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Yu D, Lu Z, Chong Y. Integrins as a bridge between bacteria and cells: key targets for therapeutic wound healing. BURNS & TRAUMA 2024; 12:tkae022. [PMID: 39015251 PMCID: PMC11250365 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimers composed of α and β subunits that are bonded through non-covalent interactions. Integrins mediate the dynamic connection between extracellular adhesion molecules and the intracellular actin cytoskeleton. Integrins are present in various tissues and organs where these heterodimers participate in diverse physiological and pathological responses at the molecular level in living organisms. Wound healing is a crucial process in the recovery from traumatic diseases and comprises three overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Integrins are regulated during the entire wound healing process to enhance processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis and re-epithelialization. Prolonged inflammation may result in failure of wound healing, leading to conditions such as chronic wounds. Bacterial colonization of a wound is one of the primary causes of chronic wounds. Integrins facilitate the infectious effects of bacteria on the host organism, leading to chronic inflammation, bacterial colonization, and ultimately, the failure of wound healing. The present study investigated the role of integrins as bridges for bacteria-cell interactions during wound healing, evaluated the role of integrins as nodes for bacterial inhibition during chronic wound formation, and discussed the challenges and prospects of using integrins as therapeutic targets in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No. 368 Hanjiang Middle Road, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No. 368 Hanjiang Middle Road, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoyu Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No. 368 Hanjiang Middle Road, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No. 368 Hanjiang Middle Road, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Chong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No. 368 Hanjiang Middle Road, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No. 368 Hanjiang Middle Road, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Pellegrini A, Pietrocola G. Recruitment of Vitronectin by Bacterial Pathogens: A Comprehensive Overview. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1385. [PMID: 39065153 PMCID: PMC11278874 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The key factor that enables pathogenic bacteria to establish successful infections lies largely in their ability to escape the host's immune response and adhere to host surfaces. Vitronectin (Vn) is a multidomain glycoprotein ubiquitously present in blood and the extracellular matrix of several tissues, where it plays important roles as a regulator of membrane attack complex (MAC) formation and as a mediator of cell adhesion. Vn has emerged as an intriguing target for several microorganisms. Vn binding by bacterial receptors confers protection from lysis resulting from MAC deposition. Furthermore, through its Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, Vn can bind several host cell integrins. Therefore, Vn recruited to the bacterial cell functions as a molecular bridge between bacteria and host surfaces, where it triggers several host signaling events that could promote bacterial internalization. Each bacterium uses different receptors that recognize specific Vn domains. In this review, we update the current knowledge of Vn receptors of major bacterial pathogens, emphasizing the role they may play in the host upon Vn binding. Focusing on the structural properties of bacterial proteins, we provide details on the residues involved in their interaction with Vn. Furthermore, we discuss the possible involvement of Vn adsorption on biomaterials in promoting bacterial adhesion on abiotic surfaces and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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Yu D, Lu Z, Nie F, Chong Y. Integrins regulation of wound healing processes: insights for chronic skin wound therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1324441. [PMID: 38505290 PMCID: PMC10949986 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1324441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimers composed of non-covalently associated alpha and beta subunits that mediate the dynamic linkage between extracellular adhesion molecules and the intracellular actin cytoskeleton. Integrins are present in various tissues and organs and are involved in different physiological and pathological molecular responses in vivo. Wound healing is an important process in the recovery from traumatic diseases and consists of three overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Integrin regulation acts throughout the wound healing process to promote wound healing. Prolonged inflammation may lead to failure of wound healing, such as wound chronicity. One of the main causes of chronic wound formation is bacterial colonization of the wound. In this review, we review the role of integrins in the regulation of wound healing processes such as angiogenesis and re-epithelialization, as well as the role of integrins in mediating bacterial infections during wound chronicity, and the challenges and prospects of integrins as therapeutic targets for infected wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoyu Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengsong Nie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Chong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Li S, Wang Y, Yang R, Zhu X, Bai H, Deng X, Bai J, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Li Z, Liu Z, Zhou Z. Outer membrane protein OMP76 of Riemerella anatipestifer contributes to complement evasion and virulence by binding to duck complement factor vitronectin. Virulence 2023; 14:2223060. [PMID: 37326479 PMCID: PMC10281475 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2223060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is an important bacterial pathogen in poultry. Pathogenic bacteria recruit host complement factors to resist the bactericidal effect of serum complement. Vitronectin (Vn) is a complementary regulatory protein that inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). Microbes use outer membrane proteins (OMPs) to hijack Vn for complement evasion. However, the mechanism by which R. anatipestifer achieves evasion is unclear. This study aimed to characterise OMPs of R. anatipestifer which interact with duck Vn (dVn) during complement evasion. Far-western assays and comparison of wild-type and mutant strains that were treated with dVn and duck serum demonstrated particularly strong binding of OMP76 to dVn. These data were confirmed with Escherichia coli strains expressing and not expressing OMP76. Combining tertiary structure analysis and homology modelling, truncated and knocked-out fragments of OMP76 showed that a cluster of critical amino acids in an extracellular loop of OMP76 mediate the interaction with dVn. Moreover, binding of dVn to R. anatipestifer inhibited MAC deposition on the bacterial surface thereby enhancing survival in duck serum. Virulence of the mutant strain ΔOMP76 was attenuated significantly relative to the wild-type strain. Furthermore, adhesion and invasion abilities of ΔOMP76 decreased, and histopathological changes showed that ΔOMP76 was less virulent in ducklings. Thus, OMP76 is a key virulence factor of R. anatipestifer. The identification of OMP76-mediated evasion of complement by recruitment of dVn contributes significantly to the understanding of the molecular mechanism by which R. anatipestifer escapes host innate immunity and provides a new target for the development of subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongkun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongying Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojian Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuncai Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengfei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Kottom TJ, Carmona EM, Limper AH. Lung Epithelial Cell Line Immune Responses to Pneumocystis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:729. [PMID: 37504718 PMCID: PMC10381464 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis sp. are fungal pathogens and members of the Ascomycota phylum. Immunocompetent individuals can readily eliminate the fungus, whereas immunocompromised individuals can develop Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). Currently, over 500,000 cases occur worldwide, and the organism is listed on the recently released WHO fungal priority pathogens list. Overall, the number of PJP cases over the last few decades in developed countries with the use of highly effective antiretroviral therapy has decreased, but the cases of non-HIV individuals using immunosuppressive therapies have significantly increased. Even with relatively effective current anti-Pneumocystis therapies, the mortality rate remains 30-60% in non-HIV patients and 10-20% during initial episodes of PJP in HIV/AIDS patients. Although the role of alveolar macrophages is well studied and established, there is also well-established and emerging evidence regarding the role of epithelial cells in the immune response to fungi. This mini review provides a brief overview summarizing the innate immune response of the lung epithelium and various continuously cultured mammalian cell lines to Pneumocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J. Kottom
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.M.C.); (A.H.L.)
