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Hansman D, Ma Y, Thomas D, Smith J, Casson R, Peet D. Metabolic reprogramming of the retinal pigment epithelium by cytokines associated with age-related macular degeneration. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231904. [PMID: 38567515 PMCID: PMC11043024 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex metabolic relationship between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors is essential for maintaining retinal health. Recent evidence indicates the RPE acts as an adjacent lactate sink, suppressing glycolysis in the epithelium in order to maximize glycolysis in the photoreceptors. Dysregulated metabolism within the RPE has been implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss. In the present study, we investigate the effects of four cytokines associated with AMD, TNFα, TGF-β2, IL-6, and IL-1β, as well as a cocktail containing all four cytokines, on RPE metabolism using ARPE-19 cells, primary human RPE cells, and ex vivo rat eyecups. Strikingly, we found cytokine-specific changes in numerous metabolic markers including lactate production, glucose consumption, extracellular acidification rate, and oxygen consumption rate accompanied by increases in total mitochondrial volume and ATP production. Together, all four cytokines could potently override the constitutive suppression of glycolysis in the RPE, through a mechanism independent of PI3K/AKT, MEK/ERK, or NF-κB. Finally, we observed changes in glycolytic gene expression with cytokine treatment, including in lactate dehydrogenase subunit and glucose transporter expression. Our findings provide new insights into the metabolic changes in the RPE under inflammatory conditions and highlight potential therapeutic targets for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Hansman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yuefang Ma
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel Thomas
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Justine R. Smith
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert J. Casson
- Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Peet
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Oganov AC, Seddon I, Zein M, Yazdanpanah G, Fonoudi H, Jabbehdari S. Composition of the gut microbiome, role of diet, lifestyle, and antioxidant therapies in diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024; 34:367-383. [PMID: 37150930 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231174490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem in the gastrointestinal tract composed of trillions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Disruption of this delicate ecosystem, formally called "dysbiosis", has been linked to a variety of metabolic and inflammatory pathologies. Several studies have focused on abnormal microbiome composition and correlated these findings with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, given the complexity of this ecosystem, the current studies are narrow in design and present variable findings. Composition of the gut microbiome in patients with DR significantly differs from patients with diabetes without retinopathy as well as from healthy controls. Additionally, the gut microbiome has been shown to modify effects of medication, diet, exercise, and antioxidant use on the development and progression of DR. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of literature on the effect of oxidative stress, antioxidant therapies, and dysbiosis on DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Oganov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ian Seddon
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Mike Zein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cook County Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hossein Fonoudi
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Sayena Jabbehdari
- Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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3
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Korhonen E. Inflammasome activation in response to aberrations of cellular homeostasis in epithelial cells from human cornea and retina. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102 Suppl 281:3-68. [PMID: 38386419 DOI: 10.1111/aos.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
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Inokaityte I, Gedvilaite G, Liutkeviciene R. Association of TAS2R16 gene (rs860170, rs978739, rs1357949) polymorphisms and TAS2R16 serum levels in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Genet 2024; 45:28-37. [PMID: 38111140 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2023.2291681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to determine the association of TAS2R16 (rs860170, rs978739, rs1357949) gene polymorphisms and TAS2R16 serum levels in patients with the occurrence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Subjects with early AMD, subjects with exudative AMD, and healthy controls participated in the study. DNA was isolated by salting out leukocytes from peripheral venous blood. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analysed by RT-PCR. TAS2R16 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the Abbexa Human Taste Receptor Type 2 Member 16 (TAS2R16) ELISA kit. Statistical data analysis was performed using "IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0" and SNPstats statistical data analysis programmes. RESULTS The TAS2R16 rs860170 TT genotype is statistically significantly less frequent in the exudative AMD group than in the control group, whereas the TAS2R16 rs860170 C allele gene is statistically significantly more frequent in the exudative AMD group. Each C allele of TAS2R16 rs860170 is associated with a 2.8-fold increased probability of occurrence of exudative AMD. The C allele of TAS2R16 rs860170 is statistically significantly more frequent in men and women with exudative AMD than in the control group. The C allele of TAS2R16 rs860170 is associated with a 2.8-fold increased odds of occurrence of exudative AMD in women and a 2.9-fold increased odds of occurrence of exudative AMD in men. In TAS2R16 (rs860170, rs978739, and rs1357949), the T-T-A haplotype is associated with a 2.6-fold decreased likelihood of developing early AMD and the T-T-A haplotype is associated with a 3.2-fold decreased likelihood of developing early AMD in women. For TAS2R16 (rs860170, rs978739, and rs1357949), carriers of the T-T-G and T-T-A haplotypes are associated with a 2.2- and 3.2-fold decreased probability of exudative AMD, respectively. Individuals with the C-C-A haplotype are 9.2-fold more likely to develop exudative AMD. Specifically, the C-C-A haplotype is associated with a 9.3-fold increased likelihood of exudative AMD in men. In contrast, women with the T-T-A haplotype are 5.6-fold less likely to develop exudative AMD. CONCLUSION TAS2R16 plays an important role in the development of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Inokaityte
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Greta Gedvilaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Finocchio L, Zeppieri M, Gabai A, Toneatto G, Spadea L, Salati C. Recent Developments in Gene Therapy for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3221. [PMID: 38137442 PMCID: PMC10740940 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifactorial disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly population. The anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has revolutionized the management and prognosis of neovascular AMD (nAMD) and is currently the standard of care for this disease. However, patients are required to receive repeated injections, imposing substantial social and economic burdens. The implementation of gene therapy methods to achieve sustained delivery of various therapeutic proteins holds the promise of a single treatment that could ameliorate the treatment challenges associated with chronic intravitreal therapy, and potentially improve visual outcomes. Several early-phase trials are currently underway, evaluating the safety and efficacy of gene therapy for nAMD; however, areas of controversy persist, including the therapeutic target, route of administration, and potential safety issues. In this review, we assess the evolution of gene therapy for nAMD and summarize several preclinical and early-stage clinical trials, exploring challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Finocchio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Gabai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Giacomo Toneatto
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Larsen PP, Féart C, Pais de Barros JP, Merle BMJ, Gayraud L, Delyfer MN, Korobelnik JF, Delcourt C. Association of Age-Related Macular Degeneration with a Blood Biomarker of Lipopolysaccharide, a Gut Bacterial Proinflammatory Toxin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:47. [PMID: 38032336 PMCID: PMC10691392 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress are major drivers of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent proinflammatory toxin originating from gut bacteria. We assessed the association of a blood biomarker of LPS exposure with incident AMD. Methods The Alienor Study is a prospective population-based study, including 963 residents of Bordeaux (France), aged 73 years or more at baseline. Esterified 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs) were measured from blood samples as a proxy of LPS burden. AMD was graded from color retinal photographs and spectral domain optical coherence tomography, performed every two years from 2006 to 2017. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations of between esterified 3-OH FAs, using 722 eyes at risk for incident early AMD and 981 eyes at risk for incident advanced AMD. Results Higher esterified 3-OH FAs were associated with incident early AMD after adjusting for age and gender (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.21 for 1 standard deviation [SD] increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.45; P = 0.04) but not with incident advanced AMD (HR = 1.03 for 1 SD increase; 95% CI, 0.73-1.45; P = 0.86). These associations remained stable after multivariate adjustment and imputation for missing covariates (early AMD HR = 1.22 for 1 SD increase; 95% CI, 1.01-1.46; P = 0.04; advanced AMD HR = 0.98 for 1 SD increase; 95% CI, 0.69-1.38; P = 0.91). Conclusions This study evidenced an association between higher esterified 3-OH FAs and incident early AMD, suggesting that exposure to LPS may be involved in the early pathophysiological processes of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laure Gayraud
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Delyfer
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Bordeaux, France
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Dörschmann P, Akkurt H, Kopplin G, Mikkelsen MD, Meyer AS, Roider J, Klettner A. Establishment of specific age-related macular degeneration relevant gene expression panels using porcine retinal pigment epithelium for assessing fucoidan bioactivity. Exp Eye Res 2023; 231:109469. [PMID: 37037364 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss in industrialized nations. Important factors in pathogenesis are oxidative stress, inflammation, and, in the wet form of AMD, angiogenesis. Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides from brown algae, may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic effects. In this study, we established specific gene expression panels for inflammation, oxidative stress and angiogenesis in porcine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and investigated the effect of fucoidans on gene expression under different noxious agents. METHODS Primary porcine RPE cells cultured for at least 14 days were used. Using viability assays with tetrazolium bromide and real-time polymerase chain reaction of marker genes, positive controls were established for appropriate concentrations and exposure times of selected noxious agents (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), H2O2, CoCl2). Three different AMD relevant gene panels specific for porcine RPE for inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis were established, and the influence of fucoidans (mainly Fucus vesiculosus; FV) on gene expression was investigated. RESULTS The following was shown by gene expression analyses: (1) Inflammation panel: Expression of 18 genes was affected under LPS (three days). Among them, LPS increased genes for interleukin 1 receptor 2, interleukin 8, cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 expression which were diminished when FV was present. (2) Oxidative stress panel: Under stimulation of H2O2 (one day) and LPS (one day), expression of a total of 15 genes was affected. LPS induced increase in genes for superoxide dismutase-1, C-X-C motif chemokine 10, and CC chemokine ligand-5 expression was not detected when FV was present. (3) Angiogenesis panel: Under stimulation with CoCl2 (three days) expression of six genes was affected, with the increase of genes for angiopoietin 2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, and follistatin being diminished when FV was present. CONCLUSION Three specific gene expression panels for porcine RPE that map genes for three of the major pathological factors of AMD, inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis, were established. Further, we demonstrated that fucoidans can reduce stress related gene activation in all of these three major pathogenic pathways. This study is another indication that fucoidans can act on different pathomechanisms of AMD simultaneously, which provides further evidence for fucoidans as a possible drug for treatment and prevention of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dörschmann
