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Rey Redondo E, Xu Y, Yung CCM. Genomic characterisation and ecological distribution of Mantoniella tinhauana: a novel Mamiellophycean green alga from the Western Pacific. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1358574. [PMID: 38774501 PMCID: PMC11106453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1358574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mamiellophyceae are dominant marine algae in much of the ocean, the most prevalent genera belonging to the order Mamiellales: Micromonas, Ostreococcus and Bathycoccus, whose genetics and global distributions have been extensively studied. Conversely, the genus Mantoniella, despite its potential ecological importance, remains relatively under-characterised. In this study, we isolated and characterised a novel species of Mamiellophyceae, Mantoniella tinhauana, from subtropical coastal waters in the South China Sea. Morphologically, it resembles other Mantoniella species; however, a comparative analysis of the 18S and ITS2 marker genes revealed its genetic distinctiveness. Furthermore, we sequenced and assembled the first genome of Mantoniella tinhauana, uncovering significant differences from previously studied Mamiellophyceae species. Notably, the genome lacked any detectable outlier chromosomes and exhibited numerous unique orthogroups. We explored gene groups associated with meiosis, scale and flagella formation, shedding light on species divergence, yet further investigation is warranted. To elucidate the biogeography of Mantoniella tinhauana, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using global metagenomic read mapping to the newly sequenced genome. Our findings indicate this species exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution with a low-level prevalence worldwide. Understanding the intricate dynamics between Mamiellophyceae and the environment is crucial for comprehending their impact on the ocean ecosystem and accurately predicting their response to forthcoming environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charmaine Cheuk Man Yung
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Doni L, Tassistro G, Oliveri C, Balbi T, Auguste M, Pallavicini A, Canesi L, Pruzzo C, Vezzulli L. Plankton and marine aggregates as transmission vectors for V. aestuarianus 02/041 infecting the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 15:631-641. [PMID: 37776112 PMCID: PMC10667632 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio aestuarianus is a bacterium related to mass mortality outbreaks of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas in Europe. In this study, the role of different planktonic substrates (phytoplankton cells, marine aggregates and chitin fragments) in mediating V. aestuarianus 02/041 infection of oysters was evaluated by controlled infection experiments. It was shown that phytoplankton cells and, to a greater extent, marine aggregates, significantly promote V. aestuarianus 02/041 intake by C. gigas maintained under stressful conditions in the laboratory. Such intake is associated with higher concentration of the pathogen in the bivalve hemolymph and compromised health status of infected oysters. In contrast, chitin particles do not play a significant role as transmission vector for V. aestuarianus 02/041 infecting its bivalve host. Interestingly, incorporation into marine aggregates foster extracellular proteases (ECPs) activity and a higher expression of bacterial virulence genes, that are potentially involved in bivalve infection. Results from this study contribute to elucidate transmission patterns of V. aestuarianus 02/041 to C. gigas that may be useful for the development of efficient measures to prevent and control oyster disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Doni
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Giovanni Tassistro
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Caterina Oliveri
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Teresa Balbi
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
- National Biodiversity Future CenterPalermoItaly
| | - Manon Auguste
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
- Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNapoliItaly
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
- National Biodiversity Future CenterPalermoItaly
| | - Carla Pruzzo
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Luigi Vezzulli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV)University of GenoaGenoaItaly
- National Biodiversity Future CenterPalermoItaly
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3
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Bernardini I, Fabrello J, Vecchiato M, Ferraresso S, Babbucci M, Peruzza L, Rovere GD, Masiero L, Marin MG, Bargelloni L, Gambaro A, Patarnello T, Matozzo V, Milan M. Effects of environmental concentrations of the fragrance amyl salicylate on the mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119502. [PMID: 35605833 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amyl salicylate (AS) is a fragrance massively used as a personal care product and following the discharged in wastewaters may end up in the aquatic environment representing a potential threat for the ecosystem and living organisms. AS was recently detected in water of the Venice Lagoon, a vulnerable area continuously subjected to the income of anthropogenic chemicals. The lagoon is a relevant area for mollusc farming, including the Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) having an important economic and ecological role. Despite high levels of AS occurred in water of the Lagoon of Venice, no studies investigated the possible consequences of AS exposures on species inhabiting this ecosystem to date. For the first time, we applied a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the potential effects of the fragrance AS on Mediterranean mussels. To reach such a goal, bioaccumulation, cellular, biochemical, and molecular analyses (RNA-seq and microbiota characterization) were measured in mussels treated for 7 and 14 days with different AS Venice lagoon environmental levels (0.1 and 0.5 μg L-1). Despite chemical investigations suggested low AS bioaccumulation capability, cellular and molecular analyses highlighted the disruption of several key cellular processes after the prolonged exposures to the high AS concentration. Among them, potential immunotoxicity and changes in transcriptional regulation of pathways involved in energy metabolism, stress response, apoptosis and cell death regulations have been observed. Conversely, exposure to the low AS concentration demonstrated weak transcriptional changes and transient increased representation of opportunistic pathogens, as Arcobacter genus and Vibrio aestuarianus. Summarizing, this study provides the first overview on the effects of AS on one of the most widely farmed mollusk species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bernardini
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - J Fabrello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - M Vecchiato
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - S Ferraresso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - M Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - L Peruzza
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - G Dalla Rovere
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - L Masiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - M G Marin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - L Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - A Gambaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - T Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - V Matozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - M Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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4
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Vignier J, Laroche O, Rolton A, Wadsworth P, Kumanan K, Trochel B, Pochon X, King N. Dietary Exposure of Pacific Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) Larvae to Compromised Microalgae Results in Impaired Fitness and Microbiome Shift. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:706214. [PMID: 34504478 PMCID: PMC8421776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.706214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is the world's most cultivated oyster and seed supply is heavily reliant on hatchery production where recurring mass mortality events are a major constraint. Outbreaks of bacterial infection via microalgal feed are frequently implicated in these mortalities. This study assessed the effects of feeding compromised microalgae to developing oyster larvae. Intentionally 'stressed' (high pH) or non-stressed microalgae were fed to 11 day-old oyster larvae at two feeding rations for 96 h, followed by a recovery period. Biological endpoints of larval performance were measured following the 96 h exposure and subsequent recovery. Bacterial communities associated with the microalgae feed, rearing seawater, and the oyster larvae, were characterized and correlated with effects on oyster fitness parameters. Feeding stressed algae to oyster larvae for 96 h increased the occurrence of deformities (>70% vs. 20% in control), reduced feeding and swimming ability, and slowed development. Following the recovery period, fewer larvae reached pediveliger stage (2.7% vs. 36% in control) and became spat (1.5% vs. 6.6% in control). The quantity of stressed algae supplied to oyster larvae also influenced overall larval performance, with high feeding rations generally causing greater impairment than low rations. Bacterial profiling using 16S rRNA showed that most bacterial families characterized in larval tissue were also present in larval rearing seawater and in the microalgae feed (98%). The rearing seawater showed the highest bacterial richness compared to the larval and the microalgal compartments, regardless of feeding regime. In larval tissue, bacterial richness was highest in stressed and high-feed treatments, and negatively correlated with larval fitness parameters. These results suggest significant dysbiosis induced by compromised feed and/or increased feed ration. Several bacterial genera (e.g., Halomonas, Marinomonas) were strongly associated with impaired larval performance while the presence of genera in larvae including Vibrio was closely associated with overfeeding. Our research demonstrated that metabarcoding can be effectively used to identify microbiota features associated with larval fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Vignier
- Aquaculture Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Laroche
- Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Anne Rolton
- Aquaculture Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Branwen Trochel
- Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Xavier Pochon
- Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Warkworth, New Zealand
| | - Nick King
- Aquaculture Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
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5
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Moussa M, Cauvin E, Le Piouffle A, Lucas O, Bidault A, Paillard C, Benoit F, Thuillier B, Treilles M, Travers MA, Garcia C. A MALDI-TOF MS database for fast identification of Vibrio spp. potentially pathogenic to marine mollusks. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2527-2539. [PMID: 33590268 PMCID: PMC7954726 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In mollusk aquaculture, a large number of Vibrio species are considered major pathogens. Conventional methods based on DNA amplification and sequencing used to accurately identify Vibrio species are unsuitable for monitoring programs because they are time-consuming and expensive. The aim of this study was, therefore, to develop the MALDI-TOF MS method in order to establish a rapid identification technique for a large panel of Vibrio species. We created the EnviBase containing 120 main spectra projections (MSP) of the Vibrio species that are potentially responsible for mollusk diseases, comprising 25 species: V. aestuarianus, V. cortegadensis, V. tapetis and species belonging to the Coralliilyticus, Harveyi, Mediterranei, and Orientalis clades. Each MSP was constructed by the merger of raw spectra obtained from three different media and generated by three collaborating laboratories to increase the diversity of the conditions and thus obtain a good technique robustness. Perfect discrimination was obtained with all of the MSP created for the Vibrio species and even for very closely related species as V. europaeus and V. bivalvicida. The new EnviBase library was validated through a blind test on 100 Vibrio strains performed by our three collaborators who used the direct transfer and protein extraction methods. The majority of the Vibrio strains were successfully identified with the newly created EnviBase by the three laboratories for both protocol methods. This study documents the first development of a freely accessible database exclusively devoted to Vibrio found in marine environments, taking into account the high diversity of this genus. KEY POINTS: • Development of a MALDI-TOF MS database to quickly affiliate Vibrio species. • Increase of the reactivity when faced with Vibrio associated with mollusk diseases. • Validation of MALDI-TOF MS as routine diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moussa
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, F-17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - E Cauvin
- Labeo-Manche, 1352 avenue de Paris, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - A Le Piouffle
- Labocea, Avenue de la Plage des Gueux, 29330, Quimper, France
| | - O Lucas
- Qualyse, ZI Montplaisir, 79220, Champdeniers Saint-Denis, France
| | - A Bidault
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, UMR6539 LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - C Paillard
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, UMR6539 LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - F Benoit
- Labeo-Manche, 1352 avenue de Paris, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - B Thuillier
- Labocea, Avenue de la Plage des Gueux, 29330, Quimper, France
| | - M Treilles
- Qualyse, ZI Montplaisir, 79220, Champdeniers Saint-Denis, France
| | - M A Travers
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, F-17390, La Tremblade, France
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, F-34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Garcia
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, F-17390, La Tremblade, France.
