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Kumari H, Ganjoo A, Shafeeq H, Ayoub N, Babu V, Ahmed Z. Microbial transformation of some phytochemicals into value-added products: A review. Fitoterapia 2024; 178:106149. [PMID: 39089598 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Phytochemicals, plant-derived compounds, are the major components of traditional medicinal plants. Some phytochemicals have restricted applications, due to low bioavailability and less efficacy. However, their medicinal properties can be enhanced by converting them into value-added products for different bioactivities like anti-oxidant, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, anti-neuroinflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory. Microbial transformation is one such process that is generally more specific and makes it possible to modify a compound without making any unwanted alterations in the molecule. This has led to the efficient production of value-added products with important pharmacological properties and the discovery of new active compounds. The present review assimilates the existing knowledge of the microbial transformation of some phytochemicals like eugenol, curcumin, ursolic acid, cinnamaldehyde, piperine, β-carotene, β-sitosterol, and quercetin to value-added products for their application in food, fragrances, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Kumari
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ananta Ganjoo
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Haseena Shafeeq
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nargis Ayoub
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vikash Babu
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Zabeer Ahmed
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Garbe M, Lehmann LT, Berger RG, Ersoy F. Improvement in the Stability and Enzymatic Activity of Pleurotus sapidus Lipoxygenase Dissolved in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs). Life (Basel) 2024; 14:271. [PMID: 38398780 PMCID: PMC10890681 DOI: 10.3390/life14020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) can serve as solvents for enzymes, are biodegradable, and have low toxicities. Eight NADESs with different hydrogen bond acceptors and donors were tested to improve the stability and activity of a lipoxygenase from Basidiomycete Pleurotus sapidus (LOXPSA). Betaine:sorbitol:water (1:1:3, BSorbW) and betaine:ethylene glycol (1:3, BEtGly) had the best impact on the peroxidation of linoleic acid and the side reaction of piperine to the vanilla-like scented compound piperonal. The yield of piperonal in NADESs increased by 43% in BSorbW and 40% in BEtGly compared to the control. The addition of BSorbW also enhanced the enzyme's stability at various temperatures and increased its activity during incubation at 60 °C. The demonstrated improvement in lipoxygenase activity and stability indicates versatile applications in industry, expanding the potential uses of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garbe
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (L.T.L.); (F.E.)
| | | | - Ralf Günter Berger
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (L.T.L.); (F.E.)
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Seo MJ, Lee TE, Yeom SJ, Oh DK, Shin KC. Biotransformation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to Trioxilins by Lipoxygenase from Pleurotus sajor-caju. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300556. [PMID: 37749055 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A lipoxygenase from Pleurotus sajor-caju (PsLOX) was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified as a soluble protein with a specific activity of 629 μmol/min/mg for arachidonic acid (AA). The native PsLOX exhibited a molecular mass of 146 kDa, including a 73-kDa homodimer, as estimated by gel-filtration chromatography. The major products converted from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including AA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were identified as trioxilins (TrXs), namely 13,14,15-TrXB3 , 13,14,15-TrXB4 , and 15,16,17-TrXB5 , respectively, through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. The enzyme displayed its maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 20 °C. Under these conditions, the specific activity and catalytic efficiency of PsLOX for PUFAs exhibited the following order: AA>EPA>DHA. Based on HPLC analysis and substrate specificity, PsLOX was identified as an arachidonate 15-LOX. PsLOX efficiently converted 10 mM of AA, EPA, and DHA to 8.7 mM of 13,14,15-TrXB3 (conversion rate: 87 %), 7.9 mM of 13,14,15-TrXB4 (79 %), and 7.2 mM of 15,16,17-TrXB5 (72 %) in 15, 20, and 20 min, respectively, marking the highest conversion rates reported to date. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PsLOX is an efficient TrXs-producing enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Seo
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Eui Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
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4
