1
|
Wang Q, Yang L, Tian T, Sun Y, Dong H, Gong J, Hou Y. Proteomic Analysis of the Midgut Contents of Silkworm in the Pupal Stage. INSECTS 2023; 14:953. [PMID: 38132625 PMCID: PMC10743435 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm Bombyx mori, a lepidopteran insect, possesses an 8-10-day pupal stage, during which significant changes occur in the midgut, where it first condenses into the yellow body, and then undergoes decomposition. To gain insights into this transformation process, proteomics was performed on Bombyx mori midgut contents on day 2 and day 7 after pupation. The results revealed the identification of 771 proteins with more than one unique peptide. An analysis using AgriGO demonstrated that these proteins were predominantly associated with catalytic activity. Among the identified proteins, a considerable number were found to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, nucleic acid degradation, and energy support. Additionally, variations in the levels of certain proteases were observed between the midgut contents on day 2 and day 7 after pupation. An in-depth analysis of the two-dimensional electrophoresis of the midgut contents on day 7 after pupation led to the identification of twelve protein spots with potential gelatinolytic activity. Among these, six proteases were identified through mass spectrometry, including the p37k protease, vitellin-degrading protease, chymotrypsin-2, etc. These proteases may be responsible for the digestion of the yellow body during the later stages of pupal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Hou
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Q.W.); (L.Y.); (T.T.); (Y.S.); (H.D.); (J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Curwen AE, Still RL, Angell JW, Eady PE, Millson SH, Staton GJ, Evans NJ, Duncan JS, Cotter SC, Clegg SR. A reduced potential for lameness bacterial transmission by Lucilia sericata larvae and flies through metamorphosis. Res Vet Sci 2023; 163:104967. [PMID: 37572417 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Lameness in sheep is one of the most serious issues on farms in the UK and worldwide, affecting over 90% of all UK sheep flocks. Despite its severity and prevalence, there are knowledge gaps regarding transmission routes of bacterial pathogens associated with infectious lameness in sheep. As larvae of Lucilia sericata are commonly found on foot lesions on lame sheep, it was hypothesised that the flies or their larvae could harbour lameness associated bacteria. This study examined the gut contents of larvae obtained from the foot lesions of lame sheep and compared them to control larvae collected from infested cat food on the same farm. Of particular interest, were the presence of three different bacterial genera associated with lameness; Fusobacterium necrophorum, Dichelobacter nodosus and Treponema spp., for which viability was also investigated. Larvae were cultured In vitro and some allowed to metamorphose into flies before specific PCR assays were carried out on the gut contents. Results showed a significant association between the bacteria on the feet of the sheep and those within the larvae. Although the gut contents of all larvae found on sheep feet contained one or more of the lameness bacteria, none of the bacteria were recovered from the adult flies, suggesting a level of gut remodelling during metamorphosis. Interestingly, Treponema spp. and Fusobacterium spp. were viable when isolated from gut contents of larvae. Maintenance of infection from larvae to fly did not occur. However, it still remains important to control both disease and insect populations of farms to maintain animal welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Curwen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 8DB, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Rebecca L Still
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 8DB, UK
| | - Joseph W Angell
- Wern Vets CYF, Department of Research and Innovation, Unit 11, Lon Parcwr Industrial Estate, Ruthin, Denbighshire LL15 1NJ, UK; Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Paul E Eady
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 8DB, UK
| | - Stefan H Millson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 8DB, UK
| | - Gareth J Staton
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Nicholas J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Jennifer S Duncan
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Sheena C Cotter
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 8DB, UK
| | - Simon R Clegg
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 8DB, UK; Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Palli SR. Juvenile hormone receptor Methoprene tolerant: Functions and applications. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:619-644. [PMID: 37718000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
During the past 15years, after confirming Methoprene tolerant (Met) as a juvenile hormone (JH) receptor, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the function of Met in supporting JH signal transduction. Met role in JH regulation of development, including metamorphosis, reproduction, diapause, cast differentiation, behavior, im`munity, sleep and epigenetic modifications, have been elucidated. Met's Heterodimeric partners involved in performing some of these functions were discovered. The availability of JH response elements (JHRE) and JH receptor allowed the development of screening assays in cell lines and yeast. These screening assays facilitated the identification of new chemicals that function as JH agonists and antagonists. These new chemicals and others that will likely be discovered in the near future by using JH receptor and JHRE will lead to highly effective species-specific environmentally friendly insecticides for controlling pests and disease vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Attarianfar M, Mikani A, Mehrabadi M. Fenoxycarb exposure affects antiviral immunity and HaNPV infection in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1078-1085. [PMID: 36424349 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of insect growth regulators (IGR) is a good option for insect pest management because of their fewer adverse effects on humans and domestic animals. These compounds are capable of interfering with normal growth and development by mimicking the actions of hormones such as juvenile hormone (JH) or ecdysone. The effect of JH and its analogs on some aspects of insect immunity has been determined, yet their possible effects on antiviral immunity response has not been investigated yet. Considering the importance of antiviral response in viral replication, in this study the effects of the JH analog (JHA), fenoxycarb on the antiviral immunity pathway core genes [i.e. micro (mi)RNA, small interfering (si)RNA and apoptosis] of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) larvae were investigated. The effect of fenoxycarb on the susceptibility of the larvae to H. armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HaNPV) also was assessed. RESULTS The results showed that the transcription level of miRNA (Dicer1, Ago1), siRNA (Dicer2, Ago2) and apoptosis (Caspase1, Caspase5) core genes in H. armigera larvae were decreased significantly after 24, 48 and 96 h feeding on a diet containing lethal and sublethal doses of fenoxycarb. Moreover, the mortality rate to HaNPV in the larvae treated with fenoxycarb increased compared to the control, leading to an increased replication of HaNPV. CONCLUSION Together, our results suggest that the antiviral immune system could be modulated by JHA and facilitate HaNPV replication in the larvae, increasing the mortality rate of the insect larvae. Understanding the effect of JHA on antiviral immunity is an important step toward the process of exploiting JHAs and viral pathogens to control insect pests. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Attarianfar
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Mikani
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehrabadi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu GH, Gaddelapati SC, Jiao Y, Koo J, Palli SR. CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing Uncovers the Mode of Action of Methoprene in the Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti. CRISPR J 2022; 5:813-824. [PMID: 36374965 PMCID: PMC9805843 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2022.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methoprene, a juvenile hormone (JH) analog, is widely used for insect control, but its mode of action is not known. To study methoprene action in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, the E93 (ecdysone-induced transcription factor) was knocked out using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The E93 mutant pupae retained larval tissues similar to methoprene-treated insects. These insects completed pupal ecdysis and died as pupa. In addition, the expression of transcription factors, broad complex and Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), increased and that of programmed cell death (PCD) and autophagy genes decreased in E93 mutants. These data suggest that methoprene functions through JH receptor, methoprene-tolerant, and induces the expression of Kr-h1, which suppresses the expression of E93, resulting in a block in PCD and autophagy of larval tissues. Failure in the elimination of larval tissues and the formation of adult structures results in their death. These results answered long-standing questions on the mode of action of methoprene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Heng Zhu
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sharath Chandra Gaddelapati
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yaoyu Jiao
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jinmo Koo
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Address correspondence to: Subba Reddy Palli, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ayisha Banu C, Manogem EM. Anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of juvenile hormone analogue, fenoxycarb in the Sf21cell line. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 187:105182. [PMID: 36127044 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The apprehension regarding the possible environmental effects of synthetic pesticides has led to the discovery and production of environmental friendly pesticides. Insect hormone mimics, mainly juvenile hormone analogues, like fenoxycarb have acquired attention due to their greater specificity than conventional broad-range insecticides as pest control agents. The study explored the effects of the insecticide juvenile hormone analogue (JHA), fenoxycarb, on the Sf21 cell line of Spodoptera frugiperda to illustrate the mode of action. Cytotoxicity assay was conducted at different concentrations of fenoxycarb ranging from 0.5 nM to 10 μM. The results showed the concentration-and time-dependent anti-proliferative effect of fenoxycarb. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated as 28 nM at 48 h of exposure, and IC50 and IC25 concentrations were used for further cytotoxicity screening assays. Furthermore, the significant morphological changes of the cells after 48 h revealed the development of apoptotic bodies, membrane blebbing, cell size reduction, and irregular cell aggregation; additionally, enlarged cell spaces and widely diffused apoptotic bodies were observed after 72 h of insecticide exposure. In the confocal microscopic analysis of fenoxycarb treated cells, the nucleus was observed to condense and collapse into many fragments by Hoechst-33,342. Assessment of the relative potential of the cell cycle at two concentrations (IC50& IC25) reported the concentration-and time-dependent reduction of cells in the G1 phase with an upsurge in apoptotic cells. The percentage of cells that underwent apoptotic changes, such as loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), was strictly dependent on the fenoxycarb concentration and duration of exposure. The findings confirm the presence of fenoxycarb-mediated cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis in Sf21 cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ayisha Banu
- Division of Insect Endocrinology, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, 673635, Kerala, India.
