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Tolcher AW, Brody JD, Rajakumaraswamy N, Kuhne M, Trowe T, Dauki AM, Pai S, Han L, Lin KW, Petrarca M, Kummar S. Phase I Study of GS-3583, an FMS-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Agonist Fc Fusion Protein, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:2954-2963. [PMID: 38295150 PMCID: PMC11247315 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE GS-3583, an FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) agonist Fc fusion protein, expanded conventional dendritic cells (cDC) in the periphery of healthy volunteers, suggesting potential for GS-3583 to increase cDCs in the tumor microenvironment and promote T cell-mediated antitumor activity in cancer patients. This phase Ib open-label study assessed GS-3583 in adults with advanced solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Multiple escalating doses of GS-3583 (standard 3+3 design) were administered intravenously on days 1 and 15 of cycle 1 and day 1 of each subsequent 28-day cycle for up to 52 weeks. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was evaluated during the first 28 days of GS-3583 at each dose level. RESULTS Thirteen participants enrolled in four dose-escalation cohorts, after which the study was terminated following safety review. Median (range) age was 71 (44-79), and 7 (54%) participants were male. There were no DLTs. Seven participants had grade ≥3 AEs; 2 participants had grade 5 AEs, including a second primary malignancy (acute myeloid leukemia) considered treatment-related. Dose-dependent increase in GS-3583 serum exposure was observed in the dose range of 2-20 mg with GS-3583 accumulation at higher dose levels. Expansions of cDCs occurred at all four doses with a dose-dependent trend in the durability of the cDC expansion. CONCLUSIONS GS-3583 was relatively well tolerated and induced dose-dependent expansion of cDCs in the periphery of patients with advanced solid tumors. However, development of a second primary malignancy provides a cautionary tale for the FLT3 agonist mechanism. See related commentary by Raeder and Drazer, p. 2857.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua D. Brody
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ling Han
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California.
| | - Kai-Wen Lin
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California.
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2
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Singh S, Kachhawaha K, Singh SK. Comprehensive approaches to preclinical evaluation of monoclonal antibodies and their next-generation derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116303. [PMID: 38797272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics hold great promise for the treatment of several diseases and offer innovative possibilities for new treatments that target previously unaddressed medical needs. Despite successful transitions from preclinical to clinical stages and regulatory approval, there are instances where adverse reactions arise, resulting in product withdrawals. As a result, it is essential to conduct thorough evaluations of safety and effectiveness on an individual basis. This article explores current practices, challenges, and future approaches in conducting comprehensive preclinical assessments to ensure the safety and efficacy of biotherapeutics including monoclonal antibodies, toxin-conjugates, bispecific antibodies, single-chain antibodies, Fc-engineered antibodies, antibody mimetics, and siRNA-antibody/peptide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Singh
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Kajal Kachhawaha
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit K Singh
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
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3
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Devanaboyina SC, Li P, LaGory EL, Poon-Andersen C, Cook KD, Soto M, Wang Z, Dang K, Uyeda C, Case RB, Thomas VA, Primack R, Ponce M, Di M, Ouyang B, Kaner J, Lam SK, Mostafavi M. Rapid depletion of "catch-and-release" anti-ASGR1 antibody in vivo. MAbs 2024; 16:2383013. [PMID: 39051531 PMCID: PMC11275528 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2383013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting antigens with antibodies exhibiting pH/Ca2+-dependent binding against an antigen is an attractive strategy to mitigate target-mediated disposition and antigen buffering. Studies have reported improved serum exposure of antibodies exhibiting pH/Ca2+-binding against membrane-bound receptors. Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1) is a membrane-bound receptor primarily localized in hepatocytes. With a high expression level of approximately one million receptors per cell, high turnover, and rapid recycling, targeting this receptor with a conventional antibody is a challenge. In this study, we identified an antibody exhibiting pH/Ca2+-dependent binding to ASGR1 and generated antibody variants with increased binding to neonatal crystallizable fragment receptor (FcRn). Serum exposures of the generated anti-ASGR1 antibodies were analyzed in transgenic mice expressing human FcRn. Contrary to published reports of increased serum exposure of pH/Ca2+-dependent antibodies, the pH/Ca2+-dependent anti-ASGR1 antibody had rapid serum clearance in comparison to a conventional anti-ASGR1 antibody. We conducted sub-cellular trafficking studies of the anti-ASGR1 antibodies along with receptor quantification analysis for mechanistic understanding of the rapid serum clearance of pH/Ca2+-dependent anti-ASGR1 antibody. The findings from our study provide valuable insights in identifying the antigens, especially membrane bound, that may benefit from targeting with pH/Ca2+-dependent antibodies to obtain increased serum exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Charan Devanaboyina
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Biologics, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward L. LaGory
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carrie Poon-Andersen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin D. Cook
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Soto
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Khue Dang
- Department of Biologics, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Craig Uyeda
