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Mishra N, Gido CD, Herdendorf TJ, Hammel M, Hura GL, Fu ZQ, Geisbrecht BV. S. aureus Eap is a polyvalent inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases. J Biol Chem 2024:107627. [PMID: 39098536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus expresses three high-affinity neutrophil serine protease (NSP) inhibitors known as the extracellular adherence protein domain (EAPs) proteins. Whereas EapH1 and EapH2 are comprised of a single EAP domain, the modular extracellular adherence protein (Eap) from S. aureus strain Mu50 consists of four EAP domains. We recently reported that EapH2 can simultaneously bind and inhibit cathepsin-G (CG) and neutrophil elastase (NE), which are the two most abundant NSPs. This unusual property of EapH2 arises from independent CG and NE-binding sites that lie on opposing faces of its EAP domain. Here we used X-ray crystallography and enzyme assays to show that all four individual domains of Eap (i.e. Eap1, Eap2, Eap3, and Eap4) exhibit an EapH2-like ability to form ternary complexes with CG and NE that inhibit both enzymes simultaneously. We found that Eap1, Eap2, and Eap3 have similar functional profiles insofar as NSP inhibition is concerned, but that Eap4 displays an unexpected ability to inhibit two NE enzymes simultaneously. Using X-ray crystallography, we determined that this second NE-binding site in Eap4 arises through the same region of its EAP domain that also comprises its CG-binding site. Interestingly, small angle X-ray scattering data showed that stable tail-to-tail dimers of the NE/Eap4/NE ternary complex exist in solution. This arrangement is compatible with NSP-binding at all available sites in a two-domain fragment of Eap. Together, our work implies that Eap is a polyvalent inhibitor of NSPs. It also raises the possibility that higher-order structures of NSP-bound Eap may have unique functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Carson D Gido
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Timothy J Herdendorf
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Gregory L Hura
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Zheng-Qing Fu
- SER-CAT, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA.
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Bai X, Gao J, Guan X, Narum DE, Fornis LB, Griffith DE, Gao B, Sandhaus RA, Huang H, Chan ED. Analysis of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)-regulated, glucocorticoid receptor-dependent genes in macrophages reveals a novel host defense function of AAT. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16124. [PMID: 39016119 PMCID: PMC11252833 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) plays a homeostatic role in attenuating excessive inflammation and augmenting host defense against microbes. We demonstrated previously that AAT binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) resulting in significant anti-inflammatory and antimycobacterial consequences in macrophages. Our current investigation aims to uncover AAT-regulated genes that rely on GR in macrophages. We incubated control THP-1 cells (THP-1control) and THP-1 cells knocked down for GR (THP-1GR-KD) with AAT, performed bulk RNA sequencing, and analyzed the findings. In THP-1control cells, AAT significantly upregulated 408 genes and downregulated 376 genes. Comparing THP-1control and THP-1GR-KD cells, 125 (30.6%) of the AAT-upregulated genes and 154 (41.0%) of the AAT-downregulated genes were significantly dependent on GR. Among the AAT-upregulated, GR-dependent genes, CSF-2 that encodes for granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), known to be host-protective against nontuberculous mycobacteria, was strongly upregulated by AAT and dependent on GR. We further quantified the mRNA and protein of several AAT-upregulated, GR-dependent genes in macrophages and the mRNA of several AAT-downregulated, GR-dependent genes. We also discussed the function(s) of selected AAT-regulated, GR-dependent gene products largely in the context of mycobacterial infections. In conclusion, AAT regulated several genes that are dependent on GR and play roles in host immunity against mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Bai
- Department of MedicineRocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of Academic AffairsNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Junfeng Gao
- Department of Immunology and Genomic MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Xiaoyu Guan
- Department of Biostatistics and InformaticsUniversity of Colorado School of Public Health Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Drew E. Narum
- Department of Academic AffairsNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
| | | | - David E. Griffith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Bifeng Gao
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Robert A. Sandhaus
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Immunology and Genomic MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Edward D. Chan
- Department of MedicineRocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of Academic AffairsNational Jewish HealthDenverColoradoUSA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
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Alicehajic A, Duivenvoorden AAM, Lenaerts K. Unveiling the molecular complexity of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury through omics technologies. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300160. [PMID: 38477684 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR) is implicated in various clinical conditions and causes damage to the intestinal epithelium resulting in intestinal barrier loss. This presents a substantial clinical challenge, emphasizing the importance of gaining a comprehensive understanding of molecular events to aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets. This review systematically explores the extent to which omics technologies-transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and metagenomics-have already contributed to deciphering the molecular mechanisms contributing to intestinal IR injury, in in vivo and in vitro animal and human models, and in clinical samples. Recent breakthroughs involve applying omics methodologies on exosomes, organoids, and single cells, shedding light on promising avenues and valuable targets to reduce intestinal IR injury. Future directions aimed at expediting clinical translation are discussed as well and include multi-omics data integration to facilitate the identification of key regulatory nodes driving intestinal IR injury and advancing human organoid models based on the novel insights by single-cell omics technologies, offering hope for clinical application of therapeutic strategies in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Alicehajic
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annet Adriana Maria Duivenvoorden
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kaatje Lenaerts
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Saposnik L, Coria LM, Bruno L, Guaimas FF, Pandolfi J, Pol M, Urga ME, Sabbione F, McClelland M, Trevani A, Pasquevich KA, Cassataro J. Ecotin protects Salmonella Typhimurium against the microbicidal activity of host proteases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.15.594389. [PMID: 38798423 PMCID: PMC11118277 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.15.594389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes acute diarrhea upon oral infection in humans. The harsh and proteolytic environment found in the gastrointestinal tract is the first obstacle that these bacteria face after infection. However, the mechanisms that allow Salmonella to survive the hostile conditions of the gut are poorly understood. The ecotin gene is found in an extensive range of known phyla of bacteria and it encodes a protein that has been shown to inhibit serine proteases. Thus, in the present work we studied the role of ecotin of Salmonella Typhimurium in host-pathogen interactions. We found that Salmonella Typhimurium Δ ecotin strain exhibited lower inflammation in a murine model of Salmonella induced colitis. The Δ ecotin mutant was more susceptible to the action of pancreatin and purified pancreatic elastase. In addition, the lack of ecotin led to impaired adhesion to Caco-2 and HT-29 cell lines, related to the proteolytic activity of brush border enzymes. Besides, Δ ecotin showed higher susceptibility to lysosomal proteolytic content and intracellular replication defects in macrophages. In addition, we found Ecotin to have a crucial role in Salmonella against the microbicide action of granules released and neutrophil extracellular traps from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Thus, the work presented here highlights the importance of ecotin in Salmonella as countermeasures against the host proteolytic defense system. IMPORTANCE The gastrointestinal tract is a very complex and harsh environment. Salmonella is a successful food borne pathogen, but little is known about its capacity to survive against the proteolysis of the gut lumen and intracellular proteases. Here, we show that Ecotin, a serine protease inhibitor, plays an important role in protecting Salmonella against proteases present at different sites encountered during oral infection. Our results indicate that Ecotin is an important virulence factor in Salmonella , adding another tool to the wide range of features this pathogen uses during oral infection.