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6
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Garcia C, Mesnil A, Tourbiez D, Moussa M, Dubreuil C, Gonçalves de Sa A, Chollet B, Godfrin Y, Dégremont L, Serpin D, Travers MA. Vibrio aestuarianus subsp. cardii subsp. nov., pathogenic to the edible cockles Cerastoderma edule in France, and establishment of Vibrio aestuarianus subsp. aestuarianus subsp. nov. and Vibrio aestuarianus subsp. francensis subsp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:004654. [PMID: 33507857 PMCID: PMC8346768 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockle mortality events have been reported in northern France since 2012. In the present study, we describe and investigate the implication of a potential bacterial causative agent in cockle mortality. Bacteria isolated from five different cockle mortality events were characterized and studied. Using phenotypic analysis combined with DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) and whole genome sequencing, the isolates were shown to belong to Vibrio aestuarianus, a species regularly detected in France during oyster mortality events. Comparison of the strains from cockles with strains from French oysters and the type strain showed that the strains from cockles were genetically different to those from oysters and also different to the V. aestuarianus type strain. Moreover, the cockle and oyster strains were classified into two different, but close, groups both separated from the type strain by: (1) analyses of the ldh gene sequences; (2) DDH assays between 12/122 3T3T (LMG 31436T=DSM 109723T), a representative cockle strain, 02/041T (CIP 109791T=LMG 24517T) representative oyster strain and V. aestuarianus type strain LMG 7909T; (3) average nucleotide identity values calculated on the genomes; and (4) phenotypic traits. Finally, results of MALDI-TOF analyses also revealed specific peaks discriminating the three representative strains. The toxicity of representative strains of these cockle isolates was demonstrated by experimental infection of hatchery-produced cockles. The data therefore allow us to propose two novel subspecies of Vibrio aestuarianus: Vibrio aestuarianus subsp. cardii subsp. nov. for the cockle strains and Vibrio aestuarianus subsp. francensis subsp. nov. for the Pacific oyster strains, in addition to an emended description of the species Vibrio aestuarianus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Garcia
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Aurélie Mesnil
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Mirna Moussa
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Christine Dubreuil
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Amélie Gonçalves de Sa
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Bruno Chollet
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Yoann Godfrin
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Delphine Serpin
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34090 Montpellier, France
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7
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Elia AC, Burioli E, Magara G, Pastorino P, Caldaroni B, Menconi V, Dörr AJM, Colombero G, Abete MC, Prearo M. Oxidative stress ecology on Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas from lagoon and offshore Italian sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139886. [PMID: 32554117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Crassostrea gigas is a sentinel species along the Italian coast. In mussels, the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers can be modulated by several environmental pollutants or pathogens and also fluctuate in response to reproductive stages and seasonal changes. In this study, adult Crassostrea gigas were sampled during summer and autumn from two lagoon and two offshore sites along the Adriatic coast of Italy in order to investigate the influence of seasonality on oxidative stress biomarkers. Trace elements load of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn suggests low contamination for lagoon and offshore sites. Levels of total glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase were analyzed in digestive gland and gills of the Pacific oysters in June, July, September and October. OsHV-1 and Vibrio aestuarianus were detected in lagoon sites, but both pathogens did not affect the biomarkers levels in both tissues. Although several biological responses were found different among the four sites in the same month, principal component analysis revealed similar trend in biomarkers levels between sites during the whole sampling period. On the other hand, a different biochemical pattern through the months emerged, suggesting that the level of oxidative stress biomarkers in both tissues may be related to seasonal progress and biological cycle of oysters sampled from the two lagoons and offshore sites along the Italian coasts of the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | | | - Gabriele Magara
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Caldaroni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vasco Menconi
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Colombero
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
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8
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Mandas D, Salati F, Polinas M, Sanna MA, Zobba R, Burrai GP, Alberti A, Antuofermo E. Histopathological and Molecular Study of Pacific Oyster Tissues Provides Insights into V. aestuarianus Infection Related to Oyster Mortality. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060492. [PMID: 32575736 PMCID: PMC7350300 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer preference for healthy and sustainable food products has been steadily increasing in recent years. Bivalve mollusks satisfy these characteristics and have captured ever-increasing market shares. However, the expansion of molluscan culture in worldwide and global trade have favored the spread of pathogens around the world. Combined with environmental changes and intensive production systems this has contributed to the occurrence of mass mortality episodes, thus posing a threat to the production of different species, including the Pacific oyster Crassotrea gigas. In the San Teodoro lagoon, one of the most devoted lagoons to extensive Pacific oyster aquaculture in Sardinia, a mortality outbreak was observed with an estimated 80% final loss of animal production. A study combining cultural, biomolecular and histopathological methods was conducted: (1) to investigate the presence of different Vibrio species and OsHV-1 in selected oyster tissues (digestive gland, gills, and mantle); (2) to quantify Vibrio aestuarianus and to evaluate the severity of hemocyte infiltration in infected tissues; (3) to produce post-amplification data and evaluating ToxR gene as a target for phylogenetic analyses. Results provide new insights into V. aestuarianus infection related to oyster mortality outbreaks and pave the way to the development of tools for oyster management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mandas
- Fish Diseases and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Oristano, 09170 Oristano, Italy; (D.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Fulvio Salati
- Fish Diseases and Aquaculture Center, IZS of Oristano, 09170 Oristano, Italy; (D.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Marta Polinas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
| | - Marina Antonella Sanna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
| | - Rosanna Zobba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pietro Burrai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (E.A.); Tel.: +39-3209225647 (A.A.); +39-3398325369 (E.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Antuofermo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (M.A.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.B.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (E.A.); Tel.: +39-3209225647 (A.A.); +39-3398325369 (E.A.)
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9
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Charles M, Bernard I, Villalba A, Oden E, Burioli EA, Allain G, Trancart S, Bouchart V, Houssin M. High mortality of mussels in northern Brittany – Evaluation of the involvement of pathogens, pathological conditions and pollutants. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 170:107308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Lupo C, Travers MA, Tourbiez D, Barthélémy CF, Beaunée G, Ezanno P. Modeling the Transmission of Vibrio aestuarianus in Pacific Oysters Using Experimental Infection Data. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:142. [PMID: 31139636 PMCID: PMC6527844 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio aestuarianus is a bacterium related to mortality outbreaks in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, in France, Ireland, and Scotland since 2011. Knowledge about its transmission dynamics is still lacking, impairing guidance to prevent and control the related disease spread. Mathematical modeling is a relevant approach to better understand the determinants of a disease and predict its dynamics in imperfectly observed pathosystems. We developed here the first marine epidemiological model to estimate the key parameters of V. aestuarianus infection at a local scale in a small and closed oyster population under controlled laboratory conditions. Using a compartmental model accounting for free-living bacteria in seawater, we predicted the infection dynamics using dedicated and model-driven collected laboratory experimental transmission data. We estimated parameters and showed that waterborne transmission of V. aestuarianus is possible under experimental conditions, with a basic reproduction number R0 of 2.88 (95% CI: 1.86; 3.35), and a generation time of 5.5 days. Our results highlighted a bacterial dose–dependent transmission of vibriosis at local scale. Global sensitivity analyses indicated that the bacteria shedding rate, the concentration of bacteria in seawater that yields a 50% chance of catching the infection, and the initial bacterial exposure dose W0 were three critical parameters explaining most of the variation in the selected model outputs related to disease spread, i.e., R0, the maximum prevalence, oyster survival curve, and bacteria concentration in seawater. Prevention and control should target the exposure of oysters to bacterial concentration in seawater. This combined laboratory–modeling approach enabled us to maximize the use of information obtained through experiments. The identified key epidemiological parameters should be better refined by further dedicated laboratory experiments. These results revealed the importance of multidisciplinary approaches to gain consistent insights into the marine epidemiology of oyster diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Lupo
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M-LGPMM, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M-LGPMM, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M-LGPMM, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Clément Félix Barthélémy
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M-LGPMM, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
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11
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Jeunen G, Knapp M, Spencer HG, Taylor HR, Lamare MD, Stat M, Bunce M, Gemmell NJ. Species-level biodiversity assessment using marine environmental DNA metabarcoding requires protocol optimization and standardization. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1323-1335. [PMID: 30805162 PMCID: PMC6374651 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA extraction from environmental samples (environmental DNA; eDNA) for metabarcoding-based biodiversity studies is gaining popularity as a noninvasive, time-efficient, and cost-effective monitoring tool. The potential benefits are promising for marine conservation, as the marine biome is frequently under-surveyed due to its inaccessibility and the consequent high costs involved. With increasing numbers of eDNA-related publications have come a wide array of capture and extraction methods. Without visual species confirmation, inconsistent use of laboratory protocols hinders comparability between studies because the efficiency of target DNA isolation may vary. We determined an optimal protocol (capture and extraction) for marine eDNA research based on total DNA yield measurements by comparing commonly employed methods of seawater filtering and DNA isolation. We compared metabarcoding results of both targeted (small taxonomic group with species-level assignment) and universal (broad taxonomic group with genus/family-level assignment) approaches obtained from replicates treated with the optimal and a low-performance capture and extraction protocol to determine the impact of protocol choice and DNA yield on biodiversity detection. Filtration through cellulose-nitrate membranes and extraction with Qiagen's DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit outperformed other combinations of capture and extraction methods, showing a ninefold improvement in DNA yield over the poorest performing methods. Use of optimized protocols resulted in a significant increase in OTU and species richness for targeted metabarcoding assays. However, changing protocols made little difference to the OTU and taxon richness obtained using universal metabarcoding assays. Our results demonstrate an increased risk of false-negative species detection for targeted eDNA approaches when protocols with poor DNA isolation efficacy are employed. Appropriate optimization is therefore essential for eDNA monitoring to remain a powerful, efficient, and relatively cheap method for biodiversity assessments. For seawater, we advocate filtration through cellulose-nitrate membranes and extraction with Qiagen's DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit or phenol-chloroform-isoamyl for successful implementation of eDNA multi-marker metabarcoding surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert‐Jan Jeunen