- Kiel University, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Hubeydullah Akkurt
- Kiel University, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Georg Kopplin
- Alginor ASA, Haraldsgata 162, 5525, Haugesund, Norway
| | | | - Anne S Meyer
- Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Johann Roider
- Kiel University, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Kiel University, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus B2, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Tailoring surface properties of liposomes for dexamethasone intraocular administration. J Control Release 2023; 354:323-336. [PMID: 36641118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diseases of the posterior eye segment are often characterized by intraocular inflammation, which causes, in the long term, severe impairment of eye functions and, ultimately, vision loss. Aimed at enhancing the delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the posterior eye segment upon intravitreal administration, we developed liposomes with an engineered surface to control their diffusivity in the vitreous and retina association. Hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC)/cholesterol liposomes were coated with (agmatinyl)6-maltotriosyl-acetamido-N-(octadec-9-en-1-yl)hexanamide (Agm6-M-Oleate), a synthetic non-peptidic cell penetration enhancer (CPE), and/or 5% of mPEG2kDa-DSPE. The zeta potential of liposomes increased, and the mobility in bovine vitreous and colloidal stability decreased with the Agm6-M-Oleate coating concentration. Oppositely, mPEG2kDa-DSPE decreased the zeta potential of liposomes and restored both the diffusivity and the stability in vitreous. Liposomes with 5 mol% Agm6-M-Oleate coating were well tolerated by ARPE-19 retina cells either with or without mPEG2kDa-DSPE, while 10 mol% Agm6-M-Oleate showed cytotoxicity. Agm6-M-Oleate promoted the association of liposomes to ARPE-19 cells with respect to plain liposomes, while mPEG2kDa-DSPE slightly reduced the cell interaction. Dexamethasone hemisuccinate (DH) was remotely loaded into liposomes with a loading capacity of ∼10 wt/wt%. Interestingly, mPEG2kDa-DSPE coating reduced the rate of DH release and enhanced the disposition of Agm6-M-Oleate coated liposomes in the ARPE-19 cell cytosol resulting in a more efficient anti-inflammatory effect. Finally, mPEG2kDa-DSPE enhanced the association of DH-loaded Agm6-M-Oleate coated liposomes to explanted rat retina, which reflected in higher viability of inner and outer nuclear layer cells.
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9
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Lipopolysaccharide enhances HSV-1 replication and inflammatory factor release in the ARPE-19 cells. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Targeting Phospholipase D Pharmacologically Prevents Phagocytic Function Loss of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Exposed to High Glucose Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911823. [PMID: 36233124 PMCID: PMC9570224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously described the participation of canonical phospholipase D isoforms (PLD1 and PLD2) in the inflammatory response of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells exposed to high glucose concentrations (HG). Here, we studied the role of the PLD pathway in RPE phagocytic function. For this purpose, ARPE-19 cells were exposed to HG (33 mM) or to normal glucose concentration (NG, 5.5 mM) and phagocytosis was measured using pHrodo™ green bioparticles® or photoreceptor outer segments (POS). HG exposure for 48 and 72 h reduced phagocytic function of ARPE-19 cells, and this loss of function was prevented when cells were treated with 5 μM of PLD1 (VU0359595 or PLD1i) or PLD2 (VU0285655-1 or PLD2i) selective inhibitors. Furthermore, PLD1i and PLD2i did not affect RPE phagocytosis under physiological conditions and prevented oxidative stress induced by HG. In addition, we demonstrated PLD1 and PLD2 expression in ABC cells, a novel human RPE cell line. Under physiological conditions, PLD1i and PLD2i did not affect ABC cell viability, and partial silencing of both PLDs did not affect ABC cell POS phagocytosis. In conclusion, PLD1i and PLD2i prevent the loss of phagocytic function of RPE cells exposed to HG without affecting RPE function or viability under non-inflammatory conditions.
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Collagen Mimetic Peptides Promote Adherence and Migration of ARPE-19 Cells While Reducing Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137004. [PMID: 35806007 PMCID: PMC9266392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells of multiple types produce and interact with the extracellular matrix to maintain structural integrity and promote healthy function within diverse endogenous tissues. Collagen is a critical component of the matrix, and challenges to collagen’s stability in aging, disease, and injury influence survival of adherent epithelial cells. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is important for maintaining proper function of the light-sensitive photoreceptors in the neural retina, in part through synergy with the collagen-rich Bruch’s membrane that promotes RPE adherence. Degradation of Bruch’s is associated with RPE degeneration, which is implicated early in age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. Collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs) effectively repair damage to collagen helices, which are present in all collagens. Our previous work indicates that in doing so, CMPs promote survival and integrity of affected cells and tissues in models of ocular injury and disease, including wounding of corneal epithelial cells. Here, we show that CMPs increase adherence and migration of the ARPE-19 line of human RPE cells challenged by digestion of their collagen substrate. Application of CMPs also reduced both ARPE-19 secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins 6 and 8) and production of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, these results suggest that repairing collagen damaged by aging or other pathogenic processes in the posterior eye could improve RPE adherence and survival and, in doing so, reduce the inflammatory and oxidative stress that perpetuates the cycle of destruction at the root of age-related diseases of the outer retina.
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Fingerhut L, Yücel L, Strutzberg-Minder K, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Ohnesorge B, de Buhr N. Ex Vivo and In Vitro Analysis Identify a Detrimental Impact of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps on Eye Structures in Equine Recurrent Uveitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830871. [PMID: 35251020 PMCID: PMC8896353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a common ocular disease of horses and described as a model for human autoimmune uveitis. This immune-mediated, inflammatory condition progressively destroys the eye, ultimately leading to blindness. Genetic and autoimmune factors, next to infections with Leptospira, are discussed as key factors in the pathogenesis. Furthermore, a release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by activated neutrophils is involved. NETs are composed of decondensed chromatin and proteins that can immobilize invading pathogens. However, if NETs accumulate, they can contribute to detrimental autoimmune processes. Thus, we aimed to investigate the impact of NETs in ERU patients. Therefore, we quantified several NET-markers (cell-free DNA, nucleosomes, citrullinated histone H3, histone-myeloperoxidase complexes, interleukin-17, equine cathelicidin 1 and DNase I activity) and NET-autoantibodies in sera and vitreous body fluids (VBF) of ERU-diseased horses and correlated the data with the disease status (signalment, ERU scores and Leptospira infection status). NET markers were detected to varying degrees in VBF of diseased horses, and partially correlated to disease severity and the presence of Leptospira spp. Cell-free DNA and nucleosomes as NET markers correlate with ERU severity in total and VBF scores, despite the presence of active DNases. Additionally, a significant correlation between fundus affection in the eye and NET autoantibodies was detectable. Therefore, we further investigated the influence of VBF samples from equine patients and isolated NETs on the blood-retina barrier in a cell culture model. VBF of diseased horses significantly induced cytotoxicity in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Moreover, partially digested NETs also resulted in cytotoxic effects. In the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the main component of the leptospiral surface, both undigested and completely digested NETs were cytotoxic. Correlations between the ERU-scores and Leptospira were also calculated. Detection of leptospiral DNA, and antibody titers of the serovar Grippotyphosa correlated with disease severity. In addition, a correlation between Leptospira and several NET markers was observed in VBF. Altogether, our findings suggest a positive correlation between NET markers with disease severity and involvement of Leptospira in the VBF of ERU-diseased horses, as well as a cytotoxic effect of NETs in eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Fingerhut
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leyla Yücel
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ohnesorge
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Moreira Castro BF, Nunes da Silva C, Barbosa Cordeiro LP, Pereira de Freitas Cenachi S, Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Machado RR, Dias Heneine LG, Silva LM, Silva-Cunha A, Fialho SL. Low-dose melittin is safe for intravitreal administration and ameliorates inflammation in an experimental model of uveitis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100107. [PMID: 35647524 PMCID: PMC9130091 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveitis is a group of sight-threatening ocular inflammatory disorders, whose mainstay of therapy is associated with severe adverse events, prompting the investigation of alternative treatments. The peptide melittin (MEL) is the major component of Apis mellifera bee venom and presents anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic activities, with possible application in ophthalmology. This work aims to investigate the potential of intravitreal MEL in the treatment of ocular diseases involving inflammatory processes, especially uveitis. Safety of MEL was assessed in retinal cells, chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes, and rats. MEL at concentrations safe for intravitreal administration showed an antiangiogenic activity in the chorioallantoic membrane model comparable to bevacizumab, used as positive control. A protective anti-inflammatory effect in retinal cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was also observed, without toxic effects. Finally, rats with bacille Calmette-Guerin- (BCG) induced uveitis treated with intravitreal MEL showed attenuated disease progression and improvement of clinical, morphological, and functional parameters, in addition to decreased levels of proinflammatory mediators in the posterior segment of the eye. These effects were comparable to the response observed with corticosteroid treatment. Therefore, MEL presents adequate safety profile for intraocular administration and has therapeutic potential as an anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic agent for ocular diseases. Melittin at low concentration is safe for intravitreal administration. The antiangiogenic effect of melittin on the chorioallantoic membrane model is comparable to bevacizumab. Melittin protects retinal cells from inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide. Melittin improves clinical, functional and morphological signs of inflammation in rats with BCG-induced uveitis.
