1
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Yu M, Wang F, Gang H, Liu C. Research progress of nanog gene in fish. Mol Genet Genomics 2024; 299:88. [PMID: 39313603 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-024-02182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Nanog is a crucial regulatory factor in maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. It is involved in various biological processes, such as early embryonic development, cell reprogramming, cell cycle regulation, the proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells. While research on this gene has primarily focused on mammals, there has been a growing interest in studying nanog in fish. However, there is a notable lack of comprehensive reviews regarding this gene in fish, which is essential for guiding future research. This review aims to provide a thorough summary of the gene's structure, expression patterns, functions and regulatory mechanisms in fish. The findings suggest that nanog probably has both conserved and divergent functions in regulating cell pluripotency, early embryonic development, and germ cell development in teleosts compared to other species, including mammals. These insights lay the foundation for future research and applications of the nanog gene, providing a new perspective for understanding the evolution and conserved charactristics of teleost nanog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Engineering Laboratory of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Observation and Research Station On Water Ecosystem in Danjiangkou Reservoir of Henan Province, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Fangyuan Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Engineering Laboratory of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Observation and Research Station On Water Ecosystem in Danjiangkou Reservoir of Henan Province, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Huihui Gang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Engineering Laboratory of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Observation and Research Station On Water Ecosystem in Danjiangkou Reservoir of Henan Province, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Chuanhu Liu
- School of 3D Printing, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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2
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Liu P, Pan X, Wu L, Afedo SY, Feng X, Yang J. Expression and localization of Cyclin D1/Nanog and NF-κB/Bax protein in dysplastic testicles of mice. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 130:108704. [PMID: 39214480 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Testicular dysplasia significantly impairs male reproductive capacity. This study investigated the expression of Cyclin D1/Nanog and NF-κB/Bax in dysplastic testes of mice using histological staining, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that Nanog and Bax expression were significantly higher in dysplastic testicular tissue than in normal tissue (P < 0.01). Cyclin D1 protein expression was higher in normal testis tissue than in dysplastic testis (P < 0.01). NF-κB was highly expressed in cryptorchid and normal testis with no significant difference (P > 0.05). Immunolocalization revealed that Nanog, NF-κB, and Bax were expressed in the cytoplasm of Leydig and spermatogenic cells. Cyclin D1 primarily expressed in the nucleus of Sertoli cells. These findings suggest that altered expression of Nanog, Cyclin D1, and Bax may contribute to testicular dysplasia. This study provides a scientific foundation for detecting testicular dysplasia and selecting appropriate animal models, ultimately informing strategies to improve male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penggang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, YangZhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 22500, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, YangZhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 22500, China
| | - Luxian Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, YangZhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 22500, China
| | - Seth Yaw Afedo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Xinwei Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China.
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3
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Blank MH, Kawaoku AJT, Rui BR, Carreira ACO, Hamilton TRDS, Goissis MD, Pereira RJG. Successful xenotransplantation of testicular cells following fractionated chemotherapy of recipient birds. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3085. [PMID: 38321093 PMCID: PMC10847125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
An essential step in the success of germ cell transplantation is the preparation of the recipient's testicular environment to increase the availability of stem cell niches. However, most methods for this purpose in birds face serious limitations such as partial germ cell depletion, high toxicity and mortality, or the need to use expensive technologies. Here, we validated a simple and practical technique of transferring quail testicular cells into chicken testes depleted of endogenous spermatozoa by fractioned chemotherapy (20 mg/kg/week busulfan for 5 weeks). This protocol resulted in a very low mortality of the treated day-old chicks and, despite maintenance of androgenic activity, sperm production was decreased by 84.3% at 25 weeks of age. NANOG immunostaining revealed that very few to no germ cells were present following treatment with 20 and 40 mg/kg, respectively. RT-qPCR data also showed that c-MYC and NANOG expression declined in these treatments, but GRFα1 and BID expressions remained unaltered among groups. After xenotransplantation, quail germ cells were immunodetected in chicken testes using a species-specific antibody (QCPN), and quail ovalbumin DNA was found in seminal samples collected from chicken recipients. Together, these data confirm that fractionated administration of busulfan in hatchlings is a practical, effective, and safe protocol to prepare recipient male birds capable of supporting xenogeneic spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Henrique Blank
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 255, Pirassununga, SP , CEP 13635-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Bruno Rogério Rui
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 255, Pirassununga, SP , CEP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Oliveira Carreira
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Pangaré 100, São Paulo, 05360-130, Brazil
| | - Thais Rose Dos Santos Hamilton
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 255, Pirassununga, SP , CEP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Demarchi Goissis
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 255, Pirassununga, SP , CEP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Garcia Pereira
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 255, Pirassununga, SP , CEP 13635-900, Brazil.
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4
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Andrews PW, Gokhale PJ. A short history of pluripotent stem cells markers. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:1-10. [PMID: 38157849 PMCID: PMC10828816 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The expression of one or more of a small number of molecules, typically cell surface-associated antigens, or transcription factors, is widely used for identifying pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) or for monitoring their differentiation. However, none of these marker molecules are uniquely expressed by PSCs and all are expressed by stem cells that have lost the ability to differentiate. Consequently, none are indicators of pluripotency, per se. Here we summarize the nature and characteristics of several markers that are in wide use, including the cell surface antigens, stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, GCTM2, and the transcription factors POUF5/OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2, highlighting issues that must be considered when interpreting data about their expression on putative PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Andrews
- The School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Paul J Gokhale
- The School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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5
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Knudsen TE, Hamilton WB, Proks M, Lykkegaard M, Linneberg-Agerholm M, Nielsen AV, Perera M, Malzard LL, Trusina A, Brickman JM. A bipartite function of ESRRB can integrate signaling over time to balance self-renewal and differentiation. Cell Syst 2023; 14:788-805.e8. [PMID: 37633265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Cooperative DNA binding of transcription factors (TFs) integrates the cellular context to support cell specification during development. Naive mouse embryonic stem cells are derived from early development and can sustain their pluripotent identity indefinitely. Here, we ask whether TFs associated with pluripotency evolved to directly support this state or if the state emerges from their combinatorial action. NANOG and ESRRB are key pluripotency factors that co-bind DNA. We find that when both factors are expressed, ESRRB supports pluripotency. However, when NANOG is absent, ESRRB supports a bistable culture of cells with an embryo-like primitive endoderm identity ancillary to pluripotency. The stoichiometry between NANOG and ESRRB allows quantitative titration of this differentiation, and in silico modeling of bipartite ESRRB activity suggests it safeguards plasticity in differentiation. Thus, the concerted activity of cooperative TFs can transform their effect to sustain intermediate cell identities and allow ex vivo expansion of immortal stem cells. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E Knudsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William B Hamilton
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Martin Proks
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Lykkegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Madeleine Linneberg-Agerholm
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marta Perera
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ala Trusina
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua M Brickman
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Downs KM. The mouse allantois: new insights at the embryonic-extraembryonic interface. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210251. [PMID: 36252214 PMCID: PMC9574631 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the early development of Placentalia, a distinctive projection emerges at the posterior embryonic-extraembryonic interface of the conceptus; its fingerlike shape presages maturation into the placental umbilical cord, whose major role is to shuttle fetal blood to and from the chorion for exchange with the mother during pregnancy. Until recently, the biology of the cord's vital vascular anlage, called the body stalk/allantois in humans and simply the allantois in rodents, has been largely unknown. Here, new insights into the development of the mouse allantois are featured, from its origin and mechanism of arterial patterning through its union with the chorion. Key to generating the allantois and its critical functions are the primitive streak and visceral endoderm, which together are sufficient to create the entire fetal-placental connection. Their newly discovered roles at the embryonic-extraembryonic interface challenge conventional wisdom, including the physical limits of the primitive streak, its function as sole purveyor of mesoderm in the mouse, potency of visceral endoderm, and the putative role of the allantois in the germ line. With this working model of allantois development, understanding a plethora of hitherto poorly understood orphan diseases in humans is now within reach. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Downs
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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7
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The Divergent and Conserved Expression Profile of Turtle Nanog Gene Comparing with Fish and Mammals. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091342. [PMID: 36138820 PMCID: PMC9495436 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanog is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, and it plays a vital role in maintaining the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Nanog’s function has been well studied in many species. However, there is lack of reporting on the Nanog gene in reptile. Here, we identified a 1032 bp cDNA sequence of a Nanog gene in Pelidiscus sinensis, known as PsNanog. PsNanog has a highly conserved HD domain and shares a high identity with that of Chelonia mydas and the lowest identity with Oryzias latipes. Similarly, PsNanog presented a tight cluster with C. mydas Nanog, but was far from those of teleosts. Additionally, we cloned a length of 1870 bp PsNanog promoter. Dual luciferase assay showed that the DNA fragment of −1560 to +1 exhibited a high promoter activity. The RT-PCR and RT-qPCR results showed that PsNanog was predominantly expressed in ovary, and then in testis. The in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis showed that PsNanog was expressed in the early primary oocytes and the cytoplasm of the cortical region of stage VIII oocytes in ovary, and distributed in most stages of germ cells in testis. Collectively, the results imply that PsNanog probably has the conserved function in regulating germ cell development across phyla and is also a pluripotent cell gene and expressed in germ cells, which is similar to that in teleosts and mammals.