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Michael Knapp
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | | | | | - Miles D. Lamare
- Department of Marine ScienceUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Michael Stat
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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12
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King WL, Jenkins C, Seymour JR, Labbate M. Oyster disease in a changing environment: Decrypting the link between pathogen, microbiome and environment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 143:124-140. [PMID: 30482397 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shifting environmental conditions are known to be important triggers of oyster diseases. The mechanism(s) behind these synergistic effects (interplay between host, environment and pathogen/s) are often not clear, although there is evidence that shifts in environmental conditions can affect oyster immunity, and pathogen growth and virulence. However, the impact of shifting environmental parameters on the oyster microbiome and how this affects oyster health and susceptibility to infectious pathogens remains understudied. In this review, we summarise the major diseases afflicting oysters with a focus on the role of environmental factors that can catalyse or amplify disease outbreaks. We also consider the potential role of the oyster microbiome in buffering or augmenting oyster disease outbreaks and suggest that a deeper understanding of the oyster microbiome, its links to the environment and its effect on oyster health and disease susceptibility, is required to develop new frameworks for the prevention and management of oyster diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L King
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- Elizabeth Macarthur Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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13
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Rasmussen BB, Erner KE, Bentzon‐Tilia M, Gram L. Effect of TDA-producing Phaeobacter inhibens on the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum in non-axenic algae and copepod systems. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:1070-1079. [PMID: 29732685 PMCID: PMC6196398 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding aquaculture industry plays an important role in feeding the growing human population and with the expansion, sustainable bacterial disease control, such as probiotics, becomes increasingly important. Tropodithietic acid (TDA)-producing Phaeobacter spp. can protect live feed, for example rotifers and Artemia as well as larvae of turbot and cod against pathogenic vibrios. Here, we show that the emerging live feed, copepods, is unaffected by colonization of the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum, making them potential infection vectors. However, TDA-producing Phaeobacter inhibens was able to significantly inhibit V. anguillarum in non-axenic cultures of copepod Acartia tonsa and the copepod feed Rhodomonas salina. Vibrio grew to 106 CFU ml-1 and 107 CFU ml-1 in copepod and R. salina cultures, respectively. However, vibrio counts remained at the inoculum level (104 CFU ml-1 ) when P. inhibens was also added. We further developed a semi-strain-specific qPCR for V. anguillarum to detect and quantify the pathogen in non-axenic systems. In conclusion, P. inhibens efficiently inhibits the fish larval pathogen V. anguillarum in the emerging live feed, copepods, supporting its use as a probiotic in aquaculture. Furthermore, qPCR provides an effective method for detecting vibrio pathogens in complex non-axenic live feed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Barker Rasmussen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkAnker Engelundsvej bldg. 301DK‐2800Kgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Katrine Ege Erner
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkAnker Engelundsvej bldg. 301DK‐2800Kgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Mikkel Bentzon‐Tilia
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkAnker Engelundsvej bldg. 301DK‐2800Kgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkAnker Engelundsvej bldg. 301DK‐2800Kgs. LyngbyDenmark
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14
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Frère L, Maignien L, Chalopin M, Huvet A, Rinnert E, Morrison H, Kerninon S, Cassone AL, Lambert C, Reveillaud J, Paul-Pont I. Microplastic bacterial communities in the Bay of Brest: Influence of polymer type and size. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:614-625. [PMID: 30014939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (<5 mm) exhibit intrinsic features such as density, hydrophobic surface, or high surface/volume ratio, that are known to promote microbial colonization and biofilm formation in marine ecosystems. Yet, a relatively low number of studies have investigated the nature of microplastic associated bacterial communities in coastal ecosystems and the potential factors influencing their composition and structure. Here, we characterized microplastics collected in the Bay of Brest by manual sorting followed by Raman spectroscopy and studied their associated bacterial assemblages using 16S amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Our methodology allowed discriminating polymer type (polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene) within small size ranges (0.3-1 vs. 1-2 vs. 2-5 mm) of microplastics collected. Data showed high species richness and diversity on microplastics compared to surrounding seawater samples encompassing both free living and particle attached bacteria. Even though a high proportion of operational taxonomic units (OTU; 94 ± 4%) was shared among all plastic polymers, polystyrene fragments exhibited distinct bacterial assemblages as compared to polyethylene and polypropylene samples. No effect of microplastic size was revealed regardless of polymer type, site and date of collection. The Vibrio genus was commonly detected in the microplastic fraction and specific PCR were performed to determine the presence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio strains (namely V. aestuarianus and the V. splendidus polyphyletic group). V. splendidus related species harboring putative oyster pathogens were detected on most microplastic pools (77%) emphasizing the need of further research to understand the role of microplastics on pathogen population transport and ultimate disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Frère
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Lois Maignien
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), UMR 6197 Ifremer/UBO/CNRS - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Morgane Chalopin
- Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer), Centre Bretagne - CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer), Centre Bretagne - CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Emmanuel Rinnert
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Détection, Capteurs, Mesures (RDT-LDCM), Centre Bretagne - ZI de la Pointe du Diable - CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Hilary Morrison
- Josephine Bay Paul Centre for Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Sandrine Kerninon
- LABOCEA, 22, Ave. de la Plage des Gueux, ZA de Creac'h Gwen, CS 13031, 29334 QUIMPER Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Laure Cassone
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Julie Reveillaud
- ASTRE, INRA, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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15
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Lopez-Joven C, Rolland JL, Haffner P, Caro A, Roques C, Carré C, Travers MA, Abadie E, Laabir M, Bonnet D, Destoumieux-Garzón D. Oyster Farming, Temperature, and Plankton Influence the Dynamics of Pathogenic Vibrios in the Thau Lagoon. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2530. [PMID: 30405583 PMCID: PMC6207591 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio species have been associated with recurrent mass mortalities of juvenile oysters Crassostrea gigas threatening oyster farming worldwide. However, knowledge of the ecology of pathogens in affected oyster farming areas remains scarce. Specifically, there are no data regarding (i) the environmental reservoirs of Vibrio populations pathogenic to oysters, (ii) the environmental factors favoring their transmission, and (iii) the influence of oyster farming on the persistence of those pathogens. This knowledge gap limits our capacity to predict and mitigate disease occurrence. To address these issues, we monitored Vibrio species potentially pathogenic to C. gigas in 2013 and 2014 in the Thau Lagoon, a major oyster farming region in the coastal French Mediterranean. Sampling stations were chosen inside and outside oyster farms. Abundance and composition of phyto-, microzoo-, and mesozooplankton communities were measured monthly. The spatial and temporal dynamics of plankton and Vibrio species were compared, and positive correlations between plankton species and vibrios were verified by qPCR on isolated specimens of plankton. Vibrio crassostreae was present in the water column over both years, whereas Vibrio tasmaniensis was mostly found in 2013 and Vibrio aestuarianus was never detected. Moreover, V. tasmaniensis and V. crassostreae were found both as free-living or plankton-attached vibrios 1 month after spring mortalities of the oyster juveniles. Overall, V. crassostreae was associated with temperature and plankton composition, whereas V. tasmaniensis correlated with plankton composition only. The abundance of Vibrio species in the water column was similar inside and outside oyster farms, suggesting important spatial dispersion of pathogens in surrounding areas. Remarkably, a major increase in V. tasmaniensis and V. crassostreae was measured in the sediment of oyster farms during cold months. Thus, a winter reservoir of pathogenic vibrios could contribute to their ecology in this Mediterranean shellfish farming ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lopez-Joven
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Rolland
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Caro
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Roques
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Carré
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, LGPMM-SG2M, La Tremblade, France
| | - Eric Abadie
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed Laabir
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Bonnet
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
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16
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Parizadeh L, Tourbiez D, Garcia C, Haffner P, Dégremont L, Le Roux F, Travers M. Ecologically realistic model of infection for exploring the host damage caused byVibrio aestuarianus. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4343-4355. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Parizadeh
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| | - Céline Garcia
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
- IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS‐Ifremer‐UM‐UPVDUniversité de Montpellier Place Eugène Bataillon ‐ CC80, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
| | - Frédérique Le Roux
- IfremerUnité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, F‐29280 Plouzané France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff CS 90074, F‐29688 Roscoff Cedex France
| | - Marie‐Agnès Travers
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, SG2M‐LGPMMIfremer Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade France
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17
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Mello DF, Danielli NM, Curbani F, Pontinha VA, Suhnel S, Castro MAM, Medeiros SC, Wendt NC, Trevisan R, Magalhães ARM, Dafre AL. First evidence of viral and bacterial oyster pathogens in the Brazilian coast. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:559-563. [PMID: 29193213 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D F Mello
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - N M Danielli
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - F Curbani
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - V A Pontinha
- Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - S Suhnel
- Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - M A M Castro
- Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - S C Medeiros
- Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - N C Wendt
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - R Trevisan
- Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - A R M Magalhães
- Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - A L Dafre
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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18