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14
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Intravenous route to choroidal neovascularization by macrophage-disguised nanocarriers for mTOR modulation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2506-2521. [PMID: 35646523 PMCID: PMC9136612 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) is primarily impaired in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), leading to progressive loss of photoreceptors and sometimes choroidal neovascularization (CNV). mTOR has been proposed as a promising therapeutic target, while the usage of its specific inhibitor, rapamycin, was greatly limited. To mediate the mTOR pathway in the retina by a noninvasive approach, we developed novel biomimetic nanocomplexes where rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles were coated with cell membrane derived from macrophages (termed as MRaNPs). Taking advantage of the macrophage-inherited property, intravenous injection of MRaNPs exhibited significantly enhanced accumulation in the CNV lesions, thereby increasing the local concentration of rapamycin. Consequently, MRaNPs effectively downregulated the mTOR pathway and attenuate angiogenesis in the eye. Particularly, MRaNPs also efficiently activated autophagy in the RPE, which was acknowledged to rescue RPE in response to deleterious stimuli. Overall, we design and prepare macrophage-disguised rapamycin nanocarriers and demonstrate the therapeutic advantages of employing biomimetic cell membrane materials for treatment of AMD.
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15
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Qin X, Zou H. The role of lipopolysaccharides in diabetic retinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:86. [PMID: 35193549 PMCID: PMC8862382 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of DM and the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population of the Western world. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is an essential ingredient of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, which induces systemic inflammatory responses and cellular apoptotic changes in the host. High-level serum LPS has been found in diabetic patients at the advanced stages, which is mainly due to gut leakage and dysbiosis. In this light, increasing evidence points to a strong correlation between systemic LPS challenge and the progression of DR. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet, LPS-related pathobiological events in the retina may contribute to the exacerbation of vasculopathy and neurodegeneration in DR. In this review, we focus on the involvement of LPS in the progression of DR, with emphasis on the blood-retina barrier dysfunction and dysregulated glial activation. Eventually, we summarize the recent advances in the therapeutic strategies for antagonising LPS activity, which may be introduced to DR treatment with promising clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Bermúdez V, Tenconi PE, Giusto NM, Mateos MV. Canonical phospholipase D isoforms in visual function and ocular response to stress. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Toledo CR, Paiva MRB, Castro BFM, Pereira VV, Cenachi SPDF, Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Fialho SL, Silva-Cunha A. Intravitreal lupeol: A new potential therapeutic strategy for noninfectious uveitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112145. [PMID: 34507119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpene with known anti-inflammatory effects. However, its role in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis has not been explored. This work investigated anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol in ocular tissues with in vitro and in vivo models. First, we evaluated the effect of lupeol (100 µM) on inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19) by measuring levels of released interleukins (IL-6 and IL-8). Then, we investigated the anti-inflammatory action of intravitreal lupeol in a rodent model of panuveitis induced by Mycobacterium bovis Calmette-Guérin Bacillus (BCG). Rats were submitted to electroretinography and clinical analyses on days 3, 7, and 15 after uveitis induction. In addition, histopathological analysis, and indirect quantification of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) in the posterior segment were performed. Treatment with lupeol (100 µM) significantly decreased IL-6 and IL-8 levels in comparison to untreated LPS-activated ARPE-19 cells. This reduction was similar to that detected in ARPE-19 cells treated with dexamethasone. The results of the in vivo assay demonstrated that intravitreal lupeol is able to modulate inflammation in the anterior and posterior segment of the rat eyes, indicating that it should be further investigated as a novel potential candidate for management of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Rodrigues Toledo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Brenda Fernanda Moreira Castro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Viana Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Sarah Pereira de Freitas Cenachi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Vítor Vasconcelos-Santos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Sílvia Ligório Fialho
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Armando Silva-Cunha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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18
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Liukkonen MPK, Paterno JJ, Kivinen N, Siintamo L, Koskela AKJ, Kaarniranta K. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related serum markers ET-1, IL-8 and TGF-β2 are elevated in a Finnish wet age-related macular degeneration cohort. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 100:e1153-e1162. [PMID: 34699684 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been hypothesized that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may occur in the retinal pigment epithelium of advanced stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Various serum and plasma growth factors and inflammatory mediators have been linked to AMD. We were interested in finding out whether systemic levels of EMT-associated markers were altered in the serum of wet AMD patients. Serum biomarkers associated with the various pathological processes of AMD may present an avenue towards identifying and characterizing the birth mechanisms of wet AMD, its progression and severity, paving the way towards the application of precision medicine. METHODS We chose to measure the serum levels of known biomarkers of EMT - EGF (epidermal growth factor), ET-1 (endothelin 1), IL-8 (interleukin 8), TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 (transforming growth factor-beta 1 and 2) and VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A) - using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We measured them from 71 Finnish wet AMD patients who were receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF-A injection treatments, as well as 64 age-adjusted controls. RESULTS We found significantly elevated levels of ET-1, IL-8 and TGF-β2 in the serums of wet AMD patients. CONCLUSIONS ET-1, IL-8 and TGF-β2 appear to be useful serum biomarkers in understanding active wet AMD. However, we cannot conclude that local retinal EMT-processes could be observed from the corresponding systemic serum biomarkers in patients undergoing anti-VEGF-A treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko P. K. Liukkonen
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Jussi J. Paterno
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Niko Kivinen
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Leea Siintamo
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Ali K. J. Koskela
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
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19
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Hytti M, Korhonen E, Hongisto H, Kaarniranta K, Skottman H, Kauppinen A. Differential Expression of Inflammasome-Related Genes in Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with or without History of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136800. [PMID: 34202702 PMCID: PMC8268331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key underlying factor of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and inflammasome activation has been linked to disease development. Induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells (iPSC-RPE) are an attractive novel model system that can help to further elucidate disease pathways of this complex disease. Here, we analyzed the effect of dysfunctional protein clearance on inflammation and inflammasome activation in iPSC-RPE cells generated from a patient suffering from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and an age-matched control. We primed iPSC-RPE cells with IL-1α and then inhibited both proteasomal degradation and autophagic clearance using MG-132 and bafilomycin A1, respectively, causing inflammasome activation. Subsequently, we determined cell viability, analyzed the expression levels of inflammasome-related genes using a PCR array, and measured the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secreted into the medium. Cell treatments modified the expression of 48 inflammasome-related genes and increased the secretion of mature IL-1β, while reducing the levels of IL-6 and MCP-1. Interestingly, iPSC-RPE from an AMD donor secreted more IL-1β and expressed more Hsp90 prior to the inhibition of protein clearance, while MCP-1 and IL-6 were reduced at both protein and mRNA levels. Overall, our results suggest that cellular clearance mechanisms might already be dysfunctional, and the inflammasome activated, in cells with a disease origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hytti
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (A.K.); Tel.: +358-50-362-3058 (M.H.); +358-40-355-3216 (A.K.)
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hongisto
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (H.H.); (H.S.)
- Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (H.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (A.K.); Tel.: +358-50-362-3058 (M.H.); +358-40-355-3216 (A.K.)