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Chan ED, King PT, Bai X, Schoffstall AM, Sandhaus RA, Buckle AM. The Inhibition of Serine Proteases by Serpins Is Augmented by Negatively Charged Heparin: A Concise Review of Some Clinically Relevant Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1804. [PMID: 38339082 PMCID: PMC10855260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases are members of a large family of hydrolytic enzymes in which a particular serine residue in the active site performs an essential role as a nucleophile, which is required for their proteolytic cleavage function. The array of functions performed by serine proteases is vast and includes, among others, the following: (i) the ability to fight infections; (ii) the activation of blood coagulation or blood clot lysis systems; (iii) the activation of digestive enzymes; and (iv) reproduction. Serine protease activity is highly regulated by multiple families of protease inhibitors, known collectively as the SERine Protease INhibitor (SERPIN). The serpins use a conformational change mechanism to inhibit proteases in an irreversible way. The unusual conformational change required for serpin function provides an elegant opportunity for allosteric regulation by the binding of cofactors, of which the most well-studied is heparin. The goal of this review is to discuss some of the clinically relevant serine protease-serpin interactions that may be enhanced by heparin or other negatively charged polysaccharides. The paired serine protease-serpin in the framework of heparin that we review includes the following: thrombin-antithrombin III, plasmin-anti-plasmin, C1 esterase/kallikrein-C1 esterase inhibitor, and furin/TMPRSS2 (serine protease Transmembrane Protease 2)-alpha-1-antitrypsin, with the latter in the context of COVID-19 and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D. Chan
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paul T. King
- Medicine Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Xiyuan Bai
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Allen M. Schoffstall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | | | - Ashley M. Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Replay, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Collins MS, Imbrogno MA, Kopras EJ, Howard JA, Zhang N, Kramer EL, Hudock KM. Heterogeneity in Neutrophil Extracellular Traps from Healthy Human Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:525. [PMID: 38203698 PMCID: PMC10779146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a key component of early defense against microbial infection, are also associated with tissue injury. NET composition has been reported to vary with some disease states, but the composition and variability of NETs across many healthy subjects provide a critical comparison that has not been well investigated. We evaluated NETs from twelve healthy subjects of varying ages isolated from multiple blood draws over a three-and-one-half-year period to delineate the variability in extracellular DNA, protein, enzymatic activities, and susceptibility to protease inhibitors. We calculated correlations for NET constituents and loss of human bronchial epithelial barrier integrity, measured by transepithelial electrical resistance, after NET exposure. We found that although there was some variability within the same subject over time, the mean NET total DNA, dsDNA, protein, LDH, neutrophil elastase (NE), and proteinase 3 (PR3) in isolated NETs were consistent across subjects. NET serine protease activity varied considerably within the same donor from day to day. The mean NET cathepsin G and MPO were significantly different across donors. IL-8 > IL-1RA > G-CSF were the most abundant cytokines in NETs. There was no significant difference in the mean concentration or variability of IL-8, IL-1RA, G-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1β, or TNF-α in different subjects' NETs. NET DNA concentration was correlated with increased NET neutrophil elastase activity and higher NET IL-1RA concentrations. The mean reduction in protease activity by protease inhibitors was significantly different across donors. NET DNA concentration correlated best with reductions in the barrier integrity of human bronchial epithelia. Defining NET concentration by DNA content correlates with other NET components and reductions in NET-driven epithelial barrier dysfunction, suggesting DNA is a reasonable surrogate measurement for these complex structures in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S. Collins
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Michelle A. Imbrogno
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Kopras
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - James A. Howard
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Nanhua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kristin M. Hudock
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Collins MS, Imbrogno MA, Kopras EJ, Howard JA, Zhang N, Kramer EL, Hudock KM. Heterogeneity in Neutrophil Extracellular Traps from Healthy Human Subjects. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565547. [PMID: 37961496 PMCID: PMC10635125 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), a key component of early defense against microbial infection, are also associated with tissue injury. NET composition has been reported to vary with some disease states, but the composition and variability of NETs across many healthy subjects provides a critical comparison that has not been well investigated. We evaluated NETs from twelve healthy subjects of varying ages isolated from multiple blood draws over a three and one half-year period to delineate the variability in extracellular DNA, protein, enzymatic activities, and susceptibility to protease inhibitors. We calculated correlations for NET constituents and loss of human bronchial epithelial barrier integrity, measured by transepithelial electrical resistance, after NET exposure. We found that although there was some variability within the same subject over time, the mean numbers of neutrophils, protein, LDH, serine protease activities, and cytokines IL-8, IL-1RA, and G-CSF in isolated NETs were consistent across subjects. Total DNA and double stranded DNA content in NETs were different across donors. NETs had little or no TNFα, IL-17A, or GM-CSF. NET DNA concentration correlated with increased NET neutrophil elastase activity and higher NET IL-1RA concentrations. NET serine protease activity varied considerably within the same donor from day-to-day. Mean response to protease inhibitors was significantly different across donors. NET DNA concentration correlated best with reductions in barrier integrity of human bronchial epithelia. Defining NET concentration by DNA content correlates with other NET components and reductions in NET-driven epithelial barrier dysfunction, suggesting DNA is a reasonable surrogate measurement for these complex structures in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S. Collins
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Michelle A. Imbrogno
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Kopras
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - James A. Howard
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nanhua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Elizabeth L. Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Kristin M. Hudock
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
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Qiao X, Qi X, Xing P, Liu T, Hao H, Yang X, Jiang B, Cui M, Su X. Tandem Mass Tag-Based Proteomic Profiling Identifies Biomarkers in Drainage Fluid for Early Detection of Anastomotic Leakage after Rectal Cancer Resection. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3559-3569. [PMID: 37793102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Anastomotic leakage (AL), one of the most severe complications in rectal surgery, is often diagnosed late because of the low specificity of the clinical symptoms and limitations of current clinical investigations. Identification of patients with early AL remains challenging. Here, we explored the protein expression profiles of AL patients to provide potential biomarkers to identify AL in patients who undergo surgery for rectal cancer. We screened differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in drainage fluid from AL and non-AL patients using a tandem mass tag method. A total of 248 DEPs, including 98 upregulated and 150 downregulated proteins, were identified between AL and non-AL groups. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses suggested that DEPs were enriched in neutrophil degranulation, bacterial infection, proteolysis, hemostasis, and complement and coagulation cascades. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay validated that the expression of the top three upregulated DEPs, AMY2A, RETN, and CELA3A, was significantly increased in the drainage fluid of AL patients, compared with that of non-AL patients (AMY2A, P = 0.001; RETN, P < 0.0001; and CELA3A, P = 0.023). Thus, our findings provide several potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of AL after rectal cancer resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xinyu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Pu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Hao Hao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xinying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Beihai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xiangqian Su
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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Zou S, Jie H, Han X, Wang J. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in sepsis and sepsis-related acute lung injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110436. [PMID: 37688916 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to trap pathogenic microorganisms. NETs are involved in the inflammatory response and bacterial killing and clearance. However, their excessive activation can lead to an inflammatory storm in the body, which may damage tissues and cause organ dysfunction. Organ dysfunction is the main pathophysiological cause of sepsis and also a cause of the high mortality rate in sepsis. Acute lung injury caused by sepsis accounts for the highest proportion of organ damage in sepsis. NET formation can lead to the development of sepsis because by promoting the release of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, thereby accelerating acute lung injury. In this review, we describe the critical role of NETs in sepsis-associated acute lung injury and review the current knowledge and novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Zou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hongyu Jie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xinai Han
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jinghong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Sanahuja I, Fernandez-Alacid L, Torrecillas S, Ruiz A, Vallejos-Vidal E, Firmino JP, Reyes-Lopez FE, Tort L, Tovar-Ramirez D, Ibarz A, Gisbert E. Dietary Debaryomyces hansenii promotes skin and skin mucus defensive capacities in a marine fish model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1247199. [PMID: 37711618 PMCID: PMC10499179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1247199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study explores the effects of two supplementation levels of Debaryomyces hansenii (1.1% and 2.2%) as a probiotic in a reference low fish meal-based diet on the skin mucosal tissue in Sparus aurata. This study includes the evaluation of fish performance coupled with a holistic study of the skin mucosa: i) a transcriptomic study of the skin tissue, and ii) the evaluation of its secreted mucus both in terms of skin mucosal-associated biomarkers and its defensive capacity by means of co-culture analysis with two pathogenic bacteria. Results showed that after 70 days of diet administration, fish fed the diet supplemented with D. hansenii at 1.1% presented increased somatic growth and a better feed conversion ratio, compared to fish fed the control diet. In contrast, fish fed the diet including 2.2% of the probiotic presented intermediate values. Regarding gene regulation, the probiotic administration at 1.1% resulted in 712 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 53.4% and 46.6% were up- and down-regulated, respectively. In particular, D. hansenii modulated some skin biological processes related to immunity and metabolism. Specifically, D. hansenii administration induced a strong modulation of some immune biological-related processes (61 DEGs), mainly involved in B- and T-cell regulatory pathways. Furthermore, dietary D. hansenii promoted the skin barrier function by the upregulation of anchoring junction genes (23 DEGs), which reinforces the physical defense against potential skin damage. In contrast, the skin showed modulated genes related to extracellular exosome and membrane organization (50 DEGs). This modulated functioning is of great interest, particularly in relation to the increased skin mucus defensive capacity observed in the bacterial co-culture in vitro trials, which could be related to the increased modulation and exudation of the innate immune components from the skin cells into the mucus. In summary, the modulation of innate immune parameters coupled with increased skin barrier function and cell trafficking potentiates the skin's physical barrier and mucus defensive capacity, while maintaining the skin mucosa's homeostatic immune and metabolic status. These findings confirmed the advantages of D. hansenii supplementation in low fish meal-based diets, demonstrating the probiotic benefits on cultured marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Sanahuja
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Laura Fernandez-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Torrecillas
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Alberto Ruiz
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joana P. Firmino
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
| | | | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Gisbert
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
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Richards CM, McRae SA, Ranger AL, Klegeris A. Extracellular histones as damage-associated molecular patterns in neuroinflammatory responses. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:533-558. [PMID: 36368030 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The four core histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4, and the linker histone H1 primarily bind DNA and regulate gene expression within the nucleus. Evidence collected mainly from the peripheral tissues illustrates that histones can be released into the extracellular space by activated or damaged cells. In this article, we first summarize the innate immune-modulatory properties of extracellular histones and histone-containing complexes, such as nucleosomes, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), described in peripheral tissues. There, histones act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are a class of endogenous molecules that trigger immune responses by interacting directly with the cellular membranes and activating pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 4, 9 and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). We then focus on the available evidence implicating extracellular histones as DAMPs of the central nervous system (CNS). It is becoming evident that histones are present in the brain parenchyma after crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or being released by several types of brain cells, including neurons, microglia, and astrocytes. However, studies on the DAMP-like effects of histones on CNS cells are limited. For example, TLR4 is the only known molecular target of CNS extracellular histones and their interactions with other PRRs expressed by brain cells have not been observed. Nevertheless, extracellular histones are implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders characterized by sterile neuroinflammation; therefore, detailed studies on the role these proteins and their complexes play in these pathologies could identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy M Richards
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
| | - Seamus A McRae
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
| | - Athena L Ranger
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
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12
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Basso J, Chen KJ, Zhou Y, Mark L, LaSala D, Dorfman A, Atalla M, Chun D, Viramontes V, Chang C, Leifer F, McDonald PP, Cipolla DC. The pharmacokinetic profile of brensocatib and its effect on pharmacodynamic biomarkers including NE, PR3, and CatG in various rodent species. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1208780. [PMID: 37538173 PMCID: PMC10394516 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1208780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brensocatib is a novel, oral, selective, reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP1), which activates several neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs), including neutrophil elastase (NE), proteinase 3 (PR3), and cathepsin G (CatG) in the bone marrow during the early stage of neutrophil maturation. These NSPs are associated with pathogen destruction and inflammatory mediation; their dysregulated activation can result in excess secretion of active NSPs causing damaging inflammation and contributing to neutrophil-mediated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Pharmacological inhibition of DPP1 in the bone marrow could therefore represent an attractive strategy for these neutrophil-driven diseases. A completed Phase 2 trial in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis patients (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03218917; EudraCT number: 2017-002533-32) indeed demonstrated that administration of brensocatib attenuated the damaging effects of chronic inflammation by inhibiting the downstream activation of NSPs. To support a range of preclinical programs and further understand how rodent species and strains may affect brensocatib's pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and its pharmacodynamic (PD) effects on NE, PR3, and CatG, an extensive naïve dosing study with brensocatib at different dosing levels, frequencies, and durations was undertaken. Dose-dependent PK exposure responses (AUC and Cmax) were observed regardless of the rodent species and strain. Overall, mice showed greater reduction in NSP activities compared to rats. Both mice and rats dosed once daily (QD) had equivalent NSP activity reduction compared to BID (twice a day) dosing when the QD dose was 1.5-times the BID daily dose. For both mouse strains, CatG activity was reduced the most, followed by NE, then PR3; whereas, for both rat strains, PR3 activity was reduced the most, followed by CatG, and then NE. Maximum reduction in NSP activities was observed after ∼7 days and recoveries were nearly symmetrical. These results may facilitate future in vivo brensocatib study dosing considerations, such as the timing of prophylactic or therapeutic administration, choice of species, dosage and dosing frequency.
