal transduction processes to understanding how the bacteria might benefit from a bone-destroying toxin. The primary function of PMT seems to be the modulation of immune cell activation which at the same time creates an environment permissive for osteoclast formation. While the disease is restricted to pigs, the implications of the findings from PMT research can be used to explore human diseases and have a high translational potential. In this review our current knowledge will be summarized and it will be discussed what can be learned from using PMT as a tool to understand human pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina F. Kubatzky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smith KP, Lee W, Tonelli M, Lee Y, Light SH, Cornilescu G, Chakravarthy S. Solution structure and dynamics of the mitochondrial-targeted GTPase-activating protein (GAP) VopE by an integrated NMR/SAXS approach. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4282. [PMID: 35137487 PMCID: PMC9047041 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae use a type III secretion system to inject effector proteins into a host cell. Recently, a putative Toxic GTPase Activating Protein (ToxGAP) called Vibrio outer protein E (VopE) was identified as a T3SS substrate and virulence factor that affected host mitochondrial dynamics and immune response. However, biophysical and structural characterization has been absent. Here, we describe solution NMR structure of the putative GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain (73-204) of VopE. Using size exclusion chromatography coupled with small-angle x-ray scattering and residual dipolar coupling data, we restrained the MD process to efficiently determine the overall fold and improve the quality of the output calculated structures. Comparing the structure of VopE with other ToxGAP's revealed a similar overall fold with several features unique to VopE. Specifically, the "Bulge 1," α1 helix, and noteworthy "backside linker" elements on the N-terminus are dissimilar to the other ToxGAP's. By using NMR relaxation dispersion experiments, we demonstrate that these regions undergo motions on a > 6 s-1 timescale. Based on the disposition of these mobile regions relative to the putative catalytic arginine residue, we hypothesize that the protein may undergo structural changes to bind cognate GTPases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P. Smith
- Department of Cell & Developmental BiologyNorthwestern University ChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Xilio TherapeuticsWalthamMassachusettsUSA
| | - Woonghee Lee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Colorado‐DenverDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Marco Tonelli
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Yeongjoon Lee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Colorado‐DenverDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Samuel H. Light
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Gabriel Cornilescu
- Advanced Technology Research Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchLeidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthFrederickMarylandUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arthur RA, Dos Santos Bezerra R, Ximenez JPB, Merlin BL, de Andrade Morraye R, Neto JV, Fava NMN, Figueiredo DLA, de Biagi CAO, Montibeller MJ, Guimarães JB, Alves EG, Schreiner M, da Costa TS, da Silva CFL, Malheiros JM, da Silva LHB, Ribas GT, Achallma DO, Braga CM, Andrade KFA, do Carmo Alves Martins V, Dos Santos GVN, Granatto CF, Terin UC, Sanches IH, Ramos DE, Garay-Malpartida HM, de Souza GMP, Slavov SN, Silva WA. Microbiome and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a possible interplay on iron metabolism and its impact on tumor microenvironment. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1287-1302. [PMID: 34002353 PMCID: PMC8324744 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing positive association between changes in oral microbiome and the occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Alcohol- and nicotine-related products can induce microbial changes but are still unknown if these changes are related to cancerous lesion sites. In an attempt to understand how these changes can influence the OSCC development and maintenance, the aim of this study was to investigate the oral microbiome linked with OSCC as well as to identify functional signatures and associate them with healthy or precancerous and cancerous sites. Our group used data of oral microbiomes available in public repositories. The analysis included data of oral microbiomes from electronic cigarette users, alcohol consumers, and precancerous and OSCC samples. An R-based pipeline was used for taxonomic and functional prediction analysis. The Streptococcus spp. genus was the main class identified in the healthy group. Haemophilus spp. predominated in precancerous lesions. OSCC samples revealed a higher relative abundance compared with the other groups, represented by an increased proportion of Fusobacterium spp., Prevotella spp., Haemophilus spp., and Campylobacter spp. Venn diagram analysis showed 52 genera exclusive of OSCC samples. Both precancerous and OSCC samples seemed to present a specific associated functional pattern. They were menaquinone-dependent protoporphyrinogen oxidase pattern enhanced in the former and both 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (purine metabolism) and iron(III) transport system ATP-binding protein enhanced in the latter. We conclude that although precancerous and OSCC samples present some differences on microbial profile, both microbiomes act as "iron chelators-like" potentially contributing to tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Alex Arthur
- Preventive and Community Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dos Santos Bezerra
- Postgraduate Program in Clinical Oncology, Stem Cells and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP), Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - MGBL, National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP), Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - MGBL, National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Laís Merlin
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael de Andrade Morraye
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP), Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - MGBL, National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - João Valentini Neto
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Natália Melo Nasser Fava
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - David Livingstone Alves Figueiredo
- Institute for Cancer Research (IPEC), Guarapuava, PR, 85015-430, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, 85015-430, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Oliveira de Biagi
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP), Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - MGBL, National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Jara Montibeller
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Jhefferson Barbosa Guimarães
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ellen Gomes Alves
- Undergraduate in Biological Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Paulista, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Schreiner
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Professional and Technological Education Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tiago Silva da Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - Charlie Felipe Liberati da Silva
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Professional and Technological Education Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Luan Henrique Burda da Silva
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Professional and Technological Education Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Taborda Ribas
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Professional and Technological Education Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daisy Obispo Achallma
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, FARVET, Chincha Alta, Ica, Perú & Centro de Investigación de Genética y Biología Molecular (CIGBM), Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
| | - Camila Margalho Braga
- Graduate Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon, Pará State University, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Karen Flaviane Assis Andrade
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Henrique Sanches
- Institute of Pathology Tropical and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Diana Estefania Ramos
- Department of Oral; Maxillofacial Surgery, and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Marcelino Pereira de Souza
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP), Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - MGBL, National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Svetoslav Nanev Slavov
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP), Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - MGBL, National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Wilson Araújo Silva
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP), Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - MGBL, National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP), Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - MGBL, Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501 - 14051-140 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fitzgerald E, Boardman JP, Drake AJ. Early life stress and LPS interact to modify the mouse cortical transcriptome in the neonatal period. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 13:100219. [PMID: 34589738 PMCID: PMC8474587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preterm birth (PTB) is closely associated with atypical cerebral cortical development and cognitive impairment. Early exposure to extrauterine life often results in atypical environmental and biological experiences that co-occur, including early life stress (ELS) and systemic inflammation. Understanding how these experiences interact to shape cortical development is an essential prerequisite to developing therapeutic interventions that will work in the complex postnatal environment of the preterm infant. Here, we studied the effects of a murine model of infection and ELS on the neonatal cortex transcriptome. METHODS We used a mouse model of infection (1 mg/kg LPS at postnatal day (P)3) +/- ELS (modified maternal separation; MMS on days P4-P6) at timepoints with neurodevelopmental relevance to PTB. We used 4 groups: control, LPS, MMS and LPS + MMS. Cortices were dissected at P6 for 3'RNA sequencing. RESULTS LPS exposure resulted in reduced weight gain and increased expression of inflammation-associated genes in the brain. More genes were differentially expressed following LPS (15) and MMS (29) than with LPS + MMS (8). There was significant overlap between the LPS and MMS datasets, particularly amongst upregulated genes, and when comparing LPS and MMS datasets with LPS + MMS. Gene Ontology terms related to the extracellular matrix and cytokine response were enriched following MMS, but not following LPS or LPS + MMS. 26 Reactome pathways were enriched in the LPS group, none of which were enriched in the LPS + MMS group. Finally, a rank-rank hypergeometric overlap test showed similarities, particularly in upregulated genes, in the LPS and MMS conditions, indicating shared mechanisms. CONCLUSION LPS and MMS interact to modify the cortical transcriptome in the neonatal period. This has important implications for understanding the neural basis of atypical cortical development associated with early exposure to extrauterine life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eamon Fitzgerald