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20
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Zhang Y, Yu Y, Li G, Zhang X, Wu Z, Lin L. Epithelium-Penetrable Nanoplatform with Enhanced Antibiotic Internalization for Management of Bacterial Keratitis. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2020-2032. [PMID: 33880923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A standardized regimen for addressing the adverse effects of bacterial keratitis on vision remains an intractable challenge due to poor epithelial penetration and a short corneal retention time. In this study, a new strategy is proposed to implement the direct transport of antibiotics to bacteria-infected corneas via topical administration of an epithelium-penetrable biodriven nanoplatform, thereby enabling the efficacious treatment of bacterial keratitis. The nanoplatforms were composed of amphiphilic glycopolymers containing boron dipyrromethene and boronic acid moieties with stable fluorescence characteristics and the ability to potentiate epithelial penetration deep into the cornea. The boronic acid-derived nanoplatforms enabled efficient cellular internalization through the high affinity of boric acid groups for the diol-containing bacterial cell wall, resulting in enhanced drug penetration and retention inside the pathogenic bacteria. The bacterial cells formed agglomerations after incorporating the nanoplatforms along with a special mechanism to release the encapsulated cargo in response to in situ bacteria. Compared with the drug alone, this smart system achieved enhanced bacterial mortality and attenuated inflammation associated with Staphylococcus aureus-induced keratitis in rats, demonstrating a paradigm for targeted ocular drug delivery and an alternative strategy for managing bacterial keratitis or other bacterial infections by heightening corneal permeability and transcorneal bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, School of Precision Instruments & Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detection Techniques & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yunjian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, School of Precision Instruments & Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detection Techniques & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhongming Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, School of Precision Instruments & Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detection Techniques & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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21
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Layús BI, Gomez MA, Cazorla SI, Rodriguez AV. Drops of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL 759 culture supernatant attenuates eyes inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide. Benef Microbes 2021; 12:163-174. [PMID: 33769229 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory effect of soluble secreted compounds of probiotic bacteria was widely demonstrated as therapy for different inflammatory diseases, but was not investigated in inflammatory eye disorders. The aim of this study was to determine whether Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL759 cell-free supernatant reduced inflammatory parameters and clinical signs in ocular inflammations. First, we evaluated the effect of L. plantarum CRL759 supernatant in vitro on human retinal cell line, ARPE-19 cells, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Then, we investigated in vivo its capacity to decrease inflammation by local administration on the eyes of mice with endotoxin induced inflammation. In vitro assays demonstrated that L. plantarum CRL759 supernatant reduced the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, nitric oxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in LPS-stimulated ARPE-19 cells. Our in vivo data proved that L. plantarum supernatant significantly reduced the clinical score of endotoxin treated mice and diminished levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma and protein concentration in aqueous humour. Histological examination showed reduction of infiltrating inflammatory cells in the posterior segment of the eyes. As far as we know, this is the first report showing that Lactobacillus spp. supernatant administered as drops reduces some parameters of ocular inflammation. This promising strategy is safe and could alleviate symptoms and signs of ocular inflammation in people that are refractories to the conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Layús
- CONICET, CERELA, Batalla de Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M A Gomez
- Hospital Ángel C. Padilla, Juan Bautista Alberdi 550, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - S I Cazorla
- CONICET, CERELA, Batalla de Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - A V Rodriguez
- CONICET, Cell Signaling Laboratory, Batalla de Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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22
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Do JY, Kim J, Kim MJ, Lee JY, Park SY, Yanai R, Lee IK, Park S, Park DH. Fursultiamine Alleviates Choroidal Neovascularization by Suppressing Inflammation and Metabolic Reprogramming. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:24. [PMID: 33107903 PMCID: PMC7594589 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the therapeutic effects of fursultiamine on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) through its modulation of inflammation and metabolic reprogramming in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Methods The anti-angiogenic effects of fursultiamine were assessed by measuring vascular leakage and CNV lesion size in the laser-induced CNV mouse model. Inflammatory responses were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and ELISA in both CNV eye tissues and in vitro cell cultures using ARPE-19 cells or primary human RPE (hRPE) cells under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment or hypoxia. Mitochondrial respiration was assessed by measuring oxygen consumption in ARPE-19 cells treated with LPS with or without fursultiamine, and lactate production was measured in ARPE-19 cells subjected to hypoxia with or without fursultiamine. Results In laser-induced CNV, fursultiamine significantly decreased vascular leakage and lesion size, as well as the numbers of both choroidal and retinal inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. In LPS-treated ARPE-19 cells, fursultiamine decreased proinflammatory cytokine secretion and nuclear factor kappa B phosphorylation. Furthermore, fursultiamine suppressed LPS-induced upregulation of IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner in primary hRPE cells. Interestingly, fursultiamine significantly enhanced mitochondrial respiration in the LPS-treated ARPE-19 cells. Additionally, fursultiamine attenuated hypoxia-induced aberrations, including lactate production and inhibitory phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, fursultiamine attenuated hypoxia-induced VEGF secretion and mitochondrial fission in primary hRPE cells that were replicated in ARPE-19 cells. Conclusions Our findings show that fursultiamine is a viable putative therapeutic for neovascular age-related macular degeneration by modulating the inflammatory response and metabolic reprogramming by enhancing mitochondrial respiration in the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Do
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Kim
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Kim
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yi Lee
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,R&D Center, JD Bioscience, Inc., Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryoji Yanai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmi Park
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Park
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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23
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Tan W, Zou J, Yoshida S, Jiang B, Zhou Y. The Role of Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2989-3001. [PMID: 33061811 PMCID: PMC7545698 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.49890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a blinding eye disease which incidence gradually increases with age. Inflammation participates in AMD pathogenesis, including choroidal neovascularization and geographic atrophy. It is also a kind of self-protective regulation from injury for the eyes. In this review, we described inflammation in AMD pathogenesis, summarized the roles played by inflammation-related cytokines, including pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as leukocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes) in the innate or adaptive immunity in AMD. Possible clinical applications such as potential diagnostic biomarkers and anti-inflammatory therapies were also discussed. This review overviews the inflammation as a target of novel effective therapies in treating AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jingling Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shigeo Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yedi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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24
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Dietrich L, Lucius R, Roider J, Klettner A. Interaction of inflammatorily activated retinal pigment epithelium with retinal microglia and neuronal cells. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108167. [PMID: 32735798 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In age-related macular degeneration, inflammatory events are presumed to contribute to disease development. A primary suspect of this contribution is the microglia, the innate immune cell of the retina. In addition, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells can be inflammatorily activated. In this study, we investigate the effect of activated RPE cells on retinal microglia and on neuronal cells. RPE cells and microglia were harvested from porcine eyes. In addition, a neuronal cell line (SHSY-5Y) of human origin was used. For inflammatory activation, agonists of toll-like receptors in different concentrations were used: Pam2CSK4 (Pam; TLR-2), Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C; TLR-3) and lipopolysaccharid (LPS; TLR-4). Cell viability was investigated with an MTT assay. The secretion of cytokines was assessed in an ELISA and their expression in real-time PCR. There was no effect of the agonists on cell viability in RPE cells. All agonists induced the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 in RPE cells with the strongest effect induced by LPS. In microglia, pro-inflammatory stimulation increased the metabolic activity. All agonists induced the secretion of IL-1ß, IL-8, and TNFα in microglia cells while in real-time PCR, LPS and Pam induced the expression of IL-6, IL-1ß and iNOS. Direct stimulation of SHSY-5Y with the agonists induced only minor alterations of viability. Stimulated RPE cell supernatant reduced the secretion of TNFα and IL-8 irrespective of the inducing agent in microglia cells. Additionally a slight induction of IL-1ß was found in microglia treated with supernatant of RPE cells treated with Pam. In real time PCR, the supernatant of RPE cells stimulated with LPS significantly reduced the expression of iNOS and IL-6, but not of IL-1ß. Of note, the expression of iNOS was also reduced by naive RPE cells. The treatment of the SHSY-5Y with supernatant of microglia previously treated with RPE conditioned medium significantly decreased SHSY-5Y viability with and without pro-inflammatory treatment. In conclusion, inflammatory activated RPE cells have a regulatory effect on the pro-inflammatory activation of microglia, stressing the importance of the interaction between these two retinal cell types. Microglia treated with RPE supernatant reduced viability of a neuronal cell line, indicating a neurotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Dietrich
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- University of Kiel, Anatomical Institute, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johann Roider
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany.
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25
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Ramsay E, Raviña M, Sarkhel S, Hehir S, Cameron NR, Ilmarinen T, Skottman H, Kjems J, Urtti A, Ruponen M, Subrizi A. Avoiding the Pitfalls of siRNA Delivery to the Retinal Pigment Epithelium with Physiologically Relevant Cell Models. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070667. [PMID: 32708811 PMCID: PMC7407886 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of several age-related ocular diseases, such as macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. The delivery of anti-inflammatory siRNA to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may become a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of inflammation, if the efficient delivery of siRNA to target cells is accomplished. Unfortunately, so far, the siRNA delivery system selection performed in dividing RPE cells in vitro has been a poor predictor of the in vivo efficacy. Our study evaluates the silencing efficiency of polyplexes, lipoplexes, and lipidoid-siRNA complexes in dividing RPE cells as well as in physiologically relevant RPE cell models. We find that RPE cell differentiation alters their endocytic activity and causes a decrease in the uptake of siRNA complexes. In addition, we determine that melanosomal sequestration is another significant and previously unexplored barrier to gene silencing in pigmented cells. In summary, this study highlights the importance of choosing a physiologically relevant RPE cell model for the selection of siRNA delivery systems. Such cell models are expected to enable the identification of carriers with a high probability of success in vivo, and thus propel the development of siRNA therapeutics for ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramsay
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Manuela Raviña
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Sanjay Sarkhel
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Sarah Hehir
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Technology Sligo, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland;
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tanja Ilmarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, BioMediTech, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (T.I.); (H.S.)
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, BioMediTech, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (T.I.); (H.S.)
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (A.U.)