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13
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Mishra N, Herdendorf TJ, Prakash O, Geisbrecht BV. Simultaneous inhibition of two neutrophil serine proteases by the S. aureus innate immune evasion protein EapH2. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104878. [PMID: 37269950 PMCID: PMC10339191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adherence protein domain (EAP) proteins are high-affinity, selective inhibitors of neutrophil serine proteases (NSP), including cathepsin-G (CG) and neutrophil elastase (NE). Most Staphylococcus aureus isolates encode for two EAPs, EapH1 and EapH2, that contain a single functional domain and share 43% identity with one another. Although structure/function investigations from our group have shown that EapH1 uses a globally similar binding mode to inhibit CG and NE, NSP inhibition by EapH2 is incompletely understood due to a lack of NSP/EapH2 cocrystal structures. To address this limitation, we further studied NSP inhibition by EapH2 in comparison with EapH1. Like its effects on NE, we found that EapH2 is a reversible, time-dependent, and low nanomolar affinity inhibitor of CG. We characterized an EapH2 mutant which suggested that the CG binding mode of EapH2 is comparable to EapH1. To test this directly, we used NMR chemical shift perturbation to study EapH1 and EapH2 binding to CG and NE in solution. Although we found that overlapping regions of EapH1 and EapH2 were involved in CG binding, we found that altogether distinct regions of EapH1 and EapH2 experienced changes upon binding to NE. An important implication of this observation is that EapH2 might be capable of binding and inhibiting CG and NE simultaneously. We confirmed this unexpected feature by solving crystal structures of the CG/EapH2/NE complex and demonstrating their functional relevance through enzyme inhibition assays. Together, our work defines a new mechanism of simultaneous inhibition of two serine proteases by a single EAP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Timothy J Herdendorf
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
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14
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Pandey SD, Perpich JD, Stocke KS, Mansfield JM, Kikuchi Y, Yakoumatos L, Muszyński A, Azadi P, Tettelin H, Whiteley M, Uriarte SM, Bagaitkar J, Vickerman M, Lamont RJ. Impact of Polymicrobial Infection on Fitness of Streptococcus gordonii In Vivo. mBio 2023; 14:e0065823. [PMID: 37042761 PMCID: PMC10294625 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00658-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microbial ecosystems are often polymicrobial, and interbacterial interactions drive emergent properties of these communities. In the oral cavity, Streptococcus gordonii is a foundational species in the development of plaque biofilms, which can contribute to periodontal disease and, after gaining access to the bloodstream, target remote sites such as heart valves. Here, we used a transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq) library of S. gordonii to identify genes that influence fitness in a murine abscess model, both as a monoinfection and as a coinfection with an oral partner species, Porphyromonas gingivalis. In the context of a monoinfection, conditionally essential genes were widely distributed among functional pathways. Coinfection with P. gingivalis almost completely changed the nature of in vivo gene essentiality. Community-dependent essential (CoDE) genes under the coinfection condition were primarily related to DNA replication, transcription, and translation, indicating that robust growth and replication are required to survive with P. gingivalis in vivo. Interestingly, a group of genes in an operon encoding streptococcal receptor polysaccharide (RPS) were associated with decreased fitness of S. gordonii in a coinfection with P. gingivalis. Individual deletion of two of these genes (SGO_2020 and SGO_2024) resulted in the loss of RPS production by S. gordonii and increased susceptibility to killing by neutrophils. P. gingivalis protected the RPS mutants by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment, degranulation, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. These results provide insight into genes and functions that are important for S. gordonii survival in vivo and the nature of polymicrobial synergy with P. gingivalis. Furthermore, we show that RPS-mediated immune protection in S. gordonii is dispensable and detrimental in the presence of a synergistic partner species that can interfere with neutrophil killing mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Bacteria responsible for diseases originating at oral mucosal membranes assemble into polymicrobial communities. However, we know little regarding the fitness determinants of the organisms that initiate community formation. Here, we show that the extracellular polysaccharide of Streptococcus gordonii, while important for streptococcal survival as a monoinfection, is detrimental to survival in the context of a coinfection with Porphyromonas gingivalis. We found that the presence of P. gingivalis compensates for immune protective functions of extracellular polysaccharide, rendering production unnecessary. The results show that fitness determinants of bacteria in communities differ substantially from those of individual species in isolation. Furthermore, constituents of communities can undertake activities that relieve the burden of energetically costly biosynthetic reactions on partner species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya D. Pandey
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - John D. Perpich
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sullivan University, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kendall S. Stocke
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jillian M. Mansfield
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lan Yakoumatos
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Artur Muszyński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marvin Whiteley
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Silvia M. Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Margaret Vickerman
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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15
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Alekhmimi NK, Cialla-May D, Ramadan Q, Eissa S, Popp J, Al-Kattan K, Zourob M. Biosensing Platform for the Detection of Biomarkers for ALI/ARDS in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of LPS Mice Model. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:676. [PMID: 37504075 PMCID: PMC10376962 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a worldwide health concern. The pathophysiological features of ALI/ARDS include a pulmonary immunological response. The development of a rapid and low-cost biosensing platform for the detection of ARDS is urgently needed. In this study, we report the development of a paper-based multiplexed sensing platform to detect human NE, PR3 and MMP-2 proteases. Through monitoring the three proteases in infected mice after the intra-nasal administration of LPS, we showed that these proteases played an essential role in ALI/ARDS. The paper-based sensor utilized a colorimetric detection approach based on the cleavage of peptide-magnetic nanoparticle conjugates, which led to a change in the gold nanoparticle-modified paper sensor. The multiplexing of human NE, PR3 and MMP-2 proteases was tested and compared after 30 min, 2 h, 4 h and 24 h of LPS administration. The multiplexing platform of the three analytes led to relatively marked peptide cleavage occurring only after 30 min and 24 h. The results demonstrated that MMP-2, PR3 and human NE can provide a promising biosensing platform for ALI/ARDS in infected mice at different stages. MMP-2 was detected at all stages (30 min-24 h); however, the detection of human NE and PR3 can be useful for early- (30 min) and late-stage (24 h) detection of ALI/ARDS. Further studies are necessary to apply these potential diagnostic biosensing platforms to detect ARDS in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Khalid Alekhmimi
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi Rd, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Qasem Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi Rd, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Eissa
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Center (AMCC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC) and Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Khaled Al-Kattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Rd, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Zourob
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, AlTakhassusi Rd, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Mishra N, Pal I, Herrera AI, Dubey A, Arthanari H, Geisbrecht BV, Prakash O. Complete non-proline backbone resonance assignments of the S. aureus neutrophil serine protease inhibitor, EapH1. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2023; 17:129-134. [PMID: 37160842 PMCID: PMC10823442 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-023-10131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The S. aureus extracellular adherence protein (Eap) and its homologs, EapH1 and EapH2, serve roles in evasion of the human innate immune system. EapH1 binds with high-affinity and inhibits the neutrophil azurophilic granule proteases neutrophil elastase, cathepsin-G and proteinase-3. Previous structural studies using X-ray crystallography have shown that EapH1 binds to neutrophil elastase and cathepsin-G using a globally similar binding mode. However, whether the same holds true in solution is unknown and whether the inhibitor experiences dynamic changes following binding remains uncertain. To facilitate solution-phase structural and biochemical studies of EapH1 and its complexes with neutrophil granule proteases, we have characterized EapH1 by multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Here we report a total of 100% of the non-proline backbone resonance assignments of EapH1 with BMRB accession number 50,304.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Indrani Pal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Alvaro I Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Abhinav Dubey
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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17
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Rustetska N, Szczepaniak M, Goryca K, Bakuła-Zalewska E, Figat M, Kowalik A, Góźdź S, Kowalewska M. The intratumour microbiota and neutrophilic inflammation in squamous cell vulvar carcinoma microenvironment. J Transl Med 2023; 21:285. [PMID: 37118737 PMCID: PMC10141905 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A causal link between microbiota composition (dysbiosis) and oncogenesis has been demonstrated for several types of cancer. Neutrophils play a role in both immune protection against bacterial threats and carcinogenesis. This study aimed to characterise intratumoral bacteria in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) and their putative effect on neutrophil recruitment and cancer progression. METHODS Clinical material was obtained from 89 patients with VSCC. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 16S rRNA and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to detect bacterial species in VSCC. To verify neutrophil activation, CD66b expression in tumour specimens was analysed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Subsequently, IHC was applied to detect the main neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs), cathepsin G (CTSG), neutrophil elastase (ELANE), and proteinase 3 (PRTN3) in VSCC. RESULTS Fusobacterium nucleatum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified as tumour-promoting bacteria, and their presence was found to be associated with a shorter time to progression in VSCC patients. Furthermore, high abundance of CD66b, the neutrophil activation marker, in VSCC samples, was found to relate to poor survival of patients with VSCC. The selected NSPs were shown to be expressed in vulvar tumours, also within microabscess. The increased numbers of microabscesess were correlated with poor survival in VSCC patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that neutrophilic inflammation seem to be permissive for tumour-promoting bacteria growth in VSCC. The findings provide new therapeutic opportunities, such as based on shifting the balance of neutrophil populations to those with antitumorigenic activity and on targeting NSPs produced by activated neutrophils at the inflammation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rustetska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szczepaniak
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Centre, 25-734, Kielce, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Goryca
- Genomics Core Facility, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elwira Bakuła-Zalewska
- Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Figat
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Kowalik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Centre, 25-734, Kielce, Poland
- Division of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Stanisław Góźdź
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Holycross Cancer Centre, 25-734, Kielce, Poland
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317, Kielce, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kowalewska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland.