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8
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Zhong Z, Xu Y, Feng Y, Ao L, Jiang Y. Characterization of the Nanog gene involved in the gonadal development in pearlscale angelfish (Centropyge vrolikii). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:303-319. [PMID: 35138521 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor Nanog plays a crucial role in the embryonic and gonadal development and the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), interacting with transcription factors such as Oct4 and Sox2 in mammals. Nevertheless, its pathways to molecular mechanisms remain unclear as to teleosts. This study investigates the role of the Nanog gene in gonadal development and sex reversal of pearlscale angelfish (Centropyge vrolikii). To understand the expression pattern of gonadal development, we identified the Nanog gene of C. vrolikii, which we named Cv-Nanog. The full-length cDNA sequence of Cv-Nanog was 2,136 bp in length and encoded a homeodomain protein of 436 amino acid residues. The gene structure and western blot prove results that Cv-Nanog was homologous to the Nanog gene of mammalians. The protein sequence comparison demonstrates that the Cv-Nanog shared a high degree of similarity with orthologs from other vertebrates in the conserved homeodomain. The Cv-Nanog gene was substantially expressed in gonads, and the expression was significantly higher in the ovaries than in the testis, according to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses. In situ hybridization reveals that the transcripts were located in the cytoplasm and membrane of the oocytes in the ovaries and testes. The expression of Cv-Nanog mRNA was weak in Sertoli cells but strong in germ cells. After overexpression of Cv-Nanog, the expression levels of pluripotent factors Sox2 and Oct4 increased significantly with 21.5-fold and 12.2-fold, respectively. Simultaneously, the TGF-beta signaling pathway was activated, and the gonadal cell growth was promoted. The expression of ovary-bias genes Cyp19a and Foxl2 was upregulated, and the expression of testis-bias genes Sox9 and Dmrt1 was downregulated to promote ovarian development. These results imply that the Nanog gene might play a crucial role in the process of gonadal development and sexual reversion in C. vrolikii. This study provides new insight to understand the molecular regulatory mechanism of the Nanog gene further and important clues for the future studies in gonadal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Lulu Ao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yonghua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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9
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Characterization of nanog in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its spatiotemporal expression patterns during embryonic and gonadal development. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 259:110718. [PMID: 35093560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanog is one of the well-characterized core transcription factors in pluripotency maintenance network. So far, studies on fishes indicate that the Nanog expression occurs from embryonic 1-cell stage to blastula stage, and is restricted to the gonadal germline cells in adult tissues, which is strikingly different from that in mammals. However, whether this expression profile is conservative in fishes remains to be investigated. Here Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) nanog (named as Ong) was identified and its spatiotemporal expression patterns during embryonic and gonadal development were investigated. The Ong cDNA contains an open reading frame of 678 bp, encoding 226 amino acids. The anti-Ong antibody was prepared through prokaryotic protein expression and its specificity was validated. The Ong expression in embryonic 1-cell stage did not appear until the early stage of blastocyst and continued to the late stage of blastocyst. In adult tissues, its expression was limited to gonads. Its expression patterns during gonadal development were further investigated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining. In testis, Ong was not expressed at 30 dah (days after hatching), but highly expressed in spermatogonia and spermatocytes at 150 dah; in ovaries at 30 and 150 dah, it was not expressed in germline cells but in all somatic cells. This expression profile is strikingly different from reports in fishes to date. Our study firstly indicates that the Nanog expression profile is not conservative in fishes. This study is valuable for further functional and evolutionary study of this gene.
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10
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Savage AM, Alberio R, Johnson AD. Germline competent mesoderm: the substrate for vertebrate germline and somatic stem cells? Biol Open 2021; 10:272478. [PMID: 34648017 PMCID: PMC8524722 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro production of tissue-specific stem cells [e.g. haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)] is a key goal of regenerative medicine. However, recent efforts to produce fully functional tissue-specific stem cells have fallen short. One possible cause of shortcomings may be that model organisms used to characterize basic vertebrate embryology (Xenopus, zebrafish, chick) may employ molecular mechanisms for stem cell specification that are not conserved in humans, a prominent example being the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs). Germ plasm irreversibly specifies PGCs in many models; however, it is not conserved in humans, which produce PGCs from tissue termed germline-competent mesoderm (GLCM). GLCM is not conserved in organisms containing germ plasm, or even in mice, but understanding its developmental potential could unlock successful production of other stem cell types. GLCM was first discovered in embryos from the axolotl and its conservation has since been demonstrated in pigs, which develop from a flat-disc embryo like humans. Together these findings suggest that GLCM is a conserved basal trait of vertebrate embryos. Moreover, the immortal nature of germ cells suggests that immortality is retained during GLCM specification; here we suggest that the demonstrated pluripotency of GLCM accounts for retention of immortality in somatic stem cell types as well. This article has an associated Future Leaders to Watch interview with the author of the paper. Summary: Recent findings that germline and stem cell specification may differ between species may have important implications for regenerative medicine and the future of stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Savage
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ramiro Alberio
- School of Biosciences, Stem Cell Biology, Reprogramming and Pluripotency, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Cells, Organisms and Molecular Genetics, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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11
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Liu X, Wang H, Liu B, Qi Z, Li J, Xu B, Liu W, Xu Z, Deng Y. The Latest Research Progress of m 6A Modification and Its Writers, Erasers, Readers in Infertility: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:681238. [PMID: 34568313 PMCID: PMC8461070 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic messenger mRNAs contain many RNA methyl chemical modifications, in which N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a very important role. The modification process of RNA methylation is a dynamic reversible regulatory process that is mainly catalyzed by "Writer" m6A methyltransferase, removed by "Eraser" m6A demethylase, and recognized by the m6A binding protein, thereby, linking m6A modification with other mRNA pathways. At various stages of the life cycle, m6A modification plays an extremely important role in regulating mRNA splicing, processing, translation, as well as degradation, and is associated with gametogenesis and fertility for both sexes. Normal gametogenesis is a basic guarantee of fertility. Infertility leads to trauma, affects harmony in the family and seriously affects the quality of life. We review the roles and mechanisms of RNA m6A methylation modification in infertility and provide a potential target for infertility treatment, which can be used for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuda Liu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bingchen Liu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhipeng Qi
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiashuo Li
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaofa Xu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Ben Maamar M, Nilsson EE, Skinner MK. Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance, gametogenesis and germline development†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:570-592. [PMID: 33929020 PMCID: PMC8444706 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important developing cell types in any biological system is the gamete (sperm and egg). The transmission of phenotypes and optimally adapted physiology to subsequent generations is in large part controlled by gametogenesis. In contrast to genetics, the environment actively regulates epigenetics to impact the physiology and phenotype of cellular and biological systems. The integration of epigenetics and genetics is critical for all developmental biology systems at the cellular and organism level. The current review is focused on the role of epigenetics during gametogenesis for both the spermatogenesis system in the male and oogenesis system in the female. The developmental stages from the initial primordial germ cell through gametogenesis to the mature sperm and egg are presented. How environmental factors can influence the epigenetics of gametogenesis to impact the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of phenotypic and physiological change in subsequent generations is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millissia Ben Maamar
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Eric E Nilsson
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael K Skinner
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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13
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Hong TK, Song JH, Lee SB, Do JT. Germ Cell Derivation from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Understanding In Vitro Gametogenesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081889. [PMID: 34440657 PMCID: PMC8394365 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have developed considerably in recent years; however, they cannot rectify germ cell aplasia, such as non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and oocyte maturation failure syndrome. In vitro gametogenesis is a promising technology to overcome infertility, particularly germ cell aplasia. Early germ cells, such as primordial germ cells, can be relatively easily derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs); however, further progression to post-meiotic germ cells usually requires a gonadal niche and signals from gonadal somatic cells. Here, we review the recent advances in in vitro male and female germ cell derivation from PSCs and discuss how this technique is used to understand the biological mechanism of gamete development and gain insight into its application in infertility.