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan B. Case
- Department of Lead Discovery and Characterization, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Veena A. Thomas
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ronya Primack
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Ponce
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Mei Di
- Department of Cardiometabolic disorders, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian Ouyang
- Department of Biologics, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joelle Kaner
- Department of Biologics, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sheung Kwan Lam
- Department of Biologics, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mina Mostafavi
- Department of Biologics, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Reusch J, Andersen JT, Rant U, Schlothauer T. Insight into the avidity-affinity relationship of the bivalent, pH-dependent interaction between IgG and FcRn. MAbs 2024; 16:2361585. [PMID: 38849969 PMCID: PMC11164218 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2361585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as therapeutics necessitate favorable pharmacokinetic properties, including extended serum half-life, achieved through pH-dependent binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). While prior research has mainly investigated IgG-FcRn binding kinetics with a focus on single affinity values, it has been shown that each IgG molecule can engage two FcRn molecules throughout an endosomal pH gradient. As such, we present here a more comprehensive analysis of these interactions with an emphasis on both affinity and avidity by taking advantage of switchSENSE technology, a surface-based biosensor where recombinant FcRn was immobilized via short DNA nanolevers, mimicking the membranous orientation of the receptor. The results revealed insight into the avidity-to-affinity relationship, where assessing binding through a pH gradient ranging from pH 5.8 to 7.4 showed that the half-life extended IgG1-YTE has an affinity inflection point at pH 7.2, reflecting its engineering for improved FcRn binding compared with the wild-type counterpart. Furthermore, IgG1-YTE displayed a pH switch for the avidity enhancement factor at pH 6.2, reflecting strong receptor binding to both sides of the YTE-containing Fc, while avidity was abolished at pH 7.4. When compared with classical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology and complementary methods, the use of switchSENSE demonstrated superior capabilities in differentiating affinity from avidity within a single measurement. Thus, the methodology provides reliable kinetic rate parameters for both binding modes and their direct relationship as a function of pH. Also, it deciphers the potential effect of the variable Fab arms on FcRn binding, in which SPR has limitations. Our study offers guidance for how FcRn binding properties can be studied for IgG engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Reusch
- Dynamic Biosensors GmbH, Munich, Germany
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance (PRIMA), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
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5
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Kahaly GJ, Dolman PJ, Wolf J, Giers BC, Elflein HM, Jain AP, Srinivasan A, Hadjiiski L, Jordan D, Bradley EA, Stan MN, Eckstein A, Pitz S, Vorländer C, Wester ST, Nguyen J, Tucker N, Sales-Sanz M, Feldon SE, Nelson CC, Hardy I, Abia-Serrano M, Tedeschi P, Janes JM, Xu J, Vue P, Macias WL, Douglas RS. Proof-of-concept and Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trials of an FcRn Inhibitor, Batoclimab, for Thyroid Eye Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:3122-3134. [PMID: 37390454 PMCID: PMC10655547 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inhibition of the neonatal fragment crystallizable receptor (FcRn) reduces pathogenic thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TSH-R-Ab) that drive pathology in thyroid eye disease (TED). OBJECTIVE We report the first clinical studies of an FcRn inhibitor, batoclimab, in TED. DESIGN Proof-of-concept (POC) and randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trials. SETTING Multicenter. PARTICIPANTS Patients with moderate-to-severe, active TED. INTERVENTION In the POC trial, patients received weekly subcutaneous injections of batoclimab 680 mg for 2 weeks, followed by 340 mg for 4 weeks. In the double-blind trial, patients were randomized 2:2:1:2 to weekly batoclimab (680 mg, 340 mg, 255 mg) or placebo for 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME Change from baseline in serum anti-TSH-R-Ab and total IgG (POC); 12-week proptosis response (randomized trial). RESULTS The randomized trial was terminated because of an unanticipated increase in serum cholesterol; therefore, data from 65 of the planned 77 patients were analyzed. Both trials showed marked decreases in pathogenic anti-TSH-R-Ab and total IgG serum levels (P < .001) with batoclimab. In the randomized trial, there was no statistically significant difference with batoclimab vs placebo in proptosis response at 12 weeks, although significant differences were observed at several earlier timepoints. In addition, orbital muscle volume decreased (P < .03) at 12 weeks, whereas quality of life (appearance subscale) improved (P < .03) at 19 weeks in the 680-mg group. Batoclimab was generally well tolerated, with albumin reductions and increases in lipids that reversed upon discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS These results provide insight into the efficacy and safety of batoclimab and support its further investigation as a potential therapy for TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter J Dolman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada
| | - Jan Wolf
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bert C Giers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heike M Elflein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Amy P Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ashok Srinivasan
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lubomir Hadjiiski
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David Jordan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | | | - Marius N Stan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Anja Eckstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Susanne Pitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Orbitazentrum, Bürgerhospital Frankfurt, 60318 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Vorländer
