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Yuan J, Li L, Fan Y, Xu X, Huang X, Shi J, Zhang C, Shi L, Wang Y. Effects of artificial light with different spectral compositions on refractive development and matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 expression in the sclerae of juvenile guinea pigs. Eur J Histochem 2024; 68:3982. [PMID: 38934084 PMCID: PMC11228571 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2024.3982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial light can affect eyeball development and increase myopia rate. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) degrades the extracellular matrix, and induces its remodeling, while tissue inhibitor of matrix MMP-2 (TIMP-2) inhibits active MMP-2. The present study aimed to look into how refractive development and the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in the guinea pigs' remodeled sclerae are affected by artificial light with varying spectral compositions. Three weeks old guinea pigs were randomly assigned to groups exposed to five different types of light: natural light, LED light with a low color temperature, three full spectrum artificial lights, i.e. E light (continuous spectrum in the range of ~390-780 nm), G light (a blue peak at 450 nm and a small valley 480 nm) and F light (continuous spectrum and wavelength of 400 nm below filtered). A-scan ultrasonography was used to measure the axial lengths of their eyes, every two weeks throughout the experiment. Following twelve weeks of exposure to light, the sclerae were observed by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-qPCR were used to detect the MMP-2 and TIMP-2 protein and mRNA expression levels in the sclerae. After four, six, eight, ten, and twelve weeks of illumination, the guinea pigs in the LED and G light groups had axial lengths that were considerably longer than the animals in the natural light group while the guinea pigs in the E and F light groups had considerably shorter axial lengths than those in the LED group. Following twelve weeks of exposure to light, the expression of the scleral MMP-2 protein and mRNA were, from low to high, N group, E group, F group, G group, LED group; however, the expression of the scleral TIMP-2 protein and mRNA were, from high to low, N group, E group, F group, G group, LED group. The comparison between groups was statistically significant (p<0.01). Continuous, peaks-free or valleys-free artificial light with full-spectrum preserves remodeling of scleral extracellular matrix in guinea pigs by downregulating MMP-2 and upregulating TIMP-2, controlling eye axis elongation, and inhibiting the onset and progression of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbao Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing; Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical College of Yizheng People's Hospital, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu.
| | - Linfang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu.
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu.
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu.
| | - Xiaoqiong Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu.
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu.
| | - Chuanwei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu.
| | - Lixin Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu.
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu.
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Wong DCS, Harvey JP, Jurkute N, Thomasy SM, Moosajee M, Yu-Wai-Man P, Gilhooley MJ. OPA1 Dominant Optic Atrophy: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets. J Neuroophthalmol 2023; 43:464-474. [PMID: 37974363 PMCID: PMC10645107 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. S. Wong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua P. Harvey
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Neringa Jurkute
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Gilhooley
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
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Lazzarini R, Tartaglione MF, Ciarapica V, Piva F, Giulietti M, Fulgenzi G, Martelli M, Ledda C, Vitale E, Malavolta M, Santarelli L, Bracci M. Keratinocytes Exposed to Blue or Red Light: Proteomic Characterization Showed Cytoplasmic Thioredoxin Reductase 1 and Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3 Triggered Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16189. [PMID: 38003379 PMCID: PMC10671521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Several cell-signaling mechanisms are activated by visible light radiation in human keratinocytes, but the key regulatory proteins involved in this specific cellular response have not yet been identified. Human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were exposed to blue or red light at low or high irradiance for 3 days in cycles of 12 h of light and 12 h of dark. The cell viability, apoptotic rate and cell cycle progression were analyzed in all experimental conditions. The proteomic profile, oxidative stress and mitochondrial morphology were additionally evaluated in the HaCaT cells following exposure to high-irradiance blue or red light. Low-irradiance blue or red light exposure did not show an alteration in the cell viability, cell death or cell cycle progression. High-irradiance blue or red light reduced the cell viability, induced cell death and cell cycle G2/M arrest, increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered the mitochondrial density and morphology. The proteomic profile revealed a pivotal role of Cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) and Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) in the response of the HaCaT cells to high-irradiance blue or red light exposure. Blue or red light exposure affected the viability of keratinocytes, activating a specific oxidative stress response and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results can help to address the targets for the therapeutic use of light and to develop adequate preventive strategies for skin damage. This in vitro study supports further in vivo investigations of the biological effects of light on human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Lazzarini
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.F.T.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Maria Fiorella Tartaglione
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.F.T.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Veronica Ciarapica
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.F.T.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.P.)
| | - Matteo Giulietti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.P.)