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14
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Zhang W, Wang N, Zhang T, Wang M, Ge W, Wang X. Roles of Melatonin in Goat Hair Follicle Stem Cell Proliferation and Pluripotency Through Regulating the Wnt Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:686805. [PMID: 34150780 PMCID: PMC8212062 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.686805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies show that melatonin promotes cashmere development through hypodermic implantation. However, the impact and underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. In vitro study has previously demonstrated that melatonin induces cashmere growth by regulating the proliferation of goat secondary hair follicle stem cells (gsHFSCs), but there is limited information concerning the effects of melatonin on cell pluripotency. It is also known that Wnt signaling may actively participate in regulating cell proliferation and stem cell pluripotency. Therefore, in the current investigation, goat hair follicle stem cells were exposed to multiple concentrations of melatonin and different culture times to reveal the relationship between melatonin and the activation of Wnt signaling. A proportionally high Catenin beta-1 (CTNNB1) response was induced by 500 ng/L of melatonin, but it was then suppressed with the dosages over 1,000 ng/L. Greater amounts of CTNNB1 entered the cell nuclei by extending the exposure time to 72 h, which activated transcription factor 4/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 and promoted the expression of the proliferation-related genes C-MYC, C-JUN, and CYCLIND1. Moreover, nuclear receptor ROR-alpha (RORα) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) were employed to analyze the underlying mechanism. RORα presented a sluggish concentration/time-dependent rise, but BMP4 was increased dramatically by melatonin exposure, which revealed that melatonin might participate in regulating the pluripotency of hair follicle stem cells. Interestingly, NOGGIN, which is a BMP antagonist and highly relevant to cell stemness, was also stimulated by melatonin. These findings demonstrated that melatonin exposure and/or NOGGIN overexpression in hair follicle stem cells might promote the expression of pluripotency markers Homeobox protein NANOG, Organic cation/carnitine transporter 4, and Hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34. Our findings here provided a comprehensive view of Wnt signaling in melatonin stimulated cells and melatonin mediated stemness of gsHFSCs by regulating NOGGIN, which demonstrates a regulatory mechanism of melatonin enhancement on the growth of cashmere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Niu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wei Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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15
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Webster NJ, Maywald RL, Benton SM, Dawson EP, Murillo OD, LaPlante EL, Milosavljevic A, Lanza DG, Heaney JD. Testicular germ cell tumors arise in the absence of sex-specific differentiation. Development 2021; 148:260592. [PMID: 33912935 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In response to signals from the embryonic testis, the germ cell intrinsic factor NANOS2 coordinates a transcriptional program necessary for the differentiation of pluripotent-like primordial germ cells toward a unipotent spermatogonial stem cell fate. Emerging evidence indicates that genetic risk factors contribute to testicular germ cell tumor initiation by disrupting sex-specific differentiation. Here, using the 129.MOLF-Chr19 mouse model of testicular teratomas and a NANOS2 reporter allele, we report that the developmental phenotypes required for tumorigenesis, including failure to enter mitotic arrest, retention of pluripotency and delayed sex-specific differentiation, were exclusive to a subpopulation of germ cells failing to express NANOS2. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that embryonic day 15.5 NANOS2-deficient germ cells and embryonal carcinoma cells developed a transcriptional profile enriched for MYC signaling, NODAL signaling and primed pluripotency. Moreover, lineage-tracing experiments demonstrated that embryonal carcinoma cells arose exclusively from germ cells failing to express NANOS2. Our results indicate that NANOS2 is the nexus through which several genetic risk factors influence tumor susceptibility. We propose that, in the absence of sex specification, signals native to the developing testis drive germ cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Webster
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rebecca L Maywald
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Susan M Benton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Emily P Dawson
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Oscar D Murillo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Emily L LaPlante
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Denise G Lanza
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason D Heaney
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Choi HJ, Jin SD, Rengaraj D, Kim JH, Pain B, Han JY. Differential transcriptional regulation of the NANOG gene in chicken primordial germ cells and embryonic stem cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:40. [PMID: 33658075 PMCID: PMC7931612 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background NANOG is a core transcription factor (TF) in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and primordial germ cells (PGCs). Regulation of the NANOG gene by TFs, epigenetic factors, and autoregulatory factors is well characterized in ESCs, and transcriptional regulation of NANOG is well established in these cells. Although NANOG plays a key role in germ cells, the molecular mechanism underlying its transcriptional regulation in PGCs has not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism that regulates transcription of the chicken NANOG (cNANOG) gene in PGCs and ESCs. Results We first identified the transcription start site of cNANOG by 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR analysis. Then, we measured the promoter activity of various 5′ flanking regions of cNANOG in chicken PGCs and ESCs using the luciferase reporter assay. cNANOG expression required transcriptional regulatory elements, which were positively regulated by POU5F3 (OCT4) and SOX2 and negatively regulated by TP53 in PGCs. The proximal region of the cNANOG promoter contains a positive transcriptional regulatory element (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (CEBP)-binding site) in ESCs. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown demonstrated that POU5F3, SOX2, and CEBP played a role in cell type-specific transcription of cNANOG. Conclusions We show for the first time that different trans-regulatory elements control transcription of cNANOG in a cell type-specific manner. This finding might help to elucidate the mechanism that regulates cNANOG expression in PGCs and ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - So Dam Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Deivendran Rengaraj
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Bertrand Pain
- Univ Lyon, Universite ́Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
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17
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Ge W, Wang JJ, Zhang RQ, Tan SJ, Zhang FL, Liu WX, Li L, Sun XF, Cheng SF, Dyce PW, De Felici M, Shen W. Dissecting the initiation of female meiosis in the mouse at single-cell resolution. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:695-713. [PMID: 32367190 PMCID: PMC11072979 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is one of the most finely orchestrated events during gametogenesis with distinct developmental patterns in males and females. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain not well known. Here, we report detailed transcriptome analyses of cell populations present in the mouse female gonadal ridges (E11.5) and the embryonic ovaries from E12.5 to E14.5 using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA seq). These periods correspond with the initiation and progression of meiosis throughout the first stage of prophase I. We identified 13 transcriptionally distinct cell populations and 7 transcriptionally distinct germ cell subclusters that correspond to mitotic (3 clusters) and meiotic (4 clusters) germ cells. By analysing cluster-specific gene expression profiles, we found four cell clusters correspond to different cell stages en route to meiosis and characterized their detailed transcriptome dynamics. Our scRNA seq analysis here represents a new important resource for deciphering the molecular pathways driving female meiosis initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Rui-Qian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shao-Jing Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fa-Li Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shun-Feng Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Paul W Dyce
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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18
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Amporn C, Tang PC, Wang CK. Derivation and characterization of putative embryonic stem cells isolated from blastoderms of Taiwan Country chicken for the production of chimeric chickens. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 33:920-929. [PMID: 33970791 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1848856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The conservation of Taiwan Country chicken (TCC) is important due to concerns for the local breed's adaptability to the area and disease resistance. Furthermore, the genetic resource base of native chickens can be used to improve egg and meat production efficiency in commercial TCC. As the embryonic stem cells (ESCs) hold great potential for regenerative medicine and species conservation, the aims of this study were to isolate and characterize ESCs of TCC. The blastodermal cells (BCs) were isolated from the zona pellucida of stage X chicken embryos and cultured in conditioned medium for the proliferation and maintenance of BCs in vitro. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results showed that POUV, SOX2 and NANOG were expressed in the putative ESCs. In addition, the expression of pluripotent markers, SSEA-1 and SSEA-4, was detected. The DiI-stained ESCs were injected into the dorsal aorta of the E3.5 recipient fetuses soon after staining and the injected embryos were continuously incubated and checked on day 7 of incubation. It was shown that some DiI-positive cells were found in the 7-d-old chimeric embryos. The results demonstrated that some pluripotent cells existed in the cultured BCs for the production of germline chimeric embryos from TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalothon Amporn
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chi Tang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for the Integrative and Evolutionary Galliformes Genomics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Kai Wang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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TET1 Interacts Directly with NANOG via Independent Domains Containing Hydrophobic and Aromatic Residues. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:6075-6091. [PMID: 33058869 PMCID: PMC7763487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
TET1 and NANOG interact via multiple independent binding regions. TET1 and NANOG interactions are mediated by aromatic and hydrophobic residues. TET1 residues that bind NANOG are highly conserved in mammals. Co-localisation of TET1 and NANOG on chromatin is enriched at NANOG target genes. NANOG and TET1 have regulatory roles in maintaining and reprogramming pluripotency.
