1
|
Ng XY, Cao M. Dysfunction of synaptic endocytic trafficking in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2649-2660. [PMID: 38595283 PMCID: PMC11168511 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and dopamine deficiency in the striatum. The precise reasons behind the specific degeneration of these dopamine neurons remain largely elusive. Genetic investigations have identified over 20 causative PARK genes and 90 genomic risk loci associated with both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Notably, several of these genes are linked to the synaptic vesicle recycling process, particularly the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. This suggests that impaired synaptic vesicle recycling might represent an early feature of Parkinson's disease, followed by axonal degeneration and the eventual loss of dopamine cell bodies in the midbrain via a "dying back" mechanism. Recently, several new animal and cellular models with Parkinson's disease-linked mutations affecting the endocytic pathway have been created and extensively characterized. These models faithfully recapitulate certain Parkinson's disease-like features at the animal, circuit, and cellular levels, and exhibit defects in synaptic membrane trafficking, further supporting the findings from human genetics and clinical studies. In this review, we will first summarize the cellular and molecular findings from the models of two Parkinson's disease-linked clathrin uncoating proteins: auxilin (DNAJC6/PARK19) and synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1/PARK20). The mouse models carrying these two PARK gene mutations phenocopy each other with specific dopamine terminal pathology and display a potent synergistic effect. Subsequently, we will delve into the involvement of several clathrin-mediated endocytosis-related proteins (GAK, endophilin A1, SAC2/INPP5F, synaptotagmin-11), identified as Parkinson's disease risk factors through genome-wide association studies, in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. We will also explore the direct or indirect roles of some common Parkinson's disease-linked proteins (alpha-synuclein (PARK1/4), Parkin (PARK2), and LRRK2 (PARK8)) in synaptic endocytic trafficking. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging novel functions of these endocytic proteins in downstream membrane traffic pathways, particularly autophagy. Given that synaptic dysfunction is considered as an early event in Parkinson's disease, a deeper understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying synaptic vesicle endocytic trafficking may unveil novel targets for early diagnosis and the development of interventional therapies for Parkinson's disease. Future research should aim to elucidate why generalized synaptic endocytic dysfunction leads to the selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Ng
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mian Cao
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huq TS, Luo J, Fakih R, Sauvé V, Gehring K. Naturally occurring hyperactive variants of human parkin. Commun Biol 2024; 7:961. [PMID: 39117722 PMCID: PMC11310320 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. Although most cases are sporadic and occur later in life, 10-15% of cases are genetic. Loss-of-function mutations in the ring-between-ring E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin, encoded by the PRKN gene, cause autosomal recessive forms of early onset PD. Together with the kinase PINK1, parkin forms a mitochondrial quality control pathway that tags damaged mitochondria for clearance. Under basal conditions, parkin is inhibited and compounds that increase its activity have been proposed as a therapy for PD. Recently, several naturally occurring hyperactive parkin variants were identified, which increased mitophagy in cultured cells. Here, we validate the hyperactivities of these variants in vitro and compare the levels of activity of the variants to those of the wild-type and the well-characterized hyperactive variant, W403A. We also study the effects of mutating the parkin ACT (activating element) on parkin activity in vitro. This work advances our understanding of the pathogenicity of parkin variants and is an important first step in the design of molecules to increase parkin activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahrima Saiha Huq
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jean Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Rayan Fakih
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Véronique Sauvé
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pakharukova N, Thomas BN, Bansia H, Li L, Abzalimov RR, Kim J, Kahsai AW, Pani B, Bassford DK, Liu S, Zhang X, des Georges A, Lefkowitz RJ. Beta-arrestin 1 mediated Src activation via Src SH3 domain revealed by cryo-electron microscopy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.31.605623. [PMID: 39131402 PMCID: PMC11312540 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.31.605623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Beta-arrestins (βarrs) are key regulators and transducers of G-protein coupled receptor signaling; however, little is known of how βarrs communicate with their downstream effectors. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to elucidate how βarr1 recruits and activates non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src. βarr1 binds Src SH3 domain via two distinct sites: a polyproline site in the N-domain and a non-proline site in the central crest region. At both sites βarr1 interacts with the aromatic surface of SH3 which is critical for Src autoinhibition, suggesting that βarr1 activates Src by SH3 domain displacement. Binding of SH3 to the central crest region induces structural rearrangements in the β-strand V, finger, and middle loops of βarr1 and interferes with βarr1 coupling to the receptor core potentially impacting receptor desensitization and downstream signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pakharukova
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brittany N Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Harsh Bansia
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center; New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Linus Li
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rinat R Abzalimov
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center; New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Jihee Kim
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alem W Kahsai
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Biswaranjan Pani
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dana K Bassford
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shibo Liu
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center; New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amedee des Georges
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center; New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York; New York, NY 10031, USA
- Biochemistry and Chemistry PhD Programs, Graduate Center, City University of New York; New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng C, Nguyen KK, Vishnivetskiy SA, Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Arrestin-3 binds parkin and enhances parkin-dependent mitophagy. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38196269 PMCID: PMC11231064 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Arrestins were discovered for their role in homologous desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Later non-visual arrestins were shown to regulate several signaling pathways. Some of these pathways require arrestin binding to GPCRs, the regulation of others is receptor independent. Here, we demonstrate that arrestin-3 binds the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin via multiple sites, preferentially interacting with its RING0 domain. Identification of the parkin domains involved suggests that arrestin-3 likely relieves parkin autoinhibition and/or stabilizes the enzymatically active "open" conformation of parkin. Arrestin-3 binding enhances ubiquitination by parkin of the mitochondrial protein mitofusin-1 and facilitates parkin-mediated mitophagy in HeLa cells. Furthermore, arrestin-3 and its mutant with enhanced parkin binding rescue mitofusin-1 ubiquitination and mitophagy in the presence of the Parkinson's disease-associated R275W parkin mutant, which is defective in both functions. Thus, modulation of parkin activity via arrestin-3 might be a novel strategy of anti-parkinsonian therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kevin K Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song P, Peng W, Sauve V, Fakih R, Xie Z, Ysselstein D, Krainc T, Wong YC, Mencacci NE, Savas JN, Surmeier DJ, Gehring K, Krainc D. Parkinson's disease-linked parkin mutation disrupts recycling of synaptic vesicles in human dopaminergic neurons. Neuron 2023; 111:3775-3788.e7. [PMID: 37716354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkin-mediated mitophagy has been studied extensively, but whether mutations in parkin contribute to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis through alternative mechanisms remains unexplored. Using patient-derived dopaminergic neurons, we found that phosphorylation of parkin by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMK2) at Ser9 leads to activation of parkin in a neuronal-activity-dependent manner. Activated parkin ubiquitinates synaptojanin-1, facilitating its interaction with endophilin A1 and synaptic vesicle recycling. Neurons from PD patients with mutant parkin displayed defective recycling of synaptic vesicles, leading to accumulation of toxic oxidized dopamine that was attenuated by boosting endophilin A1 expression. Notably, combined heterozygous parkin and homozygous PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) mutations led to earlier disease onset compared with homozygous mutant PINK1 alone, further underscoring a PINK1-independent role for parkin in contributing to disease. Thus, this study identifies a pathway for selective activation of parkin at human dopaminergic synapses and highlights the importance of this mechanism in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Song
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wesley Peng
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Veronique Sauve
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rayan Fakih
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhong Xie
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Ysselstein
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Talia Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yvette C Wong