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - James P. Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Amanda J. Drake
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Le LHM, Ying L, Ferrero RL. Nuclear trafficking of bacterial effector proteins. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13320. [PMID: 33600054 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens can subvert host responses by producing effector proteins that directly target the nucleus of eukaryotic cells in animals and plants. Nuclear-targeting proteins are categorised as either: "nucleomodulins," which have epigenetic-modulating activities; or "cyclomodulins," which specifically interfere with the host cell cycle. Bacteria can deliver these effector proteins to eukaryotic cells via a range of strategies. Despite an increasing number of reports describing the effects of bacterial effector proteins on nuclear processes in host cells, the intracellular pathways used by these proteins to traffic to the nucleus have yet to be fully elucidated. This review will describe current knowledge about how nucleomodulins and cyclomodulins enter eukaryotic cells, exploit endocytic pathways and translocate to the nucleus. We will also discuss the secretion of nuclear-targeting proteins or their release in bacterial membrane vesicles and the trafficking pathways employed by each of these forms. Besides their importance for bacterial pathogenesis, some nuclear-targeting proteins have been implicated in the development of chronic diseases and even cancer. A greater understanding of nuclear-targeting proteins and their actions will provide new insights into the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, as well as contribute to advances in the development of novel therapies against bacterial infections and possibly cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hoang My Le
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Le Ying
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hanford HE, Von Dwingelo J, Abu Kwaik Y. Bacterial nucleomodulins: A coevolutionary adaptation to the eukaryotic command center. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009184. [PMID: 33476322 PMCID: PMC7819608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Through long-term interactions with their hosts, bacterial pathogens have evolved unique arsenals of effector proteins that interact with specific host targets and reprogram the host cell into a permissive niche for pathogen proliferation. The targeting of effector proteins into the host cell nucleus for modulation of nuclear processes is an emerging theme among bacterial pathogens. These unique pathogen effector proteins have been termed in recent years as "nucleomodulins." The first nucleomodulins were discovered in the phytopathogens Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas, where their nucleomodulins functioned as eukaryotic transcription factors or integrated themselves into host cell DNA to promote tumor induction, respectively. Numerous nucleomodulins were recently identified in mammalian pathogens. Bacterial nucleomodulins are an emerging family of pathogen effector proteins that evolved to target specific components of the host cell command center through various mechanisms. These mechanisms include: chromatin dynamics, histone modification, DNA methylation, RNA splicing, DNA replication, cell cycle, and cell signaling pathways. Nucleomodulins may induce short- or long-term epigenetic modifications of the host cell. In this extensive review, we discuss the current knowledge of nucleomodulins from plant and mammalian pathogens. While many nucleomodulins are already identified, continued research is instrumental in understanding their mechanisms of action and the role they play during the progression of pathogenesis. The continued study of nucleomodulins will enhance our knowledge of their effects on nuclear chromatin dynamics, protein homeostasis, transcriptional landscapes, and the overall host cell epigenome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Hanford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Juanita Von Dwingelo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predicative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mambu J, Barilleau E, Fragnet-Trapp L, Le Vern Y, Olivier M, Sadrin G, Grépinet O, Taieb F, Velge P, Wiedemann A. Rck of Salmonella Typhimurium Delays the Host Cell Cycle to Facilitate Bacterial Invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:586934. [PMID: 33330131 PMCID: PMC7734966 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.586934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium expresses on its outer membrane the protein Rck which interacts with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) of the plasma membrane of the targeted host cells. This interaction activates signaling pathways, leading to the internalization of Salmonella. Since EGFR plays a key role in cell proliferation, we sought to determine the influence of Rck mediated infection on the host cell cycle. By analyzing the DNA content of uninfected and infected cells using flow cytometry, we showed that the Rck-mediated infection induced a delay in the S-phase (DNA replication phase) of the host cell cycle, independently of bacterial internalization. We also established that this Rck-dependent delay in cell cycle progression was accompanied by an increased level of host DNA double strand breaks and activation of the DNA damage response. Finally, we demonstrated that the S-phase environment facilitated Rck-mediated bacterial internalization. Consequently, our results suggest that Rck can be considered as a cyclomodulin with a genotoxic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Mambu
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Yves Le Vern
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | | | - Frédéric Taieb
- IRSD-Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université́ de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alizadehmohajer N, Shojaeifar S, Nedaeinia R, Esparvarinha M, Mohammadi F, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Manian M, Balouchi A. Association between the microbiota and women's cancers - Cause or consequences? Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110203. [PMID: 32559847 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast, ovarian and uterine cancers are the most common neoplasms among women. Several mechanisms may be involved in oncogenesis and these include environmental and genetic factors. Bacteria may affect the development of some cancers, with bacterial components, their products and metabolites interacting with susceptible tissues. Commensalism and dysbiosis are important potential mechanisms involved in oncogenesis, and an effective strategy for diagnosis and treatment is required. The purpose of this review was to analyze the complex associations between these cancers in women, and the microbiota, specifically bacterial microbes. However, several cancers have an increased prevalence among individuals with HIV and HPV so the relationship between viral infections and malignancies in women is also referred to. We described how different phylum of bacteria, particularly in the gut, mammary tissue and vaginal microbiome may be involved in carcinogenesis; and we discuss the potential pathways involved: (I), that lead to cell proliferation, (II), immune system perturbation, (III), cell metabolic changes (e.g., hormonal factors), and (IV), DNA damage. Studies investigating the differences between the composition of the bacterial microbiota of healthy women compared to that present in various conditions, and the clinical trials are summarized for the few studies that have addressed the microbiota and related conditions, are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negin Alizadehmohajer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Samaneh Shojaeifar
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Reza Nedaeinia
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mojgan Esparvarinha
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Forogh Mohammadi
- Department of Veterinary, Agriculture Faculty, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Manian
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Adele Balouchi
- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sen R, Tagore S, De RK. ASAPP: Architectural Similarity-Based Automated Pathway Prediction System and Its Application in Host-Pathogen Interactions. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 17:506-515. [PMID: 30281472 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2018.2872527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The significance of metabolic pathway prediction is to envision the viable unknown transformations that can occur provided the appropriate enzymes are present. It can facilitate the prediction of the consequences of host-pathogen interactions. In this article, we have proposed a new algorithm Architectural Similarity-based Automated Pathway Prediction (ASAPP) to predict metabolic pathways based on the structural similarity among the metabolites. ASAPP takes two-dimensional structure and molecular weight of metabolites as input, and generates a list of probable transformations without the knowledge of any externally established reactions, with an accuracy of 85.09 percent. ASAPP has also been applied to predict the outcome of pathogen liberated toxins on the carbohydrate and lipid pathways of the hosts. We have analyzed the disruption of host pathways in the presence of toxins, and have found that some metabolites in Glycolysis and the TCA cycle have a high chance of being the breakpoints in the pathway. The tool is available at http://asapp.droppages.com/.