The DNA demethylase TET1 is highly expressed in embryonic stem cells and is important both for lineage commitment, and reprogramming to naïve pluripotency. TET1 interacts with the pluripotency transcription factor NANOG which may contribute to its biological activity in pluripotent cells. However, how TET1 interacts with other proteins is largely unknown. Here, we characterise the physical interaction between TET1 and NANOG using embryonic stem cells and bacterial expression systems. TET1 and NANOG interact through multiple binding sites that act independently. Critically, mutating conserved hydrophobic and aromatic residues within TET1 and NANOG abolishes the interaction. On chromatin, NANOG is predominantly localised at ESC enhancers. While TET1 binds to CpG dinucleotides in promoters using its CXXC domain, TET1 also binds to enhancers, though the mechanism involved is unknown. Comparative ChIP-seq analysis identifies genomic loci bound by both TET1 and NANOG, that correspond predominantly to pluripotency enhancers. Importantly, around half of NANOG transcriptional target genes are associated with TET1-NANOG co-bound sites. These results indicate a mechanism by which TET1 protein may be targeted to specific sites of action at enhancers by direct interaction with a transcription factor.
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20
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Taheri M, Saki G, Nikbakht R, Eftekhari AR. Bone morphogenetic protein 15 induces differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human follicular fluid to oocyte-like cell. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:127-139. [PMID: 32997425 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Follicular fluid (FF) is essential for developing ovarian follicles. Besides the oocytes, FF has abundant undifferentiated somatic cells containing stem cell properties, which are discarded in daily medical procedures. Earlier studies have shown that FF cells could differentiate into primordial germ cells via forming embryoid bodies, which produced oocyte-like cells (OLC). This study aimed at isolating mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from FF and evaluating the impacts of bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) on the differentiation of these cells into OLCs. Human FF-derived cells were collected from 78 women in the assisted fertilization program and cultured in human recombinant BMP15 medium for 21 days. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry staining characterized MSCs and OLCs. MSCs expressed germline stem cell (GSC) markers, such as OCT4 and Nanog. In the control group, after 15 days, OLCs were formed and expressed zona pellucida markers (ZP2 and ZP3), and reached 20-30 µm in diameter. Ten days after induction with BMP15, round cells developed, and the size of OLCs reached 115 µm. A decrease ranged from 0.04 to 4.5 in the expression of pluripotency and oocyte-specific markers observed in the cells cultured in a BMP15-supplemented medium. FF-derived MSCs have an innate potency to differentiate into OLCs, and BMP15 is effective in promoting the differentiation of these cells, which may give an in vitro model to examine germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Taheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ghasem Saki
- Department of Anatomical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roshan Nikbakht
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali R Eftekhari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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21
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Perepelkina T, Kegeles E, Baranov P. Optimizing the Conditions and Use of Synthetic Matrix for Three-Dimensional In Vitro Retinal Differentiation from Mouse Pluripotent Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 25:433-445. [PMID: 31195897 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT The development of retinal regenerative therapies relies on the reproducible and renewable source of retinal neurons for drug discovery and cell transplantation. Three-dimensional approach for retinal differentiation from pluripotent cells recently emerged as the robust strategy for retinal tissue differentiation. In this work, we present the combination of optimized conditions and techniques for three-dimensional retinal differentiation from mouse embryonic cells that improves reproducibility and efficiency of retinal differentiation in organoid cultures. We also show that the retinal induction can be achieved with the synthetic oligopeptide instead of Matrigel that allows to approach xeno-free conditions for cell production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Perepelkina
- 1The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, an Affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Evgenii Kegeles
- 1The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, an Affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,2Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
| | - Petr Baranov
- 1The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, an Affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Fend-Guella DL, von Kopylow K, Spiess AN, Schulze W, Salzbrunn A, Diederich S, El Hajj N, Haaf T, Zechner U, Linke M. The DNA methylation profile of human spermatogonia at single-cell- and single-allele-resolution refutes its role in spermatogonial stem cell function and germ cell differentiation. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 25:283-294. [PMID: 30892608 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human spermatogonial stem cells (hSSCs) have potential in fertility preservation of prepubertal boys or in treatment of male adults suffering from meiotic arrest. Prior to therapeutic application, in vitro propagation of rare hSSCs is mandatory. As the published data points to epigenetic alterations in long-term cell culture of spermatogonia (SPG), an initial characterisation of their DNA methylation state is important. Testicular biopsies from five adult normogonadotropic patients were converted into aggregate-free cell suspensions. FGFR3-positive (FGFR3+) SPG, resembling a very early stem cell state, were labelled with magnetic beads and isolated in addition to unlabelled SPG (FGFR3-). DNA methylation was assessed by limiting dilution bisulfite pyrosequencing for paternally imprinted (H19 and MEG3), maternally imprinted (KCNQ1OT1, PEG3, and SNRPN), pluripotency (POU5F1/OCT4 and NANOG), and spermatogonial/hSSC marker (FGFR3, GFRA1, PLZF, and L1TD1) genes on either single cells or pools of 10 cells. Both spermatogonial subpopulations exhibited a methylation pattern largely equivalent to sperm, with hypomethylation of hSSC marker and maternally imprinted genes and hypermethylation of pluripotency and paternally imprinted genes. Interestingly, we detected fine differences between the two spermatogonial subpopulations, which were reflected by an inverse methylation pattern of imprinted genes, i.e. decreasing methylation in hypomethylated genes and increasing methylation in hypermethylated genes, from FGFR3+ through FGFR3- SPG to sperm. Limitations of this study are due to it not being performed on a genome-wide level and being based on previously published regulatory gene regions. However, the concordance of DNA methylation between SPG and sperm implies that hSSC regulation and germ cell differentiation do not occur at the DNA methylation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Lucia Fend-Guella
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathrein von Kopylow
- Department of Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Schulze
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Fertility Center Hamburg GmbH, Amedes Group, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Salzbrunn
- Department of Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Diederich
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nady El Hajj
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Senckenberg Center of Human Genetics, Facharztzentrum Frankfurt-Nordend gGmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Linke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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23
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Gross-Thebing T, Raz E. Dead end and Detour: The function of the RNA-binding protein Dnd in posttranscriptional regulation in the germline. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 140:181-208. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Barral A, Rollan I, Sanchez-Iranzo H, Jawaid W, Badia-Careaga C, Menchero S, Gomez MJ, Torroja C, Sanchez-Cabo F, Göttgens B, Manzanares M, Sainz de Aja J. Nanog regulates Pou3f1 expression at the exit from pluripotency during gastrulation. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio046367. [PMID: 31791948 PMCID: PMC6899006 DOI: 10.1242/bio.046367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency is regulated by a network of transcription factors that maintain early embryonic cells in an undifferentiated state while allowing them to proliferate. NANOG is a critical factor for maintaining pluripotency and its role in primordial germ cell differentiation has been well described. However, Nanog is expressed during gastrulation across all the posterior epiblast, and only later in development is its expression restricted to primordial germ cells. In this work, we unveiled a previously unknown mechanism by which Nanog specifically represses genes involved in anterior epiblast lineage. Analysis of transcriptional data from both embryonic stem cells and gastrulating mouse embryos revealed Pou3f1 expression to be negatively correlated with that of Nanog during the early stages of differentiation. We have functionally demonstrated Pou3f1 to be a direct target of NANOG by using a dual transgene system for the controlled expression of Nanog Use of Nanog null ES cells further demonstrated a role for Nanog in repressing a subset of anterior neural genes. Deletion of a NANOG binding site (BS) located nine kilobases downstream of the transcription start site of Pou3f1 revealed this BS to have a specific role in the regionalization of the expression of this gene in the embryo. Our results indicate an active role of Nanog inhibiting neural regulatory networks by repressing Pou3f1 at the onset of gastrulation.This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barral
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Isabel Rollan
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Hector Sanchez-Iranzo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Wajid Jawaid
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Claudio Badia-Careaga
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sergio Menchero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Manuel J Gomez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Carlos Torroja
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Fatima Sanchez-Cabo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Miguel Manzanares
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Julio Sainz de Aja
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
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25
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Terada M, Kawamata M, Kimura R, Sekiya S, Nagamatsu G, Hayashi K, Horisawa K, Suzuki A. Generation of
Nanog
reporter mice that distinguish pluripotent stem cells from unipotent primordial germ cells. Genesis 2019; 57:e23334. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Terada
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Masaki Kawamata
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Ryota Kimura
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Sayaka Sekiya
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kenichi Horisawa
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
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Broad Heterochromatic Domains Open in Gonocyte Development Prior to De Novo DNA Methylation. Dev Cell 2019; 51:21-34.e5. [PMID: 31474564 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Facultative heterochromatin forms and reorganizes in response to external stimuli. However, how the initial establishment of such a chromatin state is regulated in cell-cycle-arrested cells remains unexplored. Mouse gonocytes are arrested male germ cells, at which stage the genome-wide DNA methylome forms. Here, we discovered transiently accessible heterochromatin domains of several megabases in size in gonocytes and named them differentially accessible domains (DADs). Open DADs formed in gene desert and gene cluster regions, primarily at transposons, with the reprogramming of histone marks, suggesting DADs as facultative heterochromatin. De novo DNA methylation took place with two waves in gonocytes: the first region specific and the second genome-wide. DADs were resistant to the first wave and their opening preceded the second wave. In addition, the higher-order chromosome architecture was reorganized with less defined chromosome compartments in gonocytes. These findings suggest that multiple layers of chromatin reprogramming facilitate de novo DNA methylation.