- Laboratory of Biohybrid Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 Peterhoff, Russia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Astrid Subrizi
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-40-016-3407
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26
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Liu J, Liu D. Sirtuin 6 protects human retinal pigment epithelium cells from LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis partly by regulating autophagy. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2062-2068. [PMID: 32619399 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1788377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced retinal inflammation is an important factor in retinal diseases. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Sirt6 on LPS-induced retinal injury. ARPE-19 cells were incubated with LPS to induce inflammation. The cell viability was determined using CCK-8 assay. The mRNA level and protein expression of corresponding genes was detected using qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. The production of inflammatory cytokines was measured using ELISA kit. The levels of oxidative stress-related factors were measured using their detection kits. Cell apoptosis was observed using TUNEL assay. The results showed that Sirt6 was downregulated after LPS treatment. Sirt6 strengthened LPS-induced autophagy by promoting the expression of LC3II/I, beclin1 and ATG5. Sirt6 treatment significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammation, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, which was then partly abolished by 3 MA. These results suggest Sirt6 to be an important regulator for LPS-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis partly by regulating cell autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinzhou He Eye Specialist Hospital , Jinzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University , Jinzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University , Jinzhou, P.R. China
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27
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Kim YK, Chae SC, Yang HJ, An DE, Lee S, Yeo MG, Lee KJ. Cereblon Deletion Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Proinflammatory Cytokines through 5'-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase/Heme Oxygenase-1 Activation in ARPE-19 Cells. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e26. [PMID: 32655974 PMCID: PMC7327155 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN), a negative modulator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), is highly expressed in the retina. We confirmed the expression of CRBN in ARPE-19 human retinal cells by Western blotting. We also demonstrated that CRBN knock-down (KD) could effectively downregulate IL-6 and MCP-1 protein and gene expression in LPS-stimulated ARPE-19 cells. Additionally, CRBN KD increased the phosphorylation of AMPK/acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in ARPE-19 cells. Furthermore, CRBN KD significantly reduced LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and activation of NF-κB promoter activity. However, these processes could be inactivated by compound C (inhibitor of AMPK) and zinc protoporphyrin-1 (ZnPP-1; inhibitor of HO-1). In conclusion, compound C and ZnPP-1 can rescue LPS-induced levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and MCP-1) in CRBN KD ARPE-19 cells. Our data demonstrate that CRBN deficiency negatively regulates proinflammatory cytokines via the activation of AMPK/HO-1 in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyu Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Soo Chul Chae
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Nambu University, Gwangju 62271, Korea.,Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Hun Ji Yang
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Da Eun An
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Sion Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Myeong Gu Yeo
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Nambu University, Gwangju 62271, Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.,Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Baba T, Miyazaki D, Inata K, Uotani R, Miyake H, Sasaki SI, Shimizu Y, Inoue Y, Nakamura K. Role of IL-4 in bone marrow driven dysregulated angiogenesis and age-related macular degeneration. eLife 2020; 9:54257. [PMID: 32366355 PMCID: PMC7200155 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated sterile inflammation can cause dysregulated choroidal neovascularization (CNV) as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Intraocular fluid screening of 234 AMD patients identified high levels of IL-4. The purpose of this study was to determine the functional role of IL-4 in CNV formation using murine CNV model. Our results indicate that the IL-4/IL-4 receptors (IL4Rs) controlled tube formation and global proangiogenic responses of bone marrow cells. CCR2+ bone marrow cells were recruited to form very early CNV lesions. IL-4 rapidly induces CCL2, which enhances recruitment of CCR2+ bone marrow cells. This in vivo communication, like quorum-sensing, was followed by the induction of IL-4 by the bone marrow cells during the formation of mature CNVs. For CNV development, IL-4 in bone marrow cells are critically required, and IL-4 directly promotes CNV formation mainly by IL-4R. The IL-4/IL-4Rα axis contributes to pathological angiogenesis through communications with bone marrow cells leading to retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Baba
- Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Dai Miyazaki
- Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kodai Inata
- Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Ryu Uotani
- Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Hitomi Miyake
- Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sasaki
- Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yumiko Shimizu
- Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Inoue
- Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Nakamura
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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29
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Song J, Han D, Lee H, Kim DJ, Cho JY, Park JH, Seok SH. A Comprehensive Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Reveals Multiple Pathway Alterations in Response to the Inflammatory Stimuli. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093037. [PMID: 32344885 PMCID: PMC7246457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming and persistent inflammation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) induces destructive changes in the retinal environment. However, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate RPE-specific biological and metabolic responses against intense inflammation and identify the molecular characteristics determining pathological progression. We performed quantitative analyses of the proteome and phosphoproteome of the human-derived RPE cell line ARPE-19 after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 45 min or 24 h using the latest isobaric tandem-mass tags (TMTs) labeling approach. This approach led to the identification of 8984 proteins, of which 261 showed a 1.5-fold change in abundance after 24 h of treatment with LPS. A parallel phosphoproteome analysis identified 20,632 unique phosphopeptides from 3207 phosphoproteins with 3103 phosphorylation sites. Integrated proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses showed significant downregulation of proteins related to mitochondrial respiration and cell cycle checkpoint, while proteins related to lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, cell-matrix adhesion, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were upregulated after LPS stimulation. Further, phosphorylation events in multiple pathways, including MAPKK and Wnt/β-catenin signalings, were identified as involved in LPS-triggered pathobiology. In essence, our findings reveal multiple integrated signals exerted by RPE under inflammation and are expected to give insight into the development of therapeutic interventions for RPE disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Heonyi Lee
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Da Jung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.J.K.); (J.-Y.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.J.K.); (J.-Y.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (S.H.S.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1256 (J.-H.P.); +82-2-740-8302 (S.H.S.); Fax: +82-2-763-5206 (S.H.S.)
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (S.H.S.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1256 (J.-H.P.); +82-2-740-8302 (S.H.S.); Fax: +82-2-763-5206 (S.H.S.)
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30
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Mesquida M, Drawnel F, Lait PJ, Copland DA, Stimpson ML, Llorenç V, Sainz de la Maza M, Adan A, Widmer G, Strassburger P, Fauser S, Dick AD, Lee RWJ, Molins B. Modelling Macular Edema: The Effect of IL-6 and IL-6R Blockade on Human Blood-Retinal Barrier Integrity In Vitro. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:32. [PMID: 31667008 PMCID: PMC6819001 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.5.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Macular edema (ME) is a leading cause of visual loss in a range of retinal diseases and despite the use of antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, its successful treatment remains a major clinical challenge. Based on the indirect clinical evidence that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key additional candidate mediator of ME, we interrogated the effect of IL-6 on blood–retinal barrier (BRB) integrity in vitro. Methods Human retinal pigment epithelial cell (ARPE-19) and human retinal microvascular endothelial cell (HRMEC) monolayers were used to mimic the outer and inner BRB, respectively. Their paracellular permeability was assessed by measuring the passive permeation of 40 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran across confluent cells in the presence of IL-6. Transendothelial/epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) then was measured and the distribution of the tight junction protein ZO-1 was assessed by immunofluorescence using confocal microscopy. Results Treatment with IL-6 for 48 hours significantly increased the diffusion rate of FITC-dextran, decreased TEER, and disrupted the distribution of ZO-1 in ARPE-19 cells, which constitutively express the IL-6 transmembrane receptor, and this was reversed with IL-6R blockade. In contrast, IL-6 did not affect the paracellular permeability, TEER, or ZO-1 distribution in HRMECs. Conclusions These in vitro data support the hypothesis that IL-6 reversibly disrupts the integrity of ARPE-19 cells, but it does not affect HRMECs. Translational Relevance IL-6 is a candidate therapeutic target in the treatment of outer BRB driven ME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mesquida
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain.,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innocation Centre Basel, Switzerland
| | - Faye Drawnel
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innocation Centre Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippa J Lait
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David A Copland
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Madeleine L Stimpson
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Victor Llorenç
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maite Sainz de la Maza
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Adan
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriella Widmer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innocation Centre Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Strassburger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innocation Centre Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innocation Centre Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D Dick
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Richard W J Lee
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Blanca Molins
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Wu Q, Liu B, Yuan L, Peng Q, Cheng L, Zhong P, Yang X, Yu H. Dysregulations of follicular helper T cells through IL-21 pathway in age-related macular degeneration. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:243-250. [PMID: 31394381 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of vision loss in the aged population. Aging and inflammation are thought to promote AMD pathogenesis in people with genetic predisposition. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play critical roles in inflammatory responses. Here, we investigated circulating Tfh cells in AMD patients. Circulating Tfh cells were defined as CXCR5+ CD4 T cells. Data showed that patients with the wet-type AMD presented significantly higher levels of Tfh cells than non-AMD controls. Interestingly, the Tfh cells from dry and wet AMD patients also presented significantly higher ICOS and PD-1 expression, together with higher IL-17 and IL-21 expression directly ex vivo and following PMA/ionomycin stimulation. The expression of IFNg and IL-10, on the other hand, was not different between Tfh cells from AMD patients and their counterparts in non-AMD controls. Functional analysis revealed that Tfh cells from AMD patients were better at inducing the production of IgG and IgA, and this effect was in an IL-21-dependent manner. Together, we demonstrated that the circulating Tfh cell responses were dysregulated in AMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaowei Wu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoyi Liu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Qingsheng Peng
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Shantou University medical college, Shantou, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Pingting Zhong
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Shantou University medical college, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Honghua Yu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China.