| | - Gianluca Fulgenzi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences Experimental Pathology, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Margherita Martelli
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.F.T.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Caterina Ledda
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Ermanno Vitale
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy;
| | - Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Lory Santarelli
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.F.T.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Massimo Bracci
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.F.T.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
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4
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Sharif NA. Electrical, Electromagnetic, Ultrasound Wave Therapies, and Electronic Implants for Neuronal Rejuvenation, Neuroprotection, Axonal Regeneration, and IOP Reduction. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:477-498. [PMID: 36126293 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) of mammals and nervous systems of lower organisms possess significant regenerative potential. In contrast, although neural plasticity can provide some compensation, the central nervous system (CNS) neurons and nerves of adult mammals generally fail to regenerate after an injury or damage. However, use of diverse electrical, electromagnetic and sonographic energy waves are illuminating novel ways to stimulate neuronal differentiation, proliferation, neurite growth, and axonal elongation/regeneration leading to various levels of functional recovery in animals and humans afflicted with disorders of the CNS, PNS, retina, and optic nerve. Tools such as acupuncture, electroacupuncture, electroshock therapy, electrical stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, red light therapy, and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy are demonstrating efficacy in treating many different maladies. These include wound healing, partial recovery from motor dysfunctions, recovery from ischemic/reperfusion insults and CNS and ocular remyelination, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) rejuvenation, and RGC axonal regeneration. Neural rejuvenation and axonal growth/regeneration processes involve activation or intensifying of the intrinsic bioelectric waves (action potentials) that exist in every neuronal circuit of the body. In addition, reparative factors released at the nerve terminals and via neuronal dendrites (transmitter substances), extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs and neurotrophins, and intercellular communication occurring via nanotubes aid in reestablishing lost or damaged connections between the traumatized tissues and the PNS and CNS. Many other beneficial effects of the aforementioned treatment paradigms are mediated via gene expression alterations such as downregulation of inflammatory and death-signal genes and upregulation of neuroprotective and cytoprotective genes. These varied techniques and technologies will be described and discussed covering cell-based and animal model-based studies. Data from clinical applications and linkage to human ocular diseases will also be discussed where relevant translational research has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, California, USA
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Insitute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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5
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Schmetterer L, Tezel G, Schuman J. Neville Osborne - Editor-in-Chief of Progress in Retinal and Eye Research for 40 years. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101194. [PMID: 37473797 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Gülgün Tezel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Joel Schuman
- Wills Eye Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
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Kuang G, Halimitabrizi M, Edziah AA, Salowe R, O’Brien JM. The potential for mitochondrial therapeutics in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma: a review. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1184060. [PMID: 37601627 PMCID: PMC10433652 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1184060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, an age-related neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the corresponding loss of visual fields. This disease is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, making early diagnosis and effective treatment paramount. The pathophysiology of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common form of the disease, remains poorly understood. Current available treatments, which target elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), are not effective at slowing disease progression in approximately 30% of patients. There is a great need to identify and study treatment options that target other disease mechanisms and aid in neuroprotection for POAG. Increasingly, the role of mitochondrial injury in the development of POAG has become an emphasized area of research interest. Disruption in the function of mitochondria has been linked to problems with neurodevelopment and systemic diseases. Recent studies have shown an association between RGC death and damage to the cells' mitochondria. In particular, oxidative stress and disrupted oxidative phosphorylation dynamics have been linked to increased susceptibility of RGC mitochondria to secondary mechanical injury. Several mitochondria-targeted treatments for POAG have been suggested, including physical exercise, diet and nutrition, antioxidant supplementation, stem cell therapy, hypoxia exposure, gene therapy, mitochondrial transplantation, and light therapy. Studies have shown that mitochondrial therapeutics may have the potential to slow the progression of POAG by protecting against mitochondrial decline associated with age, genetic susceptibility, and other pathology. Further, these therapeutics may potentially target already present neuronal damage and symptom manifestations. In this review, the authors outline potential mitochondria-targeted treatment strategies and discuss their utility for use in POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kuang
- Perelman School of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mina Halimitabrizi
- Perelman School of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amy-Ann Edziah
- Perelman School of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca Salowe
- Perelman School of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joan M. O’Brien
- Perelman School of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Fu W, Im YG, Kim B, Kim OS, Yang Y, Song J, Liu D, Zhu S, Kang JS, Kim O. 625 nm Light Irradiation Prevented MC3T3-E1 Cells from Accumulation of Misfolded Proteins via ROS and ATP Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119257. [PMID: 37298212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts must acquire a considerable capacity for folding unfolded and misfolded proteins (MPs) to produce large amounts of extracellular matrix proteins and maintain bone homeostasis. MP accumulation contributes to cellular apoptosis and bone disorders. Photobiomodulation therapy has been used to treat bone diseases, but the effects of decreasing MPs with photobiomodulation remain unclear. In this study, we explored the efficacy of 625 nm light-emitting diode irradiation (LEDI) to reduce MPs in tunicamycin (TM) induced-MC3T3-E1 cells. Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent chaperone, is used to evaluate the capacity of folding MPs. The results revealed that pretreatment with 625 nm LEDI (Pre-IR) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to the increased chaperone BiP through the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)/X-box binding protein 1s (XBP-1s) pathway, and then restoration of collagen type I (COL-I) and osteopontin (OPN) expression relieving cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the translocation of BiP into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen might be followed by a high level of ATP production. Taken together, these results suggest that Pre-IR could be beneficial to prevent MP accumulation through ROS and ATP in TM-induced MC3T3-E1cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Fu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Gwan Im
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Byunggook Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Su Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianan Song
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Danyang Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Okjoon Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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8
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Ahn SH, Suh JS, Lim GH, Kim TJ. The Potential Effects of Light Irradiance in Glaucoma and Photobiomodulation Therapy. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020223. [PMID: 36829717 PMCID: PMC9952036 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human vision is mediated by the retina, one of the most critical tissues in the central nervous system. Glaucoma is a complex retinal disease attributed to environmental, genetic, and stochastic factors, all of which contribute to its pathogenesis. Historically, glaucoma had been thought of primarily as a disease of the elderly; however, it is now becoming more problematic as the incidence rate increases among young individuals. In recent years, excessive light exposure has been suggested as contributing to the rise in glaucoma among the younger generation. Blue light induces mitochondrial apoptosis in retinal ganglion cells, causing optic damage; red light increases cytochrome c oxidase activity in the electron transport system, reducing inflammation and increasing antioxidant reactions to promote cell regeneration. In conclusion, the minimization of blue light exposure and the general application of red light treatment strategies are anticipated to show synergistic effects with existing treatments for retinal disease and glaucoma and should be considered a necessary prospect for the future. This review introduces the recent studies that support the relationship between light exposure and the onset of glaucoma and discusses new treatments, such as photobiomodulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (G.-H.L.); (T.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2261 (T.-J.K.)
| | - Tae-Jin Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (G.-H.L.); (T.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2261 (T.-J.K.)