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Tvaroška I, Kozmon S, Kóňa J. Molecular Modeling Insights into the Structure and Behavior of Integrins: A Review. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020324. [PMID: 36672259 PMCID: PMC9856412 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric glycoproteins crucial to the physiology and pathology of many biological functions. As adhesion molecules, they mediate immune cell trafficking, migration, and immunological synapse formation during inflammation and cancer. The recognition of the vital roles of integrins in various diseases revealed their therapeutic potential. Despite the great effort in the last thirty years, up to now, only seven integrin-based drugs have entered the market. Recent progress in deciphering integrin functions, signaling, and interactions with ligands, along with advancement in rational drug design strategies, provide an opportunity to exploit their therapeutic potential and discover novel agents. This review will discuss the molecular modeling methods used in determining integrins' dynamic properties and in providing information toward understanding their properties and function at the atomic level. Then, we will survey the relevant contributions and the current understanding of integrin structure, activation, the binding of essential ligands, and the role of molecular modeling methods in the rational design of antagonists. We will emphasize the role played by molecular modeling methods in progress in these areas and the designing of integrin antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tvaroška
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Medical Vision o. z., Záhradnícka 4837/55, 821 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kóňa
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Medical Vision o. z., Záhradnícka 4837/55, 821 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
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7
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Fox CR, Parks GD. Complement Inhibitors Vitronectin and Clusterin Are Recruited from Human Serum to the Surface of Coronavirus OC43-Infected Lung Cells through Antibody-Dependent Mechanisms. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010029. [PMID: 35062233 PMCID: PMC8780186 DOI: 10.3390/v14010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of complement (C’) in infections with highly prevalent circulating human coronaviruses such as OC43, a group of viruses of major public health concern. Treatment of OC43-infected human lung cells with human serum resulted in C3 deposition on their surfaces and generation of C5a, indicating robust C’ activation. Real-time cell viability assays showed that in vitro C’-mediated lysis of OC43 infected cells requires C3, C5 and C6 but not C7, and was substantially delayed as compared to rapid C’-mediated killing of parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV5)-infected cells. In cells co-infected with OC43 and PIV5, C’-mediated lysis was delayed, similar to OC43 infected cells alone, suggesting that OC43 infection induced dominant inhibitory signals. When OC43-infected cells were treated with human serum, their cell surfaces contained both Vitronectin (VN) and Clusterin (CLU), two host cell C’ inhibitors that can alter membrane attack complex (MAC) formation and C’-mediated killing. VN and CLU were not bound to OC43-infected cells after treatment with antibody-depleted serum. Reconstitution experiments with purified IgG and VN showed that human antibodies are both necessary and sufficient for VN recruitment to OC43-infected lung cells–novel findings with implications for CoV pathogenesis.
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8
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Wagener BM, Hu R, Wu S, Pittet JF, Ding Q, Che P. The Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Factors in Cytoskeletal Dysregulation and Lung Barrier Dysfunction. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:776. [PMID: 34822560 PMCID: PMC8625199 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes serious infections and hospital-acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. P. aeruginosa accounts for up to 20% of all cases of hospital-acquired pneumonia, with an attributable mortality rate of ~30-40%. The poor clinical outcome of P. aeruginosa-induced pneumonia is ascribed to its ability to disrupt lung barrier integrity, leading to the development of lung edema and bacteremia. Airway epithelial and endothelial cells are important architecture blocks that protect the lung from invading pathogens. P. aeruginosa produces a number of virulence factors that can modulate barrier function, directly or indirectly, through exploiting cytoskeleton networks and intercellular junctional complexes in eukaryotic cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge on P. aeruginosa virulence factors, their effects on the regulation of the cytoskeletal network and associated components, and molecular mechanisms regulating barrier function in airway epithelial and endothelial cells. A better understanding of these processes will help to lay the foundation for new therapeutic approaches against P. aeruginosa-induced pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant M. Wagener
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (B.M.W.); (R.H.); (S.W.); (J.-F.P.); (Q.D.)
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ruihan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (B.M.W.); (R.H.); (S.W.); (J.-F.P.); (Q.D.)
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang 550024, China
| | - Songwei Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (B.M.W.); (R.H.); (S.W.); (J.-F.P.); (Q.D.)
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Pittet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (B.M.W.); (R.H.); (S.W.); (J.-F.P.); (Q.D.)
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (B.M.W.); (R.H.); (S.W.); (J.-F.P.); (Q.D.)
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Pulin Che
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (B.M.W.); (R.H.); (S.W.); (J.-F.P.); (Q.D.)