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18
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Afosah DK, Fayyad RM, Puliafico VR, Merrell S, Langmia EK, Diagne SR, Al-Horani RA, Desai UR. Homogeneous, Synthetic, Non-Saccharide Glycosaminoglycan Mimetics as Potent Inhibitors of Human Cathepsin G. Biomolecules 2023; 13:760. [PMID: 37238630 PMCID: PMC10216581 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin G (CatG) is a pro-inflammatory neutrophil serine protease that is important for host defense, and has been implicated in several inflammatory disorders. Hence, inhibition of CatG holds much therapeutic potential; however, only a few inhibitors have been identified to date, and none have reached clinical trials. Of these, heparin is a well-known inhibitor of CatG, but its heterogeneity and bleeding risk reduce its clinical potential. We reasoned that synthetic small mimetics of heparin, labeled as non-saccharide glycosaminoglycan mimetics (NSGMs), would exhibit potent CatG inhibition while being devoid of bleeding risks associated with heparin. Hence, we screened a focused library of 30 NSGMs for CatG inhibition using a chromogenic substrate hydrolysis assay and identified nano- to micro-molar inhibitors with varying levels of efficacy. Of these, a structurally-defined, octasulfated di-quercetin NSGM 25 inhibited CatG with a potency of ~50 nM. NSGM 25 binds to CatG in an allosteric site through an approximately equal contribution of ionic and nonionic forces. Octasulfated 25 exhibits no impact on human plasma clotting, suggesting minimal bleeding risk. Considering that octasulfated 25 also potently inhibits two other pro-inflammatory proteases, human neutrophil elastase and human plasmin, the current results imply the possibility of a multi-pronged anti-inflammatory approach in which these proteases are likely to simultaneously likely combat important conditions, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, emphysema, or cystic fibrosis, with minimal bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Afosah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.M.F.)
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Rawan M. Fayyad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.M.F.)
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Valerie R. Puliafico
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| | - Spencer Merrell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| | - Eltice K. Langmia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| | - Sophie R. Diagne
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Rami A. Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (R.M.F.)
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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19
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Choi W, Kim YH, Min J. Inhibition of Enveloped Virus Surrogate Phi6 Infection Using Yeast-Derived Vacuoles. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0266122. [PMID: 36688634 PMCID: PMC9927162 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02661-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The periodic emergence of infectious disease poses a serious threat to human life. Among the causative agents, including pathogenic bacteria and fungi, enveloped viruses have caused global pandemics. In the last 10 years, outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and Middle East respiratory syndrome have all been caused by enveloped viruses. Among several paths of secondary transmission, inhalation of aerosols containing saliva with sputum droplets from infected patients is the major path. To prevent these infectious diseases, mass use of antiviral agents is essential. The yeast-derived vacuole is a small organelle in which hydrolytic enzymes are concentrated. It is an intracellular organ with an excellent ability to process old organelles and bacteria and viruses that have invaded from the outside and can be present in sufficient quantity to be called a kind of enzyme bomb. We confirmed the inhibition of virus infection and structural collapse by vacuole treatment. Among several enzymes, proteases affected Phi6 infectivity. This study tried to isolate these vacuoles from yeast and use them as an antiviral agent for virus treatment, which is a recent issue. We confirmed that viral infectivity was inactivated, and structure collapsed through vacuole treatment. This paper is meaningful in that extracellularly isolated yeast-derived vacuoles are a first attempt to utilize vacuoles for viral treatment. IMPORTANCE The study assesses the vacuoles isolated from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as green antiviral agents to decrease the concerns about massive use of chemical antiviral agents and its side effects. To prevent the spreading of infectious diseases, personal or public use of antiviral agents is encouraged. The concern about the active compounds of these chemical antiviral agents has grown. Active compounds of antiviral agents have potential side effects on human health and the environment. Our proposed approach suggests effective and green antivirus material from a nonhazardous yeast strain. Also, large-scale production using a fermentation process can allow cost-effectiveness. The results showed sufficient reduced infectivity by vacuole treatment. The exposed vacuole can play the roles of both enzyme bomb to the virus and renewable nutrient source in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooil Choi
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jiho Min
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, South Korea
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20
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Gido CD, Herdendorf TJ, Geisbrecht BV. Characterization of two distinct neutrophil serine protease-binding modes within a Staphylococcus aureus innate immune evasion protein family. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102969. [PMID: 36736422 PMCID: PMC9996362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adherence protein domain (EAPs) proteins are a class of innate immune evasion proteins secreted by the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. EAPs are potent and selective inhibitors of cathepsin-G (CG) and neutrophil elastase (NE), which are the two most abundant neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs). Previous work from our group has shown that the prototypical EAP, EapH1, relies on plasticity within a single inhibitory site to block the activities of CG and NE. However, whether other EAPs follow similar structure-function relationships is unclear. To address this question, we studied the inhibitory properties of the first (Eap1) and second (Eap2) domains of the modular extracellular adherence protein of S. aureus and determined their structures when bound to CG and NE, respectively. We observed that both Eap1 and Eap2 displayed time-dependent inhibition of CG (on the order of 10-9 M) and of NE (on the order of 10-10 M). We also found that whereas the structures of Eap1 and Eap2 bound to CG showed an overall inhibitory mode like that seen previously for EapH1, the structures of Eap1 and Eap2 bound to NE revealed a new inhibitory mode involving a distal region of the EAP domain. Using site-directed mutagenesis of Eap1 and Eap2, along with enzyme assays, we confirmed the roles of interfacial residues in NSP inhibition. Taken together, our work demonstrates that EAPs can form structurally divergent complexes with two closely related serine proteases and further suggests that certain EAPs may be capable of inhibiting two NSPs simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson D Gido
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Timothy J Herdendorf
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
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21
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Francis D, Bhairaddy A, Joy A, Hari GV, Francis A. Secretory proteins in the orchestration of microbial virulence: The curious case of Staphylococcus aureus. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:271-350. [PMID: 36707204 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial virulence showcases an excellent model for adaptive changes that enable an organism to survive and proliferate in a hostile environment and exploit host resources to its own benefit. In Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen of the human host, known for the diversity of the disease conditions it inflicts and the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance, virulence is a consequence of having a highly plastic genome that is amenable to quick reprogramming and the ability to express a diverse arsenal of virulence factors. Virulence factors that are secreted to the host milieu effectively manipulate the host conditions to favor bacterial survival and growth. They assist in colonization, nutrient acquisition, immune evasion, and systemic spread. The structural and functional characteristics of the secreted virulence proteins have been shaped to assist S. aureus in thriving and disseminating effectively within the host environment and exploiting the host resources to its best benefit. With the aim of highlighting the importance of secreted virulence proteins in bacterial virulence, the present chapter provides a comprehensive account of the role of the major secreted proteins of S. aureus in orchestrating its virulence in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Francis
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Anusha Bhairaddy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Atheene Joy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ashik Francis
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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22
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An optimized method of extracting and quantifying active Neutrophil serine proteases from human whole blood cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272575. [PMID: 36044421 PMCID: PMC9432755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
Neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) are implicated in numerous inflammatory diseases. Thus, a robust methodology to monitor and quantify NSPs is important to study disease progression and evaluate the effect of pharmacological interventions. A comparison of the various methods used to extract NSPs from neutrophil granulocytes has not been published, providing the impetus to conduct this method optimization and comparison study.