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9
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Xu X, Shi J, Zhang C, Shi L, Bai Y, Shi W, Wang Y. Effects of artificial light with different spectral composition on eye axial growth in juvenile guinea pigs. Eur J Histochem 2023; 67. [PMID: 36786079 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2023.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of artificial light with different spectral composition and distribution on axial growth in guinea pigs. Three-week-old guinea pigs were randomly assigned to groups exposed to natural light, low color temperature light-emitting diode (LED) light, two full spectrum artificial lights (E light and Julia light) and blue light filtered light with the same intensity. Axial lengths of guinea pigs' eyes were measured by A-scan ultrasonography prior to the experiment and every 2 weeks during the experiment. After light exposure for 12 weeks, retinal dopamine (DA), dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels and DOPAC/DA ratio were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography electrochemical detection and retinal histological structure was observed. Retinal melanopsin expression was detected using Western blot and immunohistochemistry. After exposed to different kinds of light with different spectrum for 4 weeks, the axial lengths of guinea pigs' eyes in LED group and Julia light group were significantly longer than those of natural light group. After 6 weeks, the axial lengths in LED light group were significantly longer than those of E light group and blue light filtered group. The difference between axial lengths in E light group and Julia light group showed statistical significance after 8 weeks (p<0.05). After 12 weeks of light exposure, the comparison of retinal DOPAC/DA ratio and melanopsin expression in each group was consistent with that of axial length. In guinea pigs, continuous full spectrum artificial light with no peak or valley can inhibit axial elongation via retinal dopaminergic and melanopsin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing.
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing.
| | - Chuanwei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing.
| | - Lixin Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing.
| | - Yujie Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing.
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing.
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing.
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10
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Low-Dose Blue Light (420 nm) Reduces Metabolic Activity and Inhibits Proliferation of Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020331. [PMID: 36836688 PMCID: PMC9965217 DOI: 10.3390/life13020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring in burn wounds is caused by overactive fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Blue light reveals wavelength- and dose-dependent antibacterial and antiproliferative effects and may serve as a therapeutic option against wound infection and fibrotic conditions. Therefore, we evaluated in this study the effects of single and multiple irradiations with blue light at 420 nm (BL420) on the intracellular ATP concentration, and on the viability and proliferation of the human skin fibroblast (HDFs). In addition, possible BL420-induced effects on the catalase expression and differentiation were assessed by immunocytochemical staining and western blot analyses. Furthermore, we used RNA-seq analyses to identify BL420-affected genes. We found that BL420 induced toxicity in HDFs (up to 83%; 180 J/cm2). A low dose of 20 J/cm2 reduced the ATP concentration by ~50%. Multiple irradiations (4 × 20 J/cm2) inhibited proliferation without visible toxicity and reduced catalase protein expression by ~37% without affecting differentiation. The expression of about 300 genes was significantly altered. Many downregulated genes have functions in cell division/mitosis. BL420 can strongly influence the fibroblast physiology and has potential in wound therapy. However, it is important to consider the possible toxic and antiproliferative effects, which could potentially lead to impaired wound healing and reduced scar breaking strength.
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11
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Van Hook MJ. Influences of Glaucoma on the Structure and Function of Synapses in the Visual System. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:842-861. [PMID: 35044228 PMCID: PMC9587776 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Glaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder of the visual system associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). It is the leading irreversible cause of vision loss worldwide, and vision loss results from damage and dysfunction of the retinal output neurons known as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Recent Advances: Elevated IOP and optic nerve injury triggers pruning of RGC dendrites, altered morphology of excitatory inputs from presynaptic bipolar cells, and disrupted RGC synaptic function. Less is known about RGC outputs, although evidence to date indicates that glaucoma is associated with altered mitochondrial and synaptic structure and function in RGC-projection targets in the brain. These early functional changes likely contribute to vision loss and might be a window into early diagnosis and treatment. Critical Issues: Glaucoma affects different RGC populations to varying extents and along distinct time courses. The influence of glaucoma on RGC synaptic function as well as the mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be determined. Since RGCs are an especially energetically demanding population of neurons, altered intracellular axon transport of mitochondria and mitochondrial function might contribute to RGC synaptic dysfunction in the retina and brain as well as RGC vulnerability in glaucoma. Future Directions: The mechanisms underlying differential RGC vulnerability remain to be determined. Moreover, the timing and mechanisms of RGCs synaptic dysfunction and degeneration will provide valuable insight into the disease process in glaucoma. Future work will be able to capitalize on these findings to better design diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to detect disease and prevent vision loss. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 842-861.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science and Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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12
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Xiao Q, Wang L, Zhang J, Zhong X, Guo Z, Yu J, Ma Y, Wu H. Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Involves 660 nm Laser Radiation on Epithelium and Modulates Lipid Metabolism. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101389. [PMID: 36291598 PMCID: PMC9599573 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has proven that light treatment, specifically red light radiation, can provide more clinical benefits to human health. Our investigation was firstly conducted to characterize the tissue morphology of mouse breast post 660 nm laser radiation with low power and long-term exposure. RNA sequencing results revealed that light exposure with a higher intervention dosage could cause a number of differentially expressed genes compared with a low intervention dosage. Gene ontology analysis, protein–protein interaction network analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis results suggested that 660 nm light exposure can activate more transcription-related pathways in HC11 breast epithelial cells, and these pathways may involve modulating critical gene expression. To consider the critical role of the Wnt/T-catenin pathway in light-induced modulation, we hypothesized that this pathway might play a major role in response to 660 nm light exposure. To validate our hypothesis, we conducted qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot assays, and relative results corroborated that laser radiation could promote expression levels of β-catenin and relative phosphorylation. Significant changes in metabolites and pathway analysis revealed that 660 nm laser could affect nucleotide metabolism by regulating purine metabolism. These findings suggest that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be the major sensor for 660 nm laser radiation, and it may be helpful to rescue drawbacks or side effects of 660 nm light exposure through relative interventional agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Xiao
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Juling Zhang
- Center for Faculty Development, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xinyu Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Zhou Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Jiahao Yu
- Shandong Zhongbaokang Medical Implements Co., Ltd., Zibo 255000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Haigang Wu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Hydrogen sulfide supplement preserves mitochondrial function of retinal ganglion cell in a rat glaucoma model. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 389:171-185. [PMID: 35593936 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of visual system characterized by gradual loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Since mitochondrial dysfunction of RGC is significantly involved in the pathological mechanisms of glaucoma, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) takes part in the pathogeny of glaucoma and shows promising potential in restoring mitochondrial function in other neurons, the authors aimed to investigate the impact of H2S on mitochondrial function of RGC with a rat glaucoma model. An established chronic ocular hypertension (COH) rat model induced by injection of cross-linking hydrogel into anterior chamber was adopted, and a H2S donor, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), was selected to treat rats through intraperitoneal injection. After a period of 4 weeks, RGCs were isolated from the subjected rats with an immunopanning method and went through evaluations of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, intracellular Ca2 + level, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and cytosolic Cytochrome C distribution. The results showed that the mitochondrial function of RGC in experimental glaucoma was markedly improved by H2S supplement, being presented as stabilization of MMP, alleviation of MPTP opening, improvement of intracellular Ca2+ hemostasis, reduction of ROS accumulation, and inhibition of Cytochrome C release. Our study implicated that preservation of mitochondrial function by H2S probably plays a key role in protecting RGC in the context of glaucomatous neuropathy, and it is worth further deepgoing research to benefit the development of glaucoma treatment.