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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9
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Burzyńska P, Sobala ŁF, Mikołajczyk K, Jodłowska M, Jaśkiewicz E. Sialic Acids as Receptors for Pathogens. Biomolecules 2021; 11:831. [PMID: 34199560 PMCID: PMC8227644 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates have long been known to mediate intracellular interactions, whether within one organism or between different organisms. Sialic acids (Sias) are carbohydrates that usually occupy the terminal positions in longer carbohydrate chains, which makes them common recognition targets mediating these interactions. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about animal disease-causing agents such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa (including the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum) in which Sias play a role in infection biology. While Sias may promote binding of, e.g., influenza viruses and SV40, they act as decoys for betacoronaviruses. The presence of two common forms of Sias, Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc, is species-specific, and in humans, the enzyme converting Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc (CMAH, CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase) is lost, most likely due to adaptation to pathogen regimes; we discuss the research about the influence of malaria on this trait. In addition, we present data suggesting the CMAH gene was probably present in the ancestor of animals, shedding light on its glycobiology. We predict that a better understanding of the role of Sias in disease vectors would lead to more effective clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ewa Jaśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.B.); (Ł.F.S.); (K.M.); (M.J.)
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10
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Castro-Córdova P, Mora-Uribe P, Reyes-Ramírez R, Cofré-Araneda G, Orozco-Aguilar J, Brito-Silva C, Mendoza-León MJ, Kuehne SA, Minton NP, Pizarro-Guajardo M, Paredes-Sabja D. Entry of spores into intestinal epithelial cells contributes to recurrence of Clostridioides difficile infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1140. [PMID: 33602902 PMCID: PMC7893008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile spores produced during infection are important for the recurrence of the disease. Here, we show that C. difficile spores gain entry into the intestinal mucosa via pathways dependent on host fibronectin-α5β1 and vitronectin-αvβ1. The exosporium protein BclA3, on the spore surface, is required for both entry pathways. Deletion of the bclA3 gene in C. difficile, or pharmacological inhibition of endocytosis using nystatin, leads to reduced entry into the intestinal mucosa and reduced recurrence of the disease in a mouse model. Our findings indicate that C. difficile spore entry into the intestinal barrier can contribute to spore persistence and infection recurrence, and suggest potential avenues for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Castro-Córdova
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Mora-Uribe
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Reyes-Ramírez
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Glenda Cofré-Araneda
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josué Orozco-Aguilar
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Brito-Silva
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Mendoza-León
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarah A Kuehne
- School of Dentistry and Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nigel P Minton
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marjorie Pizarro-Guajardo
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lectin LecB Causes Integrin Internalization and Inhibits Epithelial Wound Healing. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03260-19. [PMID: 32156827 PMCID: PMC7064779 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03260-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium that is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. P. aeruginosa is able to switch between planktonic, intracellular, and biofilm-based lifestyles, which allows it to evade the immune system as well as antibiotic treatment. Hence, alternatives to antibiotic treatment are urgently required to combat P. aeruginosa infections. Lectins, like the fucose-specific LecB, are promising targets, because removal of LecB resulted in decreased virulence in mouse models. Currently, several research groups are developing LecB inhibitors. However, the role of LecB in host-pathogen interactions is not well understood. The significance of our research is in identifying cellular mechanisms of how LecB facilitates P. aeruginosa infection. We introduce LecB as a new member of the list of bacterial molecules that bind integrins and show that P. aeruginosa can move forward underneath attached epithelial cells by loosening cell-basement membrane attachment in a LecB-dependent manner. The opportunistic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces the fucose-specific lectin LecB, which has been identified as a virulence factor. LecB has a tetrameric structure with four opposing binding sites and has been shown to act as a cross-linker. Here, we demonstrate that LecB strongly binds to the glycosylated moieties of β1-integrins on the basolateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells and causes rapid integrin endocytosis. Whereas internalized integrins were degraded via a lysosomal pathway, washout of LecB restored integrin cell surface localization, thus indicating a specific and direct action of LecB on integrins to bring about their endocytosis. Interestingly, LecB was able to trigger uptake of active and inactive β1-integrins and also of complete α3β1-integrin–laminin complexes. We provide a mechanistic explanation for this unique endocytic process by showing that LecB has the additional ability to recognize fucose-bearing glycosphingolipids and causes the formation of membrane invaginations on giant unilamellar vesicles. In cells, LecB recruited integrins to these invaginations by cross-linking integrins and glycosphingolipids. In epithelial wound healing assays, LecB specifically cleared integrins from the surface of cells located at the wound edge and blocked cell migration and wound healing in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the wild-type P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 was able to loosen cell-substrate adhesion in order to crawl underneath exposed cells, whereas knockout of LecB significantly reduced crawling events. Based on these results, we suggest that LecB has a role in disseminating bacteria along the cell-basement membrane interface.