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32
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Bermúdez V, Tenconi PE, Giusto NM, Mateos MV. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Autophagy Mediates Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells Survival. Modulation by the Phospholipase D Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:154. [PMID: 31327962 PMCID: PMC6497095 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are common factors involved in the pathogenesis of retinal diseases, such as aged-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Autophagy is a catabolic process essential to cell survival in response to stress. This process is highly active in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Our previous findings demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces an inflammatory response of RPE cells that implies classical phospholipases D (PLD1 and 2) activation, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and reduced cell viability. In this work, we studied the autophagic process and its modulation by the PLD pathway in D407 and ARPE-19 RPE cells exposed to LPS. LPS (10 μg/ml or 25 μg/ml) exposure for 24 h increased light chain 3B-II (LC3B-II) content (an autophagy marker) and LC3B-positive punctate structures in both RPE cell lines studied. Next, the drug bafilomycin A1 (BAF, 50 nM) was used to block the autophagic flux. In cells pre-incubated with BAF, LC3B-II and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) levels and autophagosome-like structures were increased by LPS, demonstrating that the inflammatory injury increases the autophagic process in RPE cells. To study the role of the PLD pathway, cells were pre-incubated for 1 h with selective PLD1 (VU0359595) or PLD2 (VU0285655-1) inhibitors prior to LPS addition. Under control condition, LC3B-positive punctate structures were increased in cells pre-incubated with PLD2 inhibitor while with PLD1 inhibitor were increased in cells exposed to LPS. MTT reduction assays showed that early autophagy inhibitors, 3-methyladenin (3-MA) or LY294002, enhanced the loss in cell viability induced by LPS exposure for 48 h. On the contrary, the inhibition of PLD1 and PLD2 prevented the loss in cell viability induced by LPS. In conclusion, our results show that even though LPS treatment promotes an inflammatory response in RPE cells, it also triggers the activation of the autophagic process which in turn may serve as a protective mechanism for the cells. In addition, we demonstrate that the PLD pathway modulates the autophagic process in RPE cells. Our findings contribute to the knowledge of the molecular basis of retinal inflammatory and degenerative diseases and open new avenues for potential therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Bermúdez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Paula Estefanía Tenconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Norma María Giusto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Melina Valeria Mateos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Ando Y, Keino H, Kudo A, Hirakata A, Okada AA, Umezawa K. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin, a Nuclear factor-κB Inhibitor, on Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis in Rats In vivo and In vitro. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; 28:240-248. [PMID: 30950670 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1568502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor, on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats.Methods: EIU was induced by a subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Lewis rats. DHMEQ was injected intraperitoneally concurrently with the LPS. Aqueous humor was collected 24 h after the LPS injection. Isolated peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) were exposed to LPS with or without DHMEQ to determine the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1.Results: DHMEQ significantly reduced the number of infiltrating cells, and the concentrations of proteins, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the aqueous humor. DHMEQ suppressed the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 from PECs. Immunochemistry revealed a reduction in the translocation of the NF-κB p65 into the nuclei in DHMEQ-exposed PECs.Conclusions: The results indicate that DHMEQ has anti-inflammatory effects on EIU and may be a promising agent to treat intraocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Ando
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Keino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akito Hirakata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Annabelle A Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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Maugeri A, Barchitta M, Mazzone MG, Giuliano F, Basile G, Agodi A. Resveratrol Modulates SIRT1 and DNMT Functions and Restores LINE-1 Methylation Levels in ARPE-19 Cells under Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2118. [PMID: 30037017 PMCID: PMC6073744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of retinal degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), has been pending so far. Our study investigated the effect of oxidative stress and inflammation on DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) functions, as well as on long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) methylation, in human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. Therefore, we evaluated whether treatment with resveratrol may modulate DNMT and SIRT1 functions and restore changes in LINE-1 methylation. Cells were treated with 25 mU/mL glucose oxidase (GOx) or 10 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic oxidative or inflammatory conditions, respectively. Oxidative stress decreased DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b, and SIRT1 expression (p-values < 0.05), as well as total DNMTs (-28.5%; p < 0.0001) and SIRT1 (-29.0%; p < 0.0001) activities. Similarly, inflammatory condition decreased DNMT1 and SIRT1 expression (p-values < 0.05), as well as total DNMTs (-14.9%; p = 0.007) and SIRT1 (-20.1%; p < 0.002) activities. Interestingly, GOx- and LPS-treated cells exhibited lower LINE-1 methylation compared to controls (p-values < 0.001). We also demonstrated that treatment with 10 μM resveratrol for 24 h counteracted the detrimental effect on DNMT and SIRT1 functions, and LINE-1 methylation, in cells under oxidative and inflammatory conditions. However, further studies should explore the perspectives of resveratrol as a suitable strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maugeri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Martina Barchitta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Mazzone
- SIFI SpA, Research and Development Department, Via Ercole Patti 36, 95025 Catania, Italy.
| | - Francesco Giuliano
- SIFI SpA, Research and Development Department, Via Ercole Patti 36, 95025 Catania, Italy.
| | - Guido Basile
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via Plebiscito, 628, 95124 Catania, Italy.
| | - Antonella Agodi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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35
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36
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Bian ZM, Field MG, Elner SG, Elner VM. Expression and regulation of alarmin cytokine IL-1α in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2018; 172:10-20. [PMID: 29551335 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells play important immune-regulatory roles in a variety of retinal pathologic processes, including the production of inflammatory cytokines that are essential mediators of the innate immune response within the ocular microenvironment. The pro-inflammatory "alarmin" cytokine IL-1α has been implicated in both infectious and non-infectious retinal diseases, but its regulation in the retina is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the expression and regulation of IL-1α within hRPE cells. To do this, IL-1α mRNA and protein in hRPE cells was assessed by RT-PCR, qPCR, ELISA, Western blot, and immunofluorescence following treatment with a variety of stimuli and inhibitors. ER stress, LPS, IL-1β, and TLR2 activation all significantly increased intracellular IL-1α protein. Increasing intracellular calcium synergized both LPS- and Pam3CSK4-induced IL-1α protein production. Accordingly, blocking calcium signaling and calpain activity strongly suppressed IL-1α protein expression. Significant but more moderate inhibition occurred following blockage of TLR4, caspase-4, or caspase-1. Neutralizing antibodies to IL-1β and TLR2 partially eliminated LPS- and TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4-stimulated IL-1α protein production. IFN-β induced caspase-4 expression and activation, and also potentiated LPS-induced IL-1α expression, but IFN-β alone had no effect on IL-1α protein production. Interestingly, all inhibitors targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway, with the exception of Ly294002, strongly increased IL-1α protein expression. This study improves understanding of the complex mechanisms regulating IL-1α protein expression in hRPE cells by demonstrating that TLR4 and TLR2 stimulation and exposure to IL-1β, ER stress and intracellular calcium all induce hRPE cells to produce intracellular IL-1α, which is negatively regulated by the PI3K/Akt pathway. Additionally, the non-canonical inflammasome pathway was shown to be involved in LPS-induced hRPE IL-1α expression through caspase-4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Mei Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Matthew G Field
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States.