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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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Hashem C, Hochrinner J, Bürgler MB, Rinnofner C, Pichler H, Winkler M. From linoleic acid to hexanal and hexanol by whole cell catalysis with a lipoxygenase, hydroperoxide lyase and reductase cascade in Komagataella phaffii. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:965315. [PMID: 36579187 PMCID: PMC9791951 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.965315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) cover a group of mainly C6-and C9-aldehydes, -alcohols and -esters. Their name refers to their characteristic herbal and fruity scent, which is similar to that of freshly cut grass or vegetables. Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The resulting hydroperoxy fatty acids are then cleaved into aldehydes and oxo acids by fatty acid hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs). Herein, we equipped the yeast Komagataella phaffii with recombinant genes coding for LOX and HPL, to serve as a biocatalyst for GLV production. We expressed the well-known 13S-specific LOX gene from Pleurotus sapidus and a compatible HPL gene from Medicago truncatula. In bioconversions, glycerol induced strains formed 12.9 mM hexanal using whole cells, and 8 mM hexanol was produced with whole cells induced by methanol. We applied various inducible and constitutive promoters in bidirectional systems to influence the final ratio of LOX and HPL proteins. By implementing these recombinant enzymes in Komagataella phaffii, challenges such as biocatalyst supply and lack of product specificity can finally be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiam Hashem
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Graz, Austria
| | - Julius Hochrinner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Moritz B. Bürgler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Rinnofner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Graz, Austria,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Graz, Austria,*Correspondence: Margit Winkler,
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Beato M, Usseglio V, Pizzolitto R, Merlo C, Dambolena J, Zunino M, Zygadlo J, Omarini A. Biotransformation as a source of potential controlling natural mixtures of Sitophilus zeamais. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhang B, Chen M, Xia B, Lu Z, Khoo KS, Show PL, Lu F. Characterization and Preliminary Application of a Novel Lipoxygenase from Enterovibrio norvegicus. Foods 2022; 11:2864. [PMID: 36140992 PMCID: PMC9498203 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases have proven to be a potential biocatalyst for various industrial applications. However, low catalytic activity, low thermostability, and narrow range of pH stability largely limit its application. Here, a lipoxygenase (LOX) gene from Enterovibrio norvegicus DSM 15893 (EnLOX) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). EnLOX showed the catalytic activity of 40.34 U mg-1 at 50 °C, pH 8.0. Notably, the enzyme showed superior thermostability, and wide pH range stability. EnLOX remained above 50% of its initial activity after heat treatment below 50 °C for 6 h, and its melting point temperature reached 78.7 °C. More than 70% of its activity was maintained after incubation at pH 5.0-9.5 and 4 °C for 10 h. In addition, EnLOX exhibited high substrate specificity towards linoleic acid, and its kinetic parameters of Vmax, Km, and Kcat values were 12.42 mmol min-1 mg-1, 3.49 μmol L-1, and 16.86 s-1, respectively. LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that EnLOX can be classified as 13-LOX, due to its ability to catalyze C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid to form 13-hydroxy fatty acid. Additionally, EnLOX could improve the farinograph characteristics and rheological properties of wheat dough. These results reveal the potential applications of EnLOX in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meirong Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bingjie Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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The Biosynthesis of 1-octene-3-ol by a Multifunctional Fatty Acid Dioxygenase and Hydroperoxide Lyase in Agaricus bisporus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080827. [PMID: 36012815 PMCID: PMC9410191 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway from linoleic acid to 1-octen-3-ol in Agaricus bisporus has long been established, in which linoleic acid is converted to 10-hydroperoxide (10-HPOD) by deoxygenation, and 10-HPOD is subsequently cleaved to yield 1-octene-3-ol and 10-oxodecanoic acid. However, the corresponding enzymes have not been identified and cloned. In the present study, four putative genes involved in oxylipid biosynthesis, including one lipoxygenase gene named AbLOX, two linoleate diol synthase genes named AbLDS1 and AbLDS2, and one hydroperoxide lyase gene named AbHPL were retrieved from the A. bisporus genome by a homology search and cloned and expressed prokaryotically. AbLOX, AbLDS1, and AbLDS2 all exhibited fatty acid dioxygenase activity, catalyzing the conversion of linoleic acid to generate hydroperoxide, and AbHPL showed a cleaving hydroperoxide activity, as was determined by the KI-starch method. AbLOX and AbHPL catalyzed linoleic acid to 1-octen-3-ol with an optimum temperature of 35 °C and an optimum pH of 7.2, whereas AbLDS1, AbLDS2, and AbHPL catalyzed linoleic acid without 1-octen-3-ol. Reduced AbLOX expression in antisense AbLOX transformants was correlated with a decrease in the yield of 1-octen-3-ol. AbLOX and AbHPL were highly homologous to the sesquiterpene synthase Cop4 of Coprinus cinerea and the yeast sterol C-22 desaturase, respectively. These results reveal that the enzymes for the oxidative cleavage of linoleic acid to synthesize 1-octen-3-ol in A. bisporus are the multifunctional fatty acid dioxygenase AbLOX and hydroperoxide lyase AbHPL.