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Bertuzzi M, Hayes GE, Bignell EM. Microbial uptake by the respiratory epithelium: outcomes for host and pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:145-161. [PMID: 30657899 PMCID: PMC6435450 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular occupancy of the respiratory epithelium is a useful pathogenic strategy facilitating microbial replication and evasion of professional phagocytes or circulating antimicrobial drugs. A less appreciated but growing body of evidence indicates that the airway epithelium also plays a crucial role in host defence against inhaled pathogens, by promoting ingestion and quelling of microorganisms, processes that become subverted to favour pathogen activities and promote respiratory disease. To achieve a deeper understanding of beneficial and deleterious activities of respiratory epithelia during antimicrobial defence, we have comprehensively surveyed all current knowledge on airway epithelial uptake of bacterial and fungal pathogens. We find that microbial uptake by airway epithelial cells (AECs) is a common feature of respiratory host-microbe interactions whose stepwise execution, and impacts upon the host, vary by pathogen. Amidst the diversity of underlying mechanisms and disease outcomes, we identify four key infection scenarios and use best-characterised host-pathogen interactions as prototypical examples of each. The emergent view is one in which effi-ciency of AEC-mediated pathogen clearance correlates directly with severity of disease outcome, therefore highlighting an important unmet need to broaden our understanding of the antimicrobial properties of respiratory epithelia and associated drivers of pathogen entry and intracellular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bertuzzi
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health. The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Biology, Medicine and Health. The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre
| | - Gemma E Hayes
- Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust, North Devon District Hospital, Raleigh Park, Barnstaple EX31 4JB, UK
| | - Elaine M Bignell
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health. The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Core Technology Facility, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Biology, Medicine and Health. The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre
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13
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Cavenague MF, Teixeira AF, Filho AS, Souza GO, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Nascimento ALTO. Characterization of a novel protein of Leptospira interrogans exhibiting plasminogen, vitronectin and complement binding properties. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:116-129. [PMID: 30638770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a severe zoonosis caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. This work focuses on a hypothetical protein of unknown function, encoded by the gene LIC13259, and predicted to be a surface protein, widely distributed among pathogenic leptospiral strain. The gene was amplified from L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni, strain Fiocruz L1-130, cloned and the protein expressed using Escherichia coli as a host system. Immunofluorescence assay showed that the protein is surface-exposed. The recombinant protein LIC13259 (rLIC13259) has the ability to interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) laminin, in a dose-dependent manner but saturation was not reach. The rLIC13259 protein is a plasminogen (PLG)-binding protein, generating plasmin, in the presence of urokinase PLG-activator uPA. The recombinant protein is able to mediate the binding to human purified terminal complement route vitronectin, C7, C8 and C9, and to recruit and interact with these components from normal human serum (NHS). These interactions are dose-dependent on NHS increased concentration. The binding of rLIC13259 to C8 and vitronectin was slight and pronounced inhibited in the presence of increasing heparin concentration, respectively, suggesting that the interaction with vitronectin occurs via heparin domain. Most interesting, the interaction of rLIC13259 with C9 protein was capable of preventing C9 polymerization, suggesting that the membrane attack complex (MAC) formation was inhibited. Thus, we tentatively assign the coding sequence (CDS) LIC13259, previously annotated as unknown function, as a novel protein that may play an important role in the host's invasion and immune evasion processes, contributing to the establishment of the leptospiral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Cavenague
- Laboratorio Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas - Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline F Teixeira
- Laboratorio Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas - Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio S Filho
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele O Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvio A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana L T O Nascimento
- Laboratorio Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas - Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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14
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De Gaetano GV, Pietrocola G, Romeo L, Galbo R, Lentini G, Giardina M, Biondo C, Midiri A, Mancuso G, Venza M, Venza I, Firon A, Trieu-Cuot P, Teti G, Speziale P, Beninati C. The Streptococcus agalactiae cell wall-anchored protein PbsP mediates adhesion to and invasion of epithelial cells by exploiting the host vitronectin/α v integrin axis. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:82-94. [PMID: 30030946 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Binding of microbial pathogens to host vitronectin (Vtn) is a common theme in the pathogenesis of invasive infections. In this study, we characterized the role of Vtn in the invasion of mucosal epithelial cells by Streptococcus agalactiae (i.e. group B streptococcus or GBS), a frequent human pathogen. Moreover, we identified PbsP, a previously described plasminogen-binding protein of GBS, as a dual adhesin that can also interact with human Vtn through its streptococcal surface repeat (SSURE) domains. Deletion of the pbsP gene decreases both bacterial adhesion to Vtn-coated inert surfaces and the ability of GBS to interact with epithelial cells. Bacterial adherence to and invasion of epithelial cells were either inhibited or enhanced by cell pretreatment with, respectively, anti-Vtn antibodies or Vtn, confirming the role of Vtn as a GBS ligand on host cells. Finally, antibodies directed against the integrin αv subunit inhibited Vtn-dependent cell invasion by GBS. Collectively, these results indicate that Vtn acts as a bridge between the SSURE domains of PbsP on the GBS surface and host integrins to promote bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. Therefore, inhibition of interactions between PbsP and extracellular matrix components could represent a viable strategy to prevent colonization and invasive disease by GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valerio De Gaetano
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Departments of Human Pathology, Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Letizia Romeo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Galbo
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Departments of Human Pathology, Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Germana Lentini
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Departments of Human Pathology, Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Miriam Giardina
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Departments of Human Pathology, Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Biondo
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Departments of Human Pathology, Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angelina Midiri
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Departments of Human Pathology, Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mancuso
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Departments of Human Pathology, Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Venza
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Departments of Human Pathology, Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Isabella Venza
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Departments of Human Pathology, Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Arnaud Firon
- Institut Pasteur, Unite de Biologie des Bacteriés Pathogènes a Gram positif, CNRS ERL6002, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Trieu-Cuot