Methods
Two NSP recovery methodologies were evaluated on samples from five human donors: zymosan stimulation and cell pellet extraction. For the zymosan stimulation method, 1 mL donor blood was added to zymosan and samples were incubated at 37°C for 30 min while shaking. Samples were then centrifuged, and the plasma was collected for quantitation of NSP activity. For the cell pellet extraction procedure, 2 mL whole blood samples were centrifuged into white blood cell pellets following red blood cell lysis. To each pellet, three sequential lysis steps were performed using either 0.05% Nonidet P-40 Substitute (NP40) or 0.02% Triton X-100 lysis buffers under agitation followed by centrifugation. NSP activities were quantified using an exogenous peptide substrate specific to each of the three NSPs being analyzed: neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3.
Results and discussion
The zymosan stimulation method resulted in lower recovery of active NSPs and was unable to stimulate significant release of active cathepsin G. In contrast, the NP40 pellet extraction method showed consistent inter-donor NSP release with greater recoveries of active NSPs than the Triton method or the zymosan stimulation method. Overall, the pellet extraction procedure provided 13.3-fold greater recovery of active neutrophil elastase, 283-fold greater recovery of active cathepsin G, and 2.9-fold greater recovery of active proteinase 3 than the zymosan method.
Conclusion
The NP40 cell pellet extraction method resulted in greater extraction of active NSPs compared to the other methods investigated here, which may allow for a more accurate and complete biomarker profile when evaluating human clinical samples.
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23
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Davis LC, Sapey E, Thickett DR, Scott A. Predicting the pulmonary effects of long-term e-cigarette use: are the clouds clearing? Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:210121. [PMID: 35022257 PMCID: PMC9488959 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0121-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercially available since 2007, e-cigarettes are a popular electronic delivery device of ever-growing complexity. Given their increasing use by ex-smokers, smokers and never-smokers, it is important to evaluate evidence of their potential pulmonary effects and predict effects of long-term use, since there has been insufficient time to study a chronic user cohort. It is crucial to evaluate indicators of harm seen in cigarette use, and those potentially unique to e-cigarette exposure. Evaluation must also account for the vast variation in e-cigarette devices (now including at least five generations of devices) and exposure methods used in vivo and in vitroThus far, short-term use cohort studies, combined with in vivo and in vitro models, have been used to probe for the effects of e-cigarette exposure. The effects and mechanisms identified, including dysregulated inflammation and decreased pathogen resistance, show concerning overlaps with the established effects of cigarette smoke exposure. Additionally, research has identified a signature of dysregulated lipid processing, which is unique to e-cigarette exposure.This review will evaluate the evidence of pulmonary effects of, and driving mechanisms behind, e-cigarette exposure, which have been highlighted in emerging literature, and highlight the gaps in current knowledge. Such a summary allows understanding of the ongoing debate into e-cigarette regulation, as well as prediction and potential mitigation of future problems surrounding e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Davis
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- PIONEER, Health Data Research UK (HDRUK) Health Data Research Hub for Acute Care, Birmingham, UK
- Acute Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - David R Thickett
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aaron Scott
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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24
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Scozzi D, Liao F, Krupnick AS, Kreisel D, Gelman AE. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in acute lung injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953195. [PMID: 35967320 PMCID: PMC9374003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a heterogeneous inflammatory condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Neutrophils play a key role in the development of different forms of ALI, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is emerging as a common pathogenic mechanism. NETs are essential in controlling pathogens, and their defective release or increased degradation leads to a higher risk of infection. However, NETs also contain several pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic molecules than can exacerbate thromboinflammation and lung tissue injury. To reduce NET-mediated lung damage and inflammation, DNase is frequently used in preclinical models of ALI due to its capability of digesting NET DNA scaffold. Moreover, recent advances in neutrophil biology led to the development of selective NET inhibitors, which also appear to reduce ALI in experimental models. Here we provide an overview of the role of NETs in different forms of ALI discussing existing gaps in our knowledge and novel therapeutic approaches to modulate their impact on lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Scozzi
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Fuyi Liao
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrew E. Gelman,
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25
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Pereshein AV, Kuznetsova SV, Shevantaeva ON. On the Nonspecific Resistance in Burn Injury: Pathophysiological Aspects (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 12:84-93. [PMID: 34795984 PMCID: PMC8596251 DOI: 10.17691/stm2020.12.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An analysis of nonspecific resistance in burn patients is conducted. The role of subpopulations of neutrophils and monocytes/ macrophages in severe burn injury is discussed. The significance of blood cells for the burn-induced immune dysfunction, susceptibility to sepsis and multiple organ failure is underscored. The involvement of secondary complications in the development of morbidity and mortality in patients with burn injury is shown. New approaches to identifying individuals with a risk of adverse outcome are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Pereshein
- Assistant, Department of Pathological Physiology; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - S V Kuznetsova
- Associate Professor, Department of Pathological Physiology; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - O N Shevantaeva
- Professor, Department of Pathological Physiology Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
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26
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Lin YJ, Wei KC, Chen PY, Lim M, Hwang TL. Roles of Neutrophils in Glioma and Brain Metastases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701383. [PMID: 34484197 PMCID: PMC8411705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, which are the most abundant circulating leukocytes in humans, are the first line of defense against bacterial and fungal infections. Recent studies have reported the role and importance of neutrophils in cancers. Glioma and brain metastases are the most common malignant tumors of the brain. The tumor microenvironment (TME) in the brain is complex and unique owing to the brain-blood barrier or brain-tumor barrier, which may prevent drug penetration and decrease the efficacy of immunotherapy. However, there are limited studies on the correlation between brain cancer and neutrophils. This review discusses the origin and functions of neutrophils. Additionally, the current knowledge on the correlation between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and prognosis of glioma and brain metastases has been summarized. Furthermore, the implications of tumor-associated neutrophil (TAN) phenotypes and the functions of TANs have been discussed. Finally, the potential effects of various treatments on TANs and the ability of neutrophils to function as a nanocarrier of drugs to the brain TME have been summarized. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the complex interactions between neutrophils, other immune cells, and brain tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jui Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kuo-Chen Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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27
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IL-31 and IL-8 in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Looking for Their Role in Itch. Adv Hematol 2021; 2021:5582581. [PMID: 34335777 PMCID: PMC8318769 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5582581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The itch associated with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), including Mycosis Fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS), is often severe and poorly responsive to treatment with antihistamines. Recent studies have highlighted the possible role of interleukins in nonhistaminergic itch. We investigated the role of IL-31 and IL-8 in CTCL, concerning disease severity and associated itch. Serum samples of 27 patients with CTCL (17 MF and 10 SS) and 29 controls (blood donors) were analyzed for interleukin- (IL-) 31 and IL-8; correlations with disease and itch severity were evaluated. IL-31 serum levels were higher in CTCL patients than in controls and higher in SS than in MF. Also, serum IL-31 levels were higher in patients with advanced disease compared to those with early disease, and they correlated positively with lactate dehydrogenase and beta 2-microglobulin levels, as well as with the Sézary cell count. Itch affected 67% of CTCL patients (MF: 47%; SS: 100%). Serum IL-31 levels were higher in itching patients than in controls and in patients without itching. There was no association between serum IL-8 and disease severity, nor with itching. Serum IL-8 levels correlated positively with peripheral blood leukocyte and neutrophil counts in CTCL patients. Our study suggests a role for IL-31 in CTCL-associated itch, especially in advanced disease and SS, offering a rational target for new therapeutic approaches. Increased serum IL-8 observed in some patients may be related to concomitant infections, and its role in exacerbating itch by recruiting neutrophils and promoting the release of neutrophil proteases deserves further investigation.