Collapse
|
13
|
Tak U, Vlach J, Garza-Garcia A, William D, Danilchanka O, de Carvalho LPS, Saad JS, Niederweis M. The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin is an NAD + and NADP + glycohydrolase with distinct enzymatic properties. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3024-3036. [PMID: 30593509 PMCID: PMC6398120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon host infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis secretes the tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) into the cytosol of infected macrophages, leading to host cell death by necroptosis. TNT hydrolyzes NAD+ in the absence of any exogenous cofactor, thus classifying it as a β-NAD+ glycohydrolase. However, TNT lacks sequence similarity with other NAD+ hydrolyzing enzymes and lacks the essential motifs involved in NAD+ binding and hydrolysis by these enzymes. In this study, we used NMR to examine the enzymatic activity of TNT and found that TNT hydrolyzes NADP+ as fast as NAD+ but does not cleave the corresponding reduced dinucleotides. This activity of TNT was not inhibited by ADP-ribose or nicotinamide, indicating low affinity of TNT for these reaction products. A selection assay for nontoxic TNT variants in Escherichia coli identified four of six residues in the predicted NAD+-binding pocket and four glycine residues that form a cradle directly below the NAD+-binding site, a conserved feature in the TNT protein family. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues near the predicted NAD+-binding site revealed that Phe727, Arg757, and Arg780 are essential for NAD+ hydrolysis by TNT. These results identify the NAD+-binding site of TNT. Our findings also show that TNT is an NAD+ glycohydrolase with properties distinct from those of other bacterial glycohydrolases. Because many of these residues are conserved within the TNT family, our findings provide insights into understanding the function of the >300 TNT homologs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uday Tak
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 and
| | - Jiri Vlach
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 and
| | | | - Doreen William
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 and
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 and
| | | | - Jamil S Saad
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 and
| | - Michael Niederweis
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 and
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boesze-Battaglia K, Walker LP, Dhingra A, Kandror K, Tang HY, Shenker BJ. Internalization of the Active Subunit of the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Is Dependent upon Cellugyrin (Synaptogyrin 2), a Host Cell Non-Neuronal Paralog of the Synaptic Vesicle Protein, Synaptogyrin 1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:469. [PMID: 29184850 PMCID: PMC5694546 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is a heterotrimeric AB2 toxin capable of inducing lymphocytes, and other cell types, to undergo cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Exposure to Cdt results in binding to the cell surface followed by internalization and translocation of the active subunit, CdtB, to intracellular compartments. These events are dependent upon toxin binding to cholesterol in the context of lipid rich membrane microdomains often referred to as lipid rafts. We now demonstrate that, in addition to binding to the plasma membrane of lymphocytes, another early and critical event initiated by Cdt is the translocation of the host cell protein, cellugyrin (synaptogyrin-2) to the same cholesterol-rich microdomains. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cellugyrin is an intracellular binding partner for CdtB as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation. Using CRISPR/cas9 gene editing we established a Jurkat cell line deficient in cellugyrin expression (JurkatCg−); these cells were capable of binding Cdt, but unable to internalize CdtB. Furthermore, JurkatCg− cells were not susceptible to Cdt-induced toxicity; these cells failed to exhibit blockade of the PI-3K signaling pathway, cell cycle arrest or cell death. We propose that cellugyrin plays a critical role in the internalization and translocation of CdtB to critical intracellular target sites. These studies provide critical new insight into the mechanism by which Cdt, and in particular, CdtB is able to induce toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa P Walker
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anuradha Dhingra
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Konstantin Kandror
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- Wistar Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bruce J Shenker
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang Q, Lou Z, Zhai L, Zhao H. Detection of Significant Pneumococcal Meningitis Biomarkers by Ego Network. Indian J Pediatr 2017; 84:430-436. [PMID: 28247176 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-017-2314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify significant biomarkers for detection of pneumococcal meningitis based on ego network. METHODS Based on the gene expression data of pneumococcal meningitis and global protein-protein interactions (PPIs) data recruited from open access databases, the authors constructed a differential co-expression network (DCN) to identify pneumococcal meningitis biomarkers in a network view. Here EgoNet algorithm was employed to screen the significant ego networks that could accurately distinguish pneumococcal meningitis from healthy controls, by sequentially seeking ego genes, searching candidate ego networks, refinement of candidate ego networks and significance analysis to identify ego networks. Finally, the functional inference of the ego networks was performed to identify significant pathways for pneumococcal meningitis. RESULTS By differential co-expression analysis, the authors constructed the DCN that covered 1809 genes and 3689 interactions. From the DCN, a total of 90 ego genes were identified. Starting from these ego genes, three significant ego networks (Module 19, Module 70 and Module 71) that could predict clinical outcomes for pneumococcal meningitis were identified by EgoNet algorithm, and the corresponding ego genes were GMNN, MAD2L1 and TPX2, respectively. Pathway analysis showed that these three ego networks were related to CDT1 association with the CDC6:ORC:origin complex, inactivation of APC/C via direct inhibition of the APC/C complex pathway, and DNA strand elongation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The authors successfully screened three significant ego modules which could accurately predict the clinical outcomes for pneumococcal meningitis and might play important roles in host response to pathogen infection in pneumococcal meningitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jiyang Public Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhifeng Lou
- Department of Pediatrics, Jiyang Public Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liansuo Zhai
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiyang Public Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haibin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Jiyang Public Hospital, No. 17 Xinyuan Street, Jibei Development Zone, Jiyang Country, Jinan, Shandong Province, 251400, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
El-Aouar Filho RA, Nicolas A, De Paula Castro TL, Deplanche M, De Carvalho Azevedo VA, Goossens PL, Taieb F, Lina G, Le Loir Y, Berkova N. Heterogeneous Family of Cyclomodulins: Smart Weapons That Allow Bacteria to Hijack the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Promote Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:208. [PMID: 28589102 PMCID: PMC5440457 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some bacterial pathogens modulate signaling pathways of eukaryotic cells in order to subvert the host response for their own benefit, leading to successful colonization and invasion. Pathogenic bacteria produce multiple compounds that generate favorable conditions to their survival and growth during infection in eukaryotic hosts. Many bacterial toxins can alter the cell cycle progression of host cells, impairing essential cellular functions and impeding host cell division. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding cyclomodulins, a heterogeneous family of bacterial effectors that induce eukaryotic cell cycle alterations. We discuss the mechanisms of actions of cyclomodulins according to their biochemical properties, providing examples of various cyclomodulins such as cycle inhibiting factor, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, cytolethal distending toxins, shiga toxin, subtilase toxin, anthrax toxin, cholera toxin, adenylate cyclase toxins, vacuolating cytotoxin, cytotoxic necrotizing factor, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, phenol soluble modulins, and mycolactone. Special attention is paid to the benefit provided by cyclomodulins to bacteria during colonization of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachid A El-Aouar Filho
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France.,Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aurélie Nicolas
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| | - Thiago L De Paula Castro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Martine Deplanche
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| | - Vasco A De Carvalho Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular (LGCM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pierre L Goossens
- HistoPathologie et Modèles Animaux/Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut PasteurParis, France
| | - Frédéric Taieb
- CHU Purpan USC INRA 1360-CPTP, U1043 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Pathogénie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Infections à Escherichia coliToulouse, France
| | - Gerard Lina
- International Center for Infectiology ResearchLyon, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1Lyon, France.,Département de Biologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de LyonLyon, France
| | - Yves Le Loir
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| | - Nadia Berkova
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueRennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cumming BM, Rahman MA, Lamprecht DA, Rohde KH, Saini V, Adamson JH, Russell DG, Steyn AJC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis arrests host cycle at the G1/S transition to establish long term infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006389. [PMID: 28542477 PMCID: PMC5456404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Signals modulating the production of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) virulence factors essential for establishing long-term persistent infection are unknown. The WhiB3 redox regulator is known to regulate the production of Mtb virulence factors, however the mechanisms of this modulation are unknown. To advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in WhiB3 regulation, we performed Mtb in vitro, intraphagosomal and infected host expression analyses. Our Mtb expression analyses in conjunction with extracellular flux analyses demonstrated that WhiB3 maintains bioenergetic homeostasis in response to available carbon sources found in vivo to establish Mtb infection. Our infected host expression analysis indicated that WhiB3 is involved in regulation of the host cell cycle. Detailed cell-cycle analysis revealed that Mtb infection inhibited the macrophage G1/S transition, and polyketides under WhiB3 control arrested the macrophages in the G0-G1 phase. Notably, infection with the Mtb whiB3 mutant or polyketide mutants had little effect on the macrophage cell cycle and emulated the uninfected cells. This suggests that polyketides regulated by Mtb WhiB3 are responsible for the cell cycle arrest observed in macrophages infected with the wild type Mtb. Thus, our findings demonstrate that Mtb WhiB3 maintains bioenergetic homeostasis to produce polyketide and lipid cyclomodulins that target the host cell cycle. This is a new mechanism whereby Mtb modulates the immune system by altering the host cell cycle to promote long-term persistence. This new knowledge could serve as the foundation for new host-directed therapeutic discovery efforts that target the host cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dirk A. Lamprecht
