1
|
Kozłowski P, Leszczyńska A, Ciepiela O. Long COVID Definition, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Epidemiology and Autoimmunity: A Narrative Review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE OPEN 2024; 11:100068. [PMID: 39034937 PMCID: PMC11256271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajmo.2024.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The virus called SARS-CoV-2 emerged in 2019 and quickly spread worldwide, causing COVID-19. It has greatly impacted on everyday life, healthcare systems, and the global economy. In order to save as many lives as possible, precautions such as social distancing, quarantine, and testing policies were implemented, and effective vaccines were developed. A growing amount of data collected worldwide allowed the characterization of this new disease, which turned out to be more complex than other common respiratory tract infections. An increasing number of convalescents presented with a variety of nonspecific symptoms emerging after the acute infection. This possible new global health problem was identified and labelled as long COVID. Since then, a great effort has been made by clinicians and the scientific community to understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop preventive measures and effective treatment. The role of autoimmunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the development of long COVID is discussed in this review. We aim to deliver a description of several conditions with an autoimmune background observed in COVID-19 convalescents, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome and related thrombosis, and Kawasaki disease highlighting a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of autoimmunity. However, further studies are required to determine its true clinical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kozłowski
- Central Laboratory, University Clinical Centre of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Leszczyńska
- Central Laboratory, University Clinical Centre of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Ciepiela
- Central Laboratory, University Clinical Centre of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS. COVID-19 disease and autoimmune disorders: A mutual pathway. World J Methodol 2022; 12:200-223. [PMID: 36159097 PMCID: PMC9350728 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v12.i4.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a real challenge for humanity with high morbidity and mortality. Despite being primarily a respiratory illness, COVID-19 can affect nearly every human body tissue, causing many diseases. After viral infection, the immune system can recognize the viral antigens presented by the immune cells. This immune response is usually controlled and terminated once the infection is aborted. Nevertheless, in some patients, the immune reaction becomes out of control with the development of autoimmune diseases. Several human tissue antigens showed a strong response with antibodies directed against many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins, such as SARS-CoV-2 S, N, and autoimmune target proteins. The immunogenic effects of SARS-CoV-2 are due to the sizeable viral RNA molecules with interrupted transcription increasing the pool of epitopes with increased chances of molecular mimicry and interaction with the host immune system, the overlap between some viral and human peptides, the viral induced-tissue damage, and the robust and complex binding between sACE-2 and SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Consequently, COVID-19 and its vaccine may trigger the development of many autoimmune diseases in a predisposed patient. This review discusses the mutual relation between COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases, their interactive effects on each other, the role of the COVID-19 vaccine in triggering autoimmune diseases, the factors affecting the severity of COVID-19 in patients suffering from autoimmune diseases, and the different ways to minimize the risk of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 12, Manama, Bahrain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Irish Royal College of Surgeon, Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Chest Disease, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmed CM, Grams TR, Bloom DC, Johnson HM, Lewin AS. Individual and Synergistic Anti-Coronavirus Activities of SOCS1/3 Antagonist and Interferon α1 Peptides. Front Immunol 2022; 13:902956. [PMID: 35799776 PMCID: PMC9254576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) are intracellular proteins that negatively regulate the induction of cytokines. Amongst these, SOCS1 and SOCS3 are particularly involved in inhibition of various interferons. Several viruses have hijacked this regulatory pathway: by inducing SOCS1and 3 early in infection, they suppress the host immune response. Within the cell, SOCS1/3 binds and inhibits tyrosine kinases, such as JAK2 and TYK2. We have developed a cell penetrating peptide from the activation loop of the tyrosine kinase, JAK2 (residues 1001-1013), denoted as pJAK2 that acts as a decoy and suppresses SOCS1 and 3 activity. This peptide thereby protects against several viruses in cell culture and mouse models. Herein, we show that treatment with pJAK2 inhibited the replication and release of the beta coronavirus HuCoV-OC43 and reduced production of the viral RNA, as measured by RT-qPCR, Western blot and by immunohistochemistry. We confirmed induction of SOCS1 and 3 in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells, and this induction was suppressed by pJAK2 peptide. A peptide derived from the C-terminus of IFNα (IFNα-C) also inhibited replication of OC43. Furthermore, IFNα-C plus pJAK2 provided more potent inhibition than either peptide alone. To extend this study to a pandemic beta-coronavirus, we determined that treatment of cells with pJAK2 inhibited replication and release of SARS-CoV-2 in Calu-3 cells. We propose that these peptides offer a new approach to therapy against the rapidly evolving strains of beta-coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chulbul M Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tristan R Grams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David C Bloom