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14
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Kim JS, Lim STS. LED Light-Induced ROS Differentially Regulates Focal Adhesion Kinase Activity in HaCaT Cell Viability. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:1235-1246. [PMID: 35723305 PMCID: PMC8947587 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, changes in cell signaling mechanisms in skin cells induced by various wavelengths and intensities of light-emitting diodes (LED) were investigated, focusing on the activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in particular. We examined the effect of LED irradiation on cell survival, the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the activity of various cell-signaling proteins. Red LED light increased cell viability at all intensities, whereas strong green and blue LED light reduced cell viability, and this effect was reversed by NAC or DPI treatment. Red LED light caused an increase in ROS formation according to the increase in the intensity of the LED light, and green and blue LED lights led to sharp increases in ROS formation. In the initial reaction to LEDs, red LED light only increased the phosphorylation of FAK and extracellular-signal regulated protein kinase (ERK), whereas green and blue LED lights increased the phosphorylation of inhibitory-κB Kinase α (IKKα), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. The phosphorylation of these intracellular proteins was reduced via FAK inhibitor, NAC, and DPI treatments. Even after 24 h of LED irradiation, the activity of FAK and ERK appeared in cells treated with red LED light but did not appear in cells treated with green and blue LED lights. Furthermore, the activity of caspase-3 was confirmed along with cell detachment. Therefore, our results suggest that red LED light induced mitogenic effects via low levels of ROS–FAK–ERK, while green and blue LED lights induced cytotoxic effects via cellular stress and apoptosis signaling resulting from high levels of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sub Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong 27909, Chungbuk, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-S.K.); (S.-T.S.L.)
| | - Ssang-Taek Steve Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Correspondence: (J.-S.K.); (S.-T.S.L.)
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15
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Ohashi T, Namekata K, Guo X, Kimura A, Harada C, Harada T. Effects of lighting environment on the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in glutamate/aspartate transporter deficient mice, a mouse model of normal tension glaucoma. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 29:101197. [PMID: 35028438 PMCID: PMC8741416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lighting conditions may affect the development of retinal degenerative diseases such as macular degeneration. In this study, to determine whether the lighting environment affects the progression of degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), we examined glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) heterozygous (GLAST+/-) mice, a mouse model of normal tension glaucoma. GLAST+/- mice were reared under a 12-h light-dark cycle (Light/Dark) or complete darkness (Dark/Dark) condition after birth. The total RGC number in the Dark/Dark group was significantly decreased compared with the Light/Dark group at 3 weeks old, while the number of osteopontin-positive αRGCs were similar in both groups. At 6 and 12 weeks old, the total RGC number were not significantly different in both conditions. In addition, the retinal function examined by multifocal electroretinogram were similar at 12 weeks old. These results suggest that lighting conditions may regulate the progression of RGC degeneration in some types of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhiko Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kimura
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Botero-Valencia J, Mejia-Herrera M. Modular system for UV-vis-NIR radiation measurement with wireless communication. HARDWAREX 2021; 10:e00236. [PMID: 35607695 PMCID: PMC9123446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2021.e00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Light wavelengths like Ultraviolet (UV) and Near-Infrared Radiation (NIR) are some topics of great interest for research in renewable energy, agriculture, architecture, interior design, and psychology. Due to the light spectrum influence in all these fields, it is necessary to develop instruments that facilitate their remote measurement and storage using Internet of Things technology. In this work, a modular system of sensors for UV-vis-NIR radiation measurement is presented. The system includes six multi-spectral sensors that allow 54 different measures. The acquired data can be sent to the cloud in real-time or stored in a micro SD memory in separate files (per sensor) to facilitate its reading, each data is time-stamped using Unix format, synchronized with a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server. The sensor enclosure was standardized in installation and all of them except the AS7265 have the same size, and were covered with a 1/8" PTFE sheet to take advantage of its diffuser characteristic. Finally, the sensors were mounted on a standard 2020 extruded aluminum guide rail, this rail allows to fix sensors in different distances and arrangements, bringing adaptability to the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.S. Botero-Valencia
- Grupo de Sistemas de Control y Robótica, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M. Mejia-Herrera
- Grupo de Sistemas de Control y Robótica, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín, Colombia
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17
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Establishing the ground squirrel as a superb model for retinal ganglion cell disorders and optic neuropathies. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1289-1303. [PMID: 34253851 PMCID: PMC8753557 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death occurs after optic nerve injury due to acute trauma or chronic degenerative conditions such as optic neuropathies (e.g., glaucoma). Currently, there are no effective therapies to prevent permanent vision loss resulting from RGC death, underlining the need for research on the pathogenesis of RGC disorders. Modeling human RGC/optic nerve diseases in non-human primates is ideal because of their similarity to humans, but has practical limitations including high cost and ethical considerations. In addition, many retinal degenerative disorders are age-related making the study in primate models prohibitively slow. For these reasons, mice and rats are commonly used to model RGC injuries. However, as nocturnal mammals, these rodents have retinal structures that differ from primates - possessing less than one-tenth of the RGCs found in the primate retina. Here we report the diurnal thirteen-lined ground squirrel (TLGS) as an alternative model. Compared to other rodent models, the number and distribution of RGCs in the TLGS retina are closer to primates. The TLGS retina possesses ~600,000 RGCs with the highest density along the equatorial retina matching the location of the highest cone density (visual streak). TLGS and primate retinas also share a similar interlocking pattern between RGC axons and astrocyte processes in the retina nerve fiber layer (RNFL). In addition, using TLGS we establish a new partial optic nerve injury model that precisely controls the extent of injury while sparing a portion of the retina as an ideal internal control for investigating the pathophysiology of axon degeneration and RGC death. Moreover, in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and ex vivo microscopic examinations of the retina in optic nerve injured TLGS confirm RGC loss precedes proximal axon degeneration, recapitulating human pathology. Thus, the TLGS retina is an excellent model, for translational research in neurodegeneration and therapeutic neuroprotection.