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Kyle H. Rohde
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - John H. Adamson
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - David G. Russell
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, C5 171 Veterinary Medical Center, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nguyen MT, Deplanche M, Nega M, Le Loir Y, Peisl L, Götz F, Berkova N. Staphylococcus aureus Lpl Lipoproteins Delay G2/M Phase Transition in HeLa Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:201. [PMID: 28083519 PMCID: PMC5187369 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is an ordered set of events, leading to cell growth and division into two daughter cells. The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases), followed by the mitotic phase and G0 phase. Many bacterial pathogens secrete cyclomodulins that interfere with the host cell cycle. In Staphylococcus aureus four cyclomodulins have been described so far that all represent toxins and are secreted into the culture supernatant. Here we show that the membrane-anchored lipoprotein-like proteins (Lpl), encoded on a genomic island called νSaα, interact with the cell cycle of HeLa cells. By comparing wild type and lpl deletion mutant it turned out that the lpl cluster is causative for the G2/M phase transition delay and also contributes to increased invasion frequency. The lipoprotein Lpl1, a representative of the lpl cluster, also caused G2/M phase transition delay. Interestingly, the lipid modification, which is essential for TLR2 signaling and activation of the immune system, is not necessary for cyclomodulin activity. Unlike the other staphylococcal cyclomodulins Lpl1 shows no cytotoxicity even at high concentrations. As all Lpl proteins are highly conserved there might be a common function that is accentuated by their multiplicity in a tandem gene cluster. The cell surface localized Lpls' suggests a correlation between G2/M phase transition delay and host cell invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martine Deplanche
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1253 Science & Technologie du Lait & de l'Oeuf (STLO) Rennes, France
| | - Mulugeta Nega
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yves Le Loir
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1253 Science & Technologie du Lait & de l'Oeuf (STLO) Rennes, France
| | - Loulou Peisl
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nadia Berkova
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1253 Science & Technologie du Lait & de l'Oeuf (STLO) Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Legionella pneumophila prevents proliferation of its natural host Acanthamoeba castellanii. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36448. [PMID: 27805070 PMCID: PMC5091012 DOI: 10.1038/srep36448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is a ubiquitous, pathogenic, Gram-negative bacterium responsible for legionellosis. Like many other amoeba-resistant microorganisms, L. pneumophila resists host clearance and multiplies inside the cell. Through its Dot/Icm type IV secretion system, the bacterium injects more than three hundred effectors that modulate host cell physiology in order to promote its own intracellular replication. Here we report that L. pneumophila prevents proliferation of its natural host Acanthamoeba castellanii. Infected amoebae could not undergo DNA replication and no cell division was observed. The Dot/Icm secretion system was necessary for L. pneumophila to prevent the eukaryotic proliferation. The absence of proliferation was associated with altered amoebal morphology and with a decrease of mRNA transcript levels of CDC2b, a putative regulator of the A. castellanii cell cycle. Complementation of CDC28-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the CDC2b cDNA was sufficient to restore proliferation of CDC28-deficient S. cerevisiae and suggests for the first time that CDC2b from A. castellanii could be functional and a bona fide cyclin-dependent kinase. Hence, our results reveal that L. pneumophila impairs proliferation of A. castellanii and this effect could involve the cell cycle protein CDC2b.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bacterial toxin's DNA vaccine serves as a strategy for the treatment of cancer, infectious and autoimmune diseases. Microb Pathog 2016; 100:184-194. [PMID: 27671283 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination -a third generation vaccine-is a modern approach to stimulate humoral and cellular responses against different diseases such as infectious diseases, cancer and autoimmunity. These vaccines are composed of a gene that encodes sequences of a desired protein under control of a proper (eukaryotic or viral) promoter. Immune response following DNA vaccination is influenced by the route and the dose of injection. In addition, antigen presentation following DNA administration has three different mechanisms including antigen presentation by transfected myocytes, transfection of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) and cross priming. Recently, it has been shown that bacterial toxins and their components can stimulate and enhance immune responses in experimental models. A study demonstrated that DNA fusion vaccine encoding the first domain (DOM) of the Fragment C (FrC) of tetanus neurotoxin (CTN) coupled with tumor antigen sequences is highly immunogenic against colon carcinoma. DNA toxin vaccines against infectious and autoimmune diseases are less studied until now. All in all, this novel approach has shown encouraging results in animal models, but it has to go through adequate clinical trials to ensure its effectiveness in human. However, it has been proven that these vaccines are safe, multifaceted and simple and can be used widely in organisms which may be of advantage to public health in the near future. This paper outlines the mechanism of the action of DNA vaccines and their possible application for targeting infectious diseases, cancer and autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
21
|
Disease and Carrier Isolates of Neisseria meningitidis Cause G1 Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Epithelial Cells. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2758-70. [PMID: 27430269 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00296-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial pathogens have developed several mechanisms to modulate and interfere with host cell cycle progression. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis on the cell cycle of epithelial cells. Two pathogenic isolates, as well as two carrier isolates, were tested for their ability to adhere to and invade into the epithelial cell lines Detroit 562 and NP69 and to modulate the cell cycle. We found that all isolates adhered equally well to both Detroit 562 and NP69 cells, whereas the carrier isolates were significantly less invasive. Using propidium iodide staining and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine pulse-labeling, we provide evidence that meningococcal infection arrested cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle at 24 h postinfection. In parallel, a significant decrease of cells in the S phase was observed. Interestingly, G1-phase arrest was only induced after infection with live bacteria but not with heat-killed bacteria. By Western blotting we demonstrate that bacterial infection resulted in a decreased protein level of the cell cycle regulator cyclin D1, whereas cyclin E expression levels were increased. Furthermore, N. meningitidis infection induced an accumulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p21(WAF1/CIP1) that was accompanied by a redistribution of this CKI to the cell nucleus, as shown by immunofluorescence analysis. Moreover, the p27(CIP1) CKI was redistributed and showed punctate foci in infected cells. In summary, we present data that N. meningitidis can interfere with the processes of host cell cycle regulation.
Collapse
|
22
|
Méndez-Olvera ET, Bustos-Martínez JA, López-Vidal Y, Verdugo-Rodríguez A, Martínez-Gómez D. Cytolethal Distending Toxin From Campylobacter jejuni Requires the Cytoskeleton for Toxic Activity. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e35591. [PMID: 27942359 PMCID: PMC5136451 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.35591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni is one of the major causes of infectious diarrhea worldwide. The distending cytolethal toxin (CDT) of Campylobacter spp. interferes with normal cell cycle progression. This toxic effect is considered a result of DNase activity that produces chromosomal DNA damage. To perform this event, the toxin must be endocytosed and translocated to the nucleus. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the cytoskeleton in the translocation of CDT to the nucleus. Methods Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33291 and seven isolates donated from Instituto de Biotecnologia were used in this study. The presence of CDT genes in C. jejuni strains was determined by PCR. To evaluate the effect of CDT, HeLa cells were treated with bacterial lysate, and the damage and morphological changes were analyzed by microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry. To evaluate the role of the cytoskeleton, HeLa cells were treated with either latrunculin A or by nocodazole and analyzed by microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunoquantification (ELISA). Results The results obtained showed that the eight strains of C. jejuni, including the reference strain, had the ability to produce the toxin. Usage of latrunculin A and nocodazole, two cytoskeletal inhibitors, blocked the toxic effect in cells treated with the toxin. This phenomenon was evident in flow cytometry analysis and immunoquantification of Cdc2-phosphorylated. Conclusions This work showed that the cytotoxic activity of the C. jejuni CDT is dependent on its endocytosis. The alteration in the microtubules and actin filaments caused a blockage transit of the toxin, preventing it from reaching the nucleus of the cell, as well as preventing DNA fragmentation and alteration of the cell cycle. The CDT toxin appears to be an important element for the pathogenesis of campylobacteriosis, since all clinical isolates showed the presence of cdtA, cdtB and cdtC genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estela T. Méndez-Olvera
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, and Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México City, México
- Corresponding author: Estela T. Méndez-Olvera, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, and Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México City, México. E-mail:
| | - Jaime A. Bustos-Martínez
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México City, México
| | - Yolanda López-Vidal
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Antonio Verdugo-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología-Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Daniel Martínez-Gómez
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México City, México
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Impact of CDT Toxin on Human Diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070220. [PMID: 27429000 PMCID: PMC4963852 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is found in Gram-negative bacteria, especially in certain Proteobacteria such as the Pasteurellaceae family, including Haemophilus ducreyi and Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans, in the Enterobacteriaceae family and the Campylobacterales order, including the Campylobacter and Helicobacter species. In vitro and in vivo studies have clearly shown that this toxin has a strong effect on cellular physiology (inflammation, immune response modulation, tissue damage). Some works even suggest a potential involvement of CDT in cancers. In this review, we will discuss these different aspects.