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28
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El-Gendy ZA, El-Marasy SA, Ahmed RF, El-Batran SA, Abd El-Rahman SS, Ramadan A, Youssef SAH. Hepatoprotective effect of Saccharomyces Cervisciae Cell Wall Extract against thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07159. [PMID: 34159266 PMCID: PMC8203708 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis represents a common outcome of almost all chronic liver diseases and leads to an impairment of liver function that requires medical intervention. The current study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-fibrotic effect of Saccharomyces cervisciae cell wall extract (SCCWE) against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis in rats (200mg/kg b.w. i.p. twice weekly for 6 weeks) using Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) as a reference anti-fibrotic product. SCCWE at two doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated the rise in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamide transferase (GGT) activities, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin, increased total protein and albumin. SCCWE significantly reduced glutathione depletion (GSH), Nitric oxide (NOx) and malondialdehyde (MDA), thioredoxin (Trx) contents and elevated nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf-2) content. Its anti-inflammatory effects were confirmed by observing a decrease in nuclear factor-κB (NF- κβ), interleukin-1b (IL-1β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) content. The anti-fibrotic effects of SCCWE were explored by assessing fibrosis related markers as it significantly reduced transform growth factor-β (TGF-β) and autotaxin (ATX) contents. Administration of SCCWE significantly decreased matrix metalloproteinase-3 and 9 (MMP-3 and -9). Furthermore, it also decreased alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and caspase-3 as assessed immunohistochemically those results were similar to that of the standard drug UDCA. This study shows that SCCWE protects against TAA-induced liver fibrosis in rats, through attenuating oxidative stress, and inflammation, ameliorating MMPs, combating apoptosis and thereby fibrotic biomarkers in addition to improving histopathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rania F Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Sahar S Abd El-Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - A Ramadan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - S A H Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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29
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McKelvey MC, Brown R, Ryan S, Mall MA, Weldon S, Taggart CC. Proteases, Mucus, and Mucosal Immunity in Chronic Lung Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5018. [PMID: 34065111 PMCID: PMC8125985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated protease activity has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases and especially in conditions that display mucus obstruction, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. However, our appreciation of the roles of proteases in various aspects of such diseases continues to grow. Patients with muco-obstructive lung disease experience progressive spirals of inflammation, mucostasis, airway infection and lung function decline. Some therapies exist for the treatment of these symptoms, but they are unable to halt disease progression and patients may benefit from novel adjunct therapies. In this review, we highlight how proteases act as multifunctional enzymes that are vital for normal airway homeostasis but, when their activity becomes immoderate, also directly contribute to airway dysfunction, and impair the processes that could resolve disease. We focus on how proteases regulate the state of mucus at the airway surface, impair mucociliary clearance and ultimately, promote mucostasis. We discuss how, in parallel, proteases are able to promote an inflammatory environment in the airways by mediating proinflammatory signalling, compromising host defence mechanisms and perpetuating their own proteolytic activity causing structural lung damage. Finally, we discuss some possible reasons for the clinical inefficacy of protease inhibitors to date and propose that, especially in a combination therapy approach, proteases represent attractive therapeutic targets for muco-obstructive lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. McKelvey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Ryan Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Sinéad Ryan
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
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30
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Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Anti-Tubercular Leads: A Concise Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040323. [PMID: 33918182 PMCID: PMC8065624 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being considered a public health emergency for the last 25 years, tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the deadliest infectious diseases, responsible for over a million deaths every year. The length and toxicity of available treatments and the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis renders standard regimens increasingly inefficient and emphasizes the urgency to develop new approaches that are not only cost- and time-effective but also less toxic. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are small cationic and amphipathic molecules that play a vital role in the host immune system by acting as a first barrier against invading pathogens. The broad spectrum of properties that peptides possess make them one of the best possible alternatives for a new “post-antibiotic” era. In this context, research into AMP as potential anti-tubercular agents has been driven by the increasing danger revolving around the emergence of extremely-resistant strains, the innate resistance that mycobacteria possess and the low compliance of patients towards the toxic anti-TB treatments. In this review, we will focus on AMP from various sources, such as animal, non-animal and synthetic, with reported inhibitory activity towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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31
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Ulfig A, Leichert LI. The effects of neutrophil-generated hypochlorous acid and other hypohalous acids on host and pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:385-414. [PMID: 32661559 PMCID: PMC7873122 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are predominant immune cells that protect the human body against infections by deploying sophisticated antimicrobial strategies including phagocytosis of bacteria and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which neutrophils kill exogenous pathogens before we focus on one particular weapon in their arsenal: the generation of the oxidizing hypohalous acids HOCl, HOBr and HOSCN during the so-called oxidative burst by the enzyme myeloperoxidase. We look at the effects of these hypohalous acids on biological systems in general and proteins in particular and turn our attention to bacterial strategies to survive HOCl stress. HOCl is a strong inducer of protein aggregation, which bacteria can counteract by chaperone-like holdases that bind unfolding proteins without the need for energy in the form of ATP. These chaperones are activated by HOCl through thiol oxidation (Hsp33) or N-chlorination of basic amino acid side-chains (RidA and CnoX) and contribute to bacterial survival during HOCl stress. However, neutrophil-generated hypohalous acids also affect the host system. Recent studies have shown that plasma proteins act not only as sinks for HOCl, but get actively transformed into modulators of the cellular immune response through N-chlorination. N-chlorinated serum albumin can prevent aggregation of proteins, stimulate immune cells, and act as a pro-survival factor for immune cells in the presence of cytotoxic antigens. Finally, we take a look at the emerging role of HOCl as a potential signaling molecule, particularly its role in neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Ulfig
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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32
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Thomas C, Nothaft H, Yadav R, Fodor C, Alemka A, Oni O, Bell M, Rada B, Szymanski CM. Characterization of ecotin homologs from Campylobacter rectus and Campylobacter showae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244031. [PMID: 33378351 PMCID: PMC7773321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecotin, first described in Escherichia coli, is a potent
inhibitor of a broad range of serine proteases including those typically
released by the innate immune system such as neutrophil elastase (NE). Here we
describe the identification of ecotin orthologs in various
Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter
rectus and Campylobacter showae residing in the
oral cavity and implicated in the development and progression of periodontal
disease in humans. To investigate the function of these ecotins in
vitro, the orthologs from C.
rectus and C. showae were
recombinantly expressed and purified from E.
coli. Using CmeA degradation/protection assays,
fluorescence resonance energy transfer and NE activity assays, we found that
ecotins from C. rectus and C.
showae inhibit NE, factor Xa and trypsin, but not the
Campylobacter jejuni serine protease HtrA or its ortholog
in E. coli, DegP. To further evaluate ecotin
function in vivo, an E. coli
ecotin-deficient mutant was complemented with the C.
rectus and C. showae
homologs. Using a neutrophil killing assay, we demonstrate that the low survival
rate of the E. coli ecotin-deficient mutant
can be rescued upon expression of ecotins from C.
rectus and C. showae. In
addition, the C. rectus and
C. showae ecotins partially compensate for
loss of N-glycosylation and increased protease susceptibility in the related
pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni, thus implicating a similar role
for these proteins in the native host to cope with the protease-rich environment
of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center,
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of
America
| | - Harald Nothaft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruchi Yadav
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher Fodor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
| | - Abofu Alemka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
| | - Oluwadamilola Oni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael Bell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Szymanski
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center,
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of
America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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33
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AhYoung AP, Eckard SC, Gogineni A, Xi H, Lin SJ, Gerhardy S, Cox C, Phung QT, Hackney JA, Katakam AK, Reichelt M, Caplazi P, Manzanillo P, Zhang J, Roose-Girma M, Tam LW, Newman RJ, Murthy A, Weimer RM, Lill JR, Lee WP, Grimbaldeston M, Kirchhofer D, van Lookeren Campagne M. Neutrophil serine protease 4 is required for mast cell-dependent vascular leakage. Commun Biol 2020; 3:687. [PMID: 33214666 PMCID: PMC7677402 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular leakage, or edema, is a serious complication of acute allergic reactions. Vascular leakage is triggered by the release of histamine and serotonin from granules within tissue-resident mast cells. Here, we show that expression of Neutrophil Serine Protease 4 (NSP4) during the early stages of mast cell development regulates mast cell-mediated vascular leakage. In myeloid precursors, the granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs), loss of NSP4 results in the decrease of cellular levels of histamine, serotonin and heparin/heparan sulfate. Mast cells that are derived from NSP4-deficient GMPs have abnormal secretory granule morphology and a sustained reduction in histamine and serotonin levels. Consequently, in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and acute arthritis models, mast cell-mediated vascular leakage in the skin and joints is substantially reduced in NSP4-deficient mice. Our findings reveal that NSP4 is required for the proper storage of vasoactive amines in mast cell granules, which impacts mast cell-dependent vascular leakage in mouse models of immune complex-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P AhYoung
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sterling C Eckard
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Alvin Gogineni
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hongkang Xi
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - S Jack Lin
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Stefan Gerhardy
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Christian Cox
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Qui T Phung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Mike Reichelt
- Department of Pathology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Pathology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Paolo Manzanillo
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lucinda W Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Robert J Newman
- Department of Molecular Biology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Robby M Weimer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jennie R Lill
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michele Grimbaldeston
- OMNI-Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Menno van Lookeren Campagne
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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34
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Deryugina E, Carré A, Ardi V, Muramatsu T, Schmidt J, Pham C, Quigley JP. Neutrophil Elastase Facilitates Tumor Cell Intravasation and Early Metastatic Events. iScience 2020; 23:101799. [PMID: 33299970 PMCID: PMC7702017 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional roles of neutrophil elastase (NE) have not been examined in distinct steps of the metastatic cascade. NE, delivered to primary tumors as a purified enzyme or within intact neutrophils or neutrophil granule content, enhanced human tumor cell intravasation and subsequent dissemination via NE-mediated formation of dilated intratumoral vasculature. These effects depended on picomole range of NE activity, sensitive to its natural inhibitor, α1PI. In Elane-negative mice, the lack of NE decreased lung retention of human tumor cells in experimental metastasis. Furthermore, NE was essential for spontaneous metastasis of murine carcinoma cells in a syngeneic orthotopic model of oral cancer. NE also induced tumor cell survival and migration via Src/PI3K-dependent activation of Akt signaling, vital for tumor cell dissemination in vivo. Together, our findings implicate NE, a potent host enzyme specific for first-responding innate immune cells, as directly involved in early metastatic events and a potential target for therapeutic intervention. NE enhances human carcinoma cell intravasation and spontaneous metastasis NE mediates formation of dilated intratumoral vasculature supporting cell intravasation NE-KO mice exhibit decreased lung retention and spontaneous metastasis of tumor cells NE induces tumor cell survival and migration via activation of Src/PI3K/Akt pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Deryugina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexia Carré
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Veronica Ardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,National University, 9388 Lightwave Avenue, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Tomoki Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonas Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christine Pham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James P Quigley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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35
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Kavanaugh JS, Leidal KG, Nauseef WM, Horswill AR. Cathepsin G Degrades Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1865-1869. [PMID: 32995850 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) phagocytose and kill individual bacteria but are far less efficient when challenged with bacterial aggregates. Consequently, growth within a biofilm affords Staphylococcus aureus some protection but PMN penetrate S. aureus biofilms and phagocytose bacteria, suggesting that enzymes released through neutrophil degranulation degrade biofilms into fragments small enough for phagocytosis. Here we show that the capacity of PMN to invade biofilms depended largely on the activity of secreted cathepsin G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Kavanaugh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kevin G Leidal
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA
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36
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Neutrophil elastase promotes macrophage cell adhesion and cytokine production through the integrin-Src kinases pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15874. [PMID: 32981934 PMCID: PMC7522083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a number of respiratory diseases characterized by the presence of excess neutrophil elastase (NE) activity in tissues, including cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). NE is considered a primary contributor to disease development, but the precise mechanism has yet to be fully determined. We hypothesized that NE alters the function of macrophages (Mɸ) which play a critical role in many physiological processes in healthy lungs. We demonstrate that monocyte-derived Mɸ exposed to NE releases active matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), increase expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-8, and reduce capacity to phagocytose bacteria. Changes in Mɸ function following NE treatment were accompanied by increased adhesion and cytoskeleton re-arrangement, indicating the possibility of integrin involvement. To support this observation, we demonstrate that NE induces phosphorylation of kinases from the Src kinase family, a hallmark of integrin signaling activation. Moreover, pretreatment of Mɸ with a specific Src kinase inhibitor, PP2 completely prevents NE-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Taken together these findings indicate that NE participates in lung destruction not only through direct proteolytic degradation of matrix proteins, but also through activation of Mɸ inflammatory and proteolytic functions.