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Burioli EAV, Varello K, Trancart S, Bozzetta E, Gorla A, Prearo M, Houssin M. First description of a mortality event in adult Pacific oysters in Italy associated with infection by a Tenacibaculum soleae strain. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:215-221. [PMID: 28836671 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Summer mortality episodes in adult Pacific oysters have been described since the 1950s in various farming areas. Starting in 2012, a recrudescence of mortalities in commercial-sized oysters was first observed in France and then in Italy, with seasonality extension and translation later in the year. Moribund individuals collected during an event in Italy in December 2014 showed yellowish lesions of the mantle and adductor muscle. Histological examination revealed filamentous bacteria associated with necrotic areas. Quantitative PCRs targeting OsHV-1 and Vibrio aestuarianus detected only high loads of the pathogenic bacteria in tissues of symptomatic individuals. A lower diversity of the hemolymph microbiota was also evidenced in moribund individuals, with a predominance of Vibrio and Arcobacter species. A strain of Flavobacteriaceae was isolated from all the symptomatic individuals. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene identified the strain as Tenacibaculum soleae. When strain pathogenicity was tested by injection in adult individuals, it induced mortality rates of up to 45%, even in the absence of V. aestuarianus. As mortality occurred only 11 days post-infection, further investigation is needed to determine its effective virulence in natural conditions. This is the first description of a Tenacibaculum strain associated with bivalve mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A V Burioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - K Varello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - S Trancart
- Laboratoire LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Saint Contest, France
| | - E Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - A Gorla
- Compagnia Ostricola Mediterranea, San Teodoro (OT), Italy
| | - M Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - M Houssin
- Laboratoire LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Saint Contest, France
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19
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Chimetto Tonon LA, Thompson JR, Moreira APB, Garcia GD, Penn K, Lim R, Berlinck RGS, Thompson CC, Thompson FL. Quantitative Detection of Active Vibrios Associated with White Plague Disease in Mussismilia braziliensis Corals. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2272. [PMID: 29204142 PMCID: PMC5698304 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent decades several coral diseases have been reported as a significant threat to coral reef ecosystems causing the decline of corals cover and diversity around the world. The development of techniques that improve the ability to detect and quantify microbial agents involved in coral disease will aid in the elucidation of disease cause, facilitating coral disease detection and diagnosis, identification and pathogen monitoring, pathogen sources, vectors, and reservoirs. The genus Vibrio is known to harbor pathogenic strains to marine organisms. One of the best-characterized coral pathogens is Vibrio coralliilyticus, an aetilogic agent of White Plague Disease (WPD). We used Mussismilia coral tissue (healthy and diseased specimens) to develop a rapid reproducible detection system for vibrios based on RT-QPCR and SYBR chemistry. We were able to detect total vibrios in expressed RNA targeting the 16S rRNA gene at 5.23 × 106 copies/μg RNA and V. coralliilyticus targeting the pyrH gene at 5.10 × 103 copies/μg RNA in coral tissue. Detection of V. coralliilyticus in diseased and in healthy samples suggests that WPD in the Abrolhos Bank may be caused by a consortium of microorganism and not only a single pathogen. We developed a more practical and economic system compared with probe uses for the real-time detection and quantification of vibrios from coral tissues by using the 16S rRNA and pyrH gene. This qPCR assay is a reliable tool for the monitoring of coral pathogens, and can be useful to prevent, control, or reduce impacts in this ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane A Chimetto Tonon
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Biological Systems, Chemical Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil.,Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Janelle R Thompson
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ana P B Moreira
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gizele D Garcia
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kevin Penn
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rachelle Lim
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Roberto G S Berlinck
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Biological Systems, Chemical Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cristiane C Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Polinski MP, Meyer GR, Lowe GJ, Abbott CL. Seawater detection and biological assessments regarding transmission of the oyster parasite Mikrocytos mackini using qPCR. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 126:143-153. [PMID: 29044044 DOI: 10.3354/dao03167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mikrocytos mackini is an intracellular parasite of oysters and causative agent of Denman Island disease in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas. Although M. mackini has been investigated for decades, its natural mode of transmission, mechanism for host entry, and environmental stability are largely unknown. We explored these biological characteristics of M. mackini using a recently described quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. We detected M. mackini in the flow-through tank water of experimentally infected oysters and during disease remission in host tissues following 6 wk of elevated water temperature. Waterborne exposure of oysters to M. mackini further confirmed the potential for extracellular seawater transmission of this parasite and also identified host gill to have the highest early and continued prevalence for M. mackini DNA compared to stomach, mantle, labial palps, or adductor muscle samples. However, infections following waterborne challenge were slow to develop despite a substantial exposure (>106 M. mackini l-1 for 24 h), and further investigation demonstrated that M. mackini occurrence and infectivity severely declined following extracellular seawater incubation of more than 24 h. This study demonstrates a potential for using qPCR to monitor M. mackini in wild or farmed oyster populations during periods of disease remission or from environmental seawater samples. This work also suggests that gill tissues may provide a primary site for waterborne entry and possibly shedding of M. mackini in oysters. Further, although extracellular seawater transmission of M. mackini was possible, poor environmental stability and infection efficiency likely restricts the geographic transmission of M. mackini between oysters in natural environs and may help to explain localized areas of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Polinski
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
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21
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Saulnier D, De Decker S, Tourbiez D, Travers MA. Development of a duplex Taqman real-time PCR assay for rapid identification of Vibrio splendidus -related and V. aestuarianus strains from bacterial cultures. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 140:67-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Go J, Deutscher AT, Spiers ZB, Dahle K, Kirkland PD, Jenkins C. Mass mortalities of unknown aetiology in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas in Port Stephens, New South Wales, Australia. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 125:227-242. [PMID: 28792421 DOI: 10.3354/dao03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
From January to June 2013 and November to January 2014, mass mortalities were reported in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas cultivated in Port Stephens estuary, New South Wales, Australia. In some cases, 100% mortality was reported in both triploid and diploid C. gigas, although native species of oyster cultivated in the same areas remained unaffected. Histological examination of oysters sampled from the time of mortality events revealed consistent but non-specific pathology, involving a diffuse haemocytic infiltrate in the connective tissue surrounding the digestive gland, extending into the mantle in some instances, but no other signs of any infectious aetiological agent. We conducted a structured survey in early January 2014 to compare samples of C. gigas from affected and unaffected areas by bacteriology and histopathology. Quantitative PCR excluded involvement of ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) in these mortality events. To determine whether a directly transmissible aetiological agent was responsible for the mortalities, naïve C. gigas sourced from an estuary where no evidence of mortality was reported were challenged with material derived from affected oysters. Significant mortality was only observed in naïve C. gigas directly inoculated with purified cultures of Vibrio spp. isolated from affected oysters, but this could not be replicated by cohabitation with naïve C. gigas. Analysis of environmental data indicated that mortality events generally coincided with periods of low salinity and high temperature. The results from this study suggest that the cause of the mortality events was multifactorial in nature and not due to any single directly transmissible aetiological agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Go
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
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23
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Travers MA, Tourbiez D, Parizadeh L, Haffner P, Kozic-Djellouli A, Aboubaker M, Koken M, Dégremont L, Lupo C. Several strains, one disease: experimental investigation of Vibrio aestuarianus infection parameters in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Vet Res 2017; 48:32. [PMID: 28549482 PMCID: PMC5446674 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated oyster infection dynamics by different strains of Vibrio aestuarianus isolated before and after the apparent re-emergence of this pathogen observed in France in 2011. We conducted experiments to compare minimal infective dose, lethal dose 50 and bacterial shedding for six V. aestuarianus strains. Whatever the strain used, mortality was induced in juvenile oysters by intramuscular injection and reached 90–100% of mortality within 5 days. Moreover, bacterial shedding was comparable among strains and reached its maximum after 20 h (≈10 EXP5 bacteria/mL/animal). Similarly, our first estimations of lethal dose 50 were comparable among strains (minimal infective dose around 0.4 × 10EXP5 bacteria/mL and LD50 around 10EXP5 bacteria/mL) by using seawater containing freshly shed bacteria. These results indicate that, at least with these criteria, despite V. aestuarianus strains genetic diversity, the disease process is similar. The strains isolated after the apparent re-emergence of the bacteria in 2011, do not present a more acute virulence phenotype than the reference strains isolated between 2002 and 2007. Finally, our study provides original and noteworthy data indicating that infected oysters shed bacteria at a level above the threshold of LD50 a few days before they die, meaning that infection is expected to spread in a susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Travers
- IFREMER, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- IFREMER, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Leïla Parizadeh
- IFREMER, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- IFREMER, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.,Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Angélique Kozic-Djellouli
- IFREMER, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France
| | | | - Marcel Koken
- LABOCEA-CNRS, 120 Avenue Alexis de Rochon, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- IFREMER, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Coralie Lupo
- IFREMER, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France
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24