- Institut Pasteur, Unite de Biologie des Bacteriés Pathogènes a Gram positif, CNRS ERL6002, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Teti
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Departments of Human Pathology, Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Concetta Beninati
- Metchnikoff Laboratory, Departments of Human Pathology, Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Scylla Biotech Srl, Messina, Italy
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15
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Fish AI, Riley SP, Singh B, Riesbeck K, Martinez JJ. The Rickettsia conorii Adr1 Interacts with the C-Terminus of Human Vitronectin in a Salt-Sensitive Manner. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:61. [PMID: 28299286 PMCID: PMC5331051 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia species are inoculated into the mammalian bloodstream by hematophagous arthropods. Once in the bloodstream and during dissemination, the survival of these pathogens is dependent upon the ability of these bacteria to evade serum-borne host defenses until a proper cellular host is reached. Rickettsia conorii expresses an outer membrane protein, Adr1, which binds the complement inhibitory protein vitronectin to promote resistance to the anti-bacterial effects of the terminal complement complex. Adr1 is predicted to consist of 8 transmembrane beta sheets that form a membrane-spanning barrel with 4 peptide loops exposed to the extracellular environment. We previously demonstrated that Adr1 derivatives containing either loop 3 or 4 are sufficient to bind Vn and mediate resistance to serum killing when expressed at the outer-membrane of E. coli. By expressing R. conorii Adr1 on the surface of non-pathogenic E. coli, we demonstrate that the interaction between Adr1 and vitronectin is salt-sensitive and cannot be interrupted by addition of heparin. Additionally, we utilized vitroenctin-derived peptides to map the minimal Adr1/vitronectin interaction to the C-terminal region of vitronectin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that specific charged amino acid residues located within loops 3 and 4 of Adr1 are critical for mediating resistance to complement-mediated killing. Interestingly, Adr1 mutants that were no longer sufficient to mediate resistance to serum killing still retained the ability to bind to Vn, suggesting that Adr1-Vn interactions responsible for resistance to serum killing are more complex than originally hypothesized. In summary, elucidation of the mechanisms governing Adr1-Vn binding will be useful to specifically target this protein-protein interaction for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail I Fish
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Sean P Riley
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Birendra Singh
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University Malmö, Sweden
| | - Juan J Martinez
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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16
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Hallström T, Singh B, Kraiczy P, Hammerschmidt S, Skerka C, Zipfel PF, Riesbeck K. Conserved Patterns of Microbial Immune Escape: Pathogenic Microbes of Diverse Origin Target the Human Terminal Complement Inhibitor Vitronectin via a Single Common Motif. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147709. [PMID: 26808444 PMCID: PMC4725753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenicity of many microbes relies on their capacity to resist innate immunity, and to survive and persist in an immunocompetent human host microbes have developed highly efficient and sophisticated complement evasion strategies. Here we show that different human pathogens including Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, acquire the human terminal complement regulator vitronectin to their surface. By using truncated vitronectin fragments we found that all analyzed microbial pathogens (n = 13) bound human vitronectin via the same C-terminal heparin-binding domain (amino acids 352-374). This specific interaction leaves the terminal complement complex (TCC) regulatory region of vitronectin accessible, allowing inhibition of C5b-7 membrane insertion and C9 polymerization. Vitronectin complexed with the various microbes and corresponding proteins was thus functionally active and inhibited complement-mediated C5b-9 deposition. Taken together, diverse microbial pathogens expressing different structurally unrelated vitronectin-binding molecules interact with host vitronectin via the same conserved region to allow versatile control of the host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia Hallström
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Birendra Singh
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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17
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Al-Jubair T, Mukherjee O, Oosterhuis S, Singh B, Su YC, Fleury C, Blom AM, Törnroth-Horsefield S, Riesbeck K. Haemophilus influenzae Type f Hijacks Vitronectin Using Protein H To Resist Host Innate Immunity and Adhere to Pulmonary Epithelial Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5688-95. [PMID: 26538390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease has significantly decreased since the introduction of an efficient vaccine against Hib. However, in contrast to Hib, infections caused by H. influenzae serotype f (Hif) are emerging. We recently did a whole genome sequencing of an invasive Hif isolate, and reported that Hif interacts with factor H by expressing protein H (PH). In this study, upon screening with various human complement regulators, we revealed that PH is also a receptor for vitronectin (Vn), an abundant plasma protein that regulates the terminal pathway of the human complement system in addition to being a component of the extracellular matrix. Bacterial Vn binding was significantly reduced when the lph gene encoding PH was deleted in an invasive Hif isolate. The dissociation constant (KD) of the interaction between recombinant PH and Vn was 2.2 μM, as revealed by Biolayer interferometry. We found that PH has different regions for simultaneous interaction with both Vn and factor H, and that it recognized the C-terminal part of Vn (aa 352-362). Importantly, PH-dependent Vn binding resulted in better survival of the wild-type Hif or PH-expressing Escherichia coli when exposed to human serum. Finally, we observed that PH mediated an increased bacterial adherence to alveolar epithelial cells in the presence of Vn. In conclusion, our study reveals that PH most likely plays an important role in Hif pathogenesis by increasing serum resistance and adhesion to the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim Al-Jubair
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sharon Oosterhuis
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Birendra Singh
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christophe Fleury
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna M Blom
- Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden; and
| | | | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden;
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18
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Uses Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase (Lpd) to Bind to the Human Terminal Pathway Regulators Vitronectin and Clusterin to Inhibit Terminal Pathway Complement Attack. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137630. [PMID: 26368530 PMCID: PMC4569481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa controls host innate immune and complement attack. Here we identify Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (Lpd), a 57 kDa moonlighting protein, as the first P. aeruginosa protein that binds the two human terminal pathway inhibitors vitronectin and clusterin. Both human regulators when bound to the bacterium inhibited effector function of the terminal complement, blocked C5b-9 deposition and protected the bacterium from complement damage. P. aeruginosa when challenged with complement active human serum depleted from vitronectin was severely damaged and bacterial survival was reduced by over 50%. Similarly, when in human serum clusterin was blocked by a mAb, bacterial survival was reduced by 44%. Thus, demonstrating that Pseudomonas benefits from attachment of each human regulator and controls complement attack. The Lpd binding site in vitronectin was localized to the C-terminal region, i.e. to residues 354-363. Thus, Lpd of P. aeruginosa is a surface exposed moonlighting protein that binds two human terminal pathway inhibitors, vitronectin and clusterin and each human inhibitor when attached protected the bacterial pathogen from the action of the terminal complement pathway. Our results showed insights into the important function of Lpd as a complement regulator binding protein that might play an important role in virulence of P. aeruginosa.