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Bürgerhospital Frankfurt, 60318 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sara T Wester
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - John Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Nancy Tucker
- Toronto Retina Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Marco Sales-Sanz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Steven E Feldon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Christine C Nelson
- W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Isabelle Hardy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jing Xu
- Immunovant, Inc., New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Peter Vue
- Immunovant, Inc., New York, NY 10018, USA
| | | | - Raymond S Douglas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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6
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Dadas O, Allen JD, Buchan SL, Kim J, Chan HTC, Mockridge CI, Duriez PJ, Rogel A, Crispin M, Al-Shamkhani A. Fcγ receptor binding is required for maximal immunostimulation by CD70-Fc. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1252274. [PMID: 37965342 PMCID: PMC10641686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1252274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction T cell expressed CD27 provides costimulation upon binding to inducible membrane expressed trimeric CD70 and is required for protective CD8 T cell responses. CD27 agonists could therefore be used to bolster cellular vaccines and anti-tumour immune responses. To date, clinical development of CD27 agonists has focussed on anti-CD27 antibodies with little attention given to alternative approaches. Methods Here, we describe the generation and activity of soluble variants of CD70 that form either trimeric (t) or dimer-of-trimer proteins and conduct side-by-side comparisons with an agonist anti-CD27 antibody. To generate a dimer-of-trimer protein (dt), we fused three extracellular domains of CD70 to the Fc domain of mouse IgG1 in a 'string of beads' configuration (dtCD70-Fc). Results Whereas tCD70 failed to costimulate CD8 T cells, both dtCD70-Fc and an agonist anti-CD27 antibody were capable of enhancing T cell proliferation in vitro. Initial studies demonstrated that dtCD70-Fc was less efficacious than anti-CD27 in boosting a CD8 T cell vaccine response in vivo, concomitant with rapid clearance of dtCD70-Fc from the circulation. The accelerated plasma clearance of dtCD70-Fc was not due to the lack of neonatal Fc receptor binding but was dependent on the large population of oligomannose type glycosylation. Enzymatic treatment to reduce the oligomannose-type glycans in dtCD70-Fc improved its half-life and significantly enhanced its T cell stimulatory activity in vivo surpassing that of anti-CD27 antibody. We also show that whereas the ability of the anti-CD27 to boost a vaccine response was abolished in Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)-deficient mice, dtCD70-Fc remained active. By comparing the activity of dtCD70-Fc with a variant (dtCD70-Fc(D265A)) that lacks binding to FcγRs, we unexpectedly found that FcγR binding to dtCD70-Fc was required for maximal boosting of a CD8 T cell response in vivo. Interestingly, both dtCD70-Fc and dtCD70-Fc(D265A) were effective in prolonging the survival of mice harbouring BCL1 B cell lymphoma, demonstrating that a substantial part of the stimulatory activity of dtCD70-Fc in this setting is retained in the absence of FcγR interaction. Discussion These data reveal that TNFRSF ligands can be generated with a tunable activity profile and suggest that this class of immune agonists could have broad applications in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Dadas
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Cyprus
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Buchan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jinny Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - H. T. Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C. Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J. Duriez
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Rogel
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Prabaharan CB, Giri S, Allen KJH, Bato KEM, Mercado TR, Malo ME, Carvalho JLC, Dadachova E, Uppalapati M. Comparative Molecular Characterization and Pharmacokinetics of IgG1-Fc and Engineered Fc Human Antibody Variants to Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 Receptor (IGF2R). Molecules 2023; 28:5839. [PMID: 37570809 PMCID: PMC10420659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel therapeutic approaches are much needed for the treatment of osteosarcoma. Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) and radioimmunotherapy (RIT) are promising approaches that deliver therapeutic radiation precisely to the tumor site. We have previously developed a fully human antibody, named IF3, that binds to insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R). IF3 was used in TRT to effectively inhibit tumor growth in osteosarcoma preclinical models. However, IF3's relatively short half-life in mice raised the need for improvement. We generated an Fc-engineered version of IF3, termed IF3δ, with amino acid substitutions known to enhance antibody half-life in human serum. In this study, we confirmed the specific binding of IF3δ to IGF2R with nanomolar affinity, similar to wild-type IF3. Additionally, IF3δ demonstrated binding to human and mouse neonatal Fc receptors (FcRn), indicating the potential for FcRn-mediated endocytosis and recycling. Biodistribution studies in mice showed a higher accumulation of IF3δ in the spleen and bone than wild-type IF3, likely attributed to abnormal spleen expression of IGF2R in mice. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics data from mouse xenograft models may not precisely reflect their behavior in canine and human patients. However, the findings suggest both IF3 and IF3δ as promising options for the RIT of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra B. Prabaharan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Sabeena Giri
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (S.G.); (K.J.H.A.); (M.E.M.); (J.L.C.C.)