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Azéma P, Lamy JB, Boudry P, Renault T, Travers MA, Dégremont L. Genetic parameters of resistance to Vibrio aestuarianus, and OsHV-1 infections in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, at three different life stages. Genet Sel Evol 2017; 49:23. [PMID: 28201985 PMCID: PMC5311879 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-017-0297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In France, two main diseases threaten Pacific oyster production. Since 2008, Crassostrea gigas spat have suffered massive losses due to the ostreid herpesvirus OsHV-1, and since 2012, significant mortalities in commercial-size adults have been related to infection by the bacterium Vibrio aestuarianus. The genetic basis for resistance to V. aestuarianus and OsHV-1 and the nature of the genetic correlation between these two traits were investigated by using 20 half-sib sire families, each containing two full-sib families. For each disease, controlled infectious challenges were conducted using naïve oysters that were 3 to 26 months old. In addition, siblings were tested under field, pond and raceway conditions to determine whether laboratory trials reflected mortality events that occur in the oyster industry. Results First, we estimated the genetic basis of resistance to V. aestuarianus in C. gigas. Susceptibility to the infection was low for oysters in spat stage but increased with later life stages. Second, we confirmed a strong genetic basis of resistance to OsHV-1 infection at early stages and demonstrated that it was also strong at later stages. Most families had increased resistance to OsHV-1 infection from the spat to adult stages, while others consistently showed low or high mortality rates related to OsHV-1 infection, regardless of the life stage. Our third main finding was the absence of genetic correlations between resistance to OsHV-1 infection and resistance to V. aestuarianus infection. Conclusions Selective breeding to enhance resistance to OsHV-1 infection could be achieved through selective breeding at early stages and would not affect resistance to V. aestuarianus infection. However, our results suggest that the potential to select for improved resistance to V. aestuarianus is lower. Selection for dual resistance to OsHV-1 and V. aestuarianus infection in C. gigas might reduce the impact of these two major diseases by selecting families that have the highest breeding values for resistance to both diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12711-017-0297-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Azéma
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Lamy
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Pierre Boudry
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer), Centre de Bretagne, Ifremer, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Département Ressources Biologique et Environnement, Ifremer, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
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25
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Da-Silva E, Barthelmebs L, Baudart J. Development of a PCR-free DNA-based assay for the specific detection of Vibrio species in environmental samples by targeting the 16S rRNA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5690-5700. [PMID: 28039632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel PCR-free DNA-based assay was developed for the detection of Vibrio spp. A sandwich hybridization format using an immobilized capture probe and a labeled signal probe was selected and combined with chemiluminescent method for the detection of the RNA target. In a first step, probes were validated using positive controls (PCs). A linearity was observed between 0.1 and 2.5 nM of PC, and detection limit was determined as 0.1 nM. In a second step, specificity was checked by using RNA extracted from a panel of 31 environmental bacterial strains. Detection limit of 5 ng μL-1 of total fragmented RNA was obtained, and the assay allowed a good discrimination between the 21 Vibrio and the 10 non-Vibrio strains tested. Finally, the DNA-based assay was successfully applied to analysis of spiked and natural environmental samples. Stability and analysis time of the DNA-based assay were also investigated to optimize working conditions. We demonstrated that microplates can be coated beforehand with capture probe and stored at 4 °C without any buffer in wells for at least 30 days. The use of the pre-made plates enables the assay to be completed in 2 h. The developed assay appeared as an interesting tool to determine the presence of bacteria in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Da-Silva
- Biocapteurs Analyses Environment, Université Perpignan, Via Domitia, 66860, Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, F-66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - L Barthelmebs
- Biocapteurs Analyses Environment, Université Perpignan, Via Domitia, 66860, Perpignan, France.
| | - J Baudart
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, F-66650, Banyuls/Mer, France
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26
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Fdhila K, Haddaji N, Chakroun I, Macherki MEE, Nefzi F, Bakhrouf A. Glucomannan's protective effect on the virulence of Vibrio splendidus in pacific oyster. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:410-416. [PMID: 27492122 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We examine the effect of Glucomannan, extracted from Candida utilis yeast, on immune parameters and resistance to Vibrio splendidus of Crassostreagigas. Our results showed that Glucomannan was a successful anti-adhesive molecule; it exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect on adhesion of Vibrio splendidus in infected Crassostreagigas. Vibrio splendidus viable cells number declined after incubation with Glucomannan. Furthermore, the Glucomannan diet showed higher activity to trigger the immune response against bacteria. Glucomannan applications, in biological control of seafood associated pathogens can be an alternative solution, providing consumer with a product of good quality owing to the use of 40 non-toxic compounds. Based on our results, Glucomannan could be used as a bio-protective culture in oyster's depuration to prevent Vibrio splendidus growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kais Fdhila
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products (LATVPEP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Najla Haddaji
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products (LATVPEP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
| | - Ibtissem Chakroun
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products (LATVPEP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Mohammed Ezz Eddine Macherki
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products (LATVPEP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Faten Nefzi
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Tunisia
| | - Amina Bakhrouf
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products (LATVPEP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
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27
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Azéma P, Travers MA, Benabdelmouna A, Dégremont L. Single or dual experimental infections with Vibrio aestuarianus and OsHV-1 in diploid and triploid Crassostrea gigas at the spat, juvenile and adult stages. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 139:92-101. [PMID: 27503207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
French production of the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is currently threatened by two pathogens, OsHV-1 and V. aestuarianus. While oysters selected for their higher resistance to OsHV-1 are now available for the industry, the impact of V. aestuarianus on such oysters is unknown, especially for triploids. In addition, experimental infection has used the virus or the bacteria alone, but there have been no investigations of dual exposure to these pathogens. This study is the first report of single or dual exposure in spat (Spat1 and Spat2), juvenile and adult naïve oysters. For each of the two stocks evaluated, unselected oysters and oysters selected for their higher resistance to OsHV-1 infection were tested, as well as their triploid siblings of the selected oysters produced using cytochalasin B. We confirmed that resistance to OsHV-1 infection and susceptibility to V. aestuarianus increased with age and size, although selected oysters were not significantly impacted by OsHV-1 whatever their ploidy, size or age. We found different mortality patterns depending on the pathogen tested. The mortality pattern was similar for oysters exposed to OsHV-1 or to both pathogens in the Spat1 trial (4months old and 1.9g). The mortality pattern was similar for oysters exposed to V. aestuarianus or to both pathogens in the Adult trial (25months old and 63.1g). Surprisingly, mortality was much higher (ranging from 75.9% to 100%), in particular for the selected oysters, for the Spat2 (8months old/3.9g) and Juvenile trials (16months old/18.4g) given a dual exposure, regardless of the level of selection for OsHV-1 and the ploidy state. Our findings highlight an important threat for oyster farmers: oysters exposed to both pathogens could experience dramatic mortality rates, even in oysters selected for their higher resistance to OsHV-1. Finally, our study demonstrated for the first time that triploid oysters were more susceptible to experimental challenges with V. aestuarianus at the spat stage than their diploid siblings. However, the difference in mortality between the triploids and diploids remained limited and ranged from 22.9% to 6.6% for spat and adults, respectively with a relatively regularly decrease in the difference with increased age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Azéma
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, station de la Tremblade, F-17390, France.
| | | | | | - Lionel Dégremont
- Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-LGPMM, station de la Tremblade, F-17390, France.
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28
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Green TJ, Vergnes A, Montagnani C, de Lorgeril J. Distinct immune responses of juvenile and adult oysters (Crassostrea gigas) to viral and bacterial infections. Vet Res 2016; 47:72. [PMID: 27439510 PMCID: PMC4955271 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2008, massive mortality events of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) have been reported worldwide and these disease events are often associated with Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1). Epidemiological field studies have also reported oyster age and other pathogens of the Vibrio genus are contributing factors to this syndrome. We undertook a controlled laboratory experiment to simultaneously investigate survival and immunological response of juvenile and adult C. gigas at different time-points post-infection with OsHV-1, Vibrio tasmaniensis LGP32 and V. aestuarianus. Our data corroborates epidemiological studies that juveniles are more susceptible to OsHV-1, whereas adults are more susceptible to Vibrio. We measured the expression of 102 immune-genes by high-throughput RT-qPCR, which revealed oysters have different transcriptional responses to OsHV-1 and Vibrio. The transcriptional response in the early stages of OsHV-1 infection involved genes related to apoptosis and the interferon-pathway. Transcriptional response to Vibrio infection involved antimicrobial peptides, heat shock proteins and galectins. Interestingly, oysters in the later stages of OsHV-1 infection had a transcriptional response that resembled an antibacterial response, which is suggestive of the oyster’s microbiome causing secondary infections (dysbiosis-driven pathology). This study provides molecular evidence that oysters can mount distinct immune response to viral and bacterial pathogens and these responses differ depending on the age of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Agnes Vergnes
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Julien de Lorgeril
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
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29
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Ben Cheikh Y, Travers MA, Morga B, Godfrin Y, Rioult D, Le Foll F. First evidence for a Vibrio strain pathogenic to Mytilus edulis altering hemocyte immune capacities. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:107-119. [PMID: 26719026 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial isolates were obtained from mortality events affecting Mytilus edulis and reported by professionals in 2010-2013 or from mussel microflora. Experimental infections allowed the selection of two isolates affiliated to Vibrio splendidus/Vibrio hemicentroti type strains: a virulent 10/068 1T1 (76.6% and 90% mortalities in 24 h and 96 h) and an innocuous 12/056 M24T1 (0% and 23.3% in 24 h and 96 h). These two strains were GFP-tagged and validated for their growth characteristics and virulence as genuine models for exposure. Then, host cellular immune responses to the microbial invaders were assessed. In the presence of the virulent strain, hemocyte motility was instantaneously enhanced but markedly slowed down after 2 h exposure. By contrast, hemocyte velocity increased in the presence of the innocuous 12/056 M24T1. At the same time interval, 10/068 1T1 invaded hemocytes and was more rapidly internalized than the innocuous strain. Extracellular products (ECPs) prepared from 10/068 1T1 cultures significantly inhibited phagocytic activity while 12/056 M24T1 ECPs had no effect. Furthermore, the pathogenic strain and its ECPs inhibited oxidative burst unlike 12/056 M24T1 strain/ECPs which enhanced ROS production. Taken together, our results suggest that the mussel pathogen 10/068 1T1 may escape immune response by altering hemocytes functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Ben Cheikh
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology- Aquatic Environments, UMR-I 02, SEBIO, University of Le Havre, F-76063, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Yoann Godfrin
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Damien Rioult
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology- Aquatic Environments, UMR-I 02, SEBIO, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Campus Moulin de la House, F-51100, Reims, France
| | - Frank Le Foll
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology- Aquatic Environments, UMR-I 02, SEBIO, University of Le Havre, F-76063, Le Havre Cedex, France.