| | - E M Manogem
- Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, 673635, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiao Z, Chen M, Jia L, Sun C, Yang L, Guo G. Ovomermis sinensis parasitism arrests midgut replacement by altering ecdysone and juvenile hormone in Helicoverpa armigera larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 194:107802. [PMID: 35931179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Many entomopathogens regulate the development of their insect hosts. However, the influence of mermithid nematodes on the development of their host remains unclear. In the current study, we provide insights into how Ovomermis sinensis parasitism affects the development of Helicoverpa armigera. We observed that O. sinensis arrests host development, as evidenced by the reduced body size and failure of Helicoverpa armigera to pupate. Moreover, midgut replacement of the host was significantly blocked by parasitism. Furthermore, juvenile hormone (JHIII) titers of the host were dramatically elevated by parasitism, but JH esterase (JHE) activities were strongly inhibited. By contrast, steroid hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E) titers of the host were significantly depressed by parasitism on days 4-6. The expression profiles of hormone-related genes in the host also showed similar patterns with the hormone titer. For this reason, rescue experiments were performed by injecting 20E and JHIII into developmentally arrested hosts. Notably, the midgut replacement of the host was rescued by the injection of 20E, whereas JHIII injection resulted in negative effects. Altogether, O. sinensis arrests H. armigera midgut replacement by reducing 20E and maintaining JH, thereby causing developmental arrests. Our study is the first report of the possible mechanism of mermithid nematodes in regulating insect development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Jiao
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mingming Chen
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lina Jia
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chaoqin Sun
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - LongBing Yang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guo Guo
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li G, Liu XY, Smagghe G, Niu JZ, Wang JJ. Molting process revealed by the detailed expression profiles of RXR1/RXR2 and mining the associated genes in a spider mite, Panonychus citri. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:430-442. [PMID: 34015180 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spider mites have one ecdysone receptor (EcR) and multiple retinoid X receptors (RXRs). However, the function of these RXRs in spider mite development is unknown. Here, we screened the expression dynamics of two PcRXR isoforms at 4 h intervals in the deutonymphal stage of Panonychus citri. The results showed that PcEcR had an expression pattern similar to that of PcRXR2. For PcRXR1, its expression remained at a certain high level, when there was a decrease of both PcEcR and PcRXR2. In situ hybridization showed that PcRXR2 was detected in the central nervous mass, while the ecdysteroid biosynthesis gene PcSpo was mainly expressed at the edge of the central nervous mass. RNAi-based silencing of PcRXR1 or PcRXR2 showed the same phenotype as in mites with that of silencing PcEcR. Furthermore, RNA-seq was used to mine the genes associated with the expression dynamics of PcRXR1 or PcRXR2, which revealed that the heterodimer of EcR-RXR2 in spider mites might be linked with the cell autophagy and tissue remodeling during apolysis, and RXR1 might be linked with new epicuticle and exocuticle secretion during ecdysis. Taken together, these results increase our understanding of the regulation mechanism of ecdysteroid signal pathway in spider mite development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xun-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wrońska AK, Kaczmarek A, Kazek M, Boguś MI. Infection of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) Larvae With the Entomopathogenic Fungus Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales) Induces Apoptosis of Hemocytes and Affects the Concentration of Eicosanoids in the Hemolymph. Front Physiol 2022; 12:774086. [PMID: 35069239 PMCID: PMC8769874 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.774086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy, the mechanisms of programmed cell death, play critical roles in physiological and pathological processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Apoptosis is also known to play an important role in the immune response, particularly in the context of entomopathogenic infection. Of the factors influencing the apoptotic process during infection, two of the lesser known groups are caspases and eicosanoids. The aim of this study was to determine whether infection by the entomopathogenic soil fungus Conidiobolus coronatus is associated with apoptosis and changes in caspase activity in the hemocytes of Galleria mellonella larvae, and to confirm whether fungal infection may affect eicosanoid levels in the host. Larvae were exposed for 24 h to fully grown and sporulating fungus. Hemolymph was collected either immediately after termination of exposure (F24 group) or 24 h later (F48 group). Apoptosis/necrosis tests were performed in hemocytes using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, while ELISA tests were used to measure eicosanoid levels. Apoptosis and necrosis occurred to the same degree in F24, but necrosis predominated in F48. Fungal infection resulted in caspase activation, increased PGE1, PGE2, PGA1, PGF2α, and 8-iso-PGF2α levels and decreased TXB2 levels, but had no effect on TXA2 or 11-dehydro-TXB2 concentrations. In addition, infected larvae demonstrated significantly increased PLA2 activity, known to be involved in eicosanoid biosynthesis. Our findings indicate that fungal infection simultaneously induces apoptosis in insects and stimulates general caspase activity, and this may be correlated with changes in the concentrations of eicosanoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Kaczmarek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michalina Kazek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,BIOMIBO, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang Y, Zhang B, Du M, Geng Z, Wei J, Guan R, An S, Zhao W. The vital hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone controls ATP production by upregulating binding of trehalase 1 with ATP synthase subunit α in Helicoverpa armigera. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101565. [PMID: 34999119 PMCID: PMC8819028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is the major “blood sugar” of insects and it plays a crucial role in energy supply and as a stress protectant. The hydrolysis of trehalose occurs only under the enzymatic control of trehalase (Treh), which plays important roles in growth and development, energy supply, chitin biosynthesis, and abiotic stress responses. Previous reports have revealed that the vital hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) regulates Treh, but the detailed mechanism underlying 20E regulating Treh remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the function of HaTreh1 in Helicoverpa armigera larvae. The results showed that the transcript levels and enzymatic activity of HaTreh1 were elevated during molting and metamorphosis stages in the epidermis, midgut, and fat body, and that 20E upregulated the transcript levels of HaTreh1 through the classical nuclear receptor complex EcR-B1/USP1. HaTreh1 is a mitochondria protein. We also found that knockdown of HaTreh1 in the fifth- or sixth-instar larvae resulted in weight loss and increased mortality. Yeast two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down experiments demonstrated that HaTreh1 bound with ATP synthase subunit alpha (HaATPs-α) and that this binding increased under 20E treatment. In addition, 20E enhanced the transcript level of HaATPs-α and ATP content. Finally, the knockdown of HaTreh1 or HaATPs-α decreased the induction effect of 20E on ATP content. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that 20E controls ATP production by up-regulating the binding of HaTreh1 to HaATPs-α in H. armigera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Chang
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengfang Du
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zichen Geng
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jizhen Wei
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruobing Guan
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiheng An
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenli Zhao
- State key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
McComic SE, Meepagala KM, Swale DR. Characterization of Toxicological and Neurophysiological Effects of Natural Product Based Chromenes to Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2485-2492. [PMID: 34499738 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously extracted and purified a chromene amide from Amyris texana and found this scaffold is moderately insecticidal and thus, this study aimed to test the insecticidal properties of 13 synthetically derived chromene analogs to the fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda). Microinjection of chromenes with alcohol or aldehydes substitutions at the meta position on the benzopyran moiety led to moderate toxicity that was approximately 2- to 3-fold less toxic when compared to permethrin, yet microinjection of differently substituted chromenes exhibited little to no toxicity. Similarly, chromenes with alcohol or aldehydes substitutions at the meta position on the benzopyran moiety were among the most toxic chromenes studied through ingested exposure. In addition to acute toxicity, select chromenes significantly increased the percentage of developmental defects upon eclosion that prevented adult moths from being capable of flight, suggesting these compounds alter development. Interestingly, microinjection yielded differing signs of intoxication between alcohol and aldehyde substitutions where the alcohol resulted in flaccid paralysis and lethargy whereas aldehyde led to tonic contractions and hyperactivity. These contrasting signs of intoxication were also observed in electrophysiological assays where alcohol substitutions led to the depression of central neuron firing activity and aldehyde substitutions led to hyperexcitation of central neurons. In summary, the chromene amides led to acute lethality and/or altered developmental trajectories of FAW, yet the high doses required for acute mortality suggest these scaffolds hold relatively little promise for development into FAW-directed insecticides but may represent novel growth regulators for FAW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E McComic