Collapse
|
24
|
Taieb F, Petit C, Nougayrède JP, Oswald E. The Enterobacterial Genotoxins: Cytolethal Distending Toxin and Colibactin. EcoSal Plus 2016; 7. [PMID: 27419387 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0008-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While the DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation and by many chemical compounds and drugs is well characterized, the genotoxic insults inflicted by bacteria are only scarcely documented. However, accumulating evidence indicates that we are exposed to bacterial genotoxins. The prototypes of such bacterial genotoxins are the Cytolethal Distending Toxins (CDTs) produced by Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. CDTs display the DNase structure fold and activity, and induce DNA strand breaks in the intoxicated host cell nuclei. E. coli and certain other Enterobacteriaceae species synthesize another genotoxin, colibactin. Colibactin is a secondary metabolite, a hybrid polyketide/nonribosomal peptide compound synthesized by a complex biosynthetic machinery. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on CDT and colibactin produced by E. coli and/or Salmonella Typhi. We describe their prevalence, genetic determinants, modes of action, and impact in infectious diseases or gut colonization, and discuss the possible involvement of these genotoxigenic bacteria in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Taieb
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INRA UMR1416, INSERM U1220, Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, FRANCE
| | - Claude Petit
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INRA UMR1416, INSERM U1220, Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, FRANCE
| | - Jean-Philippe Nougayrède
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INRA UMR1416, INSERM U1220, Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, FRANCE
| | - Eric Oswald
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INRA UMR1416, INSERM U1220, Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, FRANCE
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kilgore PE, Salim AM, Zervos MJ, Schmitt HJ. Pertussis: Microbiology, Disease, Treatment, and Prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:449-86. [PMID: 27029594 PMCID: PMC4861987 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00083-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a severe respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, and in 2008, pertussis was associated with an estimated 16 million cases and 195,000 deaths globally. Sizeable outbreaks of pertussis have been reported over the past 5 years, and disease reemergence has been the focus of international attention to develop a deeper understanding of pathogen virulence and genetic evolution of B. pertussis strains. During the past 20 years, the scientific community has recognized pertussis among adults as well as infants and children. Increased recognition that older children and adolescents are at risk for disease and may transmit B. pertussis to younger siblings has underscored the need to better understand the role of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity, including the role of waning immunity. Although recognition of adult pertussis has increased in tandem with a better understanding of B. pertussis pathogenesis, pertussis in neonates and adults can manifest with atypical clinical presentations. Such disease patterns make pertussis recognition difficult and lead to delays in treatment. Ongoing research using newer tools for molecular analysis holds promise for improved understanding of pertussis epidemiology, bacterial pathogenesis, bioinformatics, and immunology. Together, these advances provide a foundation for the development of new-generation diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Kilgore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum Collage of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Abdulbaset M Salim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum Collage of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcus J Zervos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Schmitt
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Paris, France Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hu X, Zhang Q, Hua H, Chen F. Changes in the salivary microbiota of oral leukoplakia and oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2016; 56:e6-8. [PMID: 27026576 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Hu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Hua
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gagnière J, Raisch J, Veziant J, Barnich N, Bonnet R, Buc E, Bringer MA, Pezet D, Bonnet M. Gut microbiota imbalance and colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:501-518. [PMID: 26811603 PMCID: PMC4716055 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota acts as a real organ. The symbiotic interactions between resident micro-organisms and the digestive tract highly contribute to maintain the gut homeostasis. However, alterations to the microbiome caused by environmental changes (e.g., infection, diet and/or lifestyle) can disturb this symbiotic relationship and promote disease, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer. Colorectal cancer is a complex association of tumoral cells, non-neoplastic cells and a large amount of micro-organisms, and the involvement of the microbiota in colorectal carcinogenesis is becoming increasingly clear. Indeed, many changes in the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota have been reported in colorectal cancer, suggesting a major role of dysbiosis in colorectal carcinogenesis. Some bacterial species have been identified and suspected to play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis, such as Streptococcus bovis, Helicobacter pylori, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium septicum, Fusobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli. The potential pro-carcinogenic effects of these bacteria are now better understood. In this review, we discuss the possible links between the bacterial microbiota and colorectal carcinogenesis, focusing on dysbiosis and the potential pro-carcinogenic properties of bacteria, such as genotoxicity and other virulence factors, inflammation, host defenses modulation, bacterial-derived metabolism, oxidative stress and anti-oxidative defenses modulation. We lastly describe how bacterial microbiota modifications could represent novel prognosis markers and/or targets for innovative therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
28
|
McCormack RM, Lyapichev K, Olsson ML, Podack ER, Munson GP. Enteric pathogens deploy cell cycle inhibiting factors to block the bactericidal activity of Perforin-2. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26418746 PMCID: PMC4626573 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforin-2 (MPEG1) is an effector of the innate immune system that limits the proliferation and spread of medically relevant Gram-negative, -positive, and acid fast bacteria. We show here that a cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complex containing cullin-1 and βTrCP monoubiquitylates Perforin-2 in response to pathogen associated molecular patterns such as LPS. Ubiquitylation triggers a rapid redistribution of Perforin-2 and is essential for its bactericidal activity. Enteric pathogens such as Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli disarm host cells by injecting cell cycle inhibiting factors (Cifs) into mammalian cells to deamidate the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8. Because CRL activity is dependent upon NEDD8, Cif blocks ubiquitin dependent trafficking of Perforin-2 and thus, its bactericidal activity. Collectively, these studies further underscore the biological significance of Perforin-2 and elucidate critical molecular events that culminate in Perforin-2-dependent killing of both intracellular and extracellular, cell-adherent bacteria. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06505.001 A wide range of bacteria and other microbes can infect animals and cause disease. Throughout evolution, these microbes and their hosts have been fighting never ending arms races in which the microbes deploy ever more elaborate weapons, while the hosts adapt to defend themselves. An animal's first line of defense is provided by its ‘innate’ immune system. This system is activated by the general features of microbial cells; for example, the molecules that make up the walls surrounding most bacteria. Microbes must defeat the innate immune system in order to cause disease, and ultimately to spread from one host to the next. One component of innate immunity is a protein called Perforin-2 that is present in most, if not all, animal cells. This protein forms pores on bacterial cells, causing them to split open and die. However, it was not clear how Perforin-2 is switched on and what, if anything, bacteria do to counteract it. To address these questions, McCormack et al. infected human and mice cells with bacteria that cause serious diseases of the digestive tract. The experiments show that when animal cells detect bacteria, or merely a fragment of their cell wall, a specific group of proteins, called the CRL complex, attaches a molecule called ubiquitin to Perforin-2. Ubiquitin works much like the shipping label of a package, enabling the efficient targeting of Perforin-2 to the invading bacteria. McCormack et al. also show that some bacteria use a protein called a cell cycle inhibiting factor (or Cif for short) to inhibit the CRL complex. This blocks the ubiquitin labeling of Perforin-2, which renders it a useless weapon that can no longer be directed towards bacteria. Mice that are infected with a bacterium called Yersinia pseudotuberculosis become seriously unwell and often die. However, McCormack et al. found that mice infected with mutant Y. pseudotuberculosis that lacked Cif remained healthy. Also, mice that lacked Perforin-2 are highly susceptible to infectious diseases. McCormack et al.'s findings reveal how Perforin-2 is activated during the innate immune response and how some bacteria can defeat this pivotal defense. In the current age of antibiotic resistant bacteria, these studies may spur the development of new drugs that restore or increase the activity of Perforin-2. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06505.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M McCormack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Kirill Lyapichev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Melissa L Olsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Eckhard R Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - George P Munson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Oosthuysen WF, Mueller T, Dittrich MT, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Neisseria meningitidiscauses cell cycle arrest of human brain microvascular endothelial cells at S phase via p21 and cyclin G2. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:46-65. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Mueller
- Department of Bioinformatics; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Marcus T. Dittrich