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19
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Paulsson M, Singh B, Al-Jubair T, Su YC, Høiby N, Riesbeck K. Identification of outer membrane Porin D as a vitronectin-binding factor in cystic fibrosis clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Cyst Fibros 2015; 14:600-7. [PMID: 26047937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen that frequently colonizes patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several pathogens are known to bind vitronectin to increase their virulence. Vitronectin has been shown to enhance P. aeruginosa adhesion to host epithelial cells. METHODS We screened clinical isolates from the airways of CF patients and from the bloodstream of patients with bacteremia for binding of vitronectin. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and a proteomic approach were used to identify vitronectin-receptors in P. aeruginosa. RESULTS P. aeruginosa from the airways of CF patients (n=27) bound more vitronectin than bacteremic isolates (n=15, p=0.025). Porin D (OprD) was identified as a vitronectin-binding protein. A P. aeruginosa oprD transposon insertion mutant had a decreased binding to soluble and immobilized vitronectin (p≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from CF patients significantly bound vitronectin. Porin D was defined as a novel P. aeruginosa vitronectin-receptor, and we postulate that the Porin D-dependent interaction with vitronectin may be important for colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Paulsson
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Birendra Singh
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tamim Al-Jubair
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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20
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A fine-tuned interaction between trimeric autotransporter haemophilus surface fibrils and vitronectin leads to serum resistance and adherence to respiratory epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2378-89. [PMID: 24664511 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01636-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) escapes the host immune system by recruitment of the complement regulator vitronectin, which inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) by inhibiting C5b-C7 complex formation and C9 polymerization. We reported previously that Hib acquires vitronectin at the surface by using Haemophilus surface fibrils (Hsf). Here we studied in detail the interaction between Hsf and vitronectin and its role in the inhibition of MAC formation and the invasion of lung epithelial cells. The vitronectin-binding region of Hsf was defined at the N-terminal region comprising Hsf amino acids 429 to 652. Moreover, the Hsf recognition site on vitronectin consisted of the C-terminal amino acids 352 to 374. H. influenzae was killed more rapidly in vitronectin-depleted serum than in normal human serum (NHS), and increased MAC deposition was observed at the surface of an Hsf-deficient H. influenzae mutant. In parallel, Hsf-expressing Escherichia coli selectively acquired vitronectin from serum, resulting in significant inhibition of the MAC. Moreover, when vitronectin was bound to Hsf, increased bacterial adherence and internalization into epithelial cells were observed. Taking our findings together, we have defined a fine-tuned protein-protein interaction between Hsf and vitronectin that may contribute to increased Hib virulence.
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21
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Porphyromonas gingivalis modulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced apoptosis of respiratory epithelial cells through the STAT3 signaling pathway. Microbes Infect 2013; 16:17-27. [PMID: 24140557 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic bacterial pathogen, causing infections of respiratory and other organ systems in immunocompromised hosts that may invade and proliferate in mucosal epithelial cells to induce apoptosis. Previous studies suggest that oral bacteria, especially gram-negative periodontal pathogens, may enhance P. aeruginosa invasion into respiratory epithelial cells to augment tissue destruction. In this study, we investigated the effect of the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis on P. aeruginosa-induced epithelial cell apoptosis. P. gingivalis invasion transiently inhibited P. aeruginosa-induced apoptosis in respiratory epithelial cells via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. The activated STAT3 up-regulated the downstream anti-apoptotic moleculars survivin and B-cell leukemia-2 (bcl-2). This process was accompanied by down-regulation of pro-apoptosis molecular Bcl-2-associated death promoter (bad) and caspase-3 activity inhibition. In addition, the activation of the STAT3 pathway was affected by P. gingivalis in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, co-invasion of P. aeruginosa and P. gingivalis led to greater cell death compared with P. aeruginosa challenge alone. These results suggest that regulation of P. aeruginosa-induced apoptosis by P. gingivalis contributes to the pathogenesis of respiratory disease. Interference with this process may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of respiratory disease.
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22
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Pott GB, Beard KS, Bryan CL, Merrick DT, Shapiro L. Alpha-1 antitrypsin reduces severity of pseudomonas pneumonia in mice and inhibits epithelial barrier disruption and pseudomonas invasion of respiratory epithelial cells. Front Public Health 2013; 1:19. [PMID: 24350188 PMCID: PMC3854847 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2013.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial pneumonia (NP) is the third most common hospital-acquired infection and the leading cause of death due to hospital-acquired infection in the US. During pneumonia and non-pneumonia severe illness, respiratory tract secretions become enriched with the serine protease neutrophil elastase (NE). Several NE activities promote onset and severity of NP. NE in the airways causes proteolytic tissue damage, augments inflammation, may promote invasion of respiratory epithelium by bacteria, and disrupts respiratory epithelial barrier function. These NE activities culminate in enhanced bacterial replication, impaired gas exchange, fluid intrusion into the airways, and loss of bacterial containment that can result in bacteremia. Therefore, neutralizing NE activity may reduce the frequency and severity of NP. We evaluated human alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), the prototype endogenous NE inhibitor, as a suppressor of bacterial pneumonia and pneumonia-related pathogenesis. In AAT+/+ transgenic mice that express human AAT in lungs, mortality due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aer) pneumonia was reduced 90% compared to non-transgenic control animals. Exogenous human AAT given to non-transgenic mice also significantly reduced P.aer pneumonia mortality. P.aer-infected AAT+/+ mice demonstrated reduced lung tissue damage, decreased bacterial concentrations in lungs and blood, and diminished circulating cytokine concentrations compared to infected non-transgenic mice. In vitro, AAT suppressed P.aer internalization into respiratory epithelial cells and inhibited NE or P.aer-induced disruption of epithelial cell barrier function. The beneficial effects of human AAT in murine P.aer pneumonia raise the possibility of AAT use as a prophylactic treatment for NP in humans, and suggest a role for AAT as an innate immune mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Pott
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Denver, CO , USA ; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - K Scott Beard
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Denver, CO , USA ; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Courtney L Bryan
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Denver, CO , USA ; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | | | - Leland Shapiro
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Denver, CO , USA ; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
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23