| | - Susan G Elner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Victor M Elner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
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Epps SJ, Boldison J, Stimpson ML, Khera TK, Lait PJP, Copland DA, Dick AD, Nicholson LB. Re-programming immunosurveillance in persistent non-infectious ocular inflammation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018. [PMID: 29530739 PMCID: PMC6563519 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular function depends on a high level of anatomical integrity. This is threatened by inflammation, which alters the local tissue over short and long time-scales. Uveitis due to autoimmune disease, especially when it involves the retina, leads to persistent changes in how the eye interacts with the immune system. The normal pattern of immune surveillance, which for immune privileged tissues is limited, is re-programmed. Many cell types, that are not usually present in the eye, become detectable. There are changes in the tissue homeostasis and integrity. In both human disease and mouse models, in the most extreme cases, immunopathological findings consistent with development of ectopic lymphoid-like structures and disrupted angiogenesis accompany severely impaired eye function. Understanding how the ocular environment is shaped by persistent inflammation is crucial to developing novel approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Epps
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Joanne Boldison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Madeleine L Stimpson
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Tarnjit K Khera
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Philippa J P Lait
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David A Copland
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D Dick
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Lindsay B Nicholson
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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38
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Wu S, Lu Q, Wang N, Zhang J, Liu Q, Gao M, Chen J, Liu W, Xu L. Cyclic stretch induced-retinal pigment epithelial cell apoptosis and cytokine changes. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:208. [PMID: 29166888 PMCID: PMC5700533 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is complex. It has been shown that vitreomacular traction (VMT) plays a role in the pathogenesis of AMD. We speculate that the continuous stretch induced by VMT might impair the function of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and it might also be involved in the progression of AMD. Methods Cultured ARPE-19 cells were subjected to cyclic stretch on the Flexcell Strain system at a level of 25% increment on the surface area for 8 h, 14 h, 20 h, 24 h. In another group, the stretch was withdrawn at 14 h and the cell cultured for another 6 h. Then, we observed the changes in morphology, apoptosis and expression of interleukin 6 (IL6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in RPE cells under stretch. Results We found that stretch induced the RPE cells to change from a spreading shape into a rounded shape, and that the morphological changes were positively correlated with the duration of the stretch. The expression of pFAK397 and pRac1/cdc42 were elevated in a time-dependent fashion. The stretch resulted in an increase in the apoptosis ratio, with Bcl2, Bax and p53 also showing time-dependent changes. In addition, up-regulation of IL6 and VEGF expression levels was also observed. After withdrawal of the stretch, all of these changes were significantly diminished. Conclusion Stretch may induce morphological, cell apoptosis, and up-regulation of cytokines changes in RPE cells, indicating that cyclic stretching may participate in the progression of AMD by impeding the functions of the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology; Beijing Tongren Eye Center; Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Qingjun Lu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology; Beijing Tongren Eye Center; Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jingxue Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology; Beijing Tongren Eye Center; Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology; Beijing Tongren Eye Center; Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center; Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jinqiu Chen
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center; Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wu Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center; Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology; Beijing Tongren Eye Center; Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Sun J, Huang P, Liang J, Li J, Shen M, She X, Feng Y, Luo X, Liu T, Sun X. Cooperation of Rel family members in regulating Aβ 1-40-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3115. [PMID: 29022897 PMCID: PMC5682668 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is a hallmark component of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Previous studies have shown that p50/RelA (p65), a member of NF-κB family, is an essential pro-inflammatory transcription factor responding to Aβ1-40 stimulation, but few focused on the other two Rel transcription factor members – RelB and c-Rel – and their role in Aβ1-40-mediated inflammation. It was reported that RelA, RelB and c-Rel are also implicated in various NF-κB-mediated inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we infer that Aβ1-40-mediated inflammation targets not only the classical inflammation regulator, RelA, but also RelB and c-Rel. In this study, we demonstrate that intravitreally injected Aβ1-40 mice develop AMD-like pathologic changes, coupled with Rel protein (RelA, RelB and c-Rel) synthesis and nuclear translocation. To focus on the interaction mechanism of Rel proteins, we found that RelB and c-Rel formed a heterodimer with RelA in mice model. We also found that c-Rel silencing decreased the levels of Aβ1-40-dependent RelA expression, indicating that RelB and c-Rel may interact with RelA as coactivator and c-Rel is required to activate the expression of RelA. Moreover, Rel protein silencing decreased the expression of distinct pro-inflammatory cytokines. Together, we demonstrate that besides RelA, RelB and c-Rel can also be activated by Aβ1-40, all of which mediate pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription and RPE damage. Our findings imply that RPE-mediated inflammation under the stimulation of Aβ1-40 is multi-targeted and RelA, RelB and c-Rel proteins may be the new targets of anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junran Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Peirong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxi Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xiangjun She
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yiji Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xueting Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Te Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
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40
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Cui HS, Li YM, Fang W, Li JK, Dai YM, Zheng LS. Effect of berberine on lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 expression in a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 38:2053-2060. [PMID: 28852897 PMCID: PMC6153896 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In this study, we elucidated the effects of berberine, a major alkaloid component contained in medicinal herbs, such as Phellodendri Cortex and Coptidis Rhizoma, on expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Methods ARPE-19 cells were cultured to confluence. Berberine and LPS were added to the medium. MCP-1 and IL-8 mRNA were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. MCP-1 and IL-8 protein concentrations in the media were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results After stimulation with LPS, MCP-1 and IL-8 mRNA in ARPE-19 cells reached maximum levels at 3 h, and MCP-1 and IL-8 protein in the culture media reached maximum levels at 24 h. Berberine dose-dependently inhibited MCP-1 and IL-8 mRNA expression of the cells and protein levels in the media stimulated with LPS. Conclusions These findings indicate that berberine inhibited the expression of MCP-1 and IL-8 induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Shan Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 3 Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Yu-Min Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 3 Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 3 Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiu-Ke Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 3 Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuan-Min Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 3 Qingchun Road East, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lian-Shun Zheng
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Kheitan S, Minuchehr Z, Soheili ZS. Exploring the cross talk between ER stress and inflammation in age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181667. [PMID: 28742151 PMCID: PMC5524348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated in the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. However the cross talk between these cellular mechanisms has not been clearly and fully understood. The present study investigates a possible intersection between ER stress and inflammation in AMD. In this study, we recruited two collections of involved protein markers to retrieve their interaction information from IMEx-curated databases, which are the most well- known protein-protein interaction collections, allowing us to design an intersection network for AMD that is unprecedented. In order to find expression activated subnetworks, we utilized AMD expression profiles in our network. In addition, we studied topological characteristics of the most expressed active subnetworks to identify the hubs. With regard to topological quantifications and expressional activity, we reported a list of the most pivotal hubs which are potentially applicable as probable therapeutic targets. Furthermore, we introduced MAPK signaling pathway as a significantly involved pathway in the association between ER stress and inflammation, leading to promising new directions in discovering AMD formation mechanisms and possible treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Kheitan
- Systems Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zarrin Minuchehr
- Systems Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Zahra-Soheila Soheili
- Molecular Medicine Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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ANXA1Ac2–26 peptide, a possible therapeutic approach in inflammatory ocular diseases. Gene 2017; 614:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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43
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Song HB, Jun HO, Kim JH, Lee YH, Choi MH, Kim JH. Disruption of outer blood-retinal barrier by Toxoplasma gondii-infected monocytes is mediated by paracrinely activated FAK signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175159. [PMID: 28406972 PMCID: PMC5390985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis is mediated by monocytes infected with Toxoplasma gondii that are disseminated to target organs. Although infected monocytes can easily access to outer blood-retinal barrier due to leaky choroidal vasculatures, not much is known about the effect of T. gondii-infected monocytes on outer blood-retinal barrier. We prepared human monocytes, THP-1, infected with T. gondii and human retinal pigment epithelial cells, ARPE-19, grown on transwells as an in vitro model of outer blood-retinal barrier. Exposure to infected monocytes resulted in disruption of tight junction protein, ZO-1, and decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance of retinal pigment epithelium. Supernatants alone separated from infected monocytes also decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and disrupted tight junction protein. Further investigation revealed that the supernatants could activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling in retinal pigment epithelium and the disruption was attenuated by FAK inhibitor. The disrupted barrier was partly restored by blocking CXCL8, a FAK activating factor secreted by infected monocytes. In this study, we demonstrated that monocytes infected with T. gondii can disrupt outer blood-retinal barrier, which is mediated by paracrinely activated FAK signaling. FAK signaling can be a target of therapeutic approach to prevent negative influence of infected monocytes on outer blood-retinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Beom Song
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Oh Jun
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Choi
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JHK); (MHC)
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JHK); (MHC)
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Kuo DE, Wei MM, Armbrust KR, Knickelbein JE, Yeung IYL, Nussenblatt RB, Chan CC, Sen HN. Gradient Boosted Decision Tree Classification of Endophthalmitis Versus Uveitis and Lymphoma from Aqueous and Vitreous IL-6 and IL-10 Levels. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:319-324. [PMID: 28157416 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effectiveness of gradient boosting to classify endophthalmitis versus uveitis and lymphoma by intraocular cytokine levels. METHOD Patient diagnoses and aqueous and vitreous levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were retrospectively extracted from a National Eye Institute Histopathology Core database and compared by Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn tests. A gradient-boosted decision tree classifier was trained to differentiate endophthalmitis versus uveitis and lymphoma from vitreous IL-6 and IL-10, vitreous IL-6 only, and aqueous IL-6 only data sets; and was tested with 80-20 train-test split and 3-fold cross-validation of the training set. RESULTS Seven endophthalmitis, 29 lymphoma, and 49 uveitis patients were included. IL-6 was higher in endophthalmitis than uveitis (P = 0.0713 aqueous, 0.0014 vitreous) and lymphoma (P = 0.0032 aqueous, 0.0001 vitreous). IL-10 was significantly higher in lymphoma than uveitis (P = 0.0017 aqueous, 0.0014 vitreous). Three-fold cross validation demonstrated 95% ± 5%, 95% ± 4%, and 97% ± 5% predictive accuracy for vitreous IL-6 and IL-10, vitreous IL-6 only, and aqueous IL-6 only data sets. Upon validation with the testing set, vitreous IL-6 and IL-10 and aqueous IL-6 only data sets achieved 100% predictive accuracy and vitreous IL-6 only data achieved 93% predictive accuracy with 100% sensitivity, 92% specificity, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC/AUC) of 96%. CONCLUSIONS With limited sample size, gradient boosting can differentiate endophthalmitis from uveitis and lymphoma by IL-6 and IL-10 with high sensitivity and specificity; however, a larger cohort is needed for further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Kuo