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Howard M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alfred S Lewin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gringeri M, Battini V, Cammarata G, Mosini G, Guarnieri G, Leoni C, Pozzi M, Radice S, Clementi E, Carnovale C. Herpes zoster and simplex reactivation following COVID-19 vaccination: new insights from a vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS) database analysis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:675-684. [PMID: 35191364 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2044799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A few cases of Herpes Zoster and Simplex reactivation following COVID-19 immunization have been recently described, but the real extent of this suspected adverse event has not been elucidated yet. METHODS We performed a nested case/control study by using the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System database. We carried out a case-level clinical review of all Herpes reactivation cases following the administration of COVID-19 vaccines. For cases and controls, significance was set at P = 0.05, differential risk of reporting was assessed for each vaccine as reporting odds ratio and incidence was estimated based on the total number of vaccine doses administered. RESULTS Of 6,195 cases included in the analysis (5,934 and 273 reporting Herpes Zoster and Herpes Simplex, respectively) over 90% were non-serious. We found a slightly higher risk of reporting both for Zoster (ROR = 1.49) and Simplex (ROR = 1.51) infections following the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. The estimated incidence was approximately 0.7/100,000 and 0.03/100,000 for Zoster and Simplex, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The paucity of cases (almost all of non-serious nature) makes the potential occurrence of this adverse effect negligible from clinical standpoints, thus supporting the good safety profile of the COVID-19 vaccination, which remains strongly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gringeri
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Vera Battini
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cammarata
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Mosini
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Greta Guarnieri
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Pozzi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, LC, Italy
| | - Sonia Radice
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.,Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, LC, Italy
| | - Carla Carnovale
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alefishat E, Jelinek HF, Mousa M, Tay GK, Alsafar HS. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A focus on severity, susceptibility, and preexisting immunity. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:277-288. [PMID: 35074728 PMCID: PMC8757655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous phenotypes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has drawn worldwide attention, especially those with severe symptoms without comorbid conditions. Immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative virus of COVID-19, occur mainly by the innate immune response via the interferon (IFN)-mediated pathways, and the adaptive immunity via the T lymphocyte and the antibody mediated pathways. The ability of the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain, and possibly more so with new emerging variants, to antagonize IFN-mediated antiviral responses can be behind the higher early viral load, higher transmissibility, and milder symptoms compared to SARS-CoV and are part of the continued clinical evolution of COVID-19. Since it first emerged, several variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been circulating worldwide. Variants that have the potential to elude natural or vaccine-mediated immunity are variants of concern. This review focuses on the main host factors that may explain the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in the context of susceptibility, severity, and preexisting immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Alefishat
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center of Heath Engineering Innovation, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mira Mousa
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproduction Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guan K Tay
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Discipline of Psychiatry, Medical School, the University of Western Australia, Perth WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Habiba S Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Emirates Bio-Research Center, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tang WR, Hsu CW, Lee CC, Huang WL, Lin CY, Hsu YT, Chang C, Tsai MT, Hu YN, Hsu CH, Chen PL, Chow NH, Roan JN. A Case Report of Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder After AstraZeneca Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine in a Heart Transplant Recipient. Transplant Proc 2021; 54:1575-1578. [PMID: 34702598 PMCID: PMC8481090 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a heart transplant recipient who presented with a rapidly growing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–positive, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 7 days after receiving the first dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Because of the atypical radiologic presentation, the initial tentative diagnosis was a mediastinal abscess. This observation indicates a potential risk of EBV reactivation after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination, which might lead to or aggravate the presentation of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in transplantation patients. Transplant surgeons should be aware of the potential immunomodulatory effects of the COVID-19 vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ruei Tang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Hsu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Lee