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27
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Mäkelä JA, Koskenniemi JJ, Virtanen HE, Toppari J. Testis Development. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:857-905. [PMID: 30590466 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Production of sperm and androgens is the main function of the testis. This depends on normal development of both testicular somatic cells and germ cells. A genetic program initiated from the Y chromosome gene sex-determining region Y (SRY) directs somatic cell specification to Sertoli cells that orchestrate further development. They first guide fetal germ cell differentiation toward spermatogenic destiny and then take care of the full service to spermatogenic cells during spermatogenesis. The number of Sertoli cells sets the limits of sperm production. Leydig cells secrete androgens that determine masculine development. Testis development does not depend on germ cells; that is, testicular somatic cells also develop in the absence of germ cells, and the testis can produce testosterone normally to induce full masculinization in these men. In contrast, spermatogenic cell development is totally dependent on somatic cells. We herein review germ cell differentiation from primordial germ cells to spermatogonia and development of the supporting somatic cells. Testicular descent to scrota is necessary for normal spermatogenesis, and cryptorchidism is the most common male birth defect. This is a mild form of a disorder of sex differentiation. Multiple genetic reasons for more severe forms of disorders of sex differentiation have been revealed during the last decades, and these are described along with the description of molecular regulation of testis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho-Antti Mäkelä
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko J Koskenniemi
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Helena E Virtanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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28
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Ruthig VA, Friedersdorf MB, Garness JA, Munger SC, Bunce C, Keene JD, Capel B. The RNA-binding protein DND1 acts sequentially as a negative regulator of pluripotency and a positive regulator of epigenetic modifiers required for germ cell reprogramming. Development 2019; 146:dev175950. [PMID: 31253634 PMCID: PMC6803376 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The adult spermatogonial stem cell population arises from pluripotent primordial germ cells (PGCs) that enter the fetal testis around embryonic day (E)10.5. PGCs undergo rapid mitotic proliferation, then enter prolonged cell cycle arrest (G1/G0), during which they transition to pro-spermatogonia. In mice homozygous for the Ter mutation in the RNA-binding protein Dnd1 (Dnd1Ter/Ter ), many male germ cells (MGCs) fail to enter G1/G0 and instead form teratomas: tumors containing many embryonic cell types. To investigate the origin of these tumors, we sequenced the MGC transcriptome in Dnd1Ter/Ter mutants at E12.5, E13.5 and E14.5, immediately prior to teratoma formation, and correlated this information with DO-RIP-Seq-identified DND1 direct targets. Consistent with previous results, we found DND1 controls downregulation of many genes associated with pluripotency and active cell cycle, including mTor, Hippo and Bmp/Nodal signaling pathway elements. However, DND1 targets also include genes associated with male differentiation, including a large group of chromatin regulators activated in wild-type but not mutant MGCs during the E13.5 and E14.5 transition. Results suggest multiple DND1 functions and link DND1 to initiation of epigenetic modifications in MGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Ruthig
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew B Friedersdorf
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason A Garness
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Corey Bunce
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jack D Keene
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Blanche Capel
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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29
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Behzadi Fard S, Mazaheri Z, Ghorbanmehr N, Movahedin M, Behzadi Fard M, Gholampour MA. Analysis of MiRNA-17 and MiRNA-146 Expression During Differentiation of Spermatogonial Stem Like Cells Derived from Mouse Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2019; 8:14-23. [PMID: 32195202 PMCID: PMC7073265 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.8.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro derivation of germ cells from different stem cell sources has been challenging in the treatment of male infertility. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have an essential role in gene expression at post-transcriptional level. The aim of this research was to find more about miRNA-17 and miRNA-146 expression during differentiation of spermatogonial stem cell like cells (SSC like cells) from mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) through bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) and retinoic acid (RA) induction. BMSCs were treated with BMP4 to produce primordial germ cell like cells (PGC like cells). The cells were differentiated into SSC like cells by an inducer cocktail including RA, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The PGC like cells and SSC like cells were evaluated for pluripotency (Nanog, Oct-4) and germ cell specific gene (Piwil2, Plzf, Dazl, and Stra8) expression, protein expression (Plzf, Stra8), and miRNA-17 and miRNA-146 mRNA expression. Our results showed that BMP4 leads to Dazl upregulation and Nanog downregulation expression in PGC like cells. RA upregulated Stra8 and Piwil2, and downregulated Nanog and Oct-4. MiRNA-17 and miRNA-146 expression decreased significantly in SSC like cells after RA treatment. This research indicated the aberrant miRNA-17 and miRNA-146 expression in SSC like cells in comparison with SSCs. Downregulation of the two miRNAs using RA in the stimulated undifferentiated state could probably be one of the key factors of SSC like cell arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Behzadi Fard
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mazaheri
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Ghorbanmehr
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Movahedin
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Zhang M, Leitch HG, Tang WWC, Festuccia N, Hall-Ponsele E, Nichols J, Surani MA, Smith A, Chambers I. Esrrb Complementation Rescues Development of Nanog-Null Germ Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 22:332-339. [PMID: 29320730 PMCID: PMC5775501 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors (TFs) Nanog and Esrrb play important roles in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and during primordial germ-cell (PGC) development. Esrrb is a positively regulated direct target of NANOG in ESCs that can substitute qualitatively for Nanog function in ESCs. Whether this functional substitution extends to the germline is unknown. Here, we show that germline deletion of Nanog reduces PGC numbers 5-fold at midgestation. Despite this quantitative depletion, Nanog-null PGCs can complete germline development in contrast to previous findings. PGC-like cell (PGCLC) differentiation of Nanog-null ESCs is also impaired, with Nanog-null PGCLCs showing decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. However, induced expression of Esrrb restores PGCLC numbers as efficiently as Nanog. These effects are recapitulated in vivo: knockin of Esrrb to Nanog restores PGC numbers to wild-type levels and results in fertile adult mice. These findings demonstrate that Esrrb can replace Nanog function in germ cells. Germline deletion of Nanog reduces PGC numbers but does not abolish PGC development Without Nanog, PGCLCs form ineffectively with less proliferation and more apoptosis The Nanog target gene Esrrb can rescue PGCLC differentiation of Nanog−/− ESCs Knockin of Esrrb at the Nanog locus restores PGC development efficiency
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland
| | - Harry G Leitch
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom.
| | - Walfred W C Tang
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Festuccia
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland
| | - Elisa Hall-Ponsele
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Chambers
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland.