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Krahe N, Berger RG, Kahlert L, Ersoy F. Co-Oxidative Transformation of Piperine to Piperonal and 3,4-Methylenedioxycinnamaldehyde by a Lipoxygenase from Pleurotus sapidus. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2857-2861. [PMID: 34033194 PMCID: PMC8518924 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The valuable aroma compound piperonal with its vanilla-like olfactory properties is of high interest for the fragrance and flavor industry. A lipoxygenase (LOXPsa 1) of the basidiomycete Pleurotus sapidus was identified to convert piperine, the abundant pungent principle of black pepper (Piper nigrum), to piperonal and a second volatile product, 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamaldehyde, with a vanilla-like odor through an alkene cleavage. The reaction principle was co-oxidation, as proven by its dependence on the presence of linoleic or α-linolenic acid, common substrates of lipoxygenases. Optimization of the reaction conditions (substrate concentrations, reaction temperature and time) led to a 24-fold and 15-fold increase of the piperonal and 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamaldehyde concentration using the recombinant enzyme. Monokaryotic strains showed different concentrations of and ratios between the two reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina‐Katharina Krahe
- Institut für LebensmittelchemieGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität HannoverCallinstr. 530167HannoverGermany
| | - Ralf G. Berger
- Institut für LebensmittelchemieGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität HannoverCallinstr. 530167HannoverGermany
| | - Lukas Kahlert
- Institut für LebensmittelchemieGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität HannoverCallinstr. 530167HannoverGermany
- Present address: Institut für Organische Chemie undBiomolekulares WirkstoffzentrumGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 3830167HannoverGermany
| | - Franziska Ersoy
- Institut für LebensmittelchemieGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität HannoverCallinstr. 530167HannoverGermany
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Karrer D, Weigel V, Hoberg N, Atamasov A, Rühl M. Biotransformation of [U-13C]linoleic acid suggests two independent ketonic- and aldehydic cycles within C8-oxylipin biosynthesis in Cyclocybe aegerita (V. Brig.) Vizzini. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough the typical aroma contributing compounds in fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota are known for decades, their biosynthetic pathways are still unclear. Amongst these volatiles, C8-compounds are probably the most important ones as they function, in addition to their specific perception of fungal odour, as oxylipins. Previous studies focused on C8-oxylipin production either in fruiting bodies or mycelia. However, comparisons of the C8-oxylipin biosynthesis at different developmental stages are scarce, and the biosynthesis in basidiospores was completely neglected. In this study, we addressed this gap and were able to show that the biosynthesis of C8-oxylipins differs strongly between different developmental stages. The comparison of mycelium, primordia, young fruiting bodies, mature fruiting bodies, post sporulation fruiting bodies and basidiospores revealed that the occurance of the two main C8-oxylipins octan-3-one and oct-1-en-3-ol distinguished in different stages. Whereas oct-1-en-3-ol levels peaked in the mycelium and decreased with ongoing maturation, octan-3-one levels increased during maturation. Furthermore, oct-2-en-1-ol, octan-1-ol, oct-2-enal, octan-3-ol, oct-1-en-3-one and octanal contributed to the C8-oxylipins but with drastically lower levels. Biotransformations with [U-13C]linoleic acid revealed that early developmental stages produced various [U-13C]oxylipins, whereas maturated developmental stages like post sporulation fruiting bodies and basidiospores produced predominantly [U-13C]octan-3-one. Based on the distribution of certain C8-oxylipins and biotransformations with putative precursors at different developmental stages, two distinct biosynthetic cycles were deduced with oct-2-enal (aldehydic-cycle) and oct-1-en-3-one (ketonic-cycle) as precursors.