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37
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IgE Effector Mechanisms, in Concert with Mast Cells, Contribute to Acquired Host Defense against Staphylococcusaureus. Immunity 2020; 53:793-804.e9. [PMID: 32910906 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Allergies are considered to represent mal-directed type 2 immune responses against mostly innocuous exogenous compounds. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are a characteristic feature of allergies and mediate hypersensitivity against allergens through activation of effector cells, particularly mast cells (MCs). Although the physiological functions of this dangerous branch of immunity have remained enigmatic, recent evidence shows that allergic immune reactions can help to protect against the toxicity of venoms. Because bacteria are a potent alternative source of toxins, we assessed the possible role of allergy-like type 2 immunity in antibacterial host defense. We discovered that the adaptive immune response against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) skin infection substantially improved systemic host defense against secondary SA infections in mice. Moreover, this acquired protection depended on IgE effector mechanisms and MCs. Importantly, our results reveal a previously unknown physiological function of allergic immune responses, IgE antibodies, and MCs in host defense against a pathogenic bacterium.
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38
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Woehl JL, Kitamura S, Dillon N, Han Z, Edgar LJ, Nizet V, Wolan DW. An Irreversible Inhibitor to Probe the Role of Streptococcus pyogenes Cysteine Protease SpeB in Evasion of Host Complement Defenses. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2060-2069. [PMID: 32662975 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Members of the CA class of cysteine proteases have multifaceted roles in physiology and virulence for many bacteria. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) is secreted by Streptococcus pyogenes and implicated in the pathogenesis of the bacterium through degradation of key human immune effector proteins. Here, we developed and characterized a clickable inhibitor, 2S-alkyne, based on X-ray crystallographic analysis and structure-activity relationships. Our SpeB probe showed irreversible enzyme inhibition in biochemical assays and labeled endogenous SpeB in cultured S. pyogenes supernatants. Importantly, application of 2S-alkyne decreased S. pyogenes survival in the presence of human neutrophils and supports the role of SpeB-mediated proteolysis as a mechanism to limit complement-mediated host defense. We posit that our SpeB inhibitor will be a useful chemical tool to regulate, label, and quantitate secreted cysteine proteases with SpeB-like activity in complex biological samples and a lead candidate for new therapeutics designed to sensitize S. pyogenes to host immune clearance.
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39
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Kahler JP, Vanhoutte R, Verhelst SHL. Activity-Based Protein Profiling of Serine Proteases in Immune Cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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40
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Jobichen C, Prabhakar MT, Loh SN, Sivaraman J. Structural Basis for the Inhibition Mechanism of Ecotin against Neutrophil Elastase by Targeting the Active Site and Secondary Binding Site. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2788-2795. [PMID: 32657577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophil elastase (hNE) is a serine protease that plays a major role in defending the bacterial infection. However, elevated expression of hNE is reported in lung and breast cancer, among others. Moreover, hNE is a target for the treatment of cardiopulmonary diseases. Ecotin (ET) is a serine protease inhibitor present in many Gram-negative bacteria, and it plays a physiological role in inhibiting host proteases, including hNE. Despite this known interaction, the structure of the hNE-ET complex has not been reported, and the mechanism of ecotin inhibition is not available. We determined the structure of the hNE-ET complex by molecular replacement method. The structure of the hNE-ET complex revealed the presence of six interface regions comprising 50s, 60s, and 80s loops, between the ET dimer and two independent hNE monomers, which explains the high affinity of ecotin for hNE (12 pM). Notably, we observed a secondary binding site of hNE located 24 Å from the primary binding site. Comparison of the closely related trypsin-ecotin complex with our hNE-ET complex shows movement of the backbone atoms of the 80s and 50s loops by 4.6 Å, suggesting the flexibility of these loops in inhibiting a range of proteases. Through a detailed structural analysis, we demonstrate the flexibility of the hNE subsites to dock various side chains concomitant with inhibition, indicating the broad specificity of hNE against various inhibitors. These findings will aid in the design of chimeric inhibitors that target both sites of hNE and in the development of therapeutics for controlling hNE-mediated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chacko Jobichen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | | | - Su Ning Loh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - J Sivaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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41
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Minden-Birkenmaier BA, Smith RA, Radic MZ, van der Merwe M, Bowlin GL. Manuka Honey Reduces NETosis on an Electrospun Template Within a Therapeutic Window. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061430. [PMID: 32604824 PMCID: PMC7362002 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Manuka honey, a topical wound treatment used to eradicate bacteria, resolve inflammation, and promote wound healing, is a focus in the tissue engineering community as a tissue template additive. However, its effect on neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis) on a tissue engineering template has yet to be examined. As NETosis has been implicated in chronic inflammation and fibrosis, the reduction in this response within the wound environment is of interest. In this study, Manuka honey was incorporated into electrospun templates with large (1.7–2.2 µm) and small (0.25–0.5 µm) diameter fibers at concentrations of 0.1%, 1%, and 10%. Template pore sizes and honey release profiles were quantified, and the effect on the NETosis response of seeded human neutrophils was examined through fluorescence imaging and myeloperoxidase (MPO) analysis. The incorporation of 0.1% and 1% Manuka honey decreased NETosis on the template surface at both 3 and 6 h, while 10% honey exacerbated the NETosis response. Additionally, 0.1% and 1% Manuka honey reduced the MMP-9 release of the neutrophils at both timepoints. These data indicate a therapeutic window for Manuka honey incorporation into tissue engineering templates for the reduction in NETosis. Future in vivo experimentation should be conducted to translate these results to a physiological wound environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Minden-Birkenmaier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, 330 Engineering Technology Building, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Richard A. Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, E228A Coleman Building, 956 Court Avenue, Memphi, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Marko Z. Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 201 Molecular Science Building, 858 Madison Ave., Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Marie van der Merwe
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Fieldhouse 310, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
| | - Gary L. Bowlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, 330 Engineering Technology Building, Memphis, TN 38152, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(901)-678-2670
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42
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Herdendorf TJ, Stapels DAC, Rooijakkers SHM, Geisbrecht BV. Local structural plasticity of the Staphylococcus aureus evasion protein EapH1 enables engagement with multiple neutrophil serine proteases. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7753-7762. [PMID: 32303641 PMCID: PMC7261791 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the EAP family of Staphylococcus aureus immune evasion proteins potently inhibit the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) neutrophil elastase, cathepsin-G, and proteinase-3. Previously, we determined a 1.8 Å resolution crystal structure of the EAP family member EapH1 bound to neutrophil elastase. This structure revealed that EapH1 blocks access to the enzyme's active site by forming a noncovalent complex with this host protease. To determine how EapH1 inhibits other NSPs, we studied here the effects of EapH1 on cathepsin-G. We found that EapH1 inhibits cathepsin-G with a Ki of 9.8 ± 4.7 nm Although this Ki value is ∼466-fold weaker than the Ki for EapH1 inhibition of neutrophil elastase, the time dependence of inhibition was maintained. To define the physical basis for EapH1's inhibition of cathepsin-G, we crystallized EapH1 bound to this protease, solved the structure at 1.6 Å resolution, and refined the model to Rwork and Rfree values of 17.4% and 20.9%, respectively. This structure revealed a protease-binding mode for EapH1 with cathepsin-G that was globally similar to that seen in the previously determined EapH1-neutrophil elastase structure. The nature of the intermolecular interactions formed by EapH1 with cathepsin-G differed considerably from that with neutrophil elastase, however, with far greater contributions from the inhibitor backbone in the cathepsin-G-bound form. Together, these results reveal that EapH1's ability to form high-affinity interactions with multiple NSP targets is due to its remarkable level of local structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Herdendorf
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Daphne A. C. Stapels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brian V. Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, 1711 Claflin Rd., Manhattan, KS 66506. Tel.:
785-532-3154; Fax:
785-532-7278; E-mail:
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43
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Harman JL, Loes AN, Warren GD, Heaphy MC, Lampi KJ, Harms MJ. Evolution of multifunctionality through a pleiotropic substitution in the innate immune protein S100A9. eLife 2020; 9:e54100. [PMID: 32255429 PMCID: PMC7213983 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional proteins are evolutionary puzzles: how do proteins evolve to satisfy multiple functional constraints? S100A9 is one such multifunctional protein. It potently amplifies inflammation via Toll-like receptor four and is antimicrobial as part of a heterocomplex with S100A8. These two functions are seemingly regulated by proteolysis: S100A9 is readily degraded, while S100A8/S100A9 is resistant. We take an evolutionary biochemical approach to show that S100A9 evolved both functions and lost proteolytic resistance from a weakly proinflammatory, proteolytically resistant amniote ancestor. We identify a historical substitution that has pleiotropic effects on S100A9 proinflammatory activity and proteolytic resistance but has little effect on S100A8/S100A9 antimicrobial activity. We thus propose that mammals evolved S100A8/S100A9 antimicrobial and S100A9 proinflammatory activities concomitantly with a proteolytic 'timer' to selectively regulate S100A9. This highlights how the same mutation can have pleiotropic effects on one functional state of a protein but not another, thus facilitating the evolution of multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Harman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Andrea N Loes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Gus D Warren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Maureen C Heaphy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | | | - Michael J Harms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
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44