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Kumudini M Meepagala
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS, PO Box 1848, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rahmani S, Bandani AR. Caspase gene silencing affects the growth and development of Tuta absoluta. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
13
|
Li Z, Lyu Z, Ye Q, Cheng J, Wang C, Lin T. Cloning, Expression Analysis, 20-Hydroxyecdysone Induction, and RNA Interference Study of Autophagy-Related Gene 8 from Heortia vitessoides Moore. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040245. [PMID: 32326433 PMCID: PMC7240406 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved and regulated process in eukaryotic cells and remodels cytoplasm, recovers essential nutrients, and disposes of unwanted cytoplasmic components. Autophagy-related gene (ATG) 8, identified in Heortia vitessoides Moore, which is an oligophagous pest of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.), was characterized (HvATG8). Multiple sequence alignment showed that HvATG8 possesses highly conserved domain structures. Stage- and tissue-specific expressions indicated that HvATG8 is highly expressed in prepupal, pupal, and adult stages and in the midgut of larvae and abdomen of adults. Lack of function of HvATG8 by RNA interference resulted in a significant decrease in survival rate and an increase in abnormal or nonviable phenotypes in H. vitessoides. Transition rate from larval to pupal stages was 33.0% and from pupal to adult stages was 15.0% after injection. Reduction of ATG8 expression reduced survival of H. vitessoides. Therefore, HvATG8 possibly plays a key role in normal growth stage of H. vitessoides. HvATG8 suppression downregulates HvATG3 expression, suggesting that the two genes are interconnected. Further, HvATG8 expression increased by 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment, starvation, and extreme temperature exposure. Starvation also altered expression of other ATGs in H. vitessoide. This study may be used to guide research on molecular mechanisms of autophagy in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tong Lin
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-85282217
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tettamanti G, Casartelli M. Cell death during complete metamorphosis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190065. [PMID: 31438818 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, cell death is essential for reshaping or removing larval tissues and organs, thus contributing to formation of the adult's body structure. In the last few decades, the study of metamorphosis in Lepidoptera and Diptera has provided broad information on the tissue remodelling processes that occur during larva-pupa-adult transition and made it possible to unravel the underlying regulatory pathways. This review summarizes recent knowledge on cell death mechanisms in Lepidoptera and other holometabolous insects, highlighting similarities and differences with Drosophila melanogaster, and discusses the role of apoptosis and autophagy in this developmental setting. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ren Y, Mu Y, Yue Y, Jin H, Tao K, Hou T. Neochamaejasmin A extracted from Stellera chamaejasme L. induces apoptosis involving mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Sf9 cells. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 157:169-177. [PMID: 31153465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To explore the toxicity mechanisms of neochamaejasmin A (NCA), extracted from Stellera chamaejasme L., we first evaluated its cytotoxicity on the Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cell line. The results confirmed that NCA inhibited Sf9 cell survival in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. Then, intracellular biochemical assays showed that NCA induced apoptosis in Sf9 cells. Evidence of apoptosis was confirmed by morphological changes and the activation of caspases-3/9. We also observed that NCA induced apoptosis via mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway by upregulating cytochrome c and proapoptotic protein (Bax) and downregulating the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2). Moreover, we found a dose-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), accumulation of lipid peroxidation product and an inactivation of the antioxidant enzymes in treated cells. Additionally, the cleavage of PARP and G2/M arrest were also detected in Sf9 cells exposed to NCA. These findings provide critical information that NCA effectively induced apoptosis in Sf9 cells through mitochondrial pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yangping Mu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Ying Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Ke Tao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| | - Taiping Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li YB, Yang T, Wang JX, Zhao XF. The Steroid Hormone 20-Hydroxyecdysone Regulates the Conjugation of Autophagy-Related Proteins 12 and 5 in a Concentration and Time-Dependent Manner to Promote Insect Midgut Programmed Cell Death. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:28. [PMID: 29467720 PMCID: PMC5808327 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy requires the conjugation of autophagy-related protein 12 (ATG12) to autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5) through covalent attachment. However, the signals regulating ATG12-ATG5 conjugation are unclear. The larval midgut of lepidopteran insects performs autophagy and apoptosis sequentially during the transition of larvae to pupae under regulation by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), thus representing a model to study steroid hormone regulation of ATG12-ATG5 conjugation. In the present study, using the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera as a model, we report that 20E regulates the conjugation of ATG12-ATG5 in a concentration and time-dependent manner. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate was abundant in the epidermis, midgut, and fat body during metamorphosis from the larvae to the pupae; however, the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate level decreased at the time of pupation. At low concentrations (2-5 µM) over a short time course (1-48 h), 20E promoted the conjugation of ATG12-ATG5; however, at 10 µM and 72 h, 20E repressed the conjugation of ATG12-ATG5. ATG12 was localized in the larval midgut during metamorphosis. Knockdown of ATG12 in larvae caused death with delayed pupation, postponed the process of midgut programmed cell death (PCD), and repressed ATG8 (also called LC3-I) transformation to LC3-II and the cleavage of caspase-3; therefore, knockdown of ATG12 in larvae blocked both autophagy and apoptosis. Knockdown of ATG12 in H. armigera epidermis cell line cells also repressed 20E-induced autophagosome formation and caspase-3 activation. The results suggested that 20E plays key role in the regulation of ATG12-ATG5 conjugation in a concentration and time-dependent manner for autophagy or apoptosis, and that ATG12 is necessary by both autophagy and apoptosis during insect midgut PCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bo Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Fan Zhao,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu HW, Li YS, Tang X, Guo PC, Wang DD, Zhou CY, Xia QY, Zhao P. A midgut-specific serine protease, BmSP36, is involved in dietary protein digestion in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:753-767. [PMID: 27311916 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases play important roles in digestion and immune responses during insect development. In the present study, the serine protease gene BmSP36, which encodes a 292-residue protein, was cloned from the midgut cells of Bombyx mori. BmSP36 contains an intact catalytic triad (H57, D102 and S195) and a conserved substrate-binding site (G189, H216 and G226), suggesting that it is a serine protease with chymotrypsin-like specificity. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of BmSP36 indicated that its messenger RNA and protein expression mainly occurred in the midgut at the feeding stages. Western blotting, immunofluorescence and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses revealed secretion of BmSP36 protein from epithelial cells into the midgut lumen. The transcriptional and translational expression of BmSP36 was down-regulated after starvation but up-regulated after refeeding. Moreover, expression of the BmSP36 gene could be up-regulated by a juvenile hormone analogue. These results enable us to better define the potential role of BmSP36 in dietary protein digestion at the feeding stages during larval development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - You-Shan Li