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Larrosa M, Truchado P, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA, Allende A, García-Conesa MT. Evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) adhesion to human alveolar epithelial cells A549 using SYTO 9 dye. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 26:121-6. [PMID: 22464926 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an aerobic Gram-negative bacterium characterized by a natural resistance to several antibiotics. It is a major cause of nosocomial infections in patients with compromised host defence mechanisms mainly related to the respiratory tract. P. aeruginosa infection first step is the adhesion of the bacteria to the host cells and thus, the development of techniques that can easily assess adhesion of bacteria strains and of bacteria isolated from biological samples is fundamental. The aim of our work was to develop a fast and effective method to evaluate the adhesion of P. aeruginosa to bronchial epithelial cells. To meet our goal we optimized a staining protocol using the vital dye SYTO 9 and P. aeruginosa PAO1. We established the appropriate dying conditions as well as the stability of the stained bacteria. Adhesion was first measured using the traditional plate counting method and then, adhesion values were compared to those obtained using a fluorescence microplate reader and epifluorescence microscopy. Our results show that the use of SYTO 9 does not interfere with the bacteria viability, bacteria cell growth, and adhesion of P. aeruginosa to A549 epithelial cells. Both the fluorescence microplate reader and the epifluorescence microscopy gave similar results to those attained with the plate counting method, however, the epifluorescence microscopy also allowed for simultaneous discrimination of damaging effects on the human cells. Overall, our data indicate that the use of SYTO 9 combined with a fluorescence microplate reader or an epifluorescence microscope provides a rapid method to evaluate the adhesion of P. aeruginosa to human epithelial cells. However, to show unequivocally that a specific drug or compound has a truly inhibitory effect on the bacterial adhesion without affecting the number of human cells, the epifluorescence microscopy is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Larrosa
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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24
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Johnson MDL, Garrett CK, Bond JE, Coggan KA, Wolfgang MC, Redinbo MR. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PilY1 binds integrin in an RGD- and calcium-dependent manner. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29629. [PMID: 22242136 PMCID: PMC3248442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PilY1 is a type IV pilus (tfp)-associated protein from the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa that shares functional similarity with related proteins in infectious Neisseria and Kingella species. Previous data have shown that PilY1 acts as a calcium-dependent pilus biogenesis factor necessary for twitching motility with a specific calcium binding site located at amino acids 850–859 in the 1,163 residue protein. In addition to motility, PilY1 is also thought to play an important role in the adhesion of P. aeruginosa tfp to host epithelial cells. Here, we show that PilY1 contains an integrin binding arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif located at residues 619–621 in the PilY1 from the PAK strain of P. aeruginosa; this motif is conserved in the PilY1s from the other P. aeruginosa strains of known sequence. We demonstrate that purified PilY1 binds integrin in vitro in an RGD-dependent manner. Furthermore, we identify a second calcium binding site (amino acids 600–608) located ten residues upstream of the RGD. Eliminating calcium binding from this site using a D608A mutation abolished integrin binding; in contrast, a calcium binding mimic (D608K) preserved integrin binding. Finally, we show that the previously established PilY1 calcium binding site at 851–859 also impacts the protein's association with integrin. Taken together, these data indicate that PilY1 binds to integrin in an RGD- and calcium-dependent manner in vitro. As such, P. aeruginosa may employ these interactions to mediate host epithelial cell binding in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. L. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Garrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Bond
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Coggan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Wolfgang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Redinbo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Singh B, Jalalvand F, Mörgelin M, Zipfel P, Blom AM, Riesbeck K. Haemophilus influenzae protein E recognizes the C-terminal domain of vitronectin and modulates the membrane attack complex. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:80-98. [PMID: 21542857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae protein E (PE) is a 16 kDa adhesin that induces a pro-inflammatory immune response in lung epithelial cells. The active epithelial binding region comprising amino acids PE 84-108 also interferes with complement-mediated bacterial killing by capturing vitronectin (Vn) that prevents complement deposition and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). Here, the interaction between PE and Vn was characterized using site-directed mutagenesis. Protein E variants were produced both in soluble forms and in surface-expressed molecules on Escherichia coli. Mutations within PE(84-108) in the full-length molecule revealed that K85 and R86 residues were important for the Vn binding. Bactericidal activity against H. influenzae was higher in human serum pre-treated with full-length PE as compared with serum incubated with PE(K85E, R86D) , suggesting that PE quenched Vn. A series of truncated Vn molecules revealed that the C-terminal domain comprising Vn(353-363) harboured the major binding region for PE. Interestingly, MAC deposition was significantly higher on mutants devoid of PE due to a decreased Vn-binding capacity when compared with wild-type H. influenzae. Our results define a fine-tuned interaction between H. influenzae and the innate immune system, and identify the mode of control of the MAC that is important for pathogen complement evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birendra Singh
- Medical Microbiology and Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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26
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Singh B, Su YC, Riesbeck K. Vitronectin in bacterial pathogenesis: a host protein used in complement escape and cellular invasion. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:545-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Singh B, Blom AM, Unal C, Nilson B, Mörgelin M, Riesbeck K. Vitronectin binds to the head region ofMoraxella catarrhalisubiquitous surface protein A2 and confers complement-inhibitory activity. Mol Microbiol 2010; 75:1426-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Gravelle S, Barnes R, Hawdon N, Shewchuk L, Eibl J, Lam JS, Ulanova M. Up-regulation of integrin expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells caused by bacterial infection: in vitro study. Innate Immun 2009; 16:14-26. [PMID: 19710103 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909106170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a large family of adhesion receptors that are known to be key signaling molecules in both physiological and pathological processes. Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of integrin receptors in the pulmonary epithelium can change under various pathological conditions, such as injury, inflammation, or malignant transformation. We hypothesize that integrin expression can be altered by stimulation of lung epithelial cells with an opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using the A549 adenocarcinoma cell line that expressed a low level of several integrin subunits we have demonstrated that P. aeruginosa infection in vitro caused a rapid up-regulation of α5, αv, β1, and β4 integrins at both the mRNA and protein level. Neither heat-killed P. aeruginosa strain PAK nor its live isogenic mutants lacking pili or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core oligosaccharide showed any effect on integrin expression in A549 cells as compared to the use of the wild-type PAK strain. These results establish that up-regulation of integrin expression is dependent on the internalization of live bacteria possessing intact pili and LPS. Gene silencing of integrin-linked kinase in A549 cells caused a significant decrease in the release of proinflammatory cytokines in response to P. aeruginosa stimulation. Although further studies are warranted towards understanding the precise role of integrin receptors in prominent inflammation caused by P. aeruginosa, our findings suggest a possibility of using specific integrin inhibitors for therapy of pulmonary inflammatory conditions caused by pathogenic micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Gravelle
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine West Campus, Ontario, Canada, Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca Barnes