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Orban A, Weber A, Herzog R, Hennicke F, Rühl M. Transcriptome of different fruiting stages in the cultivated mushroom Cyclocybe aegerita suggests a complex regulation of fruiting and reveals enzymes putatively involved in fungal oxylipin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:324. [PMID: 33947322 PMCID: PMC8097960 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclocybe aegerita (syn. Agrocybe aegerita) is a commercially cultivated mushroom. Its archetypal agaric morphology and its ability to undergo its whole life cycle under laboratory conditions makes this fungus a well-suited model for studying fruiting body (basidiome, basidiocarp) development. To elucidate the so far barely understood biosynthesis of fungal volatiles, alterations in the transcriptome during different developmental stages of C. aegerita were analyzed and combined with changes in the volatile profile during its different fruiting stages. RESULTS A transcriptomic study at seven points in time during fruiting body development of C. aegerita with seven mycelial and five fruiting body stages was conducted. Differential gene expression was observed for genes involved in fungal fruiting body formation showing interesting transcriptional patterns and correlations of these fruiting-related genes with the developmental stages. Combining transcriptome and volatilome data, enzymes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of C8 oxylipins in C. aegerita including lipoxygenases (LOXs), dioxygenases (DOXs), hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs), alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and ene-reductases could be identified. Furthermore, we were able to localize the mycelium as the main source for sesquiterpenes predominant during sporulation in the headspace of C. aegerita cultures. In contrast, changes in the C8 profile detected in late stages of development are probably due to the activity of enzymes located in the fruiting bodies. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the combination of volatilome and transcriptome data of C. aegerita revealed interesting candidates both for functional genetics-based analysis of fruiting-related genes and for prospective enzyme characterization studies to further elucidate the so far barely understood biosynthesis of fungal C8 oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Orban
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Annsophie Weber
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Robert Herzog
- International Institute Zittau, Technical University Dresden, 02763, Zittau, Saxony, Germany
| | - Florian Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
| | - Martin Rühl
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hesse, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME Branch for Bioresources, 35392, Giessen, Hesse, Germany.
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Engineering a lipoxygenase from cyclocybe aegerita towards long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. AMB Express 2021; 11:37. [PMID: 33661405 PMCID: PMC7933318 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycetous lipoxygenase Lox1 from Cyclocybe aegerita catalyzes the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with a high preference towards the C18-PUFA linoleic acid (C18:2 (ω-6)). In contrast, longer PUFAs, generally not present in the fungal cell such as eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3(ω-3)) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3 (ω-3)), are converted with drastically lower activities. With site-directed mutagenesis, we were able to create two variants with enhanced activities towards longer chain PUFAs. The W330L variant showed a ~ 20 % increased specific activity towards C20:3(ω-3), while a ~ 2.5-fold increased activity against C22:3 (ω-3) was accomplished by the V581 variant.