- Department of Bioinformatics; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Wuerzburg; Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pathogenesis of human diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC): current insights and future challenges. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 27:823-69. [PMID: 25278576 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00036-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity and clinical pertinence of diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing the Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC) in urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pregnancy complications are well established. In contrast, the implication of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC in diarrhea is still under debate. These strains are age dependently involved in diarrhea in children, are apparently not involved in diarrhea in adults, and can also be asymptomatic intestinal microbiota strains in children and adult. This comprehensive review analyzes the epidemiology and diagnosis and highlights recent progress which has improved the understanding of Afa/Dr DAEC pathogenesis. Here, I summarize the roles of Afa/Dr DAEC virulence factors, including Afa/Dr adhesins, flagella, Sat toxin, and pks island products, in the development of specific mechanisms of pathogenicity. In intestinal epithelial polarized cells, the Afa/Dr adhesins trigger cell membrane receptor clustering and activation of the linked cell signaling pathways, promote structural and functional cell lesions and injuries in intestinal barrier, induce proinflammatory responses, create angiogenesis, instigate epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like events, and lead to pks-dependent DNA damage. UTI-associated Afa/Dr DAEC strains, following adhesin-membrane receptor cell interactions and activation of associated lipid raft-dependent cell signaling pathways, internalize in a microtubule-dependent manner within urinary tract epithelial cells, develop a particular intracellular lifestyle, and trigger a toxin-dependent cell detachment. In response to Afa/Dr DAEC infection, the host epithelial cells generate antibacterial defense responses. Finally, I discuss a hypothetical role of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC strains that can act as "silent pathogens" with the capacity to emerge as "pathobionts" for the development of inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Taieb F, Sváb D, Watrin C, Oswald E, Tóth I. Cytolethal distending toxin A, B and C subunit proteins are necessary for the genotoxic effect of Escherichia coli CDT-V. Acta Vet Hung 2015; 63:1-10. [PMID: 25655410 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2015.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxins (CDT) are considered the prototype of inhibitory cyclomodulins, and are produced by a wide range of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli strains of various sero- and pathotypes. CDT is a heterotripartite toxin consisting of three protein subunits, CdtA, CdtB and CdtC. The active subunit, CdtB has DNase activity and causes DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in the target cell. However, several studies have highlighted different roles for CdtA and CdtC subunits. In order to reveal the necessity of CdtA and CdtC subunit proteins in the CDT-specific phenotype, expression clones containing the cdt-V subunit genes were constructed. Using cell culture assays, we demonstrated that clones expressing only the CdtB subunit or in combination with only CdtA or CdtC were unable to trigger the specific cell cycle arrest and changes in cell morphology in HeLa cells. At the same time, the recombinant clone harbouring the whole cdt-V operon caused all the CDT-associated characteristic phenotypes. All these results verify that all the three CDT subunit proteins are necessary for the genotoxic effect caused by CDT-V.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Taieb
- 1 CHU Purpan USC INRA 1360-CPTP, U1043 INSERM, Pathogénie moléculaire et cellulaire des infections à Escherichia coli Toulouse France
| | - Domonkos Sváb
- 2 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Enteric Bacteriology and Foodborne Zoonoses Group, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agriculture Research Hungária krt. 21 H-1143 Budapest Hungary
| | - Claude Watrin
- 1 CHU Purpan USC INRA 1360-CPTP, U1043 INSERM, Pathogénie moléculaire et cellulaire des infections à Escherichia coli Toulouse France
| | - Eric Oswald
- 1 CHU Purpan USC INRA 1360-CPTP, U1043 INSERM, Pathogénie moléculaire et cellulaire des infections à Escherichia coli Toulouse France
| | - István Tóth
- 2 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Enteric Bacteriology and Foodborne Zoonoses Group, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agriculture Research Hungária krt. 21 H-1143 Budapest Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
In vitro alterations do not reflect a requirement for host cell cycle progression during Plasmodium liver stage infection. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2014; 14:96-103. [PMID: 25416236 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00166-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prior to invading nonreplicative erythrocytes, Plasmodium parasites undergo their first obligate step in the mammalian host inside hepatocytes, where each sporozoite replicates to generate thousands of merozoites. While normally quiescent, hepatocytes retain proliferative capacity and can readily reenter the cell cycle in response to diverse stimuli. Many intracellular pathogens, including protozoan parasites, manipulate the cell cycle progression of their host cells for their own benefit, but it is not known whether the hepatocyte cell cycle plays a role during Plasmodium liver stage infection. Here, we show that Plasmodium parasites can be observed in mitotic hepatoma cells throughout liver stage development, where they initially reduce the likelihood of mitosis and ultimately lead to significant acquisition of a binucleate phenotype. However, hepatoma cells pharmacologically arrested in S phase still support robust and complete Plasmodium liver stage development, which thus does not require cell cycle progression in the infected cell in vitro. Furthermore, murine hepatocytes remain quiescent throughout in vivo infection with either Plasmodium berghei or Plasmodium yoelii, as do Plasmodium falciparum-infected primary human hepatocytes, demonstrating that the rapid and prodigious growth of liver stage parasites is accomplished independent of host hepatocyte cell cycle progression during natural infection.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Some of the most potent toxins produced by plants and bacteria are members of a large family known as the AB toxins. AB toxins are generally characterized by a heterogenous complex consisting of two protein chains arranged in various monomeric or polymeric configurations. The newest class within this superfamily is the cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt). The Cdt is represented by a subfamily of toxins produced by a group of taxonomically distinct Gram negative bacteria. Members of this subfamily have a related AB-type chain or subunit configuration and properties distinctive to the AB paradigm. In this review, the unique structural and cytotoxic properties of the Cdt subfamily, target cell specificities, intoxication pathway, modes of action, and relationship to the AB toxin superfamily are compared and contrasted.
Collapse
|
34
|
Breaking the Gingival Epithelial Barrier: Role of the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin in Oral Infectious Disease. Cells 2014; 3:476-99. [PMID: 24861975 PMCID: PMC4092858 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is part of the HACEK group that causes infective endocarditis, a constituent of the oral flora that promotes some forms of periodontal disease and a member of the family of species that secrete a cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt). The family of bacteria that express the cdt genes participate in diseases that involve the disruption of a mucosal or epithelial layer. In vitro studies have shown that human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) are native targets of the Cdt that typically induces DNA damage that signals growth arrest at the G2/M interphase of the cell cycle. The gingival epithelium is an early line of defense in the oral cavity against microbial assault. When damaged, bacteria collectively gain entry into the underlying connective tissue where microbial products can affect processes and pathways in infiltrating inflammatory cells culminating in the destruction of the attachment apparatus of the tooth. One approach has been the use of an ex vivo gingival explant model to assess the effects of the Cdt on the morphology and integrity of the tissue. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of these studies and to critically examine the potential contribution of the Cdt to the breakdown of the protective gingival barrier.
Collapse
|
35
|
Xiao M, Gao Y, Wang Y. Helicobacter species infection may be associated with cholangiocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2014; 68:262-70. [PMID: 24373128 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since the discovery of Helicobacter species in human biliary system, the association between Helicobacter species infection and cholangiocarcinoma is under debate. This meta-analysis aims to explore this issue. METHODS Literature search was carried out to identify all eligible articles. We performed overall meta-analysis of all included studies and subgroup analysis based on regional distribution. Subgroup analysis in the light of detection methods and specimens was also conducted. RESULTS Ten case-control studies were included. Overall meta-analysis favoured a significant association between Helicobacter species infection and cholangiocarcinoma (cumulative OR 8.88, 95% CI 3.67-21.49). Subgroup analysis based on geographic distribution indicated that Helicobacter species infection may serve as a risk factor not only in a region with high cholangiocarcinoma incidence (Asia, OR 6.68, 95% CI 2.29-19.49) but also in low incidence region (Europe, OR 14.90, 95% CI 4.79-46.35). The other subgroup analysis showed that PCR was the most effective and efficient method to detect Helicobacter species in surgically resected tissue and bile. There was significant heterogeneity among studies and obvious publication bias. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis supports the possible association between Helicobacter species infection and cholangiocarcinoma. Further investigations are required to clarify the role of Helicobacter species in this malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Southern Medical University Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vannucci FA, Gebhart CJ. Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Lawsonia intracellularis Infections. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:465-77. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813520249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative enteropathy is an infectious disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium, Lawsonia intracellularis, and characterized by thickening of the intestinal epithelium due to enterocyte proliferation. The disease is endemic in swine herds and has been occasionally reported in various other species. Furthermore, outbreaks among foals began to be reported on breeding farms worldwide within the past 5 years. Cell proliferation is directly associated with bacterial infection and replication in the intestinal epithelium. As a result, mild to severe diarrhea is the major clinical sign described in infected animals. The dynamics of L. intracellularis infection in vitro and in vivo have been well characterized, but little is known about the genetic basis for the pathogenesis or ecology of this organism. The present review focuses on the recent advances regarding the pathogenesis and host-pathogen interaction of L. intracellularis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Vannucci
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - C. J. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Leitão E, Costa AC, Brito C, Costa L, Pombinho R, Cabanes D, Sousa S. Listeria monocytogenes induces host DNA damage and delays the host cell cycle to promote infection. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:928-40. [PMID: 24552813 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a human intracellular pathogen widely used to uncover the mechanisms evolved by pathogens to establish infection. However, its capacity to perturb the host cell cycle was never reported. We show that Lm infection affects the host cell cycle progression, increasing its overall duration but allowing consecutive rounds of division. A complete Lm infectious cycle induces a S-phase delay accompanied by a slower rate of DNA synthesis and increased levels of host DNA strand breaks. Additionally, DNA damage/replication checkpoint responses are triggered in an Lm dose-dependent manner through the phosphorylation of DNA-PK, H2A.X, and CDC25A and independently from ATM/ATR. While host DNA damage induced exogenously favors Lm dissemination, the override of checkpoint pathways limits infection. We propose that host DNA replication disturbed by Lm infection culminates in DNA strand breaks, triggering DNA damage/replication responses, and ensuring a cell cycle delay that favors Lm propagation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Leitão
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Infection and Immunity; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Costa