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Van AP, Álvarez de Haro N, Bron JE, Desbois AP. Chromatin extracellular trap release in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:227-238. [PMID: 31988016 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils release nuclear chromatin decorated with antimicrobial proteins into the extracellular milieu as an innate immune defence mechanism to counter invading microbes. These chromatin structures, called extracellular traps (ETs) and released by a process called NETosis, have been detected in mammals, certain invertebrates and some fish species, including fathead minnow, zebrafish, common carp, turbot, sole and barramundi. However, there have been no previous studies of ETs in the Salmonidae. ETs are released in response to chemical and biological stimuli, but observations from different fish species are inconsistent, particularly regarding the potency of various inducers and inhibitors. Thus, this present study aimed to describe ET release in a salmonid (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) and uncover the inducers and inhibitors that can control this response. Highly enriched suspensions of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs; mainly neutrophils) were prepared from head kidney tissues by a triple-layer Percoll gradient technique. ET structures were visualised in PMN-enriched suspensions through staining of the chromatin with nucleic acid-specific dyes and immunocytochemical probing of characteristic proteins expected to decorate the structure. ET release was quantified after incubation with inducers and inhibitors known to affect this response in other organisms. Structures resembling ETs stained positively with SYTOX Green (a stain specific for nucleic acid) while immunocytochemistry was used to detect neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase and H2A histone in the structures, which are diagnostic proteinaceous markers of ETs. Consistent with other studies on mammals and some fish species, calcium ionophore and flagellin were potent inducers of ETs, while cytochalasin D inhibited NETosis. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), used commonly to induce ETs, exerted only weak stimulatory activity, while heat-killed bacteria and lipopolysaccharide did not induce ET release. Unexpectedly, the ET-inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride acted as an inducer of ET release, an observation not reported elsewhere. Taken together, these data confirm for the first time that ETs are released by salmonid PMNs and compounds useful for manipulating NETosis were identified, thus providing a platform for further studies to explore the role of this mechanism in fish immunity. This new knowledge provides a foundation for translation to farm settings, since manipulation of the innate immune response offers a potential alternative to the use of antibiotics to mitigate against microbial infections, particularly for pathogens where protection by vaccination has yet to be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre P Van
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Neila Álvarez de Haro
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - James E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Desbois
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
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Ayyappan P, Harms RZ, Seifert JA, Bemis EA, Feser ML, Deane KD, Demoruelle MK, Mikuls TR, Holers VM, Sarvetnick NE. Heightened Levels of Antimicrobial Response Factors in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:427. [PMID: 32265916 PMCID: PMC7100537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic progressive autoimmune disease leading to considerable disability over time. The disease can be characterized by the presence of multiple autoantibodies in the serum and synovial fluid. Microbial dysbiosis is proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of RA. Increased systemic bacterial exposure leads to elevated levels of antimicrobial response factors (ARFs) in the circulation. In the present study, we tested whether RA patients have increased levels of ARFs by analyzing the levels of multiple ARFs in serum from RA patients and healthy age and sex-matched controls. The levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14), lysozyme, and CXCL16 were significantly elevated in RA patients compared to healthy controls. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) levels remained unchanged in RA patients compared to healthy controls. A positive correlation of LBP with rheumatoid factor (RF) was also found in RA subjects. Interestingly, the levels of anti-endotoxin core antibodies (EndoCAb) IgM, total IgM, EndoCAb IgA, and total IgA were significantly elevated in RA patients compared to healthy controls. No significant changes in the levels of EndoCAb IgG and total IgG were observed in RA patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, lysozyme and CXCL16 levels were positively correlated with disease severity among RA subjects. Increases in the levels of several ARFs and their correlations with clinical indices suggest systemic microbial exposure in the RA cohort. Modulation of microbial exposure may play an important role in disease pathogenesis in individuals with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathapan Ayyappan
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Robert Z. Harms
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Seifert
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Bemis
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Marie L. Feser
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kevin D. Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Ted R. Mikuls
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nora E. Sarvetnick
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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León DL, Matthey P, Fellay I, Blanchard M, Martinvalet D, Mantel PY, Filgueira L, Walch M. Granzyme B Attenuates Bacterial Virulence by Targeting Secreted Factors. iScience 2020; 23:100932. [PMID: 32151975 PMCID: PMC7063247 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria secrete virulence factors that interact with the human host to establish infections. The human immune system evolved multiple mechanisms to fight bacterial invaders, including immune proteases that were demonstrated to contribute crucially to antibacterial defense. Here we show that granzyme B degrades multiple secreted virulence mediators from Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Pathogenic bacteria, when infected in the presence of granzyme B or granzyme-secreting killer cells, fail to grow in human macrophages and epithelial cells owing to their crippled virulence. A granzyme B-uncleavable mutant form of the major Listeria virulence factor, listeriolysin O, rescued the virulence defect in response to granzyme treatment. Hence, we link the degradation of a single factor with the observed decrease in virulent bacteria growth. Overall, we reveal here an innate immune barrier function of granzyme B by disrupting bacterial virulence to facilitate bacteria clearance by bystander immune and non-immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego López León
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Matthey
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Fellay
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Blanchard
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walch
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Németh T, Sperandio M, Mócsai A. Neutrophils as emerging therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:253-275. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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48
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Giovannoni MP, Crocetti L, Cantini N, Guerrini G, Vergelli C, Iacovone A, Teodori E, Schepetkin IA, Quinn MT, Ciattini S, Rossi P, Paoli P. New 3‐unsubstituted isoxazolones as potent human neutrophil elastase inhibitors: Synthesis and molecular dynamic simulation. Drug Dev Res 2019; 81:338-349. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Giovannoni
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical SectionUniversity of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Letizia Crocetti
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical SectionUniversity of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Niccolò Cantini
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical SectionUniversity of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Gabriella Guerrini
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical SectionUniversity of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Claudia Vergelli
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical SectionUniversity of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Antonella Iacovone
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical SectionUniversity of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Elisabetta Teodori
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical SectionUniversity of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Igor A. Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State University Bozeman Montana
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State University Bozeman Montana
| | - Samuele Ciattini
- Center of Structural CrystallographyUniversity of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Patrizia Rossi
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Paola Paoli
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Florence Florence Italy
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49
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Ratajczak-Wrona W, Nowak K, Garley M, Grubczak K, Dabrowska D, Iwaniuk A, Wilk S, Moniuszko M, Czerniecki J, Wolczynski S, Jablonska E. Expression of serine proteases in neutrophils from women and men: Regulation by endocrine disruptor bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 71:103212. [PMID: 31247398 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disruptor. However, little information is available about its immunological effects. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate cytotoxic activity of BPA on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) according to gender and examine its effect on the expression of neutrophil serine proteases. Results indicated that exposure to BPA (above 16 μM) leads to a decrease in viability of PMNs and to morphological changes in these cells of both genders. The experiments showed different effects of BPA on the expression of proteinase 3, elastase, and cathepsin G in PMNs of both men and women, depending on the gender and concentration used. Thus, our findings suggest for the first time that through dysregulation of the expression of these enzymes, BPA may lead to disorders of the nonspecific cellular response in people exposed to this xenoestrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marzena Garley
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Kamil Grubczak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dorota Dabrowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Sara Wilk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland; Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jan Czerniecki
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Human Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Slawomir Wolczynski
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Human Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Jablonska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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50
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Clancy DM, Sullivan GP, Moran HBT, Henry CM, Reeves EP, McElvaney NG, Lavelle EC, Martin SJ. Extracellular Neutrophil Proteases Are Efficient Regulators of IL-1, IL-33, and IL-36 Cytokine Activity but Poor Effectors of Microbial Killing. Cell Rep 2019. [PMID: 29539422 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granule proteases are thought to function as anti-microbial effectors, cooperatively hydrolyzing microorganisms within phagosomes, or upon deployment into the extracellular space. However, evidence also suggests that neutrophil proteases play an important role in the coordination and escalation of inflammatory reactions, but how this is achieved has been obscure. IL-1 family cytokines are important initiators of inflammation and are typically released via necrosis but require proteolytic processing for activation. Here, we show that proteases liberated from activated neutrophils can positively or negatively regulate the activity of six IL-1 family cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ) with exquisite sensitivity. In contrast, extracellular neutrophil proteases displayed very poor bactericidal activity, exhibiting 100-fold greater potency toward cytokine processing than bacterial killing. Thus, in addition to their classical role as phagocytes, neutrophils play an important immunoregulatory role through deployment of their granule proteases into the extracellular space to process multiple IL-1 family cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Clancy
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Graeme P Sullivan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hannah B T Moran
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Conor M Henry
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emer P Reeves
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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