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine West Campus, Ontario, Canada, Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Hawdon
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine West Campus, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee Shewchuk
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine West Campus, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Eibl
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine East Campus, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph S. Lam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Ulanova
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine West Campus, Ontario, Canada, Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Hallström T, Blom AM, Zipfel PF, Riesbeck K. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein E binds vitronectin and is important for serum resistance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:2593-601. [PMID: 19635912 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) commonly causes local disease in the upper and lower respiratory tract and has recently been shown to interfere with both the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation. The terminal pathway of the complement system is regulated by vitronectin that is a component of both plasma and the extracellular matrix. In this study, we identify protein E (PE; 16 kDa), which is a recently characterized ubiquitous outer membrane protein, as a vitronectin-binding protein of NTHi. A PE-deficient NTHi mutant had a markedly reduced survival in serum compared with the PE-expressing isogenic NTHi wild type. Moreover, the PE-deficient mutant showed a significantly decreased binding to both soluble and immobilized vitronectin. In parallel, PE-expressing Escherichia coli bound soluble vitronectin and adhered to immobilized vitronectin compared with controls. Surface plasmon resonance technology revealed a K(D) of 0.4 microM for the interaction between recombinant PE and immobilized vitronectin. Moreover, the PE-dependent vitronectin-binding site was located at the heparin-binding domains of vitronectin and the major vitronectin-binding domain was found in the central core of PE (aa 84-108). Importantly, vitronectin bound to the surface of NTHi 3655 reduced membrane attack complex-induced hemolysis. In contrast to incubation with normal human serum, NTHi 3655 showed a reduced survival in vitronectin-depleted human serum, thus demonstrating that vitronectin mediates a protective role at the bacterial surface. Our findings show that PE, by binding vitronectin, may play an important role in NTHi pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia Hallström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
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30
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Ulanova M, Gravelle S, Barnes R. The role of epithelial integrin receptors in recognition of pulmonary pathogens. J Innate Immun 2008; 1:4-17. [PMID: 20375562 PMCID: PMC7190199 DOI: 10.1159/000141865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a large family of heterodimeric transmembrane cell adhesion receptors. During the last decade, it has become clear that integrins significantly participate in various host-pathogen interactions involving pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Many bacteria possess adhesins that can bind either directly or indirectly to integrins. However, there appears to be an emerging role for integrins beyond simply adhesion molecules. Given the conserved nature of integrin structure and function, and the diversity of the pathogens which use integrins, it appears that they may act as pattern recognition receptors important for the innate immune response. Several clinically significant bacterial pathogens target lung epithelial integrins, and this review will focus on exploring various structures and mechanisms involved in these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ulanova
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ont., Canada.
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31
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Barnes RJ, Leung KT, Schraft H, Ulanova M. Chromosomalgfplabelling ofPseudomonas aeruginosausing a mini-Tn7transposon: application for studies of bacteria–host interactions. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:48-57. [DOI: 10.1139/w07-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of bacterial interactions with host cells using multiple techniques is essential for studies on microbial pathogenesis and for the development of new antimicrobial therapies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe, often life-threatening pulmonary infections in individuals with impaired host defense mechanisms. Using a mini-Tn7 transposon delivery system, we have chromosomally labelled the strain P. aeruginosa PAK with a green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) and tested PAKgfp as a research tool for studies of bacteria–host interactions. We were able to reliably and rapidly measure the interactions of PAKgfp with A549 human lung epithelial cells by using flow cytometry, a fluorometric microplate reader-based assay, and fluorescence microscopy. With these analytical tools, we have demonstrated the adhesion of PAKgfp to the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin and the involvement of fibronectin in PAKgfp–A549 cell interactions. PAKgfp can be successfully used to explore the effects of various pharmacological compounds on P. aeruginosa – host cell interactions in both in vitro and in vivo systems, with potentially important medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Barnes
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, West Campus, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Kam Tin Leung
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, West Campus, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Heidi Schraft
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, West Campus, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Marina Ulanova
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, West Campus, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
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32
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Scibelli A, Roperto S, Manna L, Pavone LM, Tafuri S, Della Morte R, Staiano N. Engagement of integrins as a cellular route of invasion by bacterial pathogens. Vet J 2007; 173:482-91. [PMID: 16546423 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric receptors that mediate important cell functions, including cell adhesion, migration and tissue organisation. These transmembrane receptors regulate the direct association of cells with each other and with extracellular matrix proteins. However, by binding their ligands, integrins provide a transmembrane link for the bidirectional transmission of mechanical forces and biochemical signals across the plasma membrane. Interestingly, several of this family of receptors are exploited by pathogens to establish contact with the host cells. Hence, microbes subvert normal eukaryotic cell processes to create a specialised niche which allows their survival. This review highlights the fundamental role of integrins in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Scibelli
- Dipartimento di Strutture, Funzioni e Tecnologie Biologiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
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33
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Lau GW, Hassett DJ, Britigan BE. Modulation of lung epithelial functions by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Trends Microbiol 2005; 13:389-97. [PMID: 15951179 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2005.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms gain access to the airways and respiratory epithelial surface during normal breathing. Most inhaled microbes are trapped on the mucous layer coating the nasal epithelium and upper respiratory tract, and are cleared by ciliary motion. Microorganisms reaching the alveolar spaces are deposited on the pulmonary epithelium. This contact initiates complex offensive and defensive strategies by both parties. Here, we briefly outline how the pulmonary pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses multi-pronged strategies that include cell surface appendages, and secreted and injected virulence determinants to switch from an unobtrusive soil bacterium to a pathogen for lung epithelium colonization. Understanding the complex interactions between the lung epithelium and P. aeruginosa might enable more effective therapeutic strategies against infection in cystic fibrosis and immuno-compromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee W Lau
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0557, USA
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