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18
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Lenaers G, Neutzner A, Le Dantec Y, Jüschke C, Xiao T, Decembrini S, Swirski S, Kieninger S, Agca C, Kim US, Reynier P, Yu-Wai-Man P, Neidhardt J, Wissinger B. Dominant optic atrophy: Culprit mitochondria in the optic nerve. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 83:100935. [PMID: 33340656 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is an inherited mitochondrial disease leading to specific degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), thus compromising transmission of visual information from the retina to the brain. Usually, DOA starts during childhood and evolves to poor vision or legal blindness, affecting the central vision, whilst sparing the peripheral visual field. In 20% of cases, DOA presents as syndromic disorder, with secondary symptoms affecting neuronal and muscular functions. Twenty years ago, we demonstrated that heterozygous mutations in OPA1 are the most frequent molecular cause of DOA. Since then, variants in additional genes, whose functions in many instances converge with those of OPA1, have been identified by next generation sequencing. OPA1 encodes a dynamin-related GTPase imported into mitochondria and located to the inner membrane and intermembrane space. The many OPA1 isoforms, resulting from alternative splicing of three exons, form complex homopolymers that structure mitochondrial cristae, and contribute to fusion of the outer membrane, thus shaping the whole mitochondrial network. Moreover, OPA1 is required for oxidative phosphorylation, maintenance of mitochondrial genome, calcium homeostasis and regulation of apoptosis, thus making OPA1 the Swiss army-knife of mitochondria. Understanding DOA pathophysiology requires the understanding of RGC peculiarities with respect to OPA1 functions. Besides the tremendous energy requirements of RGCs to relay visual information from the eye to the brain, these neurons present unique features related to their differential environments in the retina, and to the anatomical transition occurring at the lamina cribrosa, which parallel major adaptations of mitochondrial physiology and shape, in the pre- and post-laminar segments of the optic nerve. Three DOA mouse models, with different Opa1 mutations, have been generated to study intrinsic mechanisms responsible for RGC degeneration, and these have further revealed secondary symptoms related to mitochondrial dysfunctions, mirroring the more severe syndromic phenotypes seen in a subgroup of patients. Metabolomics analyses of cells, mouse organs and patient plasma mutated for OPA1 revealed new unexpected pathophysiological mechanisms related to mitochondrial dysfunction, and biomarkers correlated quantitatively to the severity of the disease. Here, we review and synthesize these data, and propose different approaches for embracing possible therapies to fulfil the unmet clinical needs of this disease, and provide hope to affected DOA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Lenaers
- MitoLab Team, UMR CNRS 6015 - INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France.
| | - Albert Neutzner
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Yannick Le Dantec
- MitoLab Team, UMR CNRS 6015 - INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Christoph Jüschke
- Human Genetics, Faculty VI - School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ting Xiao
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Decembrini
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Swirski
- Human Genetics, Faculty VI - School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sinja Kieninger
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cavit Agca
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey; Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ungsoo S Kim
- Kim's Eye Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pascal Reynier
- MitoLab Team, UMR CNRS 6015 - INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Neidhardt
- Human Genetics, Faculty VI - School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Research Center Neurosensory Science, University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Plasma Rich in Growth Factors Promotes Autophagy in ARPE19 Cells in Response to Oxidative Stress Induced by Blue Light. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070954. [PMID: 34203504 PMCID: PMC8301887 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes the degeneration of photoreceptors and retinal cells leading to vision loss in older subjects. Among possible exogenous risk factors, it has been recently proposed that long-term exposure to blue light could aggravate the course of AMD. In the search for therapeutic options, plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) has been shown to enhance cell antioxidant pathways and protect photoreceptors against the harm produced by blue light, although its mechanism of action remains unknown. One possible mechanism, autophagy, is one of the most conservative cell renewal systems used in eukaryotes to destroy cellular components that have been damaged by some kind of insult. The oxidative stress of exposure to blue light is known to induce cell autophagy. In this study, we examined the combined effects on autophagy of blue light and PRGF in a retinal cell line, ARPE19. In response to treatment with both PRGF and blue light, we detected the modulated expression of autophagy markers such as NF-kB, p62/sqstm1, Atg5, LC3 and Beclin1, and inflammatory markers such as IL1B and IL18. Our findings suggest that PRGF promotes cell autophagy in response to exposure to blue light.