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Niccolò E Mencacci
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vozdek R, Wang B, Li KH, Pramstaller PP, Hicks AA, Ma DK. Fluorescent reporter of Caenorhabditis elegans Parkin: Regulators of its abundance and role in autophagy-lysosomal dynamics. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2023; 2:23. [PMID: 37811477 PMCID: PMC10556562 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14235.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Parkin, which when mutated leads to early-onset Parkinson's disease, acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. How Parkin is regulated for selective protein and organelle targeting is not well understood. Here, we used protein interactor and genetic screens in Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans) to identify new regulators of Parkin abundance and showed their impact on autophagy-lysosomal dynamics and alpha-Synuclein processing. Methods: We generated a transgene encoding mCherry-tagged C. elegans Parkin - Parkinson's Disease Related 1 (PDR-1). We performed protein interactor screen using Co-immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry analysis to identify putative interacting partners of PDR-1. Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) screen and an unbiased mutagenesis screen were used to identify genes regulating PDR-1 abundance. Confocal microscopy was used for the identification of the subcellular localization of PDR-1 and alpha-Synuclein processing. Results: We show that the mCherry::pdr-1 transgene rescues the mitochondrial phenotype of pdr-1 mutants and that the expressed PDR-1 reporter is localized in the cytosol with enriched compartmentalization in the autophagy-lysosomal system. We determined that the transgenic overexpression of the PDR-1 reporter, due to inactivated small interfering RNA (siRNA) generation pathway, disrupts autophagy-lysosomal dynamics. From the RNAi screen of putative PDR-1 interactors we found that the inactivated Adenine Nucleotide Translocator ant-1.1/hANT, or hybrid ubiquitin genes ubq-2/h UBA52 and ubl-1/h RPS27A encoding a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40 and S27a, respectively, induced PDR-1 abundance and affected lysosomal dynamics. In addition, we demonstrate that the abundant PDR-1 plays a role in alpha-Synuclein processing. Conclusions: These data show that the abundant reporter of C. elegans Parkin affects the autophagy-lysosomal system together with alpha-Synuclein processing which can help in understanding the pathology in Parkin-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Vozdek
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Bingying Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Kathy H. Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Dengke K. Ma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Trempe JF, Gehring K. Structural mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control mediated by PINK1 and parkin. J Mol Biol 2023:168090. [PMID: 37054910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and represents a looming public health crisis as the global population ages. While the etiology of the more common, idiopathic form of the disease remains unknown, the last ten years have seen a breakthrough in our understanding of the genetic forms related to two proteins that regulate a quality control system for the removal of damaged or non-functional mitochondria. Here, we review the structure of these proteins, PINK1, a protein kinase, and parkin, a ubiquitin ligase with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms responsible for their recognition of dysfunctional mitochondria and control of the subsequent ubiquitination cascade. Recent atomic structures have revealed the basis of PINK1 substrate specificity and the conformational changes responsible for activation of PINK1 and parkin catalytic activity. Progress in understanding the molecular basis of mitochondrial quality control promises to open new avenues for therapeutic interventions in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Exploration of the Shared Molecular Mechanisms between COVID-19 and Neurodegenerative Diseases through Bioinformatic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054839. [PMID: 36902271 PMCID: PMC10002862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of deaths and remains a major public health burden worldwide. Previous studies found that a large number of COVID-19 patients and survivors developed neurological symptoms and might be at high risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to explore the shared pathways between COVID-19, AD, and PD by using bioinformatic analysis to reveal potential mechanisms, which may explain the neurological symptoms and degeneration of brain that occur in COVID-19 patients, and to provide early intervention. In this study, gene expression datasets of the frontal cortex were employed to detect common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of COVID-19, AD, and PD. A total of 52 common DEGs were then examined using functional annotation, protein-protein interaction (PPI) construction, candidate drug identification, and regulatory network analysis. We found that the involvement of the synaptic vesicle cycle and down-regulation of synapses were shared by these three diseases, suggesting that synaptic dysfunction might contribute to the onset and progress of neurodegenerative diseases caused by COVID-19. Five hub genes and one key module were obtained from the PPI network. Moreover, 5 drugs and 42 transcription factors (TFs) were also identified on the datasets. In conclusion, the results of our study provide new insights and directions for follow-up studies of the relationship between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases. The hub genes and potential drugs we identified may provide promising treatment strategies to prevent COVID-19 patients from developing these disorders.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sap KA, Geijtenbeek KW, Schipper-Krom S, Guler AT, Reits EA. Ubiquitin-modifying enzymes in Huntington's disease. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1107323. [PMID: 36926679 PMCID: PMC10013475 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1107323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the N-terminus of the HTT gene. The CAG repeat expansion translates into a polyglutamine expansion in the mutant HTT (mHTT) protein, resulting in intracellular aggregation and neurotoxicity. Lowering the mHTT protein by reducing synthesis or improving degradation would delay or prevent the onset of HD, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) could be an important pathway to clear the mHTT proteins prior to aggregation. The UPS is not impaired in HD, and proteasomes can degrade mHTT entirely when HTT is targeted for degradation. However, the mHTT protein is differently ubiquitinated when compared to wild-type HTT (wtHTT), suggesting that the polyQ expansion affects interaction with (de) ubiquitinating enzymes and subsequent targeting for degradation. The soluble mHTT protein is associated with several ubiquitin-modifying enzymes, and various ubiquitin-modifying enzymes have been identified that are linked to Huntington's disease, either by improving mHTT turnover or affecting overall homeostasis. Here we describe their potential mechanism of action toward improved mHTT targeting towards the proteostasis machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Sap
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karlijne W Geijtenbeek
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sabine Schipper-Krom
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arzu Tugce Guler
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric A Reits
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stern S, Lau S, Manole A, Rosh I, Percia MM, Ben Ezer R, Shokhirev MN, Qiu F, Schafer S, Mansour AA, Mangan KP, Stern T, Ofer P, Stern Y, Diniz Mendes AP, Djamus J, Moore LR, Nayak R, Laufer SH, Aicher A, Rhee A, Wong TL, Nguyen T, Linker SB, Winner B, Freitas BC, Jones E, Sagi I, Bardy C, Brice A, Winkler J, Marchetto MC, Gage FH. Reduced synaptic activity and dysregulated extracellular matrix pathways in midbrain neurons from Parkinson's disease patients. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:103. [PMID: 35948563 PMCID: PMC9365794 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mutations that cause Parkinson's disease (PD) have been identified over the past decade. These account for 15-25% of PD cases; the rest of the cases are considered sporadic. Currently, it is accepted that PD is not a single monolithic disease but rather a constellation of diseases with some common phenotypes. While rodent models exist for some of the PD-causing mutations, research on the sporadic forms of PD is lagging due to a lack of cellular models. In our study, we differentiated PD patient-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons from the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of several PD-causing mutations as well as from sporadic PD patients. Strikingly, we observed a common neurophysiological phenotype: neurons derived from PD patients had a severe reduction in the rate of synaptic currents compared to those derived from healthy controls. While the relationship between mutations in genes such as the SNCA and LRRK2 and a reduction in synaptic transmission has been investigated before, here we show evidence that the pathogenesis of the synapses in neurons is a general phenotype in PD. Analysis of RNA sequencing results displayed changes in gene expression in different synaptic mechanisms as well as other affected pathways such as extracellular matrix-related pathways. Some of these dysregulated pathways are common to all PD patients (monogenic or idiopathic). Our data, therefore, show changes that are central and convergent to PD and suggest a strong involvement of the tetra-partite synapse in PD pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shani Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Shong Lau
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andreea Manole
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Idan Rosh
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Menachem Mendel Percia
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ran Ben Ezer
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fan Qiu
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simon Schafer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Abed AlFatah Mansour
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kile P Mangan
- Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, In, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Tchelet Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Polina Ofer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yam Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Jose Djamus
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lynne Randolph Moore
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ritu Nayak
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sapir Havusha Laufer
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aidan Aicher
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Rhee
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas L Wong
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara B Linker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Eugenia Jones
- Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, In, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Cedric Bardy
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Juergen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen- Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- Department of Anthropology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peng T, Xie Y, Sheng H, Wang C, Lian Y, Xie N. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles: Gatekeepers of mitochondrial response to oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:185-193. [PMID: 35750270 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) mechanisms are a series of adaptive responses that ensure the relative stability of mitochondrial morphology, quantity, and quality to preserve cellular survival and function. While MQC mechanisms range from mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion/fission to mitophagy, mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) may represent an essential component of MQC. MDVs precede mitochondrial autophagy and serve as the first line of defense against oxidative stress by selectively transferring damaged mitochondrial substances to the lysosome for degradation. In fact, the function of MDVs is dependent on the cargo, the shuttle route, and the ultimate destination. Abnormal MDVs disrupt metabolite clearance and the immune response, predisposing to pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Therefore, MDV regulation may be a potential therapeutic for the therapy of these diseases. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the study of MDVs and their misregulation in various diseases from the perspectives of formation, cargo selection, regulation, and transportation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China; Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yinyin Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China; Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Hanqing Sheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China; Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yajun Lian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Nanchang Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mallik B, Bhat S, Kumar V. Role of Bin‐Amphiphysin‐Rvs (BAR) domain proteins in mediating neuronal signaling and disease. Synapse 2022; 76:e22248. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.22248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhagaban Mallik
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Indore Bypass Road Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462 066 India
| | - Sajad Bhat
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Indore Bypass Road Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462 066 India
| | - Vimlesh Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Indore Bypass Road Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462 066 India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fakih R, Sauvé V, Gehring K. Structure of the second phospho-ubiquitin binding site in parkin. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102114. [PMID: 35690145 PMCID: PMC9284454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin and PINK1 regulate a mitochondrial quality control system that is mutated in some early onset forms of Parkinson's disease. Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and regulated by the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 via a two-step cascade. PINK1 first phosphorylates ubiquitin, which binds a recruitment site on parkin to localize parkin to damaged mitochondria. In the second step, PINK1 phosphorylates parkin on its ubiquitin-like domain (Ubl) domain, which binds a regulatory site to release ubiquitin ligase activity. Recently, an alternative feed-forward mechanism was identified that bypasses the need for parkin phosphorylation through the binding of a second phospho-ubiquitin (pUb) molecule. Here, we report the structure of parkin activated through this feed-forward mechanism. The crystal structure of parkin with pUb bound to both the recruitment and regulatory sites reveals the molecular basis for differences in specificity and affinity of the two sites. We use isothermal titration calorimetry measurements to reveal cooperativity between the two binding sites and the role of linker residues for pUbl binding to the regulatory site. The observation of flexibility in the process of parkin activation offers hope for the future design of small molecules for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Fakih
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Véronique Sauvé
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sauvé V, Sung G, MacDougall EJ, Kozlov G, Saran A, Fakih R, Fon EA, Gehring K. Structural basis for feedforward control in the PINK1/Parkin pathway. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109460. [PMID: 35491809 PMCID: PMC9194792 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PINK1 and parkin constitute a mitochondrial quality control system mutated in Parkinson’s disease. PINK1, a kinase, phosphorylates ubiquitin to recruit parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to mitochondria. PINK1 controls both parkin localization and activity through phosphorylation of both ubiquitin and the ubiquitin‐like (Ubl) domain of parkin. Here, we observed that phospho‐ubiquitin can bind to two distinct sites on parkin, a high‐affinity site on RING1 that controls parkin localization and a low‐affinity site on RING0 that releases parkin autoinhibition. Surprisingly, ubiquitin vinyl sulfone assays, ITC, and NMR titrations showed that the RING0 site has higher affinity for phospho‐ubiquitin than phosphorylated Ubl in trans. We observed parkin activation by micromolar concentrations of tetra‐phospho‐ubiquitin chains that mimic mitochondria bearing multiple phosphorylated ubiquitins. A chimeric form of parkin with the Ubl domain replaced by ubiquitin was readily activated by PINK1 phosphorylation. In all cases, mutation of the binding site on RING0 abolished parkin activation. The feedforward mechanism of parkin activation confers robustness and rapidity to the PINK1‐parkin pathway and likely represents an intermediate step in its evolutionary development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Sauvé
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - George Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Emma J MacDougall
- McGill Parkinson Program Neurodegenerative Diseases Group Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Guennadi Kozlov
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Anshu Saran
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Rayan Fakih
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program Neurodegenerative Diseases Group Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cai Q, Ganesan D. Regulation of neuronal autophagy and the implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 162:105582. [PMID: 34890791 PMCID: PMC8764935 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized and post-mitotic cells with the specific requirements of neurotransmission accompanied by high metabolic demands that create a unique challenge for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Thus, neurons rely heavily on autophagy that constitutes a key quality control system by which dysfunctional cytoplasmic components, protein aggregates, and damaged organelles are sequestered within autophagosomes and then delivered to the lysosome for degradation. While mature lysosomes are predominantly located in the soma of neurons, the robust, constitutive biogenesis of autophagosomes occurs in the synaptic terminal via a conserved pathway that is required to maintain synaptic integrity and function. Following formation, autophagosomes fuse with late endosomes and then are rapidly and efficiently transported by the microtubule-based cytoplasmic dynein motor along the axon toward the soma for lysosomal clearance. In this review, we highlight the recent knowledge of the roles of autophagy in neuronal health and disease. We summarize the available evidence about the normal functions of autophagy as a protective factor against neurodegeneration and discuss the mechanism underlying neuronal autophagy regulation. Finally, we describe how autophagy function is affected in major neurodegenerative diseases with a special focus on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiang ZJ, Li W, Yao LH, Saed B, Rao Y, Grewe BS, McGinley A, Varga K, Alford S, Hu YS, Gong LW. TRPM7 is critical for short-term synaptic depression by regulating synaptic vesicle endocytosis. eLife 2021; 10:e66709. [PMID: 34569930 PMCID: PMC8516418 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) contributes to a variety of physiological and pathological processes in many tissues and cells. With a widespread distribution in the nervous system, TRPM7 is involved in animal behaviors and neuronal death induced by ischemia. However, the physiological role of TRPM7 in central nervous system (CNS) neuron remains unclear. Here, we identify endocytic defects in neuroendocrine cells and neurons from TRPM7 knockout (KO) mice, indicating a role of TRPM7 in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Our experiments further pinpoint the importance of TRPM7 as an ion channel in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Ca2+ imaging detects a defect in presynaptic Ca2+ dynamics in TRPM7 KO neuron, suggesting an importance of Ca2+ influx via TRPM7 in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Moreover, the short-term depression is enhanced in both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmissions from TRPM7 KO mice. Taken together, our data suggests that Ca2+ influx via TRPM7 may be critical for short-term plasticity of synaptic strength by regulating synaptic vesicle endocytosis in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jiao Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Wenping Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Li-Hua Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Badeia Saed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Yan Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Brian S Grewe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Andrea McGinley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Kelly Varga