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Hashem C, Stolterfoht H, Rinnofner C, Steinberger S, Winkler M, Pichler H. Secretion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipoxygenase by Pichia pastoris upon Glycerol Feed. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e2000089. [PMID: 32749051 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipoxygenase (PaLOX) catalyzes the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Not only linoleic acid, but also linolenic acid and oleic acid are oxidized. The natural host secretes PaLOX into the periplasmic space. Herein, the aim is to secrete PaLOX to the culture supernatant of Pichia pastoris. Since protein background in the culture supernatant is typically rather low, this strategy allows for almost pure production of PaLOX applicable for the valorization of renewable fatty acids, for example for the production of green leaf volatiles. Using the CAT1 promoter system and the well-established α-factor signal sequence for secretion, methanol- and glycerol-induced secretion are compared and the latter shows four times more LOX activity in the culture supernatant under methanol-free conditions. In addition, secreted PaLOX is purified and the specific activity with enzyme in culture supernatant is compared. Notably, the predominant specific activity is achieved for enzyme in culture supernatant - 11.6 U mg-1 - reaching five times higher specific activity than purified PaLOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiam Hashem
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
- TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Holly Stolterfoht
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Claudia Rinnofner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
- bisy GmbH, Wuenschendorf 292, Hofstaetten, 8200, Austria
| | - Stefan Steinberger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Margit Winkler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
- TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
- TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, Graz, 8010, Austria
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14
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Nedele AK, Gross S, Rigling M, Zhang Y. Reduction of green off-flavor compounds: Comparison of key odorants during fermentation of soy drink with Lycoperdon pyriforme. Food Chem 2020; 334:127591. [PMID: 32721838 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of soy drink in Western countries is limited due to its green off-flavor. Hence, fermentation of soy drink with Lycoperdon pyriforme to tailor the aroma has been investigated. After 28 h the green off-flavor was not perceived by 60% of the sensory panel (n = 23). Molecular sensory changes of soy drink during fermentation were decoded by means of direct immersion-stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry and aroma dilution analysis. The semi-quantification of key odorants revealed a significant decrease of the representative green odorants (i.e., hexanal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal) of soy drink, among of which hexanal even turned below its odor threshold. The quantitative reduction of these odorants correlated with the organoleptic difference. Besides that, nutritionally relevant parameters of soy drink including protein, fat, and polyphenol content kept consistent during the short fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Nedele
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sophie Gross
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Marina Rigling
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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15
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16
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Stolterfoht H, Rinnofner C, Winkler M, Pichler H. Recombinant Lipoxygenases and Hydroperoxide Lyases for the Synthesis of Green Leaf Volatiles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13367-13392. [PMID: 31591878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are mainly C6- and in rare cases also C9-aldehydes, -alcohols, and -esters, which are released by plants in response to biotic or abiotic stresses. These compounds are named for their characteristic smell reminiscent of freshly mowed grass. This review focuses on GLVs and the two major pathway enzymes responsible for their formation: lipoxygenases (LOXs) and fatty acid hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs). LOXs catalyze the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Hydroperoxy fatty acids are further converted by HPLs into aldehydes and oxo-acids. In many industrial applications, plant extracts have been used as LOX and HPL sources. However, these processes are limited by low enzyme concentration, stability, and specificity. Alternatively, recombinant enzymes can be used as biocatalysts for GLV synthesis. The increasing number of well-characterized enzymes efficiently expressed by microbial hosts will foster the development of innovative biocatalytic processes for GLV production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Stolterfoht
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Claudia Rinnofner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- bisy e.U. , Wetzawinkel 20 , 8200 Hofstaetten , Austria
| | - Margit Winkler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology , TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology , TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