- Vitamin D Research Institute, Shaanxi Sci-Tech University, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng-Chao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-You Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Expression of matrix metalloproteinase genes during basement membrane degradation in the metamorphosis of Bombyx mori. Gene 2017; 638:26-35. [PMID: 28943345 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to clarify the involvement of the basement membrane (BM) in insect metamorphosis through analysis of the expression profile of two types of metalloproteinase (MMP and ADAMTS) genes in several organs, their ecdysone involvement, and the histological change of BM. BM was observed around wing sac and in the wing cavity and around fat bodies at the W0 stage but disappeared after the W3 stage, and wing discs evaginated and fat body cells scattered after the W3 stage. The disappearance of the BM of midgut and silk glands was not observed after the W3 stage, but degenerated epithelium cells in the midgut and shrunken cells in the silk gland were observed after the W3 stage. BmMMP1 showed a peak at P0 in the wing discs, fat bodies, midgut, and silk gland. BmMMP2 showed a broad peak around pupation in the wing discs, fat bodies, midgut, and silk gland. BmADAMTS-1 showed enhanced expression at W2 in the wing discs, fat bodies, midgut, and hemocyte, while BmADAMTS-L showed enhanced expression at W3 in the fat bodies, midgut, silk gland, and hemocyte. After pupation, they showed a different expression in different organs. All of four genes were induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone in wing discs in vitro. The present results suggested the involvement of MMPs and ADAMTS in the BM digestion and the morphogenesis of organs during Bombyx metamorphosis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang C, Lin XW, Xu WH. Cathepsin L participates in the remodeling of the midgut through dissociation of midgut cells and activation of apoptosis via caspase-1. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 82:21-30. [PMID: 28153644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The larval midgut in holometabolous insects must undergo a remodeling process during metamorphosis to form the pupal-adult midgut. However, the molecular mechanism of larval midgut cell dissociation remains unknown. Here, we show that the expression and activity of Helicoverpa armigera cathepsin L (Har-CatL) are high in the midgut at the mid-late stage of the 6th-instar larvae and are responsive to the upstream hormone ecdysone. Immunocytochemistry shows that signals for Har-CatL-like are localized in midgut cells, and an inhibitor experiment demonstrates that Har-CatL functions in the dissociation of midgut epithelial cells. Mechanistically, Har-CatL can cleave pro-caspase-1 into the mature peptide, thereby increasing the activity of caspase-1, which plays a key role in apoptosis, indicating that Har-CatL is also involved in the apoptosis of midgut cells by activating caspase-1. We believe that this is the first report that Har-CatL regulates the dissociation and apoptosis of the larval midgut epithelium for midgut remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xian-Wu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rost-Roszkowska MM, Chajec Ł, Vilimova J, Tajovský K. Apoptosis and necrosis during the circadian cycle in the centipede midgut. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1051-1061. [PMID: 26277351 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three types of cells have been distinguished in the midgut epithelium of two centipedes, Lithobius forficatus and Scolopendra cingulata: digestive, secretory, and regenerative cells. According to the results of our previous studies, we decided to analyze the relationship between apoptosis and necrosis in their midgut epithelium and circadian rhythms. Ultrastructural analysis showed that these processes proceed in a continuous manner that is independent of the circadian rhythm in L. forficatus, while in S. cingulata necrosis is activated at midnight. Additionally, the description of apoptosis and necrosis showed no differences between males and females of both species analyzed. At the beginning of apoptosis, the cell cytoplasm becomes electron-dense, apparently in response to shrinkage of the cell. Organelles such as the mitochondria, cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum transform and degenerate. Nuclei gradually assume lobular shapes before the apoptotic cell is discharged into the midgut lumen. During necrosis, however, the cytoplasm of the cell becomes electron-lucent, and the number of organelles decreases. While the digestive cells of about 10 % of L. forficatus contain rickettsia-like pathogens, the corresponding cells in S. cingulata are free of rickettsia. As a result, we can state that apoptosis in L. forficatus is presumably responsible for protecting the organism against infections, while in S. cingulata apoptosis is not associated with the elimination of pathogens. Necrosis is attributed to mechanical damage, and the activation of this process coincides with proliferation of the midgut regenerative cells at midnight in S. cingulata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Rost-Roszkowska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
- Silesian Medical College in Katowice, Mickiewicza 29, 40-085, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Ł Chajec
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Medical College in Katowice, Mickiewicza 29, 40-085, Katowice, Poland
| | - J Vilimova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - K Tajovský
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Soil Biology, Na Sadkach 7, CZ-370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tanigawa M, Suzuki C, Niwano K, Kanekatsu R, Tanaka H, Horiike K, Hamase K, Nagata Y. Participation of D-serine in the development and reproduction of the silkworm Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 87:20-29. [PMID: 26828952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm Bombyx mori contains high concentrations of free D-serine, an optical isomer of L-serine. To elucidate its function, we first investigated the localization of D-serine in various organs of silkworm larvae, pupae, and adult moths. Using immunohistochemical analysis with an anti-D-serine antibody, we found D-serine in the microvilli of midgut goblet and cylindrical cells and in peripheral matrix components of testicular and ovarian cells. By spectrophotometric analysis, D-serine was also found in the hemolymph and fat body. D-Alanine was not detected in the various organs by immunohistochemistry. Serine racemase, which catalyzes the inter-conversion of L- and D-serine, was found to co-localize with D-serine, and D-serine production from L-serine by intrinsic serine racemase was suggested. O-Phospho-L-serine is an inhibitor of serine racemase, and it was administered to the larvae to reduce the D-serine level. This reagent decreased the midgut caspase-3 level and caused a delay in spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The reagent also decreased mature sperm and egg numbers, suggesting D-serine participation in these processes. D-Serine administration induced an increase in pyruvate levels in testis, midgut, and fat body, indicating conversion of D-serine to pyruvate. On the basis of these results, together with our previous investigation of ATP biosynthesis in testis, we consider the possible involvement of D-serine in ATP synthesis for metamorphosis and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tanigawa
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Chihiro Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Kimio Niwano
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Rensuke Kanekatsu
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kihachiro Horiike
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoko Nagata
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu YY, Zhou T, Wang Q, Dai PL, Xu SF, Jia HR, Wang X. Programmed Cell Death in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Worker Brain Induced by Imidacloprid. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:1486-1494. [PMID: 26470287 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees are at an unavoidable risk of exposure to neonicotinoid pesticides, which are used worldwide. Compared with the well-studied roles of these pesticides in nontarget site (including midgut, ovary, or salivary glands), little has been reported in the target sites, the brain. In the current study, laboratory-reared adult worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) were treated with sublethal doses of imidacloprid. Neuronal apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL technique for DNA labeling. We observed significantly increased apoptotic markers in dose- and time-dependent manners in brains of bees exposed to imidacloprid. Neuronal activated caspase-3 and mRNA levels of caspase-1, as detected by immunofluorescence and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively, were significantly increased, suggesting that sublethal doses of imidacloprid may induce the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Additionally, the overlap of apoptosis and autophagy in neurons was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. It further suggests that a relationship exists between neurotoxicity and behavioral changes induced by sublethal doses of imidacloprid, and that there is a need to determine reasonable limits for imidacloprid application in the field to protect pollinators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Wu
- Department of Bee Protection and Biological Safety, Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Bee Protection and Biological Safety, Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Bee Protection and Biological Safety, Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ping-Li Dai
- Department of Bee Protection and Biological Safety, Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shu-Fa Xu
- Department of Bee Protection and Biological Safety, Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hui-Ru Jia
- Department of Bee Protection and Biological Safety, Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xing Wang
- General Affairs Office, Beijing Management Station of Apiculture and Sericulture, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu CY, Zhao WL, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit 1 promotes cell proliferation by insulin regulation. Cell Cycle 2015. [PMID: 26199131 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1053664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit 1 (CKS1) helps regulate the cell cycle to increase cell number. However, the hormonal regulation on CKS1 expression is not well understood. We report that CKS1 is involved in the promotion of cell proliferation with insulin regulation in the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera. CKS1 is expressed in various tissues during the larval feeding stage. CKS1 knockdown results in larval death, body weight decrease, pupation time delay, and small-sized pupa formation. The underlying mechanism involves the blocking of cell proliferation and the repression of gene expression in the insulin pathway after CKS1 knockdown. CKS1 overexpression in the epidermal cell line results in cell proliferation. The N45 amino acid asparagine in the CKS domain is essential for the function of CKS in cell proliferation. CKS1 is upregulated by insulin via an insulin receptor, but is repressed by a high level of steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Results suggest that CKS1 promotes cell proliferation and body growth in coordination with the regulatory actions of insulin and steroid hormone 20E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Liu