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas at DallasDallasUnited States
| | - Simon Alford
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Ying S Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Liang-Wei Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Historical perspective and progress on protein ubiquitination at glutamatergic synapses. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108690. [PMID: 34197891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transcription-translation coupling leads to the production of proteins that are key for controlling essential neuronal processes that include neuronal development and changes in synaptic strength. Although these events have been a prevailing theme in neuroscience, the regulation of proteins via posttranslational signaling pathways are equally relevant for these neuronal processes. Ubiquitin is one type of posttranslational modification that covalently attaches to its targets/substrates. Ubiquitination of proteins play a key role in multiple signaling pathways, the predominant being removal of its substrates by a large molecular machine called the proteasome. Here, I review 40 years of progress on ubiquitination in the nervous system at glutamatergic synapses focusing on axon pathfinding, synapse formation, presynaptic release, dendritic spine formation, and regulation of postsynaptic glutamate receptors. Finally, I elucidate emerging themes in ubiquitin biology that may challenge our current understanding of ubiquitin signaling in the nervous system.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zou L, Tian Y, Zhang Z. Dysfunction of Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Parkinson's Disease. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:619160. [PMID: 34093144 PMCID: PMC8172812 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.619160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. It is a chronic and progressive disorder estimated to affect at least 4 million people worldwide. Although the etiology of PD remains unclear, it has been found that the dysfunction of synaptic vesicle endocytosis (SVE) in neural terminal happens before the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Recently, accumulating evidence reveals that the PD-linked synaptic genes, including DNAJC6, SYNJ1, and SH3GL2, significantly contribute to the disruptions of SVE, which is vital for the pathogenesis of PD. In addition, the proteins encoded by other PD-associated genes such as SNCA, LRRK2, PRKN, and DJ-1 also play key roles in the regulation of SVE. Here we present the facts about SVE-related genes and discussed their potential relevance to the pathogenesis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kawabe H, Stegmüller J. The role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in synapse function in the healthy and diseased brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 112:103602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
20
|
Li W, He P, Huang Y, Li YF, Lu J, Li M, Kurihara H, Luo Z, Meng T, Onishi M, Ma C, Jiang L, Hu Y, Gong Q, Zhu D, Xu Y, Liu R, Liu L, Yi C, Zhu Y, Ma N, Okamoto K, Xie Z, Liu J, He RR, Feng D. Selective autophagy of intracellular organelles: recent research advances. Theranostics 2021; 11:222-256. [PMID: 33391472 PMCID: PMC7681076 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter called autophagy) is a highly conserved physiological process that degrades over-abundant or damaged organelles, large protein aggregates and invading pathogens via the lysosomal system (the vacuole in plants and yeast). Autophagy is generally induced by stress, such as oxygen-, energy- or amino acid-deprivation, irradiation, drugs, etc. In addition to non-selective bulk degradation, autophagy also occurs in a selective manner, recycling specific organelles, such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, nuclei, proteasomes and lipid droplets (LDs). This capability makes selective autophagy a major process in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The dysfunction of selective autophagy is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), tumorigenesis, metabolic disorders, heart failure, etc. Considering the importance of selective autophagy in cell biology, we systemically review the recent advances in our understanding of this process and its regulatory mechanisms. We emphasize the 'cargo-ligand-receptor' model in selective autophagy for specific organelles or cellular components in yeast and mammals, with a focus on mitophagy and ER-phagy, which are finely described as types of selective autophagy. Additionally, we highlight unanswered questions in the field, helping readers focus on the research blind spots that need to be broken.
Collapse
|
21
|
Overhoff M, De Bruyckere E, Kononenko NL. Mechanisms of neuronal survival safeguarded by endocytosis and autophagy. J Neurochem 2020; 157:263-296. [PMID: 32964462 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple aspects of neuronal physiology crucially depend on two cellular pathways, autophagy and endocytosis. During endocytosis, extracellular components either unbound or recognized by membrane-localized receptors (termed "cargo") become internalized into plasma membrane-derived vesicles. These can serve to either recycle the material back to the plasma membrane or send it for degradation to lysosomes. Autophagy also uses lysosomes as a terminal degradation point, although instead of degrading the plasma membrane-derived cargo, autophagy eliminates detrimental cytosolic material and intracellular organelles, which are transported to lysosomes by means of double-membrane vesicles, referred to as autophagosomes. Neurons, like all non-neuronal cells, capitalize on autophagy and endocytosis to communicate with the environment and maintain protein and organelle homeostasis. Additionally, the highly polarized, post-mitotic nature of neurons made them adopt these two pathways for cell-specific functions. These include the maintenance of the synaptic vesicle pool in the pre-synaptic terminal and the long-distance transport of signaling molecules. Originally discovered independently from each other, it is now clear that autophagy and endocytosis are closely interconnected and share several common participating molecules. Considering the crucial role of autophagy and endocytosis in cell type-specific functions in neurons, it is not surprising that defects in both pathways have been linked to the pathology of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the recent knowledge of the role of endocytosis and autophagy in neurons with a special focus on synaptic physiology and discuss how impairments in genes coding for autophagy and endocytosis proteins can cause neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Overhoff
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elodie De Bruyckere
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalia L Kononenko
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Feng J. Modeling the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease in patient-specific neurons. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:298-304. [PMID: 32972199 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220961788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 30 trillion cells that self-assemble into a human being originate from the pluripotent stem cells in the inner cell mass of a human blastocyst. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) makes it possible to approximate various aspects of this natural developmental process artificially by generating materials that can be used in invasive mechanistic studies of virtually all human conditions. In Parkinson's disease, instructions computed by the basal ganglia to control voluntary motor functions break down, leading to widespread rhythmic bursting activities in the basal ganglia and beyond. It is thought that these oscillatory neuronal activities, which disrupt aperiodic neurotransmission in a normal brain, may reduce information content in the instructions for motor control. Using midbrain neuronal cultures differentiated from iPSCs of Parkinson's disease patients with parkin mutations, we find that parkin mutations cause oscillatory neuronal activities when dopamine D1-class receptors are activated. This system makes it possible to study the molecular basis of rhythmic bursting activities in Parkinson's disease. Further development of stem cell models of Parkinson's disease will enable better approximation of the situation in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients. In this review, I will discuss what has been found in the past about the pathophysiology of motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, especially oscillatory neuronal activities and how stem cell technologies may transform our abilities to understand the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Parkin, an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, Plays an Essential Role in Mitochondrial Quality Control in Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1395-1411. [PMID: 32623547 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), as one of the complex neurodegenerative disorders, affects millions of aged people. Although the precise pathogenesis remains mostly unknown, a significant number of studies have demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction acts as a major role in the pathogeny of PD. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mutations can damage mitochondrial integrity. Especially, mutations in several genes that PD-linked have a closed association with mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g., Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1, alpha-synuclein, and LRRK2). Parkin, whose mutation causes autosomal-recessive juvenile parkinsonism, plays an essential role in mitochondrial quality control of mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy. Therefore, we summarized the advanced studies of Parkin's role in mitochondrial quality control and hoped it could be studied further as a therapeutic target for PD.