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17
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Karrer D, Rühl M. A new lipoxygenase from the agaric fungus Agrocybe aegerita: Biochemical characterization and kinetic properties. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218625. [PMID: 31216342 PMCID: PMC6584016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are metabolites with a variety of biological functions. However, the biosynthetic pathway is widely unknown. It is considered that the first step is the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid. Therefore, a lipoxygenase (LOX) from the edible basidiomycete Agrocybe aegerita was investigated. The AaeLOX4 was heterologously expressed in E. coli and purified via affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Biochemical properties and kinetic parameters of the purified AaeLOX4 were determined with linoleic acid and linolenic acid as substrates. The obtained Km, vmax and kcat values for linoleic acid were 295.5 μM, 16.5 μM · min-1 · mg-1 and 103.9 s-1, respectively. For linolenic acid Km, vmax and kcat values of 634.2 μM, 19.5 μM · min-1 · mg-1 and 18.3 s-1 were calculated. Maximum activities were observed at pH 7.5 and 25 °C. The main product of linoleic acid conversion was identified with normal-phase HPLC. This analysis revealed an explicit production of 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid (13-HPOD). The experimental regio specificity is underpinned by the amino acid residues W384, F450, R594 and V635 considered relevant for regio specificity in LOX. In conclusion, HPLC-analysis and alignments revealed that AaeLOX4 is a 13-LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Karrer
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Martin Rühl
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME Business Area Bioresources, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
- * E-mail:
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18
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Zeng L, Zhou Y, Fu X, Liao Y, Yuan Y, Jia Y, Dong F, Yang Z. Biosynthesis of Jasmine Lactone in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Leaves and Its Formation in Response to Multiple Stresses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3899-3909. [PMID: 29605993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Jasmine lactone has a potent odor that contributes to the fruity, sweet floral aroma of tea ( Camellia sinensis). Our previous study demonstrated that jasmine lactone was mostly accumulated at the turnover stage of the oolong tea manufacturing process. This study investigates the previously unknown mechanism of formation of jasmine lactone in tea leaves exposed to multiple stresses occurring during the growth and manufacturing processes. Both continuous mechanical damage and the dual stress of low temperature and mechanical damage enhanced jasmine lactone accumulation in tea leaves. In addition, only one pathway, via hydroperoxy fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acid, including linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, under the action of lipoxygenases (LOXs), especially CsLOX1, was significantly affected by these stresses. This is the first evidence of the mechanism of jasmine lactone formation in tea leaves and is a characteristic example of plant volatile formation in response to dual stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723 , Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723 , Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Xiumin Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723 , Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723 , Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723 , Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723 , Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Fang Dong
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Longdongbei Road 321 , Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520 , China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723 , Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
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19
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Madhavan A, Sindhu R, Binod P, Sukumaran RK, Pandey A. Strategies for design of improved biocatalysts for industrial applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1304-1313. [PMID: 28533064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysts are creating increased interest among researchers due to their unique properties. Several enzymes are efficiently produced by microorganisms. However, the use of natural enzymes as biocatalysts is hindered by low catalytic efficiency and stability during various industrial processes. Many advanced enzyme technologies have been developed to reshape the existing natural enzymes to reduce these limitations and prospecting of novel enzymes. Frequently used enzyme technologies include protein engineering by directed evolution, immobilisation techniques, metagenomics etc. This review summarizes recent and emerging advancements in the area of enzyme technologies for the development of novel biocatalysts and further discusses the future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India; Rajiv Gandhi Centre For Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India.