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31
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Law NC, Oatley MJ, Oatley JM. Developmental kinetics and transcriptome dynamics of stem cell specification in the spermatogenic lineage. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2787. [PMID: 31243281 PMCID: PMC6594958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuity, robustness, and regeneration of cell lineages relies on stem cell pools that are established during development. For the mammalian spermatogenic lineage, a foundational spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) pool arises from prospermatogonial precursors during neonatal life via mechanisms that remain undefined. Here, we mapped the kinetics of this process in vivo using a multi-transgenic reporter mouse model, in silico with single-cell RNA sequencing, and functionally with transplantation analyses to define the SSC trajectory from prospermatogonia. Outcomes revealed that a heterogeneous prospermatogonial population undergoes dynamic changes during late fetal and neonatal development. Differential transcriptome profiles predicted divergent developmental trajectories from fetal prospermatogonia to descendant postnatal spermatogonia. Furthermore, transplantation analyses demonstrated that a defined subset of fetal prospermatogonia is fated to function as SSCs. Collectively, these findings suggest that SSC fate is preprogrammed within a subset of fetal prospermatogonia prior to building of the foundational pool during early neonatal development. In neonatal testes, prospermatogonia generate both spermatogonia for the first wave of spermatogenesis and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) for maintenance of spermatogenesis in males. Here the authors characterize the development of mouse SSCs from prospermatogonia using single-cell RNA-seq and transplantation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Law
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Melissa J Oatley
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jon M Oatley
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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32
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de Souza AF, de Ramos EC, Cury FS, Pieri NCG, Martins DS. The timeline development of female canine germ cells. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:964-971. [PMID: 31006155 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the sex differentiation, the primordial germ cells (PGCs) pass through a differentiation, becoming spermatogonial cells in males and oocytes in females. In this phase, there is difference in gene expression and differentiation potency between males and females. Specific cell markers have been essential in the PGC meiosis beginning and become oocyte cells. However, there are few studies about germline in domestic animals. The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is an interesting animal model to be used in the investigation about the mammal development because it has several biochemical and physiological similarities to humans. In addition, some additional investigations about dogs may contribute to a better understanding of the biology and genetic components, improving clinical veterinary and zoological sciences. Here, we elucidated by immunofluorescence and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the dynamics of the expression of pluripotent (POU5F1 and NANOG) and germline (DDX4, DAZL and DPPA3) markers that are very important in the development of female canine germ cells during 35-50 days post-fertilization (dpf). The female canine germ cells were positive for pluripotent markers during middle developmental period. The number of DDX4, DAZL and DPPA3 cells increased along the germ cell maturation from 45 to 50 dpf. We provided an expression analysis of the pluripotent and germline markers in paraffin sections using the middle and later periods in female canine germ cells. The results can contribute the understanding about the timeline of each marker along the maturation of female canine germ cells. These results have a great significance to demonstrate the germ cell profile changes because it may allow the development of protocols about in vitro germ cell derivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Eloise C de Ramos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Cury
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Naira Caroline G Pieri
- Department of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele S Martins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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33
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Chieffi P, De Martino M, Esposito F. New Anti-Cancer Strategies in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:53-59. [DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666190111120023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: The most common solid malignancy of young men aged 20 to 34 years is testicular germ cell tumor. In addition, the incidence of these tumors has significantly increased throughout the last years. Testicular germ cell tumors are classified into seminoma and nonseminoma germ cell tumors, which take in yolk sac tumor, embryonal cell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma. There are noteworthy differences about therapy and prognosis of seminomas and nonseminoma germ cell tumors, even though both share characteristics of the primordial germ cells. </P><P> Objectives: The study is focused on different molecular mechanisms strongly involved in testicular germ cell line tumors underlying new strategies to treat this human neoplasia.Methods:Bibliographic data from peer-reviewed research, patent and clinical trial literature, and around eighty papers and patents have been included in this review.Results:Our study reveals that several biomarkers are usefully utilized to discriminate among different histotypes. Moreover, we found new patents regarding testicular germ cell tumor treatments such as the expression of claudin 6, monoclonal antibody (Brentuximab Vedotin), immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with the FDA-approved drugs pembrolizumab and nivolumab or the oncolytic virus Pelareorep, the combination of selective inhibitors of Aurora kinase.Conclusion:Finally, the pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumor needs to be deeply understood so that it will improve data on stem cells, tumorigenesis and disease tumor management by more selective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Chieffi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco De Martino
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology of the CNR c / o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Surgery of Naples, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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34
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Senft AD, Bikoff EK, Robertson EJ, Costello I. Genetic dissection of Nodal and Bmp signalling requirements during primordial germ cell development in mouse. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1089. [PMID: 30842446 PMCID: PMC6403387 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential roles played by Nodal and Bmp signalling during early mouse development have been extensively documented. Here we use conditional deletion strategies to investigate functional contributions made by Nodal, Bmp and Smad downstream effectors during primordial germ cell (PGC) development. We demonstrate that Nodal and its target gene Eomes provide early instructions during formation of the PGC lineage. We discover that Smad2 inactivation in the visceral endoderm results in increased numbers of PGCs due to an expansion of the PGC niche. Smad1 is required for specification, whereas in contrast Smad4 controls the maintenance and migration of PGCs. Additionally we find that beside Blimp1, down-regulated phospho-Smad159 levels also distinguishes PGCs from their somatic neighbours so that emerging PGCs become refractory to Bmp signalling that otherwise promotes mesodermal development in the posterior epiblast. Thus balanced Nodal/Bmp signalling cues regulate germ cell versus somatic cell fate decisions in the early posterior epiblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D Senft
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Elizabeth K Bikoff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | - Ita Costello
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
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35
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Mahalaxmi I, Devi SM, Kaavya J, Arul N, Balachandar V, Santhy KS. New insight into NANOG: A novel therapeutic target for ovarian cancer (OC). Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 852:51-57. [PMID: 30831081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer incidence, metastasis, drug resistance and recurrence are still the critical issues of oncological diseases especially Ovarian cancer (OC). It has been suggested that drug resistance and disease relapse are the main causes for the aggressive nature of OC. There is an immediate need to develop novel strategies to understand the mechanism to overcome chemoresistance. Nanog has been found to regulate stemness like cells inside the cancer cells that are termed as Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). These cells show high self-renewal capacity with a peculiar potential in tumour initiation, heterogeneity, progression, metastasis, recurrence, radiotherapy and multi drug resistance. Recent studies have demonstrated that Nanog, a key transcription factor for pluripotency, has been playing a major role in chemoresistance. In this review, we address the functions of Nanog in both normal and cancer cells, how Nanog is involved in OC tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. This review also highlights the methods that are used for targeting Nanog as a remedy for treating OC. Thus, through this review, we predict that these concepts will open new avenues of research in ovarian cancer stem cells, and would propose Nanog as a target to improve the outcome of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyer Mahalaxmi
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, India.
| | | | - Jayaramayya Kaavya
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, India
| | - Narayanasamy Arul
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Vellingiri Balachandar
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Kumaran Sivanandan Santhy
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, India
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36
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Abstract
Germ cells are the stem cells of the species. Thus, it is critical that we have a good understanding of how they are specified, how the somatic cells instruct and support them, how they commit to one or other sex, and how they ultimately develop into functional gametes. Here, we focus on specifics of how sexual fate is determined during fetal life. Because the majority of relevant experimental work has been done using the mouse model, we focus on that species. We review evidence regarding the identity of instructive signals from the somatic cells, and the molecular responses that occur in germ cells in response to those extrinsic signals. In this way we aim to clarify progress to date regarding the mechanisms underlying the mitotic to meiosis switch in germ cells of the fetal ovary, and those involved in adopting and securing male fate in germ cells of the fetal testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassy Spiller
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Josephine Bowles
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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37
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Larose H, Shami AN, Abbott H, Manske G, Lei L, Hammoud SS. Gametogenesis: A journey from inception to conception. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 132:257-310. [PMID: 30797511 PMCID: PMC7133493 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gametogenesis, the process of forming mature germ cells, is an integral part of both an individual's and a species' health and well-being. This chapter focuses on critical male and female genetic and epigenetic processes underlying normal gamete formation through their differentiation to fertilization. Finally, we explore how knowledge gained from this field has contributed to progress in areas with great clinical promise, such as in vitro gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Larose
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Haley Abbott
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Gabriel Manske
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Saher Sue Hammoud
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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38