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Huang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Hsu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chen Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ta Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ning Hu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- Center for Infection Control and Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Haw Chow
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Neng Roan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Low ZY, Wen Yip AJ, Chow VTK, Lal SK. The Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling family of proteins and their potential impact on COVID-19 disease progression. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2300. [PMID: 34546610 PMCID: PMC8646547 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The family of Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling (SOCS) proteins plays pivotal roles in cytokine and immune regulation. Despite their key roles, little attention has been given to the SOCS family as compared to other feedback regulators. To date, SOCS proteins have been found to be exploited by viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Zika virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Ebola virus, influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV, just to name a few. The hijacking and subsequent upregulation of the SOCS proteins upon viral infection, suppress the associated JAK-STAT signalling activities, thereby reducing the host antiviral response and promoting viral replication. Two SOCS protein family members, SOCS1 and SOCS3 are well-studied and their roles in the JAK-STAT signalling pathway are defined as attenuating interferon (IFN) signalling upon viral infection. The upregulation of SOCS protein by SARS-CoV during the early stages of infection implies strong similarity with SARS-CoV-2, given their closely related genomic organisation. Thus, this review aims to outline the plausibility of SOCS protein inhibitors as a potential therapeutic regimen for COVID-19 patients. We also discuss the antagonists against SOCS protein to offer an overview on the previous 'successes' of SOCS protein inhibition in various viral infections that may portray possible clues for COVID-19 disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Vincent T K Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sunil K Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng HY, He XY, Li W, Song TZ, Han JB, Yang X, Liu FL, Luo RH, Tian RR, Feng XL, Ma YH, Liu C, Li MH, Zheng YT. Pro-inflammatory microenvironment and systemic accumulation of CXCR3+ cell exacerbate lung pathology of old rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:328. [PMID: 34471088 PMCID: PMC8409077 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathological features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in an animal model is crucial for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we compared immunopathological changes in young and old rhesus macaques (RMs) before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection at the tissue level. Quantitative analysis of multiplex immunofluorescence staining images of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection specifically induced elevated levels of apoptosis, autophagy, and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)+ cells, and increased interferon α (IFN-α)- and interleukin 6 (IL-6)-secreting cells and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)+ cells in lung tissue of old RMs. This pathological pattern, which may be related to the age-related pro-inflammatory microenvironment in both lungs and spleens, was significantly correlated with the systemic accumulation of CXCR3+ cells in lungs, spleens, and peripheral blood. Furthermore, the ratio of CXCR3+ to T-box protein expression in T cell (T-bet)+ (CXCR3+/T-bet+ ratio) in CD8+ cells may be used as a predictor of severe COVID-19. These findings uncovered the impact of aging on the immunopathology of early SARS-CoV-2 infection and demonstrated the potential application of CXCR3+ cells in predicting severe COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian-Bao Han
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ma
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alpalhão M, Filipe P. Herpes Zoster following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination - a series of four cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:e750-e752. [PMID: 34310754 PMCID: PMC8446950 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Alpalhão
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.,Dermatology Universitary Clinic, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Dermatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Filipe
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.,Dermatology Universitary Clinic, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Dermatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang C. Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses Through Human Monocytes and Tissue Macrophages. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:597-606. [PMID: 34297627 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) contribute significantly to the burden of respiratory diseases, frequently as upper respiratory tract infections. Recent emergence of novel coronaviruses in the last few decades has highlighted the potential transmission, disease, and mortality related to these viruses. In this literature review, we shall explore the disease-causing mechanism of the virus through human monocytes and macrophages. Common strains will be discussed; however, this review will center around coronaviruses responsible for epidemics, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-1 and -2 and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Macrophages are key players in the immune system and have been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of lethal coronaviruses. In physiology, they are white blood cells that engulf and digest cellular debris, foreign substances, and microbes. They play a critical role in innate immunity and help initiate adaptive immunity. Human coronaviruses utilize various mechanisms to undermine the innate immune response through its interaction with macrophages and monocytes. It is capable of entering immune cells through DPP4 (dipeptidyl-peptidase 4) receptors and antibody-dependent enhancement, delaying initial interferon response which supports robust viral replication. Pathogenesis includes triggering the production of overwhelming pro-inflammatory cytokines that attract other immune cells to the site of infection, which propagate prolonged pro-inflammatory response. The virus has also been found to suppress the release of anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-10, leading to an aberrant inflammatory response. Elevated serum cytokines are also believed to contribute to pathological features seen in severe disease such as coagulopathy, acute lung injury, and multiorgan failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Huang
- Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Avendaño-Ortiz J, Lozano-Rodríguez R, Martín-Quirós A, Maroun-Eid C, Terrón-Arcos V, Montalbán-Hernández K, Valentín J, Muñoz Del Val E, García-Garrido MA, Del Balzo-Castillo Á, Casalvilla-Dueñas JC, Peinado M, Gómez L, Herrero-Benito C, Rubio C, Cubillos-Zapata C, Pascual-Iglesias A, Del Fresno C, Aguirre LA, López-Collazo E. SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Induce Endotoxin Tolerance Hallmarks: A Demonstration in Patients with COVID-19. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:162-174. [PMID: 34183364 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
According to a large number of reported cohorts, sepsis has been observed in nearly all deceased patients with COVID-19. We and others have described sepsis, among other pathologies, to be an endotoxin tolerance (ET)-related disease. In this study, we demonstrate that the culture of human blood cells from healthy volunteers in the presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins induced ET hallmarks, including impairment of proinflammatory cytokine production, low MHC class II (HLA-DR) expression, poor T cell proliferation, and enhancing of both phagocytosis and tissue remodeling. Moreover, we report the presence of SARS-CoV-2 blood circulating proteins in patients with COVID-19 and how these levels correlate with an ET status, the viral RNA presence of SARS-CoV-2 in plasma, as well as with an increase in the proportion of patients with secondary infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Avendaño-Ortiz
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Lozano-Rodríguez
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martín-Quirós
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Charbel Maroun-Eid
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Terrón-Arcos
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla Montalbán-Hernández
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Valentín
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Muñoz Del Val
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Miguel A García-Garrido
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Del Balzo-Castillo
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - José Carlos Casalvilla-Dueñas
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Peinado
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Laura Gómez
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Carmen Herrero-Benito
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Rubio
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Pascual-Iglesias
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Fresno
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Aguirre
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- Innate Immunity Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; .,Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research Network, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Gargan S, Lu Y, Stevenson NJ. An Overview of Current Knowledge of Deadly CoVs and Their Interface with Innate Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:560. [PMID: 33810391 PMCID: PMC8066579 DOI: 10.3390/v13040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large family of zoonotic RNA viruses, whose infection can lead to mild or lethal respiratory tract disease. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) first emerged in Guangdong, China in 2002 and spread to 29 countries, infecting 8089 individuals and causing 774 deaths. In 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in Saudi Arabia and has spread to 27 countries, with a mortality rate of ~34%. In 2019, SARS-CoV-2 emerged and has spread to 220 countries, infecting over 100,000,000 people and causing more than 2,000,000 deaths to date. These three human coronaviruses cause diseases of varying severity. Most people develop mild, common cold-like symptoms, while some develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The success of all viruses, including coronaviruses, relies on their evolved abilities to evade and modulate the host anti-viral and pro-inflammatory immune responses. However, we still do not fully understand the transmission, phylogeny, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 and -2. Despite the rapid application of a range of therapies for SARS-CoV-2, such as convalescent plasma, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and type I interferon, no fully effective treatment has been determined. Remarkably, COVID-19 vaccine research and development have produced several offerings that are now been administered worldwide. Here, we summarise an up-to-date understanding of epidemiology, immunomodulation and ongoing anti-viral and immunosuppressive treatment strategies. Indeed, understanding the interplay between coronaviruses and the anti-viral immune response is crucial to identifying novel targets for therapeutic intervention, which may even prove invaluable for the control of future emerging coronavirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Zhang
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (Y.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Siobhan Gargan
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (Y.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Yongxu Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK;
| | - Nigel J. Stevenson
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (Y.Z.); (S.G.)