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Multifactorial Pathogenic Processes of Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration in Glaucoma towards Multi-Target Strategies for Broader Treatment Effects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061372. [PMID: 34199494 PMCID: PMC8228726 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by apoptosis of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somas, degeneration of axons, and loss of synapses at dendrites and axon terminals. Glaucomatous neurodegeneration encompasses multiple triggers, multiple cell types, and multiple molecular pathways through the etiological paths with biomechanical, vascular, metabolic, oxidative, and inflammatory components. As much as intrinsic responses of RGCs themselves, divergent responses and intricate interactions of the surrounding glia also play decisive roles for the cell fate. Seen from a broad perspective, multitarget treatment strategies have a compelling pathophysiological basis to more efficiently manipulate multiple pathogenic processes at multiple injury sites in such a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. Despite distinct molecular programs for somatic and axonal degeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction and glia-driven neuroinflammation present interdependent processes with widespread impacts in the glaucomatous retina and optic nerve. Since dysfunctional mitochondria stimulate inflammatory responses and proinflammatory mediators impair mitochondria, mitochondrial restoration may be immunomodulatory, while anti-inflammatory treatments protect mitochondria. Manipulation of these converging routes may thus allow a unified treatment strategy to protect RGC axons, somas, and synapses. This review presents an overview of recent research advancements with emphasis on potential treatment targets to achieve the best treatment efficacy to preserve visual function in glaucoma.
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21
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Jin M, Li X, Yan F, Chen W, Jiang L, Zhang X. The effects of low-color-temperature dual-primary-color light-emitting diodes on three kinds of retinal cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 214:112099. [PMID: 33285486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-term illumination of the retina with blue-light-excited phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may result in decreased retinal function, even if the levels of blue light emitted are low. New low-color-temperature dual-primary-color LEDs have been developed that are composed of only two LED chips: a red chip and a yellow chip. These LEDs are expected to become a new type of healthy lighting source because they do not emit blue light, they lack phosphor, and they solve the problem of low efficiency encountered with phosphor-converted low-color-temperature LEDs. Many studies have indicated that these new low-color-temperature LEDs are likely to have therapeutic effects. However, the biological safety of these LEDs needs to be explored before the therapeutic effects are explored. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the new low-color-temperature LEDs and fluorescent white LEDs on three types of retinal cells. We observed that the viability and numbers of retinal cells decreased gradually with increasing LED color temperature. The new low-color-temperature LEDs caused less death and adverse effects on proliferation than the fluorescent white LEDs. After irradiation with high-color-temperature LEDs, the expression of Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) was decreased and discontinuous in ARPE-19 cells; the stress protein hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) was upregulated in R28 cells; and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin were upregulated in rMC-1 cells. We therefore conclude that the new white LEDs cause almost no damage to retinal cells and reduce the potential human health risks of chronic exposure to fluorescent white LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jin
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Xiongfeng Li
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Weixin Chen
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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22
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Baudouin C, Kolko M, Melik-Parsadaniantz S, Messmer EM. Inflammation in Glaucoma: From the back to the front of the eye, and beyond. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 83:100916. [PMID: 33075485 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of glaucoma is complex, multifactorial and not completely understood. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or impaired retinal blood flow may cause initial optic nerve damage. In addition, age-related oxidative stress in the retina concurrently with chronic mechanical and vascular stress is crucial for the initiation of retinal neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress is closely related to cell senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation, which are involved in glaucoma progression. Accumulating evidence from animal glaucoma models and from human ocular samples suggests a dysfunction of the para-inflammation in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the optic nerve head. Moreover, quite similar mechanisms in the anterior chamber could explain the trabecular meshwork dysfunction and the elevated IOP in primary open-angle glaucoma. On the other hand, ocular surface disease due to topical interventions is the most prominent and visible consequence of inflammation in glaucoma, with a negative impact on filtering surgery failure, topical treatment efficacy, and possibly on inflammation in the anterior segment. Consequently, glaucoma appears as an outstanding eye disease where inflammatory changes may be present to various extents and consequences along the eye structure, from the ocular surface to the posterior segment, and the visual pathway. Here we reviewed the inflammatory processes in all ocular structures in glaucoma from the back to the front of the eye and beyond. Our approach was to explain how para-inflammation is necessary to maintain homoeostasis, and to describe abnormal inflammatory findings observed in glaucomatous patients or in animal glaucoma models, supporting the hypothesis of a dysregulation of the inflammatory balance toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Possible anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in glaucoma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU Foresight, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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23
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Ouyang XL, Chen BY, Xie YF, Wu YD, Guo SJ, Dong XY, Wang GH. Whole transcriptome analysis on blue light-induced eye damage. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1210-1222. [PMID: 32821674 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.08.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze abnormal gene expressions of mice eyes exposed to blue light using RNA-seq and analyze the related signaling pathways. METHODS Kunming mice were divided into an experimental group that was exposed to blue light and a control group that was exposed to natural light. After 14d, the mice were euthanized and their eyeballs were collected. Whole transcriptome analysis was attempted to analyze the gene expression of the eyeballs using RNA-seq to reconstruct genetic networks. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were used to reveal the related signaling pathways. RESULTS The 737 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 430 up and 307 down regulated genes, by calculating the gene FPKM in each sample and conducting differential gene analysis. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that blue light damage may associated with the visual perception, sensory perception of light stimulus, phototransduction, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Differential lncRNA, circRNA and miRNA analysis showed that blue light exposure affected pathways for retinal cone cell development and phototransduction, among others. CONCLUSION Exposure to blue light can cause a certain degree of abnormal gene expression and modulate signaling pathways in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Li Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo-Yu Chen
- Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, Bethune International Peace Hospital of PLA, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yong-Fang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi-De Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shao-Jia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guo-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
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24
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Photobiomodulation Mediates Neuroprotection against Blue Light Induced Retinal Photoreceptor Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072370. [PMID: 32235464 PMCID: PMC7177783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent neuroprotective effects of photobiomodulation with 670 nm red light (RL) have been demonstrated in several models of retinal disease. RL improves mitochondrial metabolism, reduces retinal inflammation and oxidative cell stress, showing its ability to enhance visual function. However, the current knowledge is limited to the main hypothesis that the respiratory chain complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase, serves as the primary target of RL. Here, we demonstrate a comprehensive cellular, molecular, and functional characterization of neuroprotective effects of 670 nm RL and 810 nm near-infrared light (NIRL) on blue light damaged murine primary photoreceptors. We show that respiratory chain complexes I and II are additional PBM targets, besides complex IV, leading to enhanced mitochondrial energy metabolism. Accordingly, our study identified mitochondria related RL- and NIRL-triggered defense mechanisms promoting photoreceptor neuroprotection. The observed improvement of mitochondrial and extramitochondrial respiration in both inner and outer segments is linked with reduced oxidative stress including its cellular consequences and reduced mitochondria-induced apoptosis. Analysis of regulatory mechanisms using gene expression analysis identified upregulation α-crystallins that indicate enhanced production of proteins with protective functions that point to the rescued mitochondrial function. The results support the hypothesis that energy metabolism is a major target for retinal light therapy.