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Kawaguchi M, Sugiyama K, Matsubara K, Lin CY, Kuraku S, Hashimoto S, Suwa Y, Yong LW, Takino K, Higashida S, Kawamura D, Yu JK, Seki Y. Co-option of the PRDM14–CBFA2T complex from motor neurons to pluripotent cells during vertebrate evolution. Development 2019; 146:dev.168633. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.168633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks underlying cellular pluripotency are controlled by a core circuitry of transcription factors in mammals, including POU5F1. However, the evolutionary origin and transformation of pluripotency-related transcriptional networks have not been elucidated in deuterostomes. PR domain-containing protein 14 (PRDM14) is specifically expressed in pluripotent cells and germ cells, and required for establishing embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and primordial germ cells in mice. Here, we compared the functions and expression patterns of PRDM14 orthologues within deuterostomes. Amphioxus PRDM14 and zebrafish PRDM14, but not sea urchin PRDM14, compensated for mouse PRDM14 function in maintaining mouse ESC pluripotency. Interestingly, sea urchin PRDM14 together with sea urchin CBFA2T, an essential partner of PRDM14 in mouse ESCs, complemented the self-renewal defect in mouse Prdm14 KO ESCs. Contrary to the Prdm14-expression pattern in mouse embryos, Prdm14 was expressed in motor neurons of amphioxus embryos as observed in zebrafish embryos. Thus, Prdm14 expression in motor neurons was conserved in non-tetrapod deuterostomes and the co-option of the PRDM14-CBFA2T complex from motor neurons into pluripotent cells may have maintained the transcriptional network for pluripotency during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kawaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin Univerisity, Japan
| | - Kota Sugiyama
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin Univerisity, Japan
| | - Kazumi Matsubara
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin Univerisity, Japan
| | - Che-Yi Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shota Hashimoto
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin Univerisity, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Suwa
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin Univerisity, Japan
| | - Luok Wen Yong
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Koji Takino
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin Univerisity, Japan
| | - Shota Higashida
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin Univerisity, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawamura
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin Univerisity, Japan
| | - Jr-Kai Yu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yoshiyuki Seki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin Univerisity, Japan
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Lebedeva LA, Yakovlev KV, Kozlov EN, Schedl P, Deshpande G, Shidlovskii YV. Transcriptional quiescence in primordial germ cells. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:579-595. [PMID: 30280955 PMCID: PMC8729227 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1506733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In most animal species, newly formed primordial germ cells (PGCs) acquire the special characteristics that distinguish them from the surrounding somatic cells. Proper fate specification of the PGCs is coupled with transcriptional quiescence, whether they are segregated by determinative or inductive mechanisms. Inappropriate differentiation of PGCs into somatic cells is thought to be prevented due to repression of RNA polymerase (Pol) II-dependent transcription. In the case of a determinative mode of PGC formation (Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, etc.), there is a broad downregulation of Pol II activity. By contrast, PGCs display only gene-specific repression in organisms that rely on inductive signaling-based mechanism (e.g., mice). In addition to the global block of Pol II activity in PGCs, gene expression can be suppressed in other ways, such as chromatin remodeling and Piwi-mediated RNAi. Here, we discuss the mechanisms responsible for the transcriptionally silent state of PGCs in common experimental animals, such as Drosophila, C. elegans, Danio rerio, Xenopus, and mouse. While a PGC-specific downregulation of transcription is a common feature among these organisms, the diverse nature of underlying mechanisms suggests that this functional trait likely evolved independently on several instances. We discuss the possible biological relevance of these silencing mechanisms vis-a-vis fate determination of PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantin V. Yakovlev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cytotechnology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Eugene N. Kozlov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paul Schedl
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Girish Deshpande
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Yulii V. Shidlovskii
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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40
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Jung HG, Hwang YS, Park YH, Cho HY, Rengaraj D, Han JY. Role of Epigenetic Regulation by the REST/CoREST/HDAC Corepressor Complex of Moderate NANOG Expression in Chicken Primordial Germ Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1215-1225. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Gyo Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sun Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yeon Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deivendran Rengaraj
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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41
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Feng Y, Ning Y, Lin X, Zhang D, Liao S, Zheng C, Chen J, Wang Y, Ma L, Xie D, Han C. Reprogramming p53-Deficient Germline Stem Cells Into Pluripotent State by Nanog. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:692-703. [PMID: 29631477 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), also known as germline stem cells (GSCs), revert back to pluripotent state either spontaneously or upon being modified genetically. However, the reprogramming efficiencies are low, and the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted transcriptomic analysis and found that many transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers were differentially expressed between GSCs and embryonic stem cells. We failed in reprogramming GSCs to pluripotent state using the Yamanaka 4 Factors, but succeeded when Nanog and Tet1 were included. More importantly, reprogramming was also achieved with Nanog alone in a p53-deficient GSC line with an efficiency of 0.02‰. These GSC-derived-induced pluripotent stem cells possessed in vitro and in vivo differentiation abilities despite the low rate of chimera formation, which might be caused by abnormal methylation in certain paternally imprinted genes. Together, these results show that GSCs can be reprogrammed to pluripotent state via multiple avenues and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of GSC reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Feng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ning
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Xiwen Lin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Daoqin Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Shangying Liao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunwei Zheng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Ma
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xie
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Han
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Dawson EP, Lanza DG, Webster NJ, Benton SM, Suetake I, Heaney JD. Delayed male germ cell sex-specification permits transition into embryonal carcinoma cells with features of primed pluripotency. Development 2018; 145:dev156612. [PMID: 29545285 PMCID: PMC6514421 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Testicular teratomas result from anomalies in embryonic germ cell development. In 129 inbred mice, teratoma initiation coincides with germ cell sex-specific differentiation and the mitotic-meiotic switch: XX and XY germ cells repress pluripotency, XX germ cells initiate meiosis, and XY germ cells activate male-specific differentiation and mitotic arrest. Here, we report that expression of Nanos2, a gene that is crucial to male sex specification, is delayed in teratoma-susceptible germ cells. Decreased expression of Nanos2 was found to be due, in part, to the Nanos2 allele present in 129 mice. In teratoma-susceptible germ cells, diminished expression of genes downstream of Nanos2 disrupted processes that were crucial to male germ cell differentiation. Deficiency for Nanos2 increased teratoma incidence in 129 mice and induced developmental abnormalities associated with tumor initiation in teratoma-resistant germ cells. Finally, in the absence of commitment to the male germ cell fate, we discovered that a subpopulation of teratoma-susceptible germ cells transition into embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells with primed pluripotent features. We conclude that delayed male germ cell sex-specification facilitates the transformation of germ cells with naïve pluripotent features into primed pluripotent EC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Dawson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Denise G Lanza
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas J Webster
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Susan M Benton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Isao Suetake
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jason D Heaney
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center For Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Fernández-Pérez D, Brieño-Enríquez MA, Isoler-Alcaraz J, Larriba E, Del Mazo J. MicroRNA dynamics at the onset of primordial germ and somatic cell sex differentiation during mouse embryonic gonad development. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 24:287-303. [PMID: 29187591 PMCID: PMC5824349 DOI: 10.1261/rna.062869.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, commitment and specification of germ cell lines involves complex programs that include sex differentiation, control of proliferation, and meiotic initiation. Regulation of these processes is genetically controlled by fine-tuned mechanisms of gene regulation in which microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved. We have characterized, by small-RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses, the miRNA expression patterns of male and female mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) and gonadal somatic cells at embryonic stages E11.5, E12.5, and E13.5. Differential expression analyses revealed differences in the regulation of key miRNA clusters such as miR-199-214, miR-182-183-96, and miR-34c-5p, whose targets have defined roles during gonadal sexual determination in both germ and somatic cells. Extensive analyses of miRNA sequences revealed an increase in noncanonical isoforms on PGCs at E12.5 and dramatic changes of 3' isomiR expression and 3' nontemplate nucleotide additions in female PGCs at E13.5. Additionally, RT-qPCR analyses of genes encoding proteins involved in miRNA biogenesis and 3' nucleotide addition uncovered sexually and developmentally specific expression, characterized by the decay of Drosha, Dgcr8, and Xpo5 expression along gonadal development. These results demonstrate that miRNAs, their isomiRs, and miRNA machinery are differentially regulated and participate actively in gonadal sexual differentiation in both PGCs and gonadal somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Miguel A Brieño-Enríquez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Javier Isoler-Alcaraz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Larriba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jesús Del Mazo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
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Choi HJ, Kim I, Lee HJ, Park YH, Suh J, Han JY. Chicken NANOG self‐associates
via
a novel folding‐upon‐binding mechanism. FASEB J 2018; 32:2563-2573. [PMID: 29295863 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700924rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Iktae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hong Jo Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Young Hyun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Jeong‐Yong Suh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences Shinshu University Minamiminowa Japan
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences Shinshu University Minamiminowa Japan
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45