- Viral Immunology Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland—Medical University of Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Johnson HM, Lewin AS, Ahmed CM. SOCS, Intrinsic Virulence Factors, and Treatment of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582102. [PMID: 33193390 PMCID: PMC7644869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of intracellular checkpoint inhibitors has received little recognition compared to other checkpoint inhibitors. Two members of this family, SOCS1 and SOCS3, are indispensable, since SOCS1 knockout in mice results in neonatal death due to interferon gamma (IFNγ) induced inflammatory disease, and SOCS3 knockout leads to embryonic lethality. We have shown that SOCS1 and SOCS3 (SOCS1/3) function as virus induced intrinsic virulence factors for influenza A virus, EMC virus, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and vaccinia virus infections. Other viruses such as pathogenic pig enteric coronavirus and coronavirus induced severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spike protein also induce SOCS virus intrinsic virulence factors. SOCS1/3 exert their viral virulence effect via inhibition of type I and type II interferon (IFN) function. Specifically, the SOCS bind to the activation loop of receptor-associated tyrosine kinases JAK2 and TYK2 through the SOCS kinase inhibitory region (KIR), which inhibits STAT transcription factor activation by the kinases. Activated STATs are required for IFN function. We have developed a small peptide antagonist of SOCS1/3 that blocks SOCS1/3 inhibitory activity and prevents virus pathogenesis. The antagonist, pJAK2(1001-1013), is comprised of the JAK2 activation loop, phosphorylated at tyrosine 1007 with a palmitate for cell penetration. The remarkable thing about SOCS1/3 is that it serves as a broad, simple tool of perhaps most pathogenic viruses to avoid innate host IFN defense. We suggest in this Perspective that SOCS1/3 antagonist is a simple counter measure to SOCS1/3 and should be an effective mechanism as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic against the COVID-19 pandemic that is caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alfred S. Lewin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chulbul M. Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Del Vecchio L, Locatelli F. Hypoxia response and acute lung and kidney injury: possible implications for therapy of COVID-19. Clin Kidney J 2020; 13:494-499. [PMID: 32905208 PMCID: PMC7467604 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic of unprecedented severity affecting millions of people around the world and causing several hundred thousands of deaths. The presentation of the disease ranges from asymptomatic manifestations through to acute respiratory distress syndrome with the necessity of mechanical ventilation. Cytokine storm and maladaptive responses to the viral spread in the body could be responsible for the severity of disease. Many patients develop acute kidney injury (AKI) during the course of their disease, especially in more severe cases. Many factors could cause kidney damage during infection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. It is still unclear whether direct viral damage or the overexpression of cytokines and inflammatory factors are preeminent. According to autoptic studies, in most of the cases, AKI is due proximal tubular damage. However, cases of collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis were reported as well in the absence of signs of direct viral infection of the kidney. Considering that severe hypoxia is a hallmark of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, the involvement of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) system is very likely, possibly influencing the inflammatory response and outcome in both the lungs and kidneys. Several bodies of evidence have shown a possible role of the HIF pathway during AKI in various kidney disease models. Similar observations were made in the setting of acute lung injury. In both organs, HIF activation by means of inhibition of the prolyl-hydroxylases domain (PHD) could be protective. Considering these promising experimental data, we hypothesize that PHD inhibitors could be considered as a possible new therapy against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Locatelli
- Past Director, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. An unbalanced immune response, characterized by a weak production of type I interferons (IFN-Is) and an exacerbated release of proinflammatory cytokines, contributes to the severe forms of the disease. SARS-CoV-2 is genetically related to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which caused outbreaks in 2003 and 2013, respectively. Although IFN treatment gave some encouraging results against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in animal models, its potential as a therapeutic against COVID-19 awaits validation. Here, we describe our current knowledge of the complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the IFN system, highlighting some of the gaps that need to be filled for a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. In addition to the conserved IFN evasion strategies that are likely shared with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, novel counteraction mechanisms are being discovered in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Since the last coronavirus epidemic, we have made considerable progress in understanding the IFN-I response, including its spatiotemporal regulation and the prominent role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which are the main IFN-I-producing cells. While awaiting the results of the many clinical trials that are evaluating the efficacy of IFN-I alone or in combination with antiviral molecules, we discuss the potential benefits of a well-timed IFN-I treatment and propose strategies to boost pDC-mediated IFN responses during the early stages of viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Sa Ribero
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- IRIM, CNRS UMR9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Comparative analysis of the activation of unfolded protein response by spike proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and human coronavirus HKU1. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:3. [PMID: 24410900 PMCID: PMC3930072 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is associated with severe disease, human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) commonly circulates in the human populations causing generally milder illness. Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). It is not understood whether HCoV-HKU1 S protein has similar activity. In addition, the UPR-activating domain in SARS-CoV S protein remains to be identified. RESULTS In this study we compared S proteins of SARS-CoV and HCoV-HKU1 for their ability to activate the UPR. Both S proteins were found in the endoplasmic reticulum. Transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 catalyzed the cleavage of SARS-CoV S protein, but not the counterpart in HCoV-HKU1. Both S proteins showed a similar pattern of UPR-activating activity. Through PERK kinase they activated the transcription of UPR effector genes such as Grp78, Grp94 and CHOP. N-linked glycosylation was not required for the activation of the UPR by S proteins. S1 subunit of SARS-CoV but not its counterpart in HCoV-HKU1 was capable of activating the UPR. A central region (amino acids 201-400) of SARS-CoV S1 was required for this activity. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV and HCoV-HKU1 S proteins use distinct UPR-activating domains to exert the same modulatory effects on UPR signaling.