- a Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Sciences; Shandong University ; Jinan , Shandong , China
| | - Wen-Li Zhao
- a Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Sciences; Shandong University ; Jinan , Shandong , China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- a Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Sciences; Shandong University ; Jinan , Shandong , China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- a Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Sciences; Shandong University ; Jinan , Shandong , China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang X, Wu S, Wu Y, Liu Y, Qian Y, Jiao F. Lack of Connection Between Midgut Cell Autophagy Gene Expression and BmCPV Infection in the Midgut of Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev047. [PMID: 26163666 PMCID: PMC4677490 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is associated with multiple biological processes and has protective and defensive functions with respect to immunity, inflammation, and resistance to microbial infection. In this experiment, we wished to investigate whether autophagy is a factor in the midgut cell response of Bombyx mori to infection by the B. mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV). Our results indicated that the expression of three autophagy-related genes (BmAtg8, BmAtg5, and BmAtg7) in the midgut did not change greatly after BmCPV infection in B. mori. Basal ATG8/ATG8PE protein expression was detected in different B. mori tissues by using western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry showed that the ATG8/ATG8PE proteins were located mainly in the cytoplasm. ATG8/ATG8PE protein levels decreased at 12 and 16 h after BmCPV infection. Our results indicate that autophagy responded slightly to BmCPV infection, but could not prevent the invasion and replication of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Suli Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yongpeng Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yonghua Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Feng Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shu B, Wang W, Hu Q, Huang J, Hu M, Zhong G. A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON APOPTOSIS INDUCTION BY AZADIRACHTIN IN Spodoptera frugiperda CULTURED CELL LINE Sf9. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 89:153-168. [PMID: 25828604 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The induction of apoptosis by azadirachtin, a well-known botanical tetranortriterpenoid isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and other members of the Meliaceae, was investigated in Spodoptera frugiperda cultured cell line (Sf9). Morphological changes in Sf9 cells treated by various concentrations of azadirachtin were observed at different times under light microscopy. Morphological and biochemical analysis indicated that Sf9 cells treated by 1.5 μg/mL azadirachtin showed typical morphological changes, which were indicative of apoptosis and a clear DNA ladder. The flow cytometry analysis showed the apoptosis rate reached a maximum value of 32.66% at 24 h with 1.5 μg/mL azadirachtin in Sf9 cells. The inhibition of Sf9 cell proliferation suggested that the effect of azadirachtin was dose dependent and the EC50 at 48 and 72 h was 2.727 × 10(-6) and 6.348 × 10(-9) μg/mL, respectively. The treatment of azadirachtin in Sf9 cells could significantly increase the activity of Sf caspase-1, but showed no effect on the activity of Topo I, suggesting that the apoptosis induced by azadirachtinin Sf9 cells is through caspase-dependent pathway. These results provided not only a series of morphological, biochemical, and toxicological comprehensive evidences for induction of apoptosis by azadirachtin, but also a reference model for screening insect cell apoptosis inducers from natural compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benshui Shu
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbo Hu
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfei Huang
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiying Hu
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Perera OP, Shelby KS, Popham HJR, Gould F, Adang MJ, Jurat-Fuentes JL. Generation of a Transcriptome in a Model Lepidopteran Pest, Heliothis virescens, Using Multiple Sequencing Strategies for Profiling Midgut Gene Expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128563. [PMID: 26047101 PMCID: PMC4457788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heliothine pests such as the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), pose a significant threat to production of a variety of crops and ornamental plants and are models for developmental and physiological studies. The efforts to develop new control measures for H. virescens, as well as its use as a relevant biological model, are hampered by a lack of molecular resources. The present work demonstrates the utility of next-generation sequencing technologies for rapid molecular resource generation from this species for which lacks a sequenced genome. In order to amass a de novo transcriptome for this moth, transcript sequences generated from Illumina, Roche 454, and Sanger sequencing platforms were merged into a single de novo transcriptome assembly. This pooling strategy allowed a thorough sampling of transcripts produced under diverse environmental conditions, developmental stages, tissues, and infections with entomopathogens used for biological control, to provide the most complete transcriptome to date for this species. Over 138 million reads from the three platforms were assembled into the final set of 63,648 contigs. Of these, 29,978 had significant BLAST scores indicating orthologous relationships to transcripts of other insect species, with the top-hit species being the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) and silkworm (Bombyx mori). Among identified H. virescens orthologs were immune effectors, signal transduction pathways, olfactory receptors, hormone biosynthetic pathways, peptide hormones and their receptors, digestive enzymes, and insecticide resistance enzymes. As an example, we demonstrate the utility of this transcriptomic resource to study gene expression profiling of larval midguts and detect transcripts of putative Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxin receptors. The substantial molecular resources described in this study will facilitate development of H. virescens as a relevant biological model for functional genomics and for new biological experimentation needed to develop efficient control efforts for this and related Noctuid pest moths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omaththage P. Perera
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, 38776, United States of America
| | - Kent S. Shelby
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, 65203, United States of America
| | - Holly J. R. Popham
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, 65203, United States of America
| | - Fred Gould
- Dept. Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Adang
- Dept. Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
- Dept. Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Accorsi A, Zibaee A, Malagoli D. The multifaceted activity of insect caspases. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 76:17-23. [PMID: 25783954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are frequently considered synonymous with apoptotic cell death. Increasing evidence demonstrates that these proteases may exert their activities in non-apoptotic functions. The non-apoptotic roles of caspases may include developmentally regulated autophagy during insect metamorphosis, as well as neuroblast self-renewal and the immune response. Here, we summarize the established knowledge and the recent advances in the multiple roles of insect caspases to highlight their relevance for physiological processes and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Accorsi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A Zibaee
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - D Malagoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Does autophagy in the midgut epithelium of centipedes depend on the day/night cycle? Micron 2015; 68:130-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
29
|
A molecular view of autophagy in Lepidoptera. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:902315. [PMID: 25143951 PMCID: PMC4124216 DOI: 10.1155/2014/902315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metamorphosis represents a critical phase in the development of holometabolous insects, during which the larval body is completely reorganized: in fact, most of the larval organs undergo remodeling or completely degenerate before the final structure of the adult insect is rebuilt. In the past, increasing evidence emerged concerning the intervention of autophagy and apoptosis in the cell death processes that occur in larval organs of Lepidoptera during metamorphosis, but a molecular characterization of these pathways was undertaken only in recent years. In addition to developmentally programmed autophagy, there is growing interest in starvation-induced autophagy. Therefore we are now entering a new era of research on autophagy that foreshadows clarification of the role and regulatory mechanisms underlying this self-digesting process in Lepidoptera. Given that some of the most important lepidopteran species of high economic importance, such as the silkworm, Bombyx mori, belong to this insect order, we expect that this information on autophagy will be fully exploited not only in basic research but also for practical applications.