Collapse
|
24
|
Absence of Sac2/INPP5F enhances the phenotype of a Parkinson's disease mutation of synaptojanin 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12428-12434. [PMID: 32424101 PMCID: PMC7275725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004335117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive genetic studies have identified numerous genes whose mutations results on Parkinson’s disease (PD), including synaptojanin 1 (SJ1/Park20), a nerve terminal enriched protein that includes an inositol 4-phosphatase domain (Sac domain). In addition, many PD candidate genes have been identified by genome-wide association studies, but for most of these genes, the link to PD remains hypothetical. One such gene is Sac2/INPP5F, which, interestingly, also includes an inositol 4-phosphatase domain. While Sac2KO mice do not show obvious defects, we show a striking synthetic effect in mice of the KO of Sac2 and the Sac domain mutation of SJ1 found in PD patients. These findings support a synergistic role of SJ1 and Sac2 on a PI4P pool whose dysfunction results in PD. Numerous genes whose mutations cause, or increase the risk of, Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been identified. An inactivating mutation (R258Q) in the Sac inositol phosphatase domain of synaptojanin 1 (SJ1/PARK20), a phosphoinositide phosphatase implicated in synaptic vesicle recycling, results in PD. The gene encoding Sac2/INPP5F, another Sac domain-containing protein, is located within a PD risk locus identified by genome-wide association studies. Knock-In mice carrying the SJ1 patient mutation (SJ1RQKI) exhibit PD features, while Sac2 knockout mice (Sac2KO) do not have obvious neurologic defects. We report a “synthetic” effect of the SJ1 mutation and the KO of Sac2 in mice. Most mice with both mutations died perinatally. The occasional survivors had stunted growth, died within 3 wk, and showed abnormalities of striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals at an earlier stage than SJ1RQKI mice. The abnormal accumulation of endocytic factors observed at synapses of cultured SJ1RQKI neurons was more severe in double-mutant neurons. Our results suggest that SJ1 and Sac2 have partially overlapping functions and are consistent with a potential role of Sac2 as a PD risk gene.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hoffmann-Conaway S, Brockmann MM, Schneider K, Annamneedi A, Rahman KA, Bruns C, Textoris-Taube K, Trimbuch T, Smalla KH, Rosenmund C, Gundelfinger ED, Garner CC, Montenegro-Venegas C. Parkin contributes to synaptic vesicle autophagy in Bassoon-deficient mice. eLife 2020; 9:56590. [PMID: 32364493 PMCID: PMC7224700 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating the turnover of synaptic vesicle (SV) proteins are not well understood. They are thought to require poly-ubiquitination and degradation through proteasome, endo-lysosomal or autophagy-related pathways. Bassoon was shown to negatively regulate presynaptic autophagy in part by scaffolding Atg5. Here, we show that increased autophagy in Bassoon knockout neurons depends on poly-ubiquitination and that the loss of Bassoon leads to elevated levels of ubiquitinated synaptic proteins per se. Our data show that Bassoon knockout neurons have a smaller SV pool size and a higher turnover rate as indicated by a younger pool of SV2. The E3 ligase Parkin is required for increased autophagy in Bassoon-deficient neurons as the knockdown of Parkin normalized autophagy and SV protein levels and rescued impaired SV recycling. These data indicate that Bassoon is a key regulator of SV proteostasis and that Parkin is a key E3 ligase in the autophagy-mediated clearance of SV proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisa M Brockmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anil Annamneedi
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology (IBIO), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kazi Atikur Rahman
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Bruns
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Textoris-Taube
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Core Facility High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Trimbuch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Smalla
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Craig Curtis Garner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolina Montenegro-Venegas
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hou X, Watzlawik JO, Fiesel FC, Springer W. Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2651-2672. [PMID: 32061929 PMCID: PMC7211126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Impaired protein homeostasis and accumulation of damaged or abnormally modified protein are common disease mechanisms in many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). As one of the major degradation pathways, autophagy plays a pivotal role in maintaining effective turnover of proteins and damaged organelles in cells. Several decades of research efforts led to insights into the potential contribution of impaired autophagy machinery to α-synuclein accumulation and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, two major features of PD pathology. In this review, we summarize recent pathological, genetic, and mechanistic findings that link defective autophagy with PD pathogenesis in human patients, animals, and cellular models and discuss current challenges in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cunningham LA, Moore DJ. Endosomal sorting pathways in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:271-306. [PMID: 32247367 PMCID: PMC7206894 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated genes has created a powerful platform to begin to understand and nominate pathophysiological disease mechanisms. Herein, we discuss the genetic and experimental evidence supporting endolysosomal dysfunction as a major pathway implicated in PD. Well-studied familial PD-linked gene products, including LRRK2, VPS35, and α-synuclein, demonstrate how disruption of different aspects of endolysosomal sorting pathways by disease-causing mutations may manifest into PD-like phenotypes in many disease models. Newly-identified PD-linked genes, including auxilin, synaptojanin-1 and Rab39b, as well as putative risk genes for idiopathic PD (endophilinA1, Rab29, GAK), further support endosomal sorting deficits as being central to PD. LRRK2 may represent a nexus by regulating many distinct features of endosomal sorting, potentially via phosphorylation of key endocytosis machinery (i.e., auxilin, synaptojanin-1, endoA1) and Rab GTPases (i.e., Rab29, Rab8A, Rab10) that function within these pathways. In turn, LRRK2 kinase activity is critically regulated by Rab29 at the Golgi complex and retromer-associated VPS35 at endosomes. Taken together, the known functions of PD-associated gene products, the impact of disease-linked mutations, and the emerging functional interactions between these proteins points to endosomal sorting pathways as a key point of convergence in the pathogenesis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Cunningham
- Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids, MI, United States; Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Darren J Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
PINK1/Parkin Mediated Mitophagy, Ca 2+ Signalling, and ER-Mitochondria Contacts in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051772. [PMID: 32150829 PMCID: PMC7084677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–mitochondria contact sites are critical structures for cellular function. They are implicated in a plethora of cellular processes, including Ca2+ signalling and mitophagy, the selective degradation of damaged mitochondria. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase (PINK) and Parkin proteins, whose mutations are associated with familial forms of Parkinson’s disease, are two of the best characterized mitophagy players. They accumulate at ER–mitochondria contact sites and modulate organelles crosstalk. Alterations in ER–mitochondria tethering are a common hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the involvement of PINK1 and Parkin at the ER–mitochondria contact sites and their role in the modulation of Ca2+ signalling and mitophagy.
Collapse
|
29
|
Palikaras K, Tavernarakis N. Regulation and roles of mitophagy at synapses. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 187:111216. [PMID: 32084458 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of synaptic homeostasis is a challenging task, due to the intricate spatial organization and intense activity of synapses. Typically, synapses are located far away from the neuronal cell body, where they orchestrate neuronal signalling and communication, through neurotransmitter release. Stationary mitochondria provide energy required for synaptic vesicle cycling, and preserve ionic balance by buffering intercellular calcium at synapses. Thus, synaptic homeostasis is critically dependent on proper mitochondrial function. Indeed, defective mitochondrial metabolism is a common feature of several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), bipolar disorders and schizophrenia among others, which are also accompanied by excessive synaptic abnormalities. Specialized and compartmentalized quality control mechanisms have evolved to restore and maintain synaptic energy metabolism. Here, we survey recent advances towards the elucidation of the pivotal role of mitochondria in neurotransmission and implicating mitophagy in the maintenance of synaptic homeostasis during ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Palikaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Crete, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jayaramayya K, Iyer M, Venkatesan D, Balasubramanian V, Narayanasamy A, Subramaniam MD, Cho SG, Vellingiri B. Unraveling correlative roles of dopamine transporter (DAT) and Parkin in Parkinson's disease (PD) - A road to discovery? Brain Res Bull 2020; 157:169-179. [PMID: 32035946 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder accompanied by depletion of dopamine(DA) and loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the brain that is believed to be responsible for the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Dopamine Transporter (DAT) is essential for reuptake of DA into the presynaptic terminal, thereby controlling the availability and spatial activity of released DA. Parkin interacts with proteins involved in the endosomal pathway, suggesting that presynaptic Parkin could regulate the expression of DAT in the plasma membrane. Parkin mutations lead to early synaptic damage and it appears as a crucial gene having a vast functioning area. PD-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived DA neurons exist as a potential tool for in-vitro modeling of PD, as they can recapitulate the pathological features of PD. The exact mechanism of PARKIN influenced DAT variations and changes in DA reuptake by DAT remain unknown. Hence, DAT and PARKIN mutated PD-specific iPSCs-derived DA neurons could provide important clues for elucidating the pathogenesis and mechanism of PD. This mysterious and hidden connection may prove to be a boon in disguise, hence, here we review the influence of PARKIN and DAT on DA mechanism and will discuss how these findings underpin the concept of how downregulation or upregulation of DAT is influenced by PARKIN. We conclude that the establishment of new model for PD with a combination of DAT and PARKIN would have a high translational potential, which includes the identification of drug targets and testing of known and novel therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaavya Jayaramayya
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women - University for Women, Coimbatore, 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women - Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Venkatesh Balasubramanian
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ssang Goo Cho