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25
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Fasciani I, Petragnano F, Aloisi G, Marampon F, Rossi M, Coppolino MF, Rossi R, Longoni B, Scarselli M, Maggio R. A New Threat to Dopamine Neurons: The Downside of Artificial Light. Neuroscience 2020; 432:216-228. [PMID: 32142863 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Growing awareness of adverse impacts of artificial light on human health has led to recognize light pollution as a significant global environmental issue. Despite, a large number of studies in rodent and monkey models of Parkinson's disease have reported that near infrared light has neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons, recent findings have shown that prolonged exposure of rodents and birds to fluorescent artificial light results in an increase of neuromelanin granules in substantia nigra and loss of dopaminergic neurons. The observed detrimental effect seems to be dependent on a direct effect of light on the substantia nigra rather than a secondary effect of the alterations of circadian rhythms. Moreover, inferences from animal models to human studies have shown a positive correlation between the prevalence of Parkinson's disease and light pollution. The present article discusses experimental evidence supporting a potentially deleterious impact of light on dopaminergic neurons and highlights the mechanisms whereby light might damage neuronal tissue. Moreover, it analyses epidemiological evidence that suggests light pollution to be an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fasciani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Petragnano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aloisi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Rossi
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Francesca Coppolino
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Rossi
- Ph D Programme in Neuroscience, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Longoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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26
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Zhao Y, Shen Y. Light-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Damage and the Relevant Mechanisms. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:1243-1252. [PMID: 32107750 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While light is the basic element for inducing vision and modulating circadian rhythms, excessive light has been reported to have a negative effect on the survival of various types of retinal cells. Among them photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells degeneration after light exposure is widely observed, but light-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage achieves relatively little attention. The purpose of this article is to summarize the experimental evidence for the possible negative effects of excessive light on RGCs. By searching the database, twenty-six related articles have been included. Taken together, excessive light may insult RGCs through the three main ways: (i) directly action on RGC mitochondria, as well as DNA, resulting in an upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequently caspase-dependent or -independent cell death; (ii) mediation in gliotransmitters or relevant receptors of retinal glial cells; and (iii) a secondary event to photoreceptors and RPE cells degeneration and subsequent retinal remodeling. So RGCs can certainly be injured by excessive light, especially when they are already energetically compromised in some diseases. And more attentions should be paid to this topic to take timely measures to protect these frail RGCs from being damaged by excessive light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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27
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Lee EJ, Han JC, Park DY, Kee C. A neuroglia-based interpretation of glaucomatous neuroretinal rim thinning in the optic nerve head. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 77:100840. [PMID: 31982595 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroretinal rim thinning (NRR) is a characteristic glaucomatous optic disc change. However, the precise mechanism of the rim thinning has not been completely elucidated. This review focuses on the structural role of the glioarchitecture in the formation of the glaucomatous NRR thinning. The NRR is a glia-framed structure, with honeycomb geometry and mechanically reinforced astrocyte processes along the transverse plane. When neural damage selectively involves the neuron and spares the glia, the gross structure of the tissue is preserved. The disorganization and loss of the glioarchitecture are the two hallmarks of optic nerve head (ONH) remodeling in glaucoma that leads to the thinning of NRR tissue upon axonal loss. This is in contrast to most non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies with optic disc pallor where hypertrophy of the glioarchitecture is associated with the seemingly absent optic disc cupping. Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is an exception where pan-necrosis of ONH tissue leads to NRR thinning. Milder ischemia indicates selective neuronal loss that spares glia in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. The biological reason is the heterogeneous glial response determined by the site, type, and severity of the injury. The neuroglial interpretation explains how the cellular changes underlie the clinical findings. Updated understandings on glial responses illustrate the mechanical, microenvironmental, and microglial modulation of activated astrocytes in glaucoma. Findings relevant to the possible mechanism of the astrocyte death in advanced glaucoma are also emerging. Ultimately, a better understanding of glaucomatous glial response may lead to glia-targeting neuroprotection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Jong Chul Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Do Young Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Changwon Kee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
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28
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Núñez-Álvarez C, Osborne N. Blue light exacerbates and red light counteracts negative insults to retinal ganglion cells in situ and R28 cells in vitro. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:187-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Enhancement of corneal epithelium cell survival, proliferation and migration by red light: Relevance to corneal wound healing. Exp Eye Res 2019; 180:231-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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30
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Alqawlaq S, Flanagan JG, Sivak JM. All roads lead to glaucoma: Induced retinal injury cascades contribute to a common neurodegenerative outcome. Exp Eye Res 2018; 183:88-97. [PMID: 30447198 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma describes a distinct optic neuropathy with complex etiology and a variety of associated risk factors, but with similar pathological endpoints. Risk factors such as age, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), low mean arterial pressure, and autoimmune disease, can all be associated with death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve head remodeling. Today, IOP management remains the standard of care, even though IOP elevation is not pathognomonic of glaucoma, and patients can continue to lose vision despite effective IOP control. A contemporary view of glaucoma as a complex, neurodegenerative disease has developed, along with the recognition of a need for new disease modifying retinal treatment strategies and improved outcomes. However, the distinction between risk factors triggering the disease process and retinal injury responses is not always clear. In this review, we attempt to distinguish between the various triggers, and their association with subsequent key RGC injury mechanisms. We propose that distinct glaucomatous risk factors result in similar retinal and optic nerve injury cascades, including oxidative and metabolic stress, glial reactivity, and altered inflammatory responses, which induce common molecular signals to induce RGC apoptosis. This organization forms a coherent disease framework and presents conserved targets for therapeutic intervention that are not limited to specific risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samih Alqawlaq