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India; Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, India
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20
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Gessler NN, Filippovich SY, Bachurina GP, Kharchenko EA, Groza NV, Belozerskaya TA. Oxylipins and oxylipin synthesis pathways in fungi. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817060060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Omarini AB, Plagemann I, Schimanski S, Krings U, Berger RG. Crosses between monokaryons of Pleurotus sapidus or Pleurotus florida show an improved biotransformation of (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 171:113-119. [PMID: 25189516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several hundred monokaryotic and new dikaryotic strains derived thereof were established from (+)-valencene tolerant Pleurotus species. When grouped according to their growth rate on agar plates and compared to the parental of Pleurotus sapidus 69, the slowly growing monokaryons converted (+)-valencene more efficiently to the grapefruit flavour compound (+)-nootkatone. The fast growing monokaryons and the slow×slow and the fast×fast dikaryotic crosses showed similar or inferior yields. Some slow×fast dikaryons, however, exceeded the biotransformation capability of the parental dikaryon significantly. The activity of the responsible enzyme, lipoxygenase, showed a weak correlation with the yields of (+)-nootkatone indicating that the determination of enzyme activity using the primary substrate linoleic acid may be misleading in predicting the biotransformation efficiency. This exploratory study indicated that a classical genetics approach resulted in altered and partly improved terpene transformation capability (plus 60%) and lipoxygenase activity of the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra B Omarini
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ina Plagemann
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Schimanski
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krings
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf G Berger
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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22
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Fraatz MA, Rühl M, Zorn H. Food and feed enzymes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 143:229-56. [PMID: 23873095 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Humans have benefited from the unique catalytic properties of enzymes, in particular for food production, for thousands of years. Prominent examples include the production of fermented alcoholic beverages, such as beer and wine, as well as bakery and dairy products. The chapter reviews the historic background of the development of modern enzyme technology and provides an overview of the industrial food and feed enzymes currently available on the world market. The chapter highlights enzyme applications for the improvement of resource efficiency, the biopreservation of food, and the treatment of food intolerances. Further topics address the improvement of food safety and food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Alexander Fraatz
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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23
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Kelle S, Zelena K, Krings U, Linke D, Berger RG. Expression of soluble recombinant lipoxygenase from Pleurotus sapidus in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 95:233-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Leonhardt RH, Berger RG. Nootkatone. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 148:391-404. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Leonhardt RH, Plagemann I, Linke D, Zelena K, Berger RG. Orthologous lipoxygenases of Pleurotus spp. – A comparison of substrate specificity and sequence homology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Molecular engineering of industrial enzymes: recent advances and future prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:23-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Weidmann V, Schaffrath M, Zorn H, Rehbein J, Maison W. Elucidation of the regio- and chemoselectivity of enzymatic allylic oxidations with Pleurotus sapidus - conversion of selected spirocyclic terpenoids and computational analysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2233-41. [PMID: 24204436 PMCID: PMC3817473 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Allylic oxidations of olefins to enones allow the efficient synthesis of value-added products from simple olefinic precursors like terpenes or terpenoids. Biocatalytic variants have a large potential for industrial applications, particularly in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Herein we report efficient biocatalytic allylic oxidations of spirocyclic terpenoids by a lyophilisate of the edible fungus Pleurotus sapidus. This ''mushroom catalysis'' is operationally simple and allows the conversion of various unsaturated spirocyclic terpenoids. A number of new spirocyclic enones have thus been obtained with good regio- and chemoselectivity and chiral separation protocols for enantiomeric mixtures have been developed. The oxidations follow a radical mechanism and the regioselectivity of the reaction is mainly determined by bond-dissociation energies of the available allylic CH-bonds and steric accessibility of the oxidation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Weidmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Brodhun F, Cristobal-Sarramian A, Zabel S, Newie J, Hamberg M, Feussner I. An iron 13S-lipoxygenase with an α-linolenic acid specific hydroperoxidase activity from Fusarium oxysporum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64919. [PMID: 23741422 PMCID: PMC3669278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates constitute a family of lipid-derived signaling molecules that are abundant in higher plants. The biosynthetic pathway leading to plant jasmonates is initiated by 13-lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxygenation of α-linolenic acid into its 13-hydroperoxide derivative. A number of plant pathogenic fungi (e.g. Fusarium oxysporum) are also capable of producing jasmonates, however, by a yet unknown biosynthetic pathway. In a search for lipoxygenase in F. oxysporum, a reverse genetic approach was used and one of two from the genome predicted lipoxygenases (FoxLOX) was cloned. The enzyme was heterologously expressed in E. coli, purified via affinity chromatography, and its reaction mechanism characterized. FoxLOX was found to be a non-heme iron lipoxygenase, which oxidizes C18-polyunsaturated fatty acids to 13S-hydroperoxy derivatives by an antarafacial reaction mechanism where the bis-allylic hydrogen abstraction is the rate-limiting step. With α-linolenic acid as substrate FoxLOX was found to exhibit a multifunctional activity, because the hydroperoxy derivatives formed are further converted to dihydroxy-, keto-, and epoxy alcohol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Brodhun
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
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