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center, Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu CZ, Li FY, Lv XF, Ma MM, Li XY, Lin CX, Wang GL, Guan YY. Endophilin A2 regulates calcium-activated chloride channel activity via selective autophagy-mediated TMEM16A degradation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:208-217. [PMID: 31484993 PMCID: PMC7470808 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TMEM16A Ca2+-activated chloride channel (CaCC) plays an essential role in vascular homeostasis. In this study we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying downregulation of TMEM16A CaCC activity during hypertension. In cultured basilar artery smooth muscle cells (BASMCs) isolated from 2k2c renohypertesive rats, treatment with angiotensin II (0.125-1 μM) dose-dependently increased endophilin A2 levels and decreased TMEM16A expression. Similar phenomenon was observed in basilar artery isolated from 2k2c rats. We then used whole-cell recording to examine whether endophilin A2 could regulate TMEM16A CaCC activity in BASMCs and found that knockdown of endophilin A2 significantly enhanced CaCC activity, whereas overexpression of endophilin A2 produced the opposite effect. Overexpression of endophilin A2 did not affect the TMEM16A mRNA level, but markedly decreased TMEM16A protein level in BASMCs by inducing ubiquitination and autophagy of TMEM16A. Ubiquitin-binding receptor p62 (SQSTM1) could bind to ubiquitinated TMEM16A and resulted in a process of TMEM16A proteolysis in autophagosome/lysosome. These data provide new insights into the regulation of TMEM16A CaCC activity by endophilin A2 in BASMCs, which partly explains the mechanism of angiotensin-II-induced TMEM16A inhibition during hypertension-induced vascular remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can-Zhao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Fei-Ya Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Cai-Xia Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bayne AN, Trempe JF. Mechanisms of PINK1, ubiquitin and Parkin interactions in mitochondrial quality control and beyond. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4589-4611. [PMID: 31254044 PMCID: PMC11105328 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative movement disorder resulting from the loss of specific neuron types in the midbrain. Early environmental and pathophysiological studies implicated mitochondrial damage and protein aggregation as the main causes of PD. These findings are now vindicated by the characterization of more than 20 genes implicated in rare familial forms of the disease. In particular, two proteins encoded by the Parkin and PINK1 genes, whose mutations cause early-onset autosomal recessive PD, function together in a mitochondrial quality control pathway. In this review, we will describe recent development in our understanding of their mechanisms of action, structure, and function. We explain how PINK1 acts as a mitochondrial damage sensor via the regulated proteolysis of its N-terminus and the phosphorylation of ubiquitin tethered to outer mitochondrial membrane proteins. In turn, phospho-ubiquitin recruits and activates Parkin via conformational changes that increase its ubiquitin ligase activity. We then describe how the formation of polyubiquitin chains on mitochondria triggers the recruitment of the autophagy machinery or the formation of mitochondria-derived vesicles. Finally, we discuss the evidence for the involvement of these mechanisms in physiological processes such as immunity and inflammation, as well as the links to other PD genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Bayne
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wong Y, Luk K, Purtell K, Nanni SB, Stoessl AJ, Trudeau LE, Yue Z, Krainc D, Oertel W, Obeso JA, Volpicelli-Daley L. Neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson disease: Should the focus be on axons and synaptic terminals? Mov Disord 2019; 34:1406-1422. [PMID: 31483900 PMCID: PMC6879792 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While current effective therapies are available for the symptomatic control of PD, treatments to halt the progressive neurodegeneration still do not exist. Loss of dopamine neurons in the SNc and dopamine terminals in the striatum drive the motor features of PD. Multiple lines of research point to several pathways which may contribute to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. These pathways include extensive axonal arborization, mitochondrial dysfunction, dopamine's biochemical properties, abnormal protein accumulation of α-synuclein, defective autophagy and lysosomal degradation, and synaptic impairment. Thus, understanding the essential features and mechanisms of dopaminergic neuronal vulnerability is a major scientific challenge and highlights an outstanding need for fostering effective therapies against neurodegeneration in PD. This article, which arose from the Movement Disorders 2018 Conference, discusses and reviews the possible mechanisms underlying neuronal vulnerability and potential therapeutic approaches in PD. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Wong
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Kelvin Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4283, USA
| | - Kerry Purtell
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, Hess Research Center 9th Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Samuel Burke Nanni
- CNS Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A. Jon Stoessl
- University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health, Pacific Parkinson’s Research Centre & National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, 2221 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Louis-Eric Trudeau
- CNS Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, Hess Research Center 9th Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Wolfgang Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße 1, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jose A. Obeso
- HM CINAC, HM Puerta del Sur, Hospitales de Madrid, Mostoles Medical School, CEU-San Pablo University, and CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Volpicelli-Daley
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yuan Y, Zhao X, Wang P, Mei F, Zhou J, Jin Y, McNutt MA, Yin Y. PTENα regulates endocytosis and modulates olfactory function. FASEB J 2019; 33:11148-11162. [PMID: 31291551 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900588rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) α is the first identified isoform of the well-known tumor suppressor PTEN. PTENα has an evolutionarily conserved 173-aa N terminus compared with canonical PTEN. Recently, PTENα has been shown to play roles in multiple biologic processes including learning and memory, cardiac homeostasis, and antiviral immunity. Here, we report that PTENα maintains mitral cells in olfactory bulb (OB), regulates endocytosis in OB neurons, and controls olfactory behaviors in mice. We show that PTENα directly dephosphorylates the endocytic protein amphiphysin and promotes its binding to adaptor-related protein complex 2 subunit β1 (Ap2b1). In addition, we identified mutations in the N terminus of PTENα in patients with Parkinson disease and Lewy-body dementia, which are neurodegenerative disorders with early olfactory loss. Overexpression of PTENα mutant H169N in mice OB reduces odor sensitivity. Our data demonstrate a role of PTENα in olfactory function and provide insight into the mechanism of olfactory dysfunction in neurologic disorders.-Yuan, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, P., Mei, F., Zhou, J., Jin, Y., McNutt, M. A., Yin, Y. PTENα regulates endocytosis and modulates olfactory function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Yuan
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Mei
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Juntuo Zhou
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Michael A McNutt
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Benson DL, Huntley GW. Are we listening to everything the PARK genes are telling us? J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1527-1540. [PMID: 30680728 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cardinal motor symptoms that define Parkinson's disease (PD) clinically have been recognized for over 200 years. That these symptoms arise following the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra has been known for the last 50. These long-established facts have fueled a broadly held expectation that degenerating dopaminergic neurons alone hold the key to understanding and curing PD. This prevalent expectation is at odds with the observation that many nonmotor symptoms, including depression and cognitive inflexibility among others, can appear years earlier than the overt dopaminergic neuron degeneration that drives motor abnormalities and are not improved by levodopa treatment. Thus, preserving or rescuing dopamine neuron health and function is of paramount importance, but this alone fails to capture the underlying neurobiology of earlier-appearing nonmotor symptoms. Insight into the complete landscape of disease-related abnormalities and the context in which they arise can be gleaned from a more comprehensive consideration of the PARK genes that are known to cause PD. Here, we make the case that a full incorporation of research showing when and where PARK genes are expressed as well as the impact of gene mutation on function throughout life, in tandem with research studying how dopaminergic neuron degeneration begins, is essential for a full understanding of the multi-dimensional etiology of PD. A broad view may also reveal something about long-term adjustments cells and systems make in response to gene mutation and help to identify mechanisms conferring the resilience or susceptibility of some cells and systems over others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Benson
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - George W Huntley
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rasool S, Trempe JF. New insights into the structure of PINK1 and the mechanism of ubiquitin phosphorylation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:515-534. [PMID: 30238821 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1491525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in PINK1 cause early-onset recessive Parkinson's disease. This gene encodes a protein kinase implicated in mitochondrial quality control via ubiquitin phosphorylation and activation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin. Here, we review and analyze functional features emerging from recent crystallographic, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry studies of PINK1. We compare the apo and ubiquitin-bound PINK1 structures and reveal an allosteric switch, regulated by autophosphorylation, which modulates substrate recognition. We critically assess the conformational changes taking place in ubiquitin and the Parkin ubiquitin-like domain in relation to its binding to PINK1. Finally, we discuss the implications of these biophysical findings in our understanding of the role of PINK1 in mitochondrial function, and analyze the potential for structure-based drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shafqat Rasool
- a Department of Biochemistry , McGill University , Montréal , Canada.,b Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines (GRASP) , Montréal , Canada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- b Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines (GRASP) , Montréal , Canada.,c Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics , McGill University , Montréal , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Soukup SF, Vanhauwaert R, Verstreken P. Parkinson's disease: convergence on synaptic homeostasis. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201898960. [PMID: 30065071 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201898960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affects millions of people globally. There is no cure, and its prevalence will double by 2030. In recent years, numerous causative genes and risk factors for Parkinson's disease have been identified and more than half appear to function at the synapse. Subtle synaptic defects are thought to precede blunt neuronal death, but the mechanisms that are dysfunctional at synapses are only now being unraveled. Here, we review recent work and propose a model where different Parkinson proteins interact in a cell compartment-specific manner at the synapse where these proteins regulate endocytosis and autophagy. While this field is only recently emerging, the work suggests that the loss of synaptic homeostasis may contribute to neurodegeneration and is a key player in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra-Fausia Soukup
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain& Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roeland Vanhauwaert
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain& Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain& Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Overexpression of endophilin A1 exacerbates synaptic alterations in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2968. [PMID: 30061577 PMCID: PMC6065365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophilin A1 (EP) is a protein enriched in synaptic terminals that has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous in vitro studies have shown that EP can bind to a variety of proteins, which elicit changes in synaptic transmission of neurotransmitters and spine formation. Additionally, we previously showed that EP protein levels are elevated in AD patients and AD transgenic animal models. Here, we establish the in vivo consequences of upregulation of EP expression in amyloid-β peptide (Aβ)-rich environments, leading to changes in both long-term potentiation and learning and memory of transgenic animals. Specifically, increasing EP augmented cerebral Aβ accumulation. EP-mediated signal transduction via reactive oxygen species (ROS)/p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase contributes to Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic injury, and cognitive decline, which could be rescued by blocking either ROS or p38 MAP kinase activity.