Collapse
|
30
|
Miyashita A, Kizaki H, Kawasaki K, Sekimizu K, Kaito C. Primed immune responses to gram-negative peptidoglycans confer infection resistance in silkworms. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14412-21. [PMID: 24706746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.525139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A heightened immune response, in which immune responses are primed by repeated exposure to a pathogen, is an important characteristic of vertebrate adaptive immunity. In the present study, we examined whether invertebrate animals also exhibit a primed immune response. The LD50 of Gram-negative enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Sakai in silkworms was increased 100-fold by pre-injection of heat-killed Sakai cells. Silkworms pre-injected with heat-killed cells of a Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, did not have resistance to Sakai. Silkworms preinjected with enterohemorrhagic E. coli peptidoglycans, cell surface components of bacteria, were resistant to Sakai infection. Silkworms preinjected with S. aureus peptidoglycans, however, were not resistant to Sakai. Silkworms preinjected with heat-killed Sakai cells showed persistent resistance to Sakai infection even after pupation. Repeated injection of heat-killed Sakai cells into the silkworms induced earlier and greater production of antimicrobial peptides than a single injection of heat-killed Sakai cells. These findings suggest that silkworm recognition of Gram-negative peptidoglycans leads to a primed immune reaction and increased resistance to a second round of bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyashita
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hayato Kizaki
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kawasaki
- the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chikara Kaito
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1, 7-chome, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chajec L, Sonakowska L, Rost-Roszkowska MM. The fine structure of the midgut epithelium in a centipede, Scolopendra cingulata (Chilopoda, Scolopendridae), with the special emphasis on epithelial regeneration. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2014; 43:27-42. [PMID: 23831526 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Scolopendra cingulata has a tube-shaped digestive system that is divided into three distinct regions: fore-, mid- and hindgut. The midgut is lined with a pseudostratified columnar epithelium which is composed of digestive, secretory and regenerative cells. Hemocytes also appear between the digestive cells of the midgut epithelium. The ultrastructure of three types of epithelial cells and hemocytes of the midgut has been described with the special emphasis on the role of regenerative cells in the protection of midgut epithelium. The process of midgut epithelium regeneration proceeds due to the ability of regenerative cells to proliferate and differentiate according to a circadian rhythm. The regenerative cells serve as unipotent stem cells that divide in an asymmetric manner. Additionally, two types of hemocytes have been distinguished among midgut epithelial cells. They enter the midgut epithelium from the body cavity. Because of the fact that numerous microorganisms occur in the cytoplasm of midgut epithelial cells, we discuss the role of hemocytes in elimination of pathogens from the midgut epithelium. The studies were conducted with the use of transmission electron microscope and immunofluorescent methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Chajec
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Lidia Sonakowska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
RNA interference of cadherin gene expression in Spodoptera exigua reveals its significance as a specific Bt target. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 114:285-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
33
|
Ji MM, Liu AQ, Gan LP, Xing R, Wang H, Sima YH, Xu SQ. Functional analysis of 30K proteins during silk gland degeneration by a caspase-dependent pathway in Bombyx. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 22:273-283. [PMID: 23496335 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The 30K proteins are involved with important functions in the growth and development of Bombyx mori. In this study, the synthesis and regulation of 30K proteins were examined during the degeneration of Bombyx silk glands. On day 3 of the fifth instar, the protein level of 30Kc19 was low, whereas the silk proteins were rapidly synthesized. However, synthesis and accumulation of the 30Kc19 protein significantly increased at the prepupal stage and on day 1 of the pupal stage. At this stage, the silk gland cells were filled with 30Kc19 and genomic DNA. Moreover, the transcript levels of the 30K-encoding genes, including 30Kc6, 30Kc12, 30Kc19 and 30Kc23 were up-regulated during the degeneration of the Bombyx silk glands. During the time that the levels of the 30Kc19 protein were significantly up-regulated, it is notable that the transcript levels of the BmAtg8, BmAtg6 and BmDronc genes dramatically increased to regulate the programmed cell death of this gland. On day 1 of the pupal stage, intense fragmentation of genomic DNA occurred in the silk gland cells, and the putative active form of caspase was detected in the cytoplasm, showing the complete degradation of the silk glands in one day. In conclusion, the 30K proteins are synthesized in high concentrations, while proteolysis mediates silk gland degeneration in Bombyx by a caspase-dependent pathway. We propose that the 30K proteins may be nutrients and energy vectors to be absorbed by the developing tissues of pupae or moths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M-M Ji
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Teixeira ADD, Fialho MDCQ, Zanuncio JC, Ramalho FDS, Serrão JE. Degeneration and cell regeneration in the midgut of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) during post-embryonic development. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2013; 42:237-246. [PMID: 23454789 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell death, proliferation, and differentiation in some developmental stages of insects have been studied in the midgut of ametabolous, which undergo only continuous growth, and holometabolous, which undergo complete metamorphosis. However, in hemimetabolous insects, evolutionarily intermediate between ametabolous and holometabolous, midgut reorganization during the post-embryonic development has been poorly studied. The present study evaluates the post-embryonic development of the midgut of a hemimetabolous insect, Podisus nigrispinus, to test the hypothesis that these insects have programmed cell death and proliferation followed by differentiation of regenerative cells during midgut growth from nymphs to adult. The morphometrical data showed a 6-fold increase in midgut length from the first instar nymph to the adult, which did not result from an increase in the size of the midgut cells, suggesting that the growth of the midgut occurs by an increase in cell number. Cell death was rarely found in the midgut, whereas proliferation of regenerative cells occurred quite frequently. The growth of the midgut of P. nigrispinus appears to result from the proliferation of regenerative cells present in the epithelium; unlike ametabolous and holometabolous insects, the midgut of P. nigrispinus does not undergo extensive remodeling, as shown by the low frequency of digestive cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparecida das Dores Teixeira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs s/n, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Khoa DB, Takeda M. Expression of autophagy 8 (Atg8) and its role in the midgut and other organs of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, during metamorphic remodelling and under starvation. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 21:473-487. [PMID: 22830988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2012.01152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A 345 base pair cDNA encoding autophagy 8 (Atg8) of Galleria mellonella (GmAtg8) was cloned and sequenced. The deduced protein was estimated to be 118 amino acids long. Structural comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that GmAtg8 belong to the Atg8 family of ubiquitin-like proteins. It is predicted to contain four β-sheets and four α-helices. It also contains a highly conserved glycine residue at the C-terminal, as well as highly conserved Phe77 and Ph79 at a recognition cleavage site of Atg4 and Tyr49, and Leu50 at a site for activation of the lipidated form of Atg8 by Atg7 and Atg3. The developmental expression profile demonstrated that GmAtg8 transcript and its protein products are expressed in such organs as the midgut, ovary, Malpighian tubules, fat body and silk gland. In the midgut and silk gland, GmAtg8 transcript and its protein products increased during metamorphosis and under starvation, but decreased after re-feeding. Expression of autophagy seems to precede apoptosis in the midgut transformation from larva to pupa and pupa to adult during metamorphosis. Some waves overlap with apoptotic waves, particularly at early stages, but others are unique in terms of site and timing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Khoa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mod(mdg4) participates in hormonally regulated midgut programmed cell death during metamorphosis. Apoptosis 2012; 17:1327-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
37
|