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Cook
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E. Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gleich K, Desmond MJ, Lee D, Berkovic SF, Dibbens LM, Katerelos M, Bayly MA, Fraser SA, Martinello P, Vears DF, Mount P, Power DA. Abnormal Processing of Autophagosomes in Transformed B Lymphocytes from SCARB2-Deficient Subjects. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:40-6. [PMID: 23515316 PMCID: PMC3569928 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the intrinsic lysosomal membrane protein SCARB2 cause action myoclonus-renal failure syndrome (AMRF syndrome), a rare disease characterized by renal and neurological manifestations. In this study, examination of Cos7 cells transfected with SCARB2 cDNA derived from two patients with AMRF syndrome showed that the resultant protein was truncated and was not incorporated into vesicular structures, as occurred with full-length SCARB2 cDNA. Mutant SCARB2 protein failed to colocalize with lysosomes and was found in the endoplasmic reticulum or the cytosol indicating a loss of function. Cultured skin fibroblast and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid B cell lines (LCLs) were created from these two patients. Despite the loss of SCARB2 function, studies with lysosomal-associated membrane protein (LAMP) 1 and LAMP2 demonstrated normal lysosomal numbers in fibroblasts and LCLs. Immunofluorescence microscopy using anti-LAMP1 and anti-LAMP2 antibodies also showed normal lysosomal structures in fibroblasts. There was no change in the morphology of fibroblasts examined by electron microscopy compared with cells from unaffected individuals. By contrast, LCLs from individuals bearing SCARB2 mutations had large intracellular vesicles that resembled autophagosomes and contained heterogeneous cellular debris. Some of the autophagosomes were seen to be extruding cellular contents into the media. Furthermore, LCLs had elevated levels of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II, consistent with increased autophagy. These data demonstrate that SCARB2 mutations are associated with an inability to process autophagosomes in B lymphocytes, suggesting a novel function for SCARB2 in immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Gleich
- The Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health , Heidelberg, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Primary severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection limits replication but not lung inflammation upon homologous rechallenge. J Virol 2012; 86:4234-44. [PMID: 22345460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06791-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge regarding immune-protective and immunopathogenic events in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection is limited, and little is known about the dynamics of the immune response at the primary site of disease. Here, an African green monkey (AGM) model was used to elucidate immune mechanisms that facilitate viral clearance but may also contribute to persistent lung inflammation following SARS-CoV infection. During primary infection, SARS-CoV replicated in the AGM lung for up to 10 days. Interestingly, lung inflammation was more prevalent following viral clearance, as leukocyte numbers peaked at 14 days postinfection (dpi) and remained elevated at 28 dpi compared to those of mock-infected controls. Lung macrophages but not dendritic cells were rapidly activated, and both cell types had high activation marker expression at late infection time points. Lung proinflammatory cytokines were induced at 1 to 14 dpi, but most returned to baseline by 28 dpi except interleukin 12 (IL-12) and gamma interferon. In SARS-CoV homologous rechallenge studies, 11 of the 12 animals were free of replicating virus at day 5 after rechallenge. However, incidence and severity of lung inflammation was not reduced despite the limited viral replication upon rechallenge. Evaluating the role of antibodies in immune protection or potentiation revealed a progressive increase in anti-SARS-CoV antibodies in lung and serum that did not correlate temporally or spatially with enhanced viral replication. This study represents one of the first comprehensive analyses of lung immunity, including changes in leukocyte populations, lung-specific cytokines, and antibody responses following SARS-CoV rechallenge in AGMs.
Collapse
|