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30
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Moreau P, Moreau K, Segarra A, Tourbiez D, Travers MA, Rubinsztein DC, Renault T. Autophagy plays an important role in protecting Pacific oysters from OsHV-1 and Vibrio aestuarianus infections. Autophagy 2016; 11:516-26. [PMID: 25714877 PMCID: PMC4502751 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1017188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent mass mortality outbreaks around the world in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, have seriously affected the aquaculture economy. Although the causes for these mortality outbreaks appear complex, infectious agents are involved. Two pathogens are associated with mass mortality outbreaks, the virus ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and the bacterium Vibrio aestuarianus. Here we describe the interactions between these 2 pathogens and autophagy, a conserved intracellular pathway playing a key role in innate immunity. We show for the first time that autophagy pathway is present and functional in Pacific oysters and plays an important role to protect animals from infections. This study contributes to better understand the innate immune system of Pacific oysters.
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Key Words
- ATG, autophagy-related
- Atg8–PE, Atg8–phosphatidylethenolamine
- Crassostrea gigas
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- LC3-II, cleaved, lipidated and autophagosome-associated form of LC3
- MAP1LC3A/B (LC3A/B), microtubule-associated proteins 1 light chain 3 alpha/beta (mammalian orthologs of the predicted Crassostrea gigas LC3 and yeast Atg8)
- NH4Cl, ammonium chloride
- OsHV-1
- OsHV-1, Ostreid herpesvirus 1
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Pacific oyster
- Vibrio aestuarianus
- autophagy
- hpi, hours postinfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Moreau
- a Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer); Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins; Ronce Les Bains ; La Tremblade , France
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Anglès d'Auriac MB, Norling P, Rinde E. A rapid and inexpensive DNA extraction protocol for oysters. Anim Genet 2016; 47:389-90. [PMID: 26857622 DOI: 10.1111/age.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pia Norling
- Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway.,Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM), P.O. Box 11 930, SE-404 39, Gothenburg, Sweden (former employee at NIVA)
| | - Eli Rinde
- Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway
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Azéma P, Travers MA, De Lorgeril J, Tourbiez D, Dégremont L. Can selection for resistance to OsHV-1 infection modify susceptibility to Vibrio aestuarianus infection in Crassostrea gigas? First insights from experimental challenges using primary and successive exposures. Vet Res 2015; 46:139. [PMID: 26646058 PMCID: PMC4673786 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2008, the emergent virus OsHV-1µvar has provoked massive mortality events in Crassostrea gigas spat and juveniles in France. Since 2012, mortality driven by the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio aestuarianus has stricken market-sized adults. A hypothesis to explain the sudden increase in mortality observed in France since 2012 is that selective pressure due to recurrent viral infections could have led to a higher susceptibility of adults to Vibrio infection. In our study, two OsHV-1-resistant lines (AS and BS) and their respective controls (AC and BC) were experimentally challenged in the laboratory to determine their level of susceptibility to V. aestuarianus infection. At the juvenile stage, the selected lines exhibited lower mortality (14 and 33%) than the control lines (71 and 80%), suggesting dual-resistance to OsHV-1 and V. aestuarianus in C. gigas. Interestingly, this pattern was not observed at the adult stage, where higher mortality was detected for AS (68%) and BC (62%) than AC (39%) and BS (49%). These results were confirmed by the analysis of the expression of 31 immune-related genes in unchallenged oysters. Differential gene expression discriminated oysters according to their susceptibility to infection at both the juvenile and adult stages, suggesting that resistance to V. aestuarianus infection resulted in complex interactions between the genotype, stage of development and immunity status. Finally, survivors of the V. aestuarianus challenge at the juvenile stage still exhibited significant mortality at the adult stage during a second and third V. aestuarianus challenge, indicating that these survivors were not genetically resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Azéma
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
| | - Julien De Lorgeril
- Ifremer, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France.
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Travers MA, Boettcher Miller K, Roque A, Friedman CS. Bacterial diseases in marine bivalves. J Invertebr Pathol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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McCleary S, Henshilwood K. Novel quantitative TaqMan® MGB real-time PCR for sensitive detection of Vibrio aestuarianus in Crassostrea gigas. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 114:239-248. [PMID: 26036831 DOI: 10.3354/dao02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Validation of a novel quantitative real-time PCR using TaqMan® minor groove binder (MGB) chemistry is described for sensitive and rapid detection of Vibrio aestuarianus, an increasingly important pathogen of Pacific cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas aquaculture. Primers and TaqMan® MGB hydrolysis probe were designed to specifically amplify a 58bp DNA fragment of the V. aestuarianus dnaJ gene. Real-time PCR selectivity was empirically tested using DNA extracted from isolates of V. aestuarianus and a selection of different aquatic bacterial species, including other Vibrio spp. Theoretical selectivity was assessed through sequence comparison using the NCBI BLAST similarity tool. Quantitative PCR plasmid standards were generated to test assay linearity, amplification efficiency and the limit of quantitation (LOQ), according to International Organisation for Standardisation ISO 16140 validation recommendations. LOQ ranged between 5 and 10 PCR copies, although the detection range extended beyond this with reduced precision. Applied performance was tested using C. gigas samples taken from a selection of Irish aquaculture sites. Increasing levels of V. aestuarianus, accompanied by the development of tissue pathology in examined oysters, were found at 1 site that was sampled repeatedly in 2013. Rapid, sensitive and reproducible detections of V. aestuarianus from C. gigas tissue samples were attained during this validation study with a small sample size, and a practical application for disease management is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McCleary
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, County Galway, Ireland
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The use of -omic tools in the study of disease processes in marine bivalve mollusks. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:137-54. [PMID: 26021714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of disease processes and host-pathogen interactions in model species has benefited greatly from the application of medium and high-throughput genomic, metagenomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses. The rate at which new, low-cost, high-throughput -omic technologies are being developed has also led to an expansion in the number of studies aimed at gaining a better understanding of disease processes in bivalves. This review provides a catalogue of the genetic and -omic tools available for bivalve species and examples of how -omics has contributed to the advancement of marine bivalve disease research, with a special focus in the areas of immunity, bivalve-pathogen interactions, mechanisms of disease resistance and pathogen virulence, and disease diagnosis. The analysis of bivalve genomes and transcriptomes has revealed that many immune and stress-related gene families are expanded in the bivalve taxa examined thus far. In addition, the analysis of proteomes confirms that responses to infection are influenced by epigenetic, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications. The few studies performed in bivalves show that epigenetic modifications are non-random, suggesting a role for epigenetics in regulating the interactions between bivalves and their environments. Despite the progress -omic tools have enabled in the field of marine bivalve disease processes, there is much more work to be done. To date, only three bivalve genomes have been sequenced completely, with assembly status at different levels of completion. Transcriptome datasets are relatively easy and inexpensive to generate, but their interpretation will benefit greatly from high quality genome assemblies and improved data analysis pipelines. Finally, metagenomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies focused on bivalve disease processes are currently limited but their expansion should be facilitated as more transcriptome datasets and complete genome sequences become available for marine bivalve species.