Jindra M, Palli SR, Riddiford LM. The juvenile hormone signaling pathway in insect development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 58:181-204. [PMID: 22994547 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The molecular action of juvenile hormone (JH), a regulator of vital importance to insects, was until recently regarded as a mystery. The past few years have seen an explosion of studies of JH signaling, sparked by a finding that a JH-resistance gene, Methoprene-tolerant (Met), plays a critical role in insect metamorphosis. Here, we summarize the recently acquired knowledge on the capacity of Met to bind JH, which has been mapped to a particular ligand-binding domain, thus establishing this bHLH-PAS protein as a novel type of an intracellular hormone receptor. Next, we consider the significance of JH-dependent interactions of Met with other transcription factors and signaling pathways. We examine the regulation and biological roles of genes acting downstream of JH and Met in insect metamorphosis. Finally, we discuss the current gaps in our understanding of JH action and outline directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Jindra
- Biology Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Khoa DB, Takeda M. Expression analysis of inhibitor of apoptosis and related caspases in the midgut and silk gland of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, during metamorphosis and under starvation. Gene 2012; 510:133-41. [PMID: 22975212 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We cloned a cDNA encoding inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) from the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. The deduced amino acid sequence showed that GmIAP contains two baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) motifs, followed by a RING finger. The sequence comparison showed that GmIAP had high homology to lepidopteran IAPs and baculoviral IAPs, as well as dipteran IAPs. GmIAP transcript and its protein appeared in both the midgut and the silk gland during metamorphosis and starvation where cell death was detected by TUNEL test. IAP, and capases-1, -3, -4 and -6 appeared as at least two peaks in the midgut and silk gland during metamorphosis. Caspase-1 transcript appeared at the highest level among caspases, while caspase-3 and caspase-6 seemed to be the most relevant caspases to IAP during metamorphosis suggesting that IAP and caspases may be involved in a core apoptosis pathway in the wax moth as in flies and mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dao Bach Khoa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe-shi 657-8501 Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Manaboon M, Yasanga T, Sakurai S, Singtripop T. Programmed cell death of larval tissues induced by juvenile hormone in the bamboo borer, Omphisa fuscidentalis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1202-1208. [PMID: 22732232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a critical role during animal development through the destruction of unneeded cells and tissues. In some insects, the prothoracic glands (PGs) and anterior silk glands (ASGs) are larval-specific tissues that are normally eliminated by PCD after pupation. Previous studies report that juvenile hormone analog (JHA) terminates the larval diapause of Omphisa fuscidentalis by increasing the hemolymph ecdysteroids that trigger PCD. Because JHA may indirectly induce the PCD of the PGs and ASGs of Omphisa diapausing larvae, the effects of JHA on the induction of PCD were determined. The application of 1μg JHA induced PCD in the PGs and ASGs of larvae identified as stage G0 (prior to pupation). The injection of 1μg 20E triggered the PCD of the ASGs when the larvae expressed a G0-G1 morphology, whereas PCD occurred in the PGs on day 1 post-injection. Histological studies revealed similar patterns of morphological changes during the PG and ASG PCD in the JHA- and 20E-treated larvae. Furthermore, to confirm that PCD was induced by a high ecdysteroid level that increases after JHA application, the expression profiles of EcR-A and EcR-B1 in the PGs and ASGs from the JHA-treated larvae were examined, and the results showed that the expression levels of EcR-A and EcR-B1 mRNA increased during the G0 stage. These results suggest that JHA may be involved in PCD by increasing the ecdysteroid titer, leading to termination of the larval diapause period in Omphisa fuscidentalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manaporn Manaboon
- Endocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rost-Roszkowska MM, Vilimova J, Sosinka A, Skudlik J, Franzetti E. The role of autophagy in the midgut epithelium of Eubranchipus grubii (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2012; 41:271-279. [PMID: 22445350 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Eubranchipus grubii (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) is an omnivorous filter feeder whose life span lasts no more than 12 weeks. Adult males and females of E. grubii were used for ultrastructural studies of the midgut epithelium and an analysis of autophagy. The midgut epithelium is formed by columnar digestive cells and no regenerative cells were observed. A distinct regionalization in the distribution of organelles appears - basal, perinuclear and apical regions were distinguished. No differences in the ultrastructure of digestive cells were observed between males and females. Autophagic disintegration of organelles occurs throughout the midgut epithelium. Degenerated organelles accumulate in the neighborhood of Golgi complexes, and these complexes presumably take part in phagophore and autophagosome formation. In some cases, the phagophore also surrounds small autophagosomes, which had appeared earlier. Fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes was not observed, but lysosomes are enclosed during autophagosome formation. Autophagosomes and autolysosomes are discharged into the midgut lumen due to apocrine secretion. Autophagy plays a role in cell survival by protecting the cell from cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Rost-Roszkowska
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Katowice, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Khoa DB, Trang LTD, Takeda M. Expression analyses of caspase-1 and related activities in the midgut of Galleria mellonella during metamorphosis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 21:247-256. [PMID: 22229544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The cDNA encoding caspase-1, a main protease involved in apoptosis, was cloned and sequenced from the midgut of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. The open reading frame contains 879 nucleotides, encodes 293 amino acids, and was registered as Gmcaspase-1. The sequence comparison showed a high homology to lepidopteran caspase-1, human caspase-3, and ced-3 of Caenorhabditis elegans. Gmcaspase-1 is predicted to contain a short prodomain, large subunit, and small subunit domain. It also exhibits all characteristics of caspase, including three conserved cleavage sites after Asp-25, Asp-192, and Asp-181, three active site residues including a highly conserved QACQG pentapeptide active-site motif, and four substrate binding sites. The expression profiles during development showed that the transcript of Gmcaspase-1 and its protein products appeared in two or more waves in the midgut during metamorphosis. Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and TUNEL analyses revealed that apoptosis occurred first at the basal, then middle and then apical regions in the midgut epithelium and the yellow body is formed in the lumen. At least three waves of mitosis and differentiation follow the apoptosis waves from the basal and middle to apical parts to form the adult epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Khoa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang CX, Zheng WW, Liu PC, Wang JX, Zhao XF. The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone upregulated the protein phosphatase 6 for the programmed cell death in the insect midgut. Amino Acids 2011; 43:963-71. [PMID: 22143427 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an important role in insect midgut remodeling during metamorphosis. Insect midgut PCD is triggered by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and it is mediated by a series of genes. However, the mechanism by which 20E triggers midgut PCD is still unclear. Here, we report a protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) from Helicoverpa armigera playing roles in midgut PCD. PP6 was expressed in the midgut during larval growth and it is significantly increased during metamorphosis. The increase was proven to be regulated by 20E. The juvenile hormone analog methoprene has no effect on PP6 expression. RNA interference analysis suggests that 20E upregulated the PP6 transcript levels through the ecdysone receptor EcRB1. PP6 knockdown by larval feeding or PP6 dsRNA injection resulted in the repression of the midgut PCD during the metamorphic stage. The mechanism was demonstrated to be through the suppression of genes such as Broad (Br), E74a, E75b, HR3, E93, rpr, and caspase, which are involved in 20E signaling pathway or midgut PCD. These findings suggest that PP6 is involved in the 20E signal transduction pathway and participates in the PCD in midgut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Xu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Franzetti E, Huang ZJ, Shi YX, Xie K, Deng XJ, Li JP, Li QR, Yang WY, Zeng WN, Casartelli M, Deng HM, Cappellozza S, Grimaldi A, Xia Q, Tettamanti G, Cao Y, Feng Q. Autophagy precedes apoptosis during the remodeling of silkworm larval midgut. Apoptosis 2011; 17:305-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
44
|