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland.,2 University of California , San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Maggie M Wei
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland.,3 Georgetown University , School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Karen R Armbrust
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jared E Knickelbein
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ian Y L Yeung
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland.,4 Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B Nussenblatt
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hatice Nida Sen
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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Rodriguez-Castaño GP, Caro-Quintero A, Reyes A, Lizcano F. Advances in Gut Microbiome Research, Opening New Strategies to Cope with a Western Lifestyle. Front Genet 2017; 7:224. [PMID: 28119734 PMCID: PMC5222858 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The "westernization" of global eating and lifestyle habits is associated with the growing rate of chronic diseases, mainly cardiovascular diseases, cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and respiratory diseases. The primary prevention approach is to make nutritional and behavioral changes, however, there is another important determinant of our health that only recently has been considered and is the presence of beneficial microorganisms and their products in our gastrointestinal tract. Microorganisms living in our body can alter the fate of food, drugs, hormones, and xenobiotics, and recent studies point to the use of microorganisms that can counteract the harmful effects of certain compounds introduced or produced endogenously in our body. This review considers the effects of the western lifestyle on adiposity, glucose metabolism, oxidative markers and inflammation profile, emphasizes on the studies that have investigated bacterial strains and products of their metabolism that are beneficial under this lifestyle, and examines the screening strategies that recent studies are using to select the most promising probiotic isolates. In addition, we consider the relevance of studying the microbiota of metabolically healthy people under a western lifestyle for the understanding of the key components that delay the development of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Caro-Quintero
- Corporación de Investigación Agropecuaria CORPOICA, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Reyes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los AndesBogotá, Colombia; Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fernando Lizcano
- Center of Biomedical Research, CIBUS, Universidad de La Sabana Chía, Colombia
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Estrago-Franco MF, Moustafa MT, Riazi-Esfahani M, Sapkal AU, Piche-Lopez R, Patil AJ, Sharma A, Falatoonzadeh P, Chwa M, Luczy-Bachman G, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Effects of Benzo(e)pyrene on Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species and Inflammatory Cytokines Induction in Human RPE Cells and Attenuation by Mitochondrial-involved Mechanism. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2016; 11:385-393. [PMID: 27994808 PMCID: PMC5139551 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.194091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To identify inhibitors that could effectively lower reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), complement and inflammatory cytokine levels induced by Benzo(e)pyrene [B(e)p], an element of cigarette smoke, in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) in vitro. Methods: ARPE-19 cells were treated for 24 hours with 200 μM, 100 μM, and 50 μM B(e)p or DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide)-equivalent concentrations. Some cultures were pre-treated with ROS/RNS inhibitors (NG nitro-L-arginine, inhibits nitric oxide synthase; Apocynin, inhibits NADPH oxidase; Rotenone, inhibits mitochondrial complex I; Antimycin A, inhibits mitochondria complex III) and ROS/RNS levels were measured with a fluorescent H2 DCFDA assay. Multiplex bead arrays were used to measure levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), Transforming Growth Factor alpha (TGF-α) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). IL-6 levels were also measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Real-time qPCR analyses were performed with primers for C3 (component 3), CFH (inhibits complement activation), CD59 (inhibitor of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC)) and CD55/DAF (accelerates decay of target complement target proteins). Results: The ARPE-19 cultures treated with B(e)p showed significantly increased ROS/RNS levels (P < 0.001), which were then partially reversed by 6 μM Antimycin A (19%, P = 0.03), but not affected by the other ROS/RNS inhibitors. The B(e)p treated cultures demonstrated increased levels of IL-6 (33%; P = 0.016) and GM-CSF (29%; P = 0.0001) compared to DMSO-equivalent controls, while the expression levels for components of the complement pathway (C3, CFH, CD59 and CD55/DAF) were not changed. Conclusion: The cytotoxic effects of B(e)p include elevated ROS/RNS levels along with pro-inflammatory IL-6 and GM-CSF proteins. Blocking the Qi site of cytochrome c reductase (complex III) with Antimycin A led to partial reduction in B(e)p induced ROS production. Our findings suggest that inhibitors for multiple pathways would be necessary to protect the retinal cells from B(e)p induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernanda Estrago-Franco
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Clinica Dres Estrago, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - M Tarek Moustafa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Ophthalmology Department, Minia University, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Riazi-Esfahani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashish U Sapkal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rhina Piche-Lopez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A Jayaprakash Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Royal Lancaster Infirmary, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Trust, Lancaster, UK
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Lotus Eye Care Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Payam Falatoonzadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Baruch D Kuppermann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Ocular neovascular-related diseases: immunological mechanisms of development and the potential of anti-angiogenic therapy. OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.17816/ov9458-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper adresses three ocular diseases - “wet” type of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema and neovascular glaucoma, which have similar neovascular changes and immunological disorders. The key moment of neovascularization development is an imbalance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. Particular attention is paid to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF), transforming growth factor-beta (ТGF-β). The paper discusses the “immune privilege” of the eye, ACAID phenomenon, aspects of choroidal neovascularization pathogenesis, inflammation as an important part of neovascularization and the protective response to endogenous and exogenous damage, as well as complement system’s disorders, cytokine status impairment and autoimmune mechanisms. Laser treatment is widely used for treatment of neovascular diseases, but pharmacotherapy is very important too. Anti-angiogenic therapy is extremely promising and is held to provide regression of the newly-formed vasculature and/or normalization of newly formed blood vessels structure and suppress the functional activity of a key proangiogenic factor VEGF-A. Pegaptanib, ranibizumab and bevacizumab are discussed, and results of international clinical trials MARINA, ANCHOR, FOCUS, PrONTO, IVAN, CATT, RESTORE are provided.
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Tenconi PE, Giusto NM, Salvador GA, Mateos MV. Phospholipase D1 modulates protein kinase C-epsilon in retinal pigment epithelium cells during inflammatory response. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Van Hove I, Lefevere E, De Groef L, Sergeys J, Salinas-Navarro M, Libert C, Vandenbroucke R, Moons L. MMP-3 Deficiency Alleviates Endotoxin-Induced Acute Inflammation in the Posterior Eye Segment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111825. [PMID: 27809288 PMCID: PMC5133826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) is known to mediate neuroinflammatory processes by activating microglia, disrupting blood-central nervous system barriers and supporting neutrophil influx into the brain. In addition, the posterior part of the eye, more specifically the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the blood-retinal barrier, is affected upon neuroinflammation, but a role for MMP-3 during ocular inflammation remains elusive. We investigated whether MMP-3 contributes to acute inflammation in the eye using the endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) model. Systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide induced an increase in MMP-3 mRNA and protein expression level in the posterior part of the eye. MMP-3 deficiency or knockdown suppressed retinal leukocyte adhesion and leukocyte infiltration into the vitreous cavity in mice subjected to EIU. Moreover, retinal and RPE mRNA levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (Icam1), interleukin 6 (Il6), cytokine-inducible nitrogen oxide synthase (Nos2) and tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfα), which are key molecules involved in EIU, were clearly reduced in MMP-3 deficient mice. In addition, loss of MMP-3 repressed the upregulation of the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1). These findings suggest a contribution of MMP-3 during EIU, and its potential use as a therapeutic drug target in reducing ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Van Hove
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Evy Lefevere
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jurgen Sergeys
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Claude Libert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Roosmarijn Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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50
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Bermudez MA, Sendon-Lago J, Seoane S, Eiro N, Gonzalez F, Saa J, Vizoso F, Perez-Fernandez R. Anti-inflammatory effect of conditioned medium from human uterine cervical stem cells in uveitis. Exp Eye Res 2016; 149:84-92. [PMID: 27381329 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of conditioned medium from human uterine cervical stem cells (CM-hUCESCs) in uveitis. To do that, uveitis was induced in rats after footpad injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccaride (LPS). Human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells after LPS challenge were used to test anti-inflammatory effect of CM-hUCESCs 'ìn vitro'. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interkeukin-6, interkeukin-8, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and the anti-inflammatory interkeukin-10. Leucocytes from aqueous humor (AqH) were quantified in a Neubauer chamber, and eye histopathological analysis was done with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Additionally, using a human cytokine antibody array we evaluated CM-hUCESCs to determine mediating proteins. Results showed that administration of CM-hUCESCs significantly reduced LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines both 'in vitro' and 'in vivo', and decreased leucocytes in AqH and ocular tissues. High levels of cytokines with anti-inflammatory effects were found in CM-hUCESCs, suggesting a possible role of these factors in reducing intraocular inflammation. In summary, treatment with CM-hUCESCs significantly reduces inflammation in uveitis. Our data indicate that CM-hUCESCs could be regarded as a potential therapeutic agent for patients suffering from ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Bermudez
- Department of Physiology-CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Juan Sendon-Lago
- Department of Physiology-CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Noemi Eiro
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290, Gijón, Spain; Fundación para la Investigación con Células Madre Uterinas (FICEMU), 33212, Gijón, Spain.
| | - Francisco Gonzalez
- Department of Surgery-CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, and Service of Ophthalmology-IDIS, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Jorge Saa
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290, Gijón, Spain; Fundación para la Investigación con Células Madre Uterinas (FICEMU), 33212, Gijón, Spain; Service of Ophthalmology, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290, Gijón, Spain.
| | - Francisco Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290, Gijón, Spain; Fundación para la Investigación con Células Madre Uterinas (FICEMU), 33212, Gijón, Spain.
| | - Roman Perez-Fernandez
- Department of Physiology-CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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