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Dubert J, Fernández-Pardo A, Nóvoa S, Barja JL, Prado S. Phytoplankton production systems in a shellfish hatchery: variations of the bacterial load and diversity of vibrios. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:1264-75. [PMID: 25728297 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Outbreaks of disease caused by some Vibrio species represent the main production bottleneck in shellfish hatcheries. Although the phytoplankton used as food is one of the main sources of bacteria, studies of the associated bacterial populations, specifically vibrios, are scarce. The aim of the study was the microbiological monitoring of the microalgae as the first step in assessing the risk disease for bivalve cultures. METHODS AND RESULTS Two phytoplankton production systems were sampled weekly throughout 1-year period in a bivalve hatchery. Quantitative analysis revealed high levels of marine heterotrophic bacteria in both systems throughout the study. Presumptive vibrios were detected occasionally and at low concentrations. In most of the cases, they belonged to the Splendidus and Harveyi clades. CONCLUSIONS The early detection of vibrios in the microalgae may be the key for a successful bivalve culture. Their abundance and diversity were affected by factors related to the hatchery environment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work represents the first long study where the presence of vibrios was evaluated rigorously in phytoplankton production systems and provides a suitable microbiological protocol to control and guarantee the quality of the algal cultures to avoid the risk of transferring potential pathogens to shellfish larvae and/or broodstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dubert
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Fernández-Pardo
- Centro de Cultivos Mariños, Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Ribadeo, Lugo, Spain
| | - S Nóvoa
- Centro de Cultivos Mariños, Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Ribadeo, Lugo, Spain
| | - J L Barja
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Prado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Bidault A, Richard GG, Le Bris C, Paillard C. Development of a Taqman real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and quantification of Vibrio tapetis in extrapallial fluids of clams. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1484. [PMID: 26713238 PMCID: PMC4690387 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio tapetis is known as the causative agent of Brown Ring Disease (BRD) in the Manila clam Venerupis (=Ruditapes) philippinarum. This bivalve is the second most important species produced in aquaculture and has a high commercial value. In spite of the development of several molecular methods, no survey has been yet achieved to rapidly quantify the bacterium in the clam. In this study, we developed a Taqman real-time PCR assay targeting virB4 gene for accurate and quantitative identification of V. tapetis strains pathogenic to clams. Sensitivity and reproducibility of the method were assessed using either filtered sea water or extrapallial fluids of clam injected with the CECT4600(T) V. tapetis strain. Quantification curves of V. tapetis strain seeded in filtered seawater (FSW) or extrapallial fluids (EF) samples were equivalent showing reliable qPCR efficacies. With this protocol, we were able to specifically detect V. tapetis strains down to 1.125 10(1) bacteria per mL of EF or FSW, taking into account the dilution factor used for appropriate template DNA preparation. This qPCR assay allowed us to monitor V. tapetis load both experimentally or naturally infected Manila clams. This technique will be particularly useful for monitoring the kinetics of massive infections by V. tapetis and for designing appropriate control measures for aquaculture purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Bidault
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France
| | - Gaëlle G. Richard
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France
| | - Cédric Le Bris
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France
| | - Christine Paillard
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France
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Domeneghetti S, Varotto L, Civettini M, Rosani U, Stauder M, Pretto T, Pezzati E, Arcangeli G, Turolla E, Pallavicini A, Venier P. Mortality occurrence and pathogen detection in Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus galloprovincialis close-growing in shallow waters (Goro lagoon, Italy). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:37-44. [PMID: 24909498 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The complex interactions occurring between farmed bivalves and their potential pathogens in the circumstances of global climate changes are current matter of study, owing to the recurrent production breakdowns reported in Europe and other regions of the world. In the frame of Project FP7-KBBE-2010-4 BIVALIFE, we investigated the occurrence of mortality and potential pathogens during the Spring-Summer transition in Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus galloprovincialis cohabiting in the shallow waters of one northern Italian lagoon (Sacca di Goro, Adriatic Sea) and regarded as susceptible and resistant species, respectively. In 2011, limited bivalve mortality was detected in the open-field trial performed with 6-12 month old spat whereas subsequent trials with 2-3 month old spat produced almost complete (2012) and considerable (2013) oyster mortality. Macroscopical examination and histology excluded the presence of notifiable pathogens but, in the sampling preceding the massive oyster spat mortality of 2012, a μdeleted variant of OsHV-1 DNA was found in wide-ranging amounts in all analyzed oysters in conjunction with substantial levels of Vibrio splendidus and Vibrio aestuarianus. The large oyster spat mortality with borderline OsHV-1 positivity recorded in 2013 supports the multi-factorial etiology of the syndrome. This is the first report of a OsHV-1 (under a form interpreted as the variant μVar) in the Goro lagoon. Transcriptional host footprints are under investigation to better understand the bivalve response to environmental factors, included viral and bacterial pathogens, in relation to the observed mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Varotto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Civettini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe, also NRL for Mollusc Diseases), Adria, Italy
| | - Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Stauder
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe, also NRL for Mollusc Diseases), Adria, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pezzati
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arcangeli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe, also NRL for Mollusc Diseases), Adria, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Venier
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Cardinaud M, Barbou A, Capitaine C, Bidault A, Dujon AM, Moraga D, Paillard C. Vibrio harveyi adheres to and penetrates tissues of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata within the first hours of contact. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6328-33. [PMID: 25107972 PMCID: PMC4178649 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01036-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi is a marine bacterial pathogen responsible for episodic epidemics generally associated with massive mortalities in many marine organisms, including the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata. The aim of this study was to identify the portal of entry and the dynamics of infection of V. harveyi in the European abalone. The results indicate that the duration of contact between V. harveyi and the European abalone influences the mortality rate and precocity. Immediately after contact, the epithelial and mucosal area situated between the gills and the hypobranchial gland was colonized by V. harveyi. Real-time PCR analyses and culture quantification of a green fluorescent protein-tagged strain of V. harveyi in abalone tissues revealed a high density of bacteria adhering to and then penetrating the whole gill-hypobranchial gland tissue after 1 h of contact. V. harveyi was also detected in the hemolymph of a significant number of European abalones after 3 h of contact. In conclusion, this article shows that a TaqMan real-time PCR assay is a powerful and useful technique for the detection of a marine pathogen such as V. harveyi in mollusk tissue and for the study of its infection dynamics. Thus, we have revealed that the adhesion and then the penetration of V. harveyi in European abalone organs begin in the first hours of contact. We also hypothesize that the portal of entry of V. harveyi in the European abalone is the area situated between the gills and the hypobranchial gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Cardinaud
- UMR 6539-Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Annaïck Barbou
- UMR 6539-Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Carole Capitaine
- UMR 6539-Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Adeline Bidault
- UMR 6539-Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Antoine Marie Dujon
- UMR 6539-Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Dario Moraga
- UMR 6539-Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Christine Paillard
- UMR 6539-Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, Plouzané, France
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Travers MA, Mersni Achour R, Haffner P, Tourbiez D, Cassone AL, Morga B, Doghri I, Garcia C, Renault T, Fruitier-Arnaudin I, Saulnier D. First description of French V. tubiashii strains pathogenic to mollusk: I. Characterization of isolates and detection during mortality events. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 123:38-48. [PMID: 24815818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nine dominant bacterial isolates were obtained from different batches of Crassostrea gigas spat experiencing high mortality rates in a French experimental hatchery/nursery in 2007. Using phenotypic analysis combined with multilocus sequence analysis, the isolates were shown to be genetically close to the Vibrio tubiashii type strain. Based on (1) analyses of the recA gene sequences; (2) the results of DNA-DNA hybridization assays between 07/118 T2 (LMG 27884=CECT 8426), which is a representative strain, and the V. tubiashii type strain (69%); and (3) phenotypic traits, the bacteria were classified in a group close to American V. tubiashii strain. Its virulence (70% of mortalities) and the toxicity of the extracellular products of 07/118 T2 was demonstrated (41% of mortalities). Moreover, a QPCR diagnostic tool targeting the gyrB gene was developed to investigate the epidemiological significance of V. tubiashii in French oyster mortality outbreaks recorded by the national surveillance network. Of the 21 batches originating from hatcheries, only two were positive, whereas V. tubiashii DNA could not be detected in any of the batches of moribund animals collected in field/outdoor facilities. These results demonstrate the existence of a group of virulent V. tubiashii in France that episodically infect C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France.