Courtiade J, Pauchet Y, Vogel H, Heckel DG. A comprehensive characterization of the caspase gene family in insects from the order Lepidoptera. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:357. [PMID: 21740565 PMCID: PMC3141678 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cell suicide pathway of apoptosis is a necessary event in the life of multicellular organisms. It is involved in many biological processes ranging from development to the immune response. Evolutionarily conserved proteases, called caspases, play a central role in regulating apoptosis. Reception of death stimuli triggers the activation of initiator caspases, which in turn activate the effector caspases. In Lepidoptera, apoptosis is crucial in processes such as metamorphosis or defending against baculovirus infection. The discovery of p35, a baculovirus protein inhibiting caspase activity, has led to the characterization of the first lepidopteran caspase, Sf-Caspase-1. Studies on Sf-Caspase-1 mode of activation suggested that apoptosis in Lepidoptera requires a cascade of caspase activation, as demonstrated in many other species. Results In order to get insights into this gene family in Lepidoptera, we performed an extensive survey of lepidopteran-derived EST datasets. We identified 66 sequences distributed among 27 species encoding putative caspases. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Lepidoptera possess at least 5 caspases, for which we propose a unified nomenclature. According to homology to their Drosophila counterparts and their primary structure, we determined that Lep-Caspase-1, -2 and -3 are putative effector caspases, whereas Lep-Caspase-5 and -6 are putative initiators. The likely function of Lep-Caspase-4 remains unclear. Lep-Caspase-2 is absent from the silkworm genome and appears to be noctuid-specific, and to have arisen from a tandem duplication of the Caspase-1 gene. In the tobacco hawkmoth, 3 distinct transcripts encoding putative Caspase-4 were identified, suggesting at least 2 duplication events in this species. Conclusions The basic repertoire of five major types of caspases shared among Lepidoptera seems to be smaller than for most other groups studied to date, but gene duplication still plays a role in lineage-specific increases in diversity, just as in Diptera and mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Courtiade
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
The apoptosis inhibitor survivin prevents insect midgut from cell death during postembryonic development. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1691-9. [PMID: 21633890 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The programmed cell death (PCD) is important in maintaining the cell number homoeostasis of tissues and organs in metazoan. This process is regulated by the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). The function and mechanism of IAPs have been well studied in animal embryonic development and human cancers. However, the roles and hormonal regulation of IAPs in the postembryonic development are not well understood. We report that an IAP survivin (Ha-survivin) played roles in the postembryonic development of the midgut in a lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera. Ha-survivin was transcribed not only in the embryo, but also in the haemocytes, fat body and midgut during larval molting or pupal adulting. The transcription of Ha-survivin was upregulated by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Ha-survivin was located in the embryonic cells around the periplasm of the eggs during embryonic development. It was also located in the epithelium cells of the midgut in the fifth molting larvae and later pupae. Knockdown of Ha-survivin by RNAi in the epidermal cell line caused cell apoptosis. These results indicated that Ha-survivin played roles not only in the embryonic development, but also in the postembryonic tissue development by preventing cell death.
Collapse
|
46
|
Liu PC, Wang JX, Song QS, Zhao XF. The participation of calponin in the cross talk between 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone signaling pathways by phosphorylation variation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19776. [PMID: 21625546 PMCID: PMC3098250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH) signaling pathways interact to mediate insect development, but the mechanism of this interaction is poorly understood. Here, a calponin homologue domain (Chd) containing protein (HaCal) is reported to play a key role in the cross talk between 20E and JH signaling by varying its phosphorylation. Chd is known as an actin binding domain present in many proteins including some signaling proteins. Using an epidermal cell line (HaEpi), HaCal was found to be up-regulated by either 20E or the JH analog methoprene (JHA). 20E induced rapid phosphorylation of HaCal whereas no phosphorylation occurred with JHA. HaCal could be quickly translocated into the nuclei through 20E or JH signaling but interacted with USP1 only under the mediation of JHA. Knockdown of HaCal by RNAi blocked the 20E inducibility of USP1, PKC and HR3, and also blocked the JHA inducibility of USP1, PKC and JHi. After gene silencing of HaCal by ingestion of dsHaCal expressed by Escherichia coli, the larval development was arrested and the gene expression of USP1, PKC, HR3 and JHi were blocked. These composite data suggest that HaCal plays roles in hormonal signaling by quickly transferring into nucleus to function as a phosphorylated form in the 20E pathway and as a non-phosphorylated form interacting with USP1 in the JH pathway to facilitate 20E or JH signaling cascade, in short, by switching its phosphorylation status to regulate insect development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang Z, Xu J, Sheng Z, Sui Y, Palli SR. Steroid receptor co-activator is required for juvenile hormone signal transduction through a bHLH-PAS transcription factor, methoprene tolerant. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:8437-8447. [PMID: 21190938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.191684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamorphosis in insects is regulated by juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroids. The mechanism of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), but not of JH action, is well understood. A basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) family member, methoprene tolerant (Met), plays an important role in JH action. Microarray analysis and RNA interference (RNAi) were used to identify 69 genes that require Met for their hydroprene-regulated expression in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Quantitative real time PCR analysis confirmed microarray data for 13 of the 16 hydroprene-response genes tested. The members of the bHLH-PAS family often function as heterodimers to regulate gene expression and Met is a member of this family. To determine whether other members of the bHLH-PAS family are required for the expression of JH-response genes, we employed RNAi to knockdown the expression of all 11 members of the bHLH-PAS family and studied the expression of JH-response genes in RNAi insects. These studies showed that besides Met, another member of this family, steroid receptor co-activator (SRC) is required for the expression of 15 JH-response genes tested. Moreover, studies in JH responsive Aag-2 cells revealed that Aedes aegypti homologues of both Met and SRC are required for the expression of the JH-response gene, kr-h1, and SRC is required for expression of ecdysone-response genes. These data suggest the steroid receptor co-activator plays key roles in both JH and 20E action suggesting that this may be an important molecule that mediates cross-talk between JH and 20E to prevent metamorphosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Zhang
- From the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Jingjing Xu
- From the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Zhentao Sheng
- From the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Yipeng Sui
- From the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Subba R Palli
- From the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
The knockdown of Ha-GRIM-19 by RNA interference induced programmed cell death. Amino Acids 2010; 42:1297-307. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
49
|
Rost-Roszkowska MM, Jansta P, Vilimova J. Fine structure of the midgut epithelium in two Archaeognatha, Lepismachilis notata and Machilis hrabei (Insecta), in relation to its degeneration and regeneration. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 247:91-101. [PMID: 20446006 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In two archaeognathans, Lepismachilis notata and Machilis hrabei, the midgut epithelium and processes of its regeneration and degeneration have been described at the ultrastructural level. In both analysed species, the midgut epithelium is composed of epithelial and regenerative cells (regenerative nests). The epithelial cells show distinct regionalization in organelles distribution with the basal, perinuclear, and apical regions being distinguished. Degeneration of epithelial cells proceeds in a necrotic way (continuous degeneration) during the entire life of adult specimens, but just before each moult degeneration intensifies. Apoptosis has been observed. Regenerative cells fulfil the role of midgut stem cells. Some of them proliferate, while the others differentiate into epithelial cells. We compared the organisation of the midgut epithelium of M. hrabei and L. notata with zygentoman species, which have just been described.
Collapse
|
50
|
Hou L, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Rab32 and the remodeling of the imaginal midgut in Helicoverpa armigera. Amino Acids 2010; 40:953-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|