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Infection and Immunity; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Brito
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Infection and Immunity; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Lionel Costa
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Infection and Immunity; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Pombinho
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Infection and Immunity; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Didier Cabanes
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Infection and Immunity; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Sousa
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Infection and Immunity; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Universidade do Porto; Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang X, Xiu L, Hu Q, Cui X, Liu B, Tao L, Wang T, Wu J, Chen Y, Chen Y. Deep sequencing-based transcriptional analysis of bovine mammary epithelial cells gene expression in response to in vitro infection with Staphylococcus aureus stains. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82117. [PMID: 24358144 PMCID: PMC3864865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important etiological organism in chronic and subclinical mastitis in lactating cows. Given the fundamental role the primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (pBMECs) play as a major first line of defense against invading pathogens, their interactions with S. aureus was hypothesized to be crucial to the establishment of the latter’s infection process. This hypothesis was tested by investigating the global transcriptional responses of pBMECs to three S. aureus strains (S56,S178 and S36) with different virulent factors, using a tag-based high-throughput transcriptome sequencing technique. Approximately 4.9 million total sequence tags were obtained from each of the three S. aureus-infected libraries and the control library. Referenced to the control, 1720, 219, and 427 differentially expressed unique genes were identified in the pBMECs infected with S56, S178 and S36 S. aureus strains respectively. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis of the S56-infected pBMECs referenced to those of the control revealed that the differentially expressed genes in S56-infected pBMECs were significantly involved in inflammatory response, cell signalling pathways and apoptosis. In the same vein, the clustered GO terms of the differentially expressed genes of the S178-infected pBMECs were found to comprise immune responses, metabolism transformation, and apoptosis, while those of the S36-infected pBMECs were primarily involved in cell cycle progression and immune responses. Furthermore, fundamental differences were observed in the levels of expression of immune-related genes in response to treatments with the three S. aureus strains. These differences were especially noted for the expression of important pro-inflammatory molecules, including IL-1α, TNF, EFNB1, IL-8, and EGR1. The transcriptional changes associated with cellular signaling and the inflammatory response in this study may reflect different immunomodulatory mechanisms that underlie the interaction between pBMECs and S. aureus strains during infection by the latter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Lei Xiu
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qingliang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xinjie Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bingchun Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jingging Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Martin J, Chong T, Ferree PM. Male killing Spiroplasma preferentially disrupts neural development in the Drosophila melanogaster embryo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79368. [PMID: 24236124 PMCID: PMC3827344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Male killing bacteria such as Spiroplasma are widespread pathogens of numerous arthropods including Drosophila melanogaster. These maternally transmitted bacteria can bias host sex ratios toward the female sex in order to ‘selfishly’ enhance bacterial transmission. However, little is known about the specific means by which these pathogens disrupt host development in order to kill males. Here we show that a male-killing Spiroplasma strain severely disrupts nervous tissue development in male but not female D. melanogaster embryos. The neuroblasts, or neuron progenitors, form properly and their daughter cells differentiate into neurons of the ventral nerve chord. However, the neurons fail to pack together properly and they produce highly abnormal axons. In contrast, non-neural tissue, such as mesoderm, and body segmentation appear normal during this time, although the entire male embryo becomes highly abnormal during later stages. Finally, we found that Spiroplasma is altogether absent from the neural tissue but localizes within the gut and the epithelium immediately surrounding the neural tissue, suggesting that the bacterium secretes a toxin that affects neural tissue development across tissue boundaries. Together these findings demonstrate the unique ability of this insect pathogen to preferentially affect development of a specific embryonic tissue to induce male killing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Martin
- W. M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Scripps, and Pitzer Colleges, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Trisha Chong
- W. M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Scripps, and Pitzer Colleges, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick M. Ferree
- W. M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Scripps, and Pitzer Colleges, Claremont, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Elsen S, Collin-Faure V, Gidrol X, Lemercier C. The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa activates the DNA double-strand break signaling and repair pathway in infected cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4385-97. [PMID: 23760206 PMCID: PMC11113669 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Highly hazardous DNA double-strand breaks can be induced in eukaryotic cells by a number of agents including pathogenic bacterial strains. We have investigated the genotoxic potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen causing devastating nosocomial infections in cystic fibrosis or immunocompromised patients. Our data revealed that infection of immune or epithelial cells by P. aeruginosa triggered DNA strand breaks and phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γH2AX), a marker of DNA double-strand breaks. Moreover, it induced formation of discrete nuclear repair foci similar to gamma-irradiation-induced foci, and containing γH2AX and 53BP1, an adaptor protein mediating the DNA-damage response pathway. Gene deletion, mutagenesis, and complementation in P. aeruginosa identified ExoS bacterial toxin as the major factor involved in γH2AX induction. Chemical inhibition of several kinases known to phosphorylate H2AX demonstrated that Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) was the principal kinase in P. aeruginosa-induced H2AX phosphorylation. Finally, infection led to ATM kinase activation by an auto-phosphorylation mechanism. Together, these data show for the first time that infection by P. aeruginosa activates the DNA double-strand break repair machinery of the host cells. This novel information sheds new light on the consequences of P. aeruginosa infection in mammalian cells. As pathogenic Escherichia coli or carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori can alter genome integrity through DNA double-strand breaks, leading to chromosomal instability and eventually cancer, our findings highlight possible new routes for further investigations of P. aeruginosa in cancer biology and they identify ATM as a potential target molecule for drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Elsen
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV-BCI, INSERM, UMR-S 1036, Biologie Du Cancer Et de L’Infection, CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, UJF-Grenoble 1, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Xavier Gidrol
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV-BGE, INSERM, Unit 1038, Biologie à Grande Echelle, UJF-Grenoble 1, Grenoble, France
| | - Claudie Lemercier
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV-BGE, INSERM, Unit 1038, Biologie à Grande Echelle, UJF-Grenoble 1, Grenoble, France
- INSERM Unit 1038, CEA, DSV, iRTSV-BGE, 17 Rue Des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Evolution of a self-inducible cytolethal distending toxin type V-encoding bacteriophage from Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Shigella sonnei. J Virol 2013; 87:13665-75. [PMID: 24109226 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02860-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some cdt genes are located within the genome of inducible or cryptic bacteriophages, but there is little information about the mechanisms of cdt transfer because of the reduced number of inducible Cdt phages described. In this study, a new self-inducible Myoviridae Cdt phage (ΦAA91) was isolated from a nonclinical O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strain and was used to lysogenize a cdt-negative strain of Shigella sonnei. We found that the phage induced from S. sonnei (ΦAA91-ss) was not identical to the original phage. ΦAA91-ss was used to infect a collection of 57 bacterial strains, was infectious in 59.6% of the strains, and was able to lysogenize 22.8% of them. The complete sequence of ΦAA91-ss showed a 33,628-bp genome with characteristics of a P2-like phage with the cdt operon located near the cosR site. We found an IS21 element composed of two open reading frames inserted within the cox gene of the phage, causing gene truncation. Truncation of cox does not affect lytic induction but could contribute to phage recombination and generation of lysogens. The IS21 element was not present in the ΦAA91 phage from E. coli, but it was incorporated into the phage genome after its transduction in Shigella. This study shows empirically the evolution of temperate bacteriophages carrying virulence genes after infecting a new host and the generation of a phage population with better lysogenic abilities that would ultimately lead to the emergence of new pathogenic strains.
Collapse
|
42
|
Nonstructural protein σ1s mediates reovirus-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. J Virol 2013; 87:12967-79. [PMID: 24067959 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02080-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus nonstructural protein σ1s is implicated in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M boundary and induction of apoptosis. However, the contribution of σ1s to these effects in an otherwise isogenic viral background has not been defined. To evaluate the role of σ1s in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, we used reverse genetics to generate a σ1s-null reovirus. Following infection with wild-type virus, we observed an increase in the percentage of cells in G2/M, whereas the proportion of cells in G2/M following infection with the σ1s-null mutant was unaffected. Similarly, we found that the wild-type virus induced substantially greater levels of apoptosis than the σ1s-null mutant. These data indicate that σ1s is required for both reovirus-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. To define sequences in σ1s that mediate these effects, we engineered viruses encoding C-terminal σ1s truncations by introducing stop codons in the σ1s open reading frame. We also generated viruses in which charged residues near the σ1s amino terminus were replaced individually or as a cluster with nonpolar residues. Analysis of these mutants revealed that amino acids 1 to 59 and the amino-terminal basic cluster are required for induction of both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Remarkably, viruses that fail to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis also are attenuated in vivo. Thus, identical sequences in σ1s are required for reovirus-induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and pathogenesis. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that the σ1s-mediated properties are genetically linked and suggest that these effects are mechanistically related.