| | - Rachida Mersni Achour
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France; UMR 7266 CNRS-ULR, LIENSs, Equipe Approches Moléculaires, Environnement-Santé, Université de La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France; Fédération de Recherche en Environnement et Développement Durable, FR CNRS 3097, Université de La Rochelle, France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Delphine Tourbiez
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Anne-Laure Cassone
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Ibtissem Doghri
- UMR 7266 CNRS-ULR, LIENSs, Equipe Approches Moléculaires, Environnement-Santé, Université de La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France
| | - Céline Garcia
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Ingrid Fruitier-Arnaudin
- UMR 7266 CNRS-ULR, LIENSs, Equipe Approches Moléculaires, Environnement-Santé, Université de La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France; Fédération de Recherche en Environnement et Développement Durable, FR CNRS 3097, Université de La Rochelle, France
| | - Denis Saulnier
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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Romero A, Costa MD, Forn-Cuni G, Balseiro P, Chamorro R, Dios S, Figueras A, Novoa B. Occurrence, seasonality and infectivity of Vibrio strains in natural populations of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 108:149-163. [PMID: 24553420 DOI: 10.3354/dao02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Widespread and large-scale mortalities of bivalve molluscs significantly affect their production. A number of pathogens have been identified as the primary causes of death in oysters or clams, especially bacteria of the genus Vibrio. We evaluated the occurrence, seasonality and infectivity of Vibrio strains associated with natural mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) populations. In particular, different isolates of V. splendidus and V. aestuarianus were analysed because they were associated with major oyster mortalities in areas where mussels are cultured without presenting mortalities. The presence of both Vibrio spp. was analysed bimonthly in mussels, water, sediment, plankton and other associated fauna from 2 sites in Galicia (NW Spain), the region with the highest mussel production in Europe. Environmental factors were also considered. The pathogenicity of different Vibrio isolates was analysed by performing experimental infections in mussels with strains isolated from the field. Results showed that Vibrio populations were mainly influenced by changes in water temperature and salinity. V. splendidus was dominant during the warm months and V. aestuarianus was predominant throughout the cold season. The sediment was the most important natural reservoir for bacteria. Experimental infections showed the extreme resistance of mussels to bacterial pathogens. Isolates of V. splendidus and V. aestuarianus were only moderately pathogenic for mussels in intramuscular infections and bath infections, and mortalities only occurred when animals were infected with a high bacterial concentration in adverse environmental conditions (hypoxia and 25°C). Although the pathogenicity of the Vibrio strains isolated from the wild was low for mussels, their potential risk for other bivalves cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
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Wilson B, Muirhead A, Bazanella M, Huete-Stauffer C, Vezzulli L, Bourne DG. An improved detection and quantification method for the coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81800. [PMID: 24339968 PMCID: PMC3858260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA- and RNA-based PCR and reverse-transcription real-time PCR assays were developed for diagnostic detection of the vcpA zinc-metalloprotease implicated in the virulence of the coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus. Both PCR methods were highly specific for V. coralliilyticus and failed to amplify strains of closely-related Vibrio species. The assays correctly detected all globally occurring V. coralliilyticus isolates including a newly-described isolate [TAV24] infecting gorgonians in the Mediterranean Sea and highlighted those isolates that had been potentially misidentified, in particular V. tubiashii strains ATCC 19105 and RE22, historically described as important oyster pathogens. The real-time assay is sensitive, detecting 10 gene copies and the relationships between gene copy number and cycle threshold (CT) were highly linear (R2≥99.7). The real-time assay was also not affected by interference from non-target DNA. These assays are useful for rapid detection of V. coralliilyticus and monitoring of virulence levels in environmental samples, allowing for implementation of timely management steps to limit and possibly prevent losses due to V. coralliilyticus infection, as well as furthering investigations of factors affecting pathogenesis of this important marine pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Wilson
- Centre for Marine Microbiology and Genetics, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Muirhead
- Centre for Marine Microbiology and Genetics, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monika Bazanella
- Centre for Marine Microbiology and Genetics, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Fachhochschule Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Carla Huete-Stauffer
- Centre for Marine Microbiology and Genetics, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - David G. Bourne
- Centre for Marine Microbiology and Genetics, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Martins P, Cleary DFR, Pires ACC, Rodrigues AM, Quintino V, Calado R, Gomes NCM. Molecular analysis of bacterial communities and detection of potential pathogens in a recirculating aquaculture system for Scophthalmus maximus and Solea senegalensis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80847. [PMID: 24278329 PMCID: PMC3836758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study combined a DGGE and barcoded 16S rRNA pyrosequencing approach to assess bacterial composition in the water of a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) with a shallow raceway system (SRS) for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and sole (Solea senegalensis). Barcoded pyrosequencing results were also used to determine the potential pathogen load in the RAS studied. Samples were collected from the water supply pipeline (Sup), fish production tanks (Pro), sedimentation filter (Sed), biofilter tank (Bio), and protein skimmer (Ozo; also used as an ozone reaction chamber) of twin RAS operating in parallel (one for each fish species). Our results revealed pronounced differences in bacterial community composition between turbot and sole RAS, suggesting that in the systems studied there is a strong species-specific effect on water bacterial communities. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in the water supply and all RAS compartments. Other important taxonomic groups included the phylum Bacteriodetes. The saltwater supplied displayed a markedly lower richness and appeared to have very little influence on bacterial composition. The following potentially pathogenic species were detected: Photobacterium damselae in turbot (all compartments), Tenacibaculum discolor in turbot and sole (all compartments), Tenacibaculum soleae in turbot (all compartments) and sole (Pro, Sed and Bio), and Serratia marcescens in turbot (Sup, Sed, Bio and Ozo) and sole (only Sed) RAS. Despite the presence of these pathogens, no symptomatic fish were observed. Although we were able to identify potential pathogens, this approach should be employed with caution when monitoring aquaculture systems, as the required phylogenetic resolution for reliable identification of pathogens may not always be possible to achieve when employing 16S rRNA gene fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Martins
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Ana C. C. Pires
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Victor Quintino
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Newton C. M. Gomes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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45
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Development of TaqMan real-time PCR assays for monitoring Vibrio harveyi infection and a plasmid harbored by virulent strains in European abalone Haliotis tuberculata aquaculture. AQUACULTURE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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46
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Luna-Acosta A, Saulnier D, Pommier M, Haffner P, De Decker S, Renault T, Thomas-Guyon H. First evidence of a potential antibacterial activity involving a laccase-type enzyme of the phenoloxidase system in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas haemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:795-800. [PMID: 21802516 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidases (POs) are a group of copper proteins including tyrosinase, catecholase and laccase. In several insects and crustaceans, antibacterial substances are produced through the PO cascade, participating in the direct killing of invading microorganisms. However, although POs are widely recognised as an integral part of the invertebrate immune defence system, experimental evidence is lacking that these properties are conserved in molluscs, and more particularly in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. In the present study, Vibrio splendidus LGP32 and Vibrio aestuarianus 02/041 growths were affected, after being treated with C. gigas haemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS), and either a common substrate of POs, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), to detect catecholase-type PO activity, or a specific substrate of laccase, p-phenylenediamine (PPD), to detect laccase-type PO activity. Interestingly, a higher bacterial growth inhibition was observed in the presence of PPD than in the presence of L-DOPA. These effects were suppressed when the specific PO inhibitor, phenylthiourea (PTU), was added to the medium. Results of the present study suggest, for the first time in a mollusc species, that antibacterial activities of HLS from C. gigas potentially involve POs, and more particularly laccase catalysed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luna-Acosta
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 6250, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
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47
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Schikorski D, Renault T, Saulnier D, Faury N, Moreau P, Pépin JF. Experimental infection of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas spat by ostreid herpesvirus 1: demonstration of oyster spat susceptibility. Vet Res 2011; 42:27. [PMID: 21314910 PMCID: PMC3042938 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2008 and 2009, acute mortalities occurred in France among Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas, spat. Different hypothesis including the implication of environmental factors, toxic algae and/or pathogens have been explored. Diagnostic tests indicated that OsHV-1 including a particular genotype, termed OsHV-1 μVar, was detected in most of samples and especially in moribund oysters with the highlighting of virus particles looking like herpes viruses by TEM examination. In this study, an experimental protocol to reproduce OsHV-1 infection in laboratory conditions was developed. This protocol was based on the intramuscular injection of filtered (0.22 μm) tissue homogenates prepared from naturally OsHV-1 infected spat collected on French coasts during mortality outbreaks in 2008. Results of the experimental trials showed that mortalities were induced after injection. Moreover, filtered tissue homogenates induced mortalities whereas the same tissue homogenates exposed to an ultraviolet (UV) treatment did not induce any mortality suggesting that oyster spat mortalities require the presence of a UV sensitive agent. Furthermore, analysis of injected oyster spat revealed the detection of high amounts of OsHV-1 DNA by real-time quantitative PCR. Finally, TEM analysis demonstrated the presence of herpes virus particles. The developed protocol allowed to maintain sources of infective virus which can be useful for the development of further studies concerning the transmission and the development of OsHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schikorski
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Denis Saulnier
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Nicole Faury
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Pierrick Moreau
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Jean-François Pépin
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
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48
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De Decker S, Saulnier D. Vibriosis induced by experimental cohabitation in Crassostrea gigas: evidence of early infection and down-expression of immune-related genes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:691-699. [PMID: 21195769 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of reciprocal interactions between Crassostrea gigas and Vibrio sp., whether these be virulent or avirulent, is vital for the development of methods to improve the health status of cultured oysters. We describe an original non-invasive experimental infection technique using cohabitation, designed to explore these interactions. Using real-time PCR techniques we examined the dynamics of virulent and avirulent Vibrio sp. in oyster hemolymph and tank seawater, and made a parallel study of the expression of four genes involved in oyster immune defense: Cg-BPI, Cg-EcSOD, Cg-IκB, Cg-TIMP. No mortality occurred in control animals, but oysters put in cohabitation for 2-48 h with animals previously infected by two Vibrio pathogens suffered mortalities from 2 to 16 days post-cohabitation. Our results show that virulent Vibrio infect healthy individuals after only 2 h of cohabitation, with values ranging from 4.5 x 10² to 2 x 10⁴ cells ml⁻¹ hemolymph. Simultaneously, an approximate ten-fold increase of the total Vibrio population was observed in control animals, with a 6.6-78.5-fold up-expression of targeted genes. In contrast, oysters exposed to harmful bacteria had mean expression levels strongly down-regulated by a factor of 9.2-29 (depending on the gene) compared with control animals. Although oysters were still found to be infected by virulent Vibrio after 6-48 h of cohabitation, no significant differences were noted when comparing levels of each transcript in control and infected oysters at the same sampling times during this period: the important differences were noted before 6 h cohabitation. Taken together, our data support (1) the hypothesis that virulent Vibrio disturbs the immune response of this invertebrate host both rapidly and significantly, although this occurs specifically during an early and transient period during the first 6 h of cohabitation challenge, and that (2) expression of targeted genes is not correlated with vibriosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie De Decker
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, Ifremer, Av du Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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49
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De Decker S, Normand J, Saulnier D, Pernet F, Castagnet S, Boudry P. Responses of diploid and triploid Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas to Vibrio infection in relation to their reproductive status. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 106:179-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Schikorski D, Faury N, Pepin JF, Saulnier D, Tourbiez D, Renault T. Experimental ostreid herpesvirus 1 infection of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas: kinetics of virus DNA detection by q-PCR in seawater and in oyster samples. Virus Res 2010; 155:28-34. [PMID: 20709119 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herpes- and herpes-like viruses are known to infect a wide range of bivalve mollusc species throughout the world. Abnormal summer mortalities associated to the detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) have been currently reported in France among larvae and spat of the Pacific cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas. In the present work, we have developed an experimental protocol of horizontal transmission based on the cohabitation between healthy and experimentally infected oysters. Through a cohabitation trial, the kinetics of OsHV-1 detection in different oyster organs and seawater samples were investigated and characterized for the first time using real time quantitative PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schikorski
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
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