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Han JW, Gurunathan S, Choi YJ, Kim JH. Dual functions of silver nanoparticles in F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells, a suitable model for evaluating cytotoxicity- and differentiation-mediated cancer therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:7529-7549. [PMID: 29066898 PMCID: PMC5644540 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s145147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit strong antibacterial and anticancer activity owing to their large surface-to-volume ratios and crystallographic surface structure. Owing to their various applications, understanding the mechanisms of action, biological interactions, potential toxicity, and beneficial effects of AgNPs is important. Here, we investigated the toxicity and differentiation-inducing effects of AgNPs in teratocarcinoma stem cells. Materials and methods AgNPs were synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques such as UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The cellular responses of AgNPs were analyzed by a series of cellular and biochemical assays. Gene and protein expressions were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Results The AgNPs showed typical crystalline structures and spherical shapes (average size =20 nm). High concentration of AgNPs induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner by increasing lactate dehydrogenase leakage and reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, AgNPs caused mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA fragmentation, increased expression of apoptotic genes, and decreased expression of antiapoptotic genes. Lower concentrations of AgNPs induced neuronal differentiation by increasing the expression of differentiation markers and decreasing the expression of stem cell markers. Cisplatin reduced the viability of F9 cells that underwent AgNPs-induced differentiation. Conclusion The results showed that AgNPs caused differentially regulated cytotoxicity and induced neuronal differentiation of F9 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, AgNPs can be used for differentiation therapy, along with chemotherapeutic agents, for improving cancer treatment by targeting specific chemotherapy-resistant cells within a tumor. Furthermore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and differentiation in stem cells could also help in developing new strategies for cancer stem cell (CSC) therapies. The findings of this study could significantly contribute to the nanomedicine because this study is the first of its kind, and our results will lead to new strategies for cancer and CSC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woong Han
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Liu Y, Xue W, Zhu L, Ye D, Zhu X, Wang H, Sun Y, Deng F. Nanog suppresses the expression of vasa by directly regulating nlk1 in the early zebrafish embryo. Biochimie 2017; 142:93-101. [PMID: 28760717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanog is a homeodomain transcription factor that is essential for maintenance of pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In the present study, we demonstrate that zebrafish Nanog (zNanog) directly binds to the promoter region of zebrafish nlk1 (znlk1) by ChIP-Seq analysis and that it up-regulates the expression of znlk1 in fibroblast-like embryonic cells of Danio rerio (ZEM-2S cells) and in zebrafish embryos at 30% epiboly both at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, compared with control (MO-C) embryos at 30% epiboly, the mRNA and protein expression of vasa and the numbers of vasa-positive cells were increased in embryos injected with zNanog morpholino (MO-zNanog). Further, injection of znlk1 mRNA into zNanog-depleted embryos restored the expression of vasa and the number of vasa-positive cells. These data indicated that zNanog up-regulates the expression of znlk1 through directly binding to the znlk1 promoter, thereby suppressing the expression of vasa. Vasa is a marker gene for PGCs. Our results suggest that zNanog plays a role in restraint of PGC cell number through regulating the expression of znlk1 in the early embryonic development. The current results provide fundamental information to support further investigation regarding the regulatory mechanism of zNanog during the development of PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liu
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Weiwei Xue
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Ding Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Huannan Wang
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Fengjiao Deng
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
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Yang F, Ren Y, Li H, Wang H. ESRRB plays a crucial role in the promotion of porcine cell reprograming. J Cell Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28636277 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen-related receptor b (ESRRB) is an orphan nuclear receptor and targets many genes involved in self-renewal and pluripotency. In mouse ES cells, overexpression of ESRRB can maintain LIF-independent self-renewal in the absence of Nanog. However, the fundamental features of porcine ESRRB remain elusive. In this study, we revealed the expression profiles of ESRRB in both porcine pluripotent stem cells and early stage embryos and dissected the functional domains of ESRRB protein to prove that ESRRB is a key transcription factor that enhanced porcine pluripotent gene activation. Addition of ESRRB into the cocktail of core pluripotent factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM + E) could significantly enhance the reprograming efficiency and the formation of alkaline phosphatase positive colonies. Conversely, knockdown of ESRRB in piPSCs significantly reduced the expression level of pluripotent genes, minimized the alkaline phosphatase activity, and initiated the porcine induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation. Therefore, porcine ESRRB is a crucial transcription factor to improve the self-renewal of piPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yahui Ren
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huayan Wang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Metabolic Reprogramming, Autophagy, and Reactive Oxygen Species Are Necessary for Primordial Germ Cell Reprogramming into Pluripotency. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4745252. [PMID: 28757909 PMCID: PMC5516724 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4745252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming is accompanied by a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) toward glycolysis. Previous results from our laboratory showed that hypoxia alone is able to reprogram primordial germ cells (PGCs) into pluripotency and that this action is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1). As HIF1 exerts a myriad of actions by upregulating several hundred genes, to ascertain whether the metabolic switch toward glycolysis is solely responsible for reprogramming, PGCs were cultured in the presence of a pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2) activator, or glycolysis was promoted by manipulating PPARγ. Conversely, OXPHOS was stimulated by inhibiting PDK1 activity in normoxic or in hypoxic conditions. Inhibition or promotion of autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was performed to ascertain their role in cell reprogramming. Our results show that a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, autophagy, and mitochondrial inactivation and an early rise in ROS levels are necessary for PGC reprogramming. All of these processes are governed by HIF1/HIF2 balance and strict intermediate Oct4 levels. Histone acetylation plays a role in reprogramming and is observed under all reprogramming conditions. The pluripotent cells thus generated were unable to self-renew, probably due to insufficient Blimp1 downregulation and a lack of Klf4 and cMyc expression.
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Yu SE, Kim MS, Park SH, Yoo BC, Kim KH, Jang YK. SET domain-containing protein 5 is required for expression of primordial germ cell specification-associated genes in murine embryonic stem cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:247-253. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Eun Yu
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
- Initiative for Biological Function and Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - Min Seong Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
- Initiative for Biological Function and Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - Su Hyung Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
- Initiative for Biological Function and Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute; National Cancer Center; Goyang Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Kim
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute; National Cancer Center; Goyang Korea
- Omics Core Laboratory, Research Institute; National Cancer Center; Goyang Korea
| | - Yeun Kyu Jang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
- Initiative for Biological Function and Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
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50
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Wu Q, Fukuda K, Kato Y, Zhou Z, Deng CX, Saga Y. Sexual Fate Change of XX Germ Cells Caused by the Deletion of SMAD4 and STRA8 Independent of Somatic Sex Reprogramming. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002553. [PMID: 27606421 PMCID: PMC5015973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The differential programming of sperm and eggs in gonads is a fundamental topic in reproductive biology. Although the sexual fate of germ cells is believed to be determined by signaling factors from sexually differentiated somatic cells in fetal gonads, the molecular mechanism that determines germ cell fate is poorly understood. Herein, we show that mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4) in germ cells is required for female-type differentiation. Germ cells in Smad4-deficient ovaries respond to retinoic acid signaling but fail to undergo meiotic prophase I, which coincides with the weaker expression of genes required for follicular formation, indicating that SMAD4 signaling is essential for oocyte differentiation and meiotic progression. Intriguingly, germline-specific deletion of Smad4 in Stra8-null female germ cells resulted in the up-regulation of genes required for male gonocyte differentiation, including Nanos2 and PLZF, suggesting the initiation of male-type differentiation in ovaries. Moreover, our transcriptome analyses of mutant ovaries revealed that the sex change phenotype is achieved without global gene expression changes in somatic cells. Our results demonstrate that SMAD4 and STRA8 are essential factors that regulate the female fate of germ cells. Double ablation of SMAD4 and STRA8 causes female-to-male switching of XX germ cells without affecting somatic cell fate. This suggests that SMAD4 and STRA8 are essential intrinsic factors that determine the female fate of germ cells, collaborating to suppress expression of male genes. Mammalian sex depends on a male-specific gene, sex-determining region Y (SRY), which is located on the Y chromosome. Individuals lacking this gene will develop as female. Accordingly, germ cell fate also changes from male to female in the absence of SRY. Therefore, it is thought that somatic cells regulate germ cells to become sperm or oocytes. However, it is largely unknown what factor is responsible for sexual fate determination in germ cells. In fetal ovaries, retinoic acid (RA) initiates STRA8 expression in germ cells and induces meiosis. Female germ cells without STRA8 fail to enter meiosis but still progress to oogenesis and form oocyte-like cells, indicating that RA is not the regulator of oogenesis. Here, we found that female germ cells lacking both SMAD4 and STRA8 (but not a single knockout) develop as male gonocyte-like cells in ovaries, indicating that these two factors work as female germ cell determinants. To our surprise, the sexual fate switch observed in the double knockout ovary is not accompanied by gene expression changes in somatic cells, revealing the unexpected finding that somatic factors controlled by SRY are dispensable for the upregulation of male-specific genes in germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wu
- Department of Genetics, Sokendai, Mishima, Japan
- Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Kurumi Fukuda
- Department of Genetics, Sokendai, Mishima, Japan
- Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kato
- Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Department of Genetics, Sokendai, Mishima, Japan
- Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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