Collapse
|
43
|
Kubatzky KF, Kloos B, Hildebrand D. Signaling cascades of Pasteurella multocida toxin in immune evasion. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1664-81. [PMID: 24064721 PMCID: PMC3798879 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5091664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is a protein toxin found in toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida. PMT is the causative agent for atrophic rhinitis in pigs, a disease characterized by loss of nasal turbinate bones due to an inhibition of osteoblast function and an increase in osteoclast activity and numbers. Apart from this, PMT acts as a strong mitogen, protects from apoptosis and has an impact on the differentiation and function of immune cells. Many signaling pathways have been elucidated, however, the effect of these signaling cascades as a means to subvert the host’s immune system are just beginning to unravel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina F Kubatzky
- Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nipič D, Podlesek Z, Budič M, črnigoj M, Žgur-Bertok D. Escherichia coli Uropathogenic-Specific Protein, Usp, Is a Bacteriocin-Like Genotoxin. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1545-52. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
45
|
The cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 from E. coli: a janus toxin playing with cancer regulators. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1462-74. [PMID: 23949007 PMCID: PMC3760046 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5081462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain strains of Escherichia coli have been indicated as a risk factor for colon cancer. E. coli is a normal inhabitant of the human intestine that becomes pathogenic, especially in extraintestinal sites, following the acquisition of virulence factors, including the protein toxin CNF1. This Rho GTPases-activating toxin induces dysfunctions in transformed epithelial cells, such as apoptosis counteraction, pro-inflammatory cytokines’ release, COX2 expression, NF-kB activation and boosted cellular motility. As cancer may arise when the same regulatory pathways are affected, it is conceivable to hypothesize that CNF1-producing E. coli infections can contribute to cancer development. This review focuses on those aspects of CNF1 related to transformation, with the aim of contributing to the identification of a new possible carcinogenic agent from the microbial world.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
In a world where most emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in nature and our contacts with both domestic and wild animals abound, there is growing awareness of the potential for human acquisition of animal diseases. Like other Pasteurellaceae, Pasteurella species are highly prevalent among animal populations, where they are often found as part of the normal microbiota of the oral, nasopharyngeal, and upper respiratory tracts. Many Pasteurella species are opportunistic pathogens that can cause endemic disease and are associated increasingly with epizootic outbreaks. Zoonotic transmission to humans usually occurs through animal bites or contact with nasal secretions, with P. multocida being the most prevalent isolate observed in human infections. Here we review recent comparative genomics and molecular pathogenesis studies that have advanced our understanding of the multiple virulence mechanisms employed by Pasteurella species to establish acute and chronic infections. We also summarize efforts being explored to enhance our ability to rapidly and accurately identify and distinguish among clinical isolates and to control pasteurellosis by improved development of new vaccines and treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Host-Microbe Systems Theme of the Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vannucci FA, Foster DN, Gebhart CJ. Laser microdissection coupled with RNA-seq analysis of porcine enterocytes infected with an obligate intracellular pathogen (Lawsonia intracellularis). BMC Genomics 2013; 14:421. [PMID: 23800029 PMCID: PMC3718617 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the etiologic agent of proliferative enteropathy. The disease is endemic in pigs, emerging in horses and has been described in various other species including nonhuman primates. Cell proliferation is associated with bacterial replication in enterocyte cytoplasm, but the molecular basis of the host-pathogen interaction is unknown. We used laser capture microdissection coupled with RNA-seq technology to characterize the transcriptional responses of infected enterocytes and the host-pathogen interaction. RESULTS Proliferative enterocytes was associated with activation of transcription, protein biosynthesis and genes acting on the G1 phase of the host cell cycle (Rho family). The lack of differentiation in infected enterocytes was demonstrated by the repression of membrane transporters related to nutrient acquisition. The activation of the copper uptake transporter by infected enterocytes was associated with high expression of the Zn/Cu superoxide dismutase by L. intracellularis. This suggests that the intracellular bacteria incorporate intracytoplasmic copper and express a sophisticated mechanism to cope with oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS The feasibility of coupling microdissection and RNA-seq was demonstrated by characterizing the host-bacterial interactions from a specific cell type in a heterogeneous tissue. High expression of L. intracellularis genes encoding hypothetical proteins and activation of host Rho genes infers the role of unrecognized bacterial cyclomodulins in the pathogenesis of proliferative enteropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Vannucci
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Douglas N Foster
- Department of Animal Science, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Connie J Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sequence variability of P2-like prophage genomes carrying the cytolethal distending toxin V operon in Escherichia coli O157. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4958-64. [PMID: 23770900 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01134-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxins (CDT) are potent cytotoxins of several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, in which five types (CDT-I to CDT-V) have been identified so far. CDT-V is frequently associated with Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157 strains, and strains not fitting any established pathotypes. In this study, we were the first to sequence and annotate a 31.2-kb-long, noninducible P2-like prophage carrying the cdt-V operon from an stx- and eae-negative E. coli O157:H43 strain of bovine origin. The cdt-V operon is integrated in the place of the tin and old phage immunity genes (termed the TO region) of the prophage, and the prophage itself is integrated into the bacterial chromosome between the housekeeping genes cpxP and fieF. The presence of P2-like genes (n = 20) was investigated in a further five CDT-V-positive bovine E. coli O157 strains of various serotypes, three EHEC O157:NM strains, four strains expressing other variants of CDT, and eight CDT-negative strains. All but one CDT-V-positive atypical O157 strain uniformly carried all the investigated genomic regions of P2-like phages, while the EHEC O157 strains missed three regions and the CDT-V-negative strains carried only a few P2-like sequences. Our results suggest that P2-like phages play a role in the dissemination of cdt-V between E. coli O157 strains and that after integration into the bacterial chromosome, they adapted to the respective hosts and became temperate.
Collapse
|
49
|
Chandran D, Rickert J, Cherk C, Dotson BR, Wildermuth MC. Host cell ploidy underlying the fungal feeding site is a determinant of powdery mildew growth and reproduction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:537-545. [PMID: 23301616 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-12-0254-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Golovinomyces orontii is an obligate biotrophic powdery mildew (PM) that colonizes Arabidopsis thaliana and agronomic species. It establishes a specialized feeding structure in epidermal cells to fuel its extensive surface hyphal growth and reproduction. Previously, endoreduplication was identified in Arabidopsis mesophyll cells underlying the fungal feeding site, presumably to meet the metabolic demands imposed by the fungus. Furthermore, the cell cycle transcription factor MYB3R4 was shown to regulate this process. Herein, PM-induced endoreduplication is further characterized and three additional factors influencing host ploidy in cells underlying the fungal feeding site are identified. While mutations in PUX2 and PMR6 reduce basal ploidy, mutations in PMR5 (and MYB3R4) abrogate the PM-induced ploidy increase. Moreover, analysis of pmr5 microarray data suggests that PMR5 acts upstream of a MYB3R transcription factor such as MYB3R4 to control PM-induced ploidy. Induced endoreduplication occurs exclusively in mesophyll cells underlying the fungal feeding site at 5 days postinoculation, concomitant with PM reproduction. Gene copy number increases and chromatin remains decondensed, suggesting active, elevated gene expression. Cell ploidy underlying the fungal feeding site is highly correlated with the extent of PM growth and reproduction for these mutants, indicating that (induced) mesophyll cell ploidy is a PM susceptibility determinant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chandran
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Matsuki T, Pédron T, Regnault B, Mulet C, Hara T, Sansonetti PJ. Epithelial cell proliferation arrest induced by lactate and acetate from Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63053. [PMID: 23646174 PMCID: PMC3639975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to identify and characterize how symbiotic bacteria of the gut microbiota affect the molecular and cellular mechanisms of epithelial homeostasis, intestinal epithelial cells were co-cultured with either Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium as bona fide symbionts to examine potential gene modulations. In addition to genes involved in the innate immune response, genes encoding check-point molecules controlling the cell cycle were among the most modulated in the course of these interactions. In the m-ICcl2 murine cell line, genes encoding cyclin E1 and cyclin D1 were strongly down regulated by L. casei and B. breve respectively. Cell proliferation arrest was accordingly confirmed. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were the effectors of this modulation, alone or in conjunction with the acidic pH they generated. These results demonstrate that the production of SCFAs, a characteristic of these symbiotic microorganisms, is potentially an essential regulatory effector of epithelial proliferation in the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Matsuki
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thierry Pédron
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U 786, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Céline Mulet
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U 786, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Taeko Hara
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U 786, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|