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Vision Science Research Program, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John G Flanagan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Vision Science Research Program, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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31
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Abstract
The spatial density of mitochondria was studied by thin-section electron microscopy in
smooth muscles of bladder, iris and gut in mice, rats, guinea-pigs and sheep. Morphometric
data included areas of muscle cell profiles (~6,000 muscle cells were measured) and areas
of their mitochondria (more than three times as many). The visual method delivers accurate
estimates of the extent of the chondrioma (the ensemble of mitochondria in a cell),
measuring all and only the mitochondria in each muscle cell and no other cells. The
digital records obtained can be used again for checks and new searches. Spatial density of
mitochondria varies between about 2 and 10% in different muscles in different species. In
contrast, there is consistency of mitochondrial density within a given muscle in a given
species. For each muscle in each species there is a characteristic mitochondrial density
with modest variation between experiments. On the basis of data from serial sections in
the rat detrusor muscle, mitochondrial density varies very little between the muscle
cells, each cell having a value close to that for the whole muscle. Mitochondrial density
is different in a given muscle, e.g., ileal circular muscle, from the four mammalian
species, with highest values in mouse and lowest in sheep; in mice the mitochondrial
density is nearly three time higher that in sheep. In a given species there are
characteristic variations between different muscles. For example, the bladder detrusor
muscle has markedly fewer mitochondria than the ileum, and the iris has markedly more.
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32
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Castiglioni C, Fattori F, Udd B, de Los Angeles Avaria M, Suarez B, D'Amico A, Malandrini A, Carrozzo R, Verrigni D, Bertini E, Tasca G. Neuromyopathy with congenital cataracts and glaucoma: a distinct syndrome caused by POLG variants. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:367-373. [PMID: 29358615 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified three non-related patients manifesting a childhood-onset progressive neuromyopathy with congenital cataracts, delayed walking, distal weakness and wasting, glaucoma and swallowing difficulties. Electrophysiology and nerve biopsies showed a mixed axonal and demyelinating neuropathy, while muscle biopsy disclosed both neurogenic and myopathic changes with ragged red fibers, and muscle MRI showed consistent features across patients, with a peculiar concentric disto-proximal gradient of fatty replacement. We used targeted next generation sequencing and candidate gene approach to study these families. Compound biallelic heterozygous variants, p.[(Pro648Arg)]; [(His932Tyr)] and p.[(Thr251Ile),(Pro587Leu)]; [(Arg943Cys)], were found in the three patients causing this homogeneous phenotype. Our report on a subset of unrelated patients, that showed a distinct autosomal recessive childhood-onset neuromyopathy with congenital cataracts and glaucoma, expands the clinical spectrum of POLG-related disorders. It also confirms the association between cataracts and neuropathy with variants in POLG. Early onset cataract is otherwise rare in POLG-related disorders and so far reported only in a few patients with the clinical pattern of distal myopathy or neuromyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana Fattori
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Bjarne Udd
- University of Helsinki, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuromuscular Research Center, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Vasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
| | | | - Bernardita Suarez
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Clinica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adele D'Amico
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Verrigni
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Tasca
- Istituto di Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Rome, Italy
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33
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Cheung LTY, Manthey AL, Lai JSM, Chiu K. Targeted Delivery of Mitochondrial Calcium Channel Regulators: The Future of Glaucoma Treatment? Front Neurosci 2017; 11:648. [PMID: 29213227 PMCID: PMC5702640 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne T Y Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abby L Manthey
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jimmy S M Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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34
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Núñez-Álvarez C, Del Olmo-Aguado S, Merayo-Lloves J, Osborne NN. Near infra-red light attenuates corneal endothelial cell dysfunction in situ and in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2017; 161:106-115. [PMID: 28619506 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study mechanical damage to the corneal endothelium was induced by elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP, 140 mmHg, 60 min) to one eye of rats, delivered either in complete darkness or in the presence of red light (16.5 W/m2, 3000 lx, 625-635 nm). IOP raised in the dark revealed the endothelium to be damaged as staining for the gap junction protein ZO-1 was irregular in appearance with some cells displaced in position or lost to leave gaps or holes. This damage was clearly attenuated when red light was focused through the pupil during the insult of raised IOP. Moreover, staining of endothelium with JC-1 dye showed mitochondria to be activated by both elevated IOP and red light but the activation of mitochondria persisted longer for red light. We interpret this finding to suggest that raised IOP causes apoptosis of endothelial cells and that their mitochondria are activated in the initial stages of the process. In contrast, red light activates mitochondria to induce a protective mechanism to counteract the negative influence of raised IOP on endothelial cells. Evidence is provided to support this notion by the finding that red light stimulates mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase IV (COX IV). Moreover, mitochondria in corneal endothelial cell cultures are activated by red light, revealed by staining with JC-1, that results in an increased rate of proliferation and are also able to counteract toxic insults (sodium azide or cobalt chloride) to the cultures. The present studies therefore show that a non-toxic level of red light attenuates damage to the corneal endothelium both in situ and in vitro through action on COX IV located in mitochondria that results in an enhancement of a cell's survival mechanisms. The study provides proof of principle for the non-invasive use of red-light therapy to attenuate any dysfunctions associated with the corneal endothelium and so preserve maximum visual acuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Núñez-Álvarez
- Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega 34, E-33012 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Susana Del Olmo-Aguado
- Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega 34, E-33012 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega 34, E-33012 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Neville N Osborne
- Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega 34, E-33012 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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