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Walden H, Rittinger K. RBR ligase-mediated ubiquitin transfer: a tale with many twists and turns. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:440-445. [PMID: 29735995 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RBR ligases are an enigmatic class of E3 ubiquitin ligases that combine properties of RING and HECT-type E3s and undergo multilevel regulation through autoinhibition, post-translational modifications, multimerization and interaction with binding partners. Here, we summarize recent progress in RBR structures and function, which has uncovered commonalities in the mechanisms by which different family members transfer ubiquitin through a multistep process. However, these studies have also highlighted clear differences in the activity of different family members, suggesting that each RBR ligase has evolved specific properties to fit the biological process it regulates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Walden
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Katrin Rittinger
- Molecular Structure of Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Aguirre JD, Dunkerley KM, Lam R, Rusal M, Shaw GS. Impact of altered phosphorylation on loss of function of juvenile Parkinsonism-associated genetic variants of the E3 ligase parkin. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29530980 PMCID: PMC5925814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinsonism (ARJP) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease in which 50% of affected individuals harbor mutations in the gene encoding the E3 ligase parkin. Parkin regulates the mitochondrial recycling pathway, which is induced by oxidative stress. In its native state, parkin is auto-inhibited by its N-terminal ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain, which blocks the binding site for an incoming E2∼ubiquitin conjugate, needed for parkin's ubiquitination activity. Parkin is activated via phosphorylation of Ser-65 in its Ubl domain by PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and a ubiquitin molecule phosphorylated at a position equivalent to Ser-65 in parkin. Here we have examined the underlying molecular mechanism of phosphorylation of parkin's Ubl domain carrying ARJP-associated substitutions and how altered phosphorylation modulates parkin activation and ubiquitination. We found that three substitutions in the Ubl domain (G12R, R33Q, and R42P) significantly decrease PINK1's ability to phosphorylate the Ubl domain. We noted that two basic loss-of-function substitutions (R33Q and R42P) are close to acidic patches in the proposed PINK1–parkin interface, indicating that ionic interactions at this site may be important for efficient parkin phosphorylation. Increased auto-ubiquitination with unique ubiquitin chain patterns was observed for two other Ubl domain substitutions (G12R and T55I), suggesting that these substitutions, along with phosphorylation, increase parkin degradation. Moreover, Ubl domain phosphorylation decreased its affinity for the potential effector protein ataxin-3, which edits ubiquitin chain building by parkin. Overall, our work provides a framework for the mechanisms of parkin's loss-of-function, indicating an interplay between ARJP-associated substitutions and phosphorylation of its Ubl domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Aguirre
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Karen M Dunkerley
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Rica Lam
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Michele Rusal
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Gary S Shaw
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rasool S, Soya N, Truong L, Croteau N, Lukacs GL, Trempe JF. PINK1 autophosphorylation is required for ubiquitin recognition. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201744981. [PMID: 29475881 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PINK1 cause autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative movement disorder. PINK1 is a kinase that acts as a sensor of mitochondrial damage and initiates Parkin-mediated clearance of the damaged organelle. PINK1 phosphorylates Ser65 in both ubiquitin and the ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain of Parkin, which stimulates its E3 ligase activity. Autophosphorylation of PINK1 is required for Parkin activation, but how this modulates the ubiquitin kinase activity is unclear. Here, we show that autophosphorylation of Tribolium castaneum PINK1 is required for substrate recognition. Using enzyme kinetics and NMR spectroscopy, we reveal that PINK1 binds the Parkin Ubl with a 10-fold higher affinity than ubiquitin via a conserved interface that is also implicated in RING1 and SH3 binding. The interaction requires phosphorylation at Ser205, an invariant PINK1 residue (Ser228 in human). Using mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that PINK1 rapidly autophosphorylates in trans at Ser205. Small-angle X-ray scattering and hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments provide insights into the structure of the PINK1 catalytic domain. Our findings suggest that multiple PINK1 molecules autophosphorylate first prior to binding and phosphorylating ubiquitin and Parkin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shafqat Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Naoto Soya
- Department of Physiology and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Luc Truong
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Croteau
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gergely L Lukacs
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhong P, Hu Z, Jiang H, Yan Z, Feng J. Dopamine Induces Oscillatory Activities in Human Midbrain Neurons with Parkin Mutations. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1033-1044. [PMID: 28467897 PMCID: PMC5492970 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) are accompanied by widespread oscillatory neuronal activities in basal ganglia. Here, we show that activation of dopamine D1-class receptors elicits a large rhythmic bursting of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in midbrain neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of PD patients with parkin mutations, but not normal subjects. Overexpression of wild-type parkin, but not its PD-causing mutant, abolishes the oscillatory activities in patient neurons. Dopamine induces a delayed enhancement in the amplitude of spontaneous, but not miniature, EPSCs, thus increasing quantal content. The results suggest that presynaptic regulation of glutamatergic transmission by dopamine D1-class receptors is significantly potentiated by parkin mutations. The aberrant dopaminergic regulation of presynaptic glutamatergic transmission in patient-specific iPSC-derived midbrain neurons provides a mechanistic clue to PD pathophysiology, and it demonstrates the usefulness of this model system in understanding how mutations of parkin cause movement symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Zhixing Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Houbo Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA.
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
DJ-1 deficiency impairs synaptic vesicle endocytosis and reavailability at nerve terminals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1629-1634. [PMID: 29386384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708754115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in DJ-1 (PARK7) are a known cause of early-onset autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). Accumulating evidence indicates that abnormalities of synaptic vesicle trafficking underlie the pathophysiological mechanism of PD. In the present study, we explored whether DJ-1 is involved in CNS synaptic function. DJ-1 deficiency impaired synaptic vesicle endocytosis and reavailability without inducing structural alterations in synapses. Familial mutants of DJ-1 (M26I, E64D, and L166P) were unable to rescue defective endocytosis of synaptic vesicles, whereas WT DJ-1 expression completely restored endocytic function in DJ-1 KO neurons. The defective synaptic endocytosis shown in DJ-1 KO neurons may be attributable to alterations in membrane cholesterol level. Thus, DJ-1 appears essential for synaptic vesicle endocytosis and reavailability, and impairment of this function by familial mutants of DJ-1 may be related to the pathogenesis of PD.
Collapse
|
45
|
Fan X, Luo Y, Fan Q, Zheng W. Reduced expression of PARK2 in manganese-exposed smelting workers. Neurotoxicology 2017; 62:258-264. [PMID: 28826884 PMCID: PMC5676304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is widely used in modern industries. Occupational exposure to Mn is known to cause clinical syndromes similar, but not identical to, Parkinson's disease. This human cohort study was designed to investigate if workers exposed to Mn altered the PARK2 gene expression, leading to Mn-induced neurotoxicity. Workers (n=26) occupationally exposed to Mn were recruited from a Mn-iron (Fe) alloy smelter, and control workers (n=20) without Mn-exposure were from an Fe smelter from Zunyi City in China. Subjects were matched with socioeconomic status and background for environmental factors. Metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Total RNA from the blood samples was isolated and analyzed by RT-PCR to quantify PARK2. The data showed that Mn concentrations in plasma, red blood cell (RBC) and saliva, and the cumulative Mn-exposure were about 2.2, 2.0, 1.7 and 3.0 fold higher, respectively, in Mn-exposed workers than those in control subjects (p<0.01). The expression of PARK2 in Mn-exposed workers was significantly decreased by 42% as compared to controls (p<0.01). Linear regression analysis further established that the expression of PARK2 mRNA was inversely correlated with Mn levels in plasma, RBC and saliva, as well as the cumulative Mn exposure (p<0.01). Taken together, it seems likely that Mn exposure among smelters may lead to a reduced expression of PARK2, which may partly explain the Mn-induced Parkinsonian disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximin Fan
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Ying Luo
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiyuan Fan
- Department of Health Management, Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Activation mechanisms of the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin. Biochem J 2017; 474:3075-3086. [PMID: 28860335 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monogenetic, familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) only account for 5-10% of the total number of PD cases, but analysis of the genes involved therein is invaluable to understanding PD-associated neurodegenerative signaling. One such gene, parkin, encodes a 465 amino acid E3 ubiquitin ligase. Of late, there has been considerable interest in the role of parkin signaling in PD and in identifying its putative substrates, as well as the elucidation of the mechanisms through which parkin itself is activated. Its dysfunction underlies both inherited and idiopathic PD-associated neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent literature that provides a model of activation of parkin in the setting of mitochondrial damage that involves PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase-1) and phosphoubiquitin. We note that neuronal parkin is primarily a cytosolic protein (with various non-mitochondrial functions), and discuss potential cytosolic parkin activation mechanisms.
Collapse
|
47
|
Parkinson Sac Domain Mutation in Synaptojanin 1 Impairs Clathrin Uncoating at Synapses and Triggers Dystrophic Changes in Dopaminergic Axons. Neuron 2017; 93:882-896.e5. [PMID: 28231468 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Synaptojanin 1 (SJ1) is a major presynaptic phosphatase that couples synaptic vesicle endocytosis to the dephosphorylation of PI(4,5)P2, a reaction needed for the shedding of endocytic factors from their membranes. While the role of SJ1's 5-phosphatase module in this process is well recognized, the contribution of its Sac phosphatase domain, whose preferred substrate is PI4P, remains unclear. Recently a homozygous mutation in its Sac domain was identified in early-onset parkinsonism patients. We show that mice carrying this mutation developed neurological manifestations similar to those of human patients. Synapses of these mice displayed endocytic defects and a striking accumulation of clathrin-coated intermediates, strongly implicating Sac domain's activity in endocytic protein dynamics. Mutant brains had elevated auxilin (PARK19) and parkin (PARK2) levels. Moreover, dystrophic axonal terminal changes were selectively observed in dopaminergic axons in the dorsal striatum. These results strengthen evidence for a link between synaptic endocytic dysfunction and Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|
48
|
Parkin Deficiency Reduces Hippocampal Glutamatergic Neurotransmission by Impairing AMPA Receptor Endocytosis. J Neurosci 2017; 36:12243-12258. [PMID: 27903732 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1473-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, lead to juvenile-onset Parkinson's disease by inducing the selective death of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Accumulating evidence indicates that Parkin also has an important role in excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission, although its precise mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we investigate Parkin's role at glutamatergic synapses of rat hippocampal neurons. We find that Parkin-deficient neurons exhibit significantly reduced AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated currents and cell-surface expression, and that these phenotypes result from decreased postsynaptic expression of the adaptor protein Homer1, which is necessary for coupling AMPAR endocytic zones with the postsynaptic density. Accordingly, Parkin loss of function leads to the reduced density of postsynaptic endocytic zones and to impaired AMPAR internalization. These findings demonstrate a novel and essential role for Parkin in glutamatergic neurotransmission, as a stabilizer of postsynaptic Homer1 and the Homer1-linked endocytic machinery necessary for maintaining normal cell-surface AMPAR levels. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mutations in Parkin, a ubiquitinating enzyme, lead to the selective loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and juvenile-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin loss of function has also been shown to alter hippocampal glutamatergic neurotransmission, providing a potential explanation for PD-associated cognitive impairment. However, very little is known about Parkin's specific sites or mechanisms of action at glutamatergic synapses. Here, we show that Parkin deficiency leads to decreased AMPA receptor-mediated activity due to disruption of the postsynaptic endocytic zones required for maintaining proper cell-surface AMPA receptor levels. These findings demonstrate a novel role for Parkin in synaptic AMPA receptor internalization and suggest a Parkin-dependent mechanism for hippocampal dysfunction that may explain cognitive deficits associated with some forms of PD.
Collapse
|
49
|
Vijayan V, Verstreken P. Autophagy in the presynaptic compartment in health and disease. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1895-1906. [PMID: 28515275 PMCID: PMC5496617 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vijayan and Verstreken review the process of autophagy in the synapse and the role of autophagy in maintaining neuronal function. Synapses are functionally distinct neuronal compartments that are critical for brain function, with synaptic dysfunction being an early pathological feature in aging and disease. Given the large number of proteins needed for synaptic function, the proliferation of defective proteins and the subsequent loss of protein homeostasis may be a leading cause of synaptic dysfunction. Autophagic mechanisms are cellular digestion processes that recycle cellular components and contribute to protein homeostasis. Autophagy is important within the nervous system, but its function in specific compartments such as the synapse has been unclear. Evidence from research on both autophagy and synaptic function suggests that there are links between the two and that synaptic homeostasis during aging requires autophagy to regulate protein homeostasis. Exciting new work on autophagy-modulating proteins that are enriched at the synapse has begun to link autophagy to synapses and synaptic dysfunction in disease. A better understanding of these links will help us harness the potential therapeutic benefits of autophagy in combating age-related disorders of the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinoy Vijayan
- Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke University Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium .,Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Katholieke University Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke University Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Katholieke University Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins by ubiquitination is an essential cellular regulatory process. Such regulation drives the cell cycle and cell division, signalling and secretory pathways, DNA replication and repair processes and protein quality control and degradation pathways. A huge range of ubiquitin signals can be generated depending on the specificity and catalytic activity of the enzymes required for attachment of ubiquitin to a given target. As a consequence of its importance to eukaryotic life, dysfunction in the ubiquitin system leads to many disease states, including cancers and neurodegeneration. This review takes a retrospective look at our progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern the specificity of ubiquitin conjugation.
Collapse
|