| | - Kevin J. H. Allen
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (S.G.); (K.J.H.A.); (M.E.M.); (J.L.C.C.)
| | - Katrina E. M. Bato
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (K.E.M.B.); (T.R.M.)
| | - Therese R. Mercado
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (K.E.M.B.); (T.R.M.)
| | - Mackenzie E. Malo
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (S.G.); (K.J.H.A.); (M.E.M.); (J.L.C.C.)
| | - Jorge L. C. Carvalho
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (S.G.); (K.J.H.A.); (M.E.M.); (J.L.C.C.)
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (S.G.); (K.J.H.A.); (M.E.M.); (J.L.C.C.)
| | - Maruti Uppalapati
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
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8
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Kuritzkes DR. Broadly neutralizing antibodies and long-acting antiretroviral drugs as treatments for HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:225-228. [PMID: 37265259 PMCID: PMC10247186 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss progress and challenges in the development of antiretroviral regimens that combine broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and long-acting (LA) small-molecule antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). RECENT FINDINGS Data are extremely limited, with results from only a single phase 1a clinical trial reported to date. That study, a combination of lenacapavir plus the bNAbs teropavimab and zinlirvimab, maintained viral suppression over 26 weeks in 18 of 20 participants. A second pilot study, ACTG A5357, which tests the safety and virologic efficacy of the combination of LA injectable cabotegravir with the bNAb VRC07-523LS is fully enrolled; results are expected in the second half of 2023. SUMMARY The development of regimens that combine bNAbs and LA ARVs has been challenging. Both agents need similar half-lives in order to harmonize dosing schedules. In addition, the need to perform bNAb susceptibility testing to assure activity of the bNAb in order to protect against the risk of developing resistance to the LA ARV has slowed enrollment into trials and poses substantial logistical challenges to widespread adoption of these combinations should they prove safe and effective. Improvements in manufacture that reduce the cost of goods and advances in delivery systems are needed to ensure equitable access to these regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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de Rivero Vaccari JP, Mim C, Hadad R, Cyr B, Stefansdottir TA, Keane RW. Mechanism of action of IC 100, a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody targeting apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC). Transl Res 2023; 251:27-40. [PMID: 35793783 PMCID: PMC10615563 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes of the innate immune response that recognize a diverse range of intracellular sensors of infection or cell damage and recruit the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) into an inflammasome signaling complex. The recruitment, polymerization and cross-linking of ASC is upstream of caspase-1 activation and interleukin-1β release. Here we provide evidence that IC 100, a humanized IgG4κ monoclonal antibody against ASC, is internalized into the cell and localizes with endosomes, while another part is recycled and redistributed out of the cell. IC 100 binds intracellular ASC and blocks interleukin-1β release in a human whole blood cell inflammasome assay. In vitro studies demonstrate that IC 100 interferes with ASC polymerization and assembly of ASC specks. In vivo bioluminescence imaging showed that IC 100 has broad tissue distribution, crosses the blood brain barrier, and readily penetrates the brain and spinal cord parenchyma. Confocal microscopy of fluorescent-labeled IC 100 revealed that IC 100 is rapidly taken up by macrophages via a mechanism utilizing the Fc region of IC 100. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments and confocal immunohistochemistry showed that IC 100 binds to ASC and to the atypical antibody receptor Tripartite motif-containing protein-21 (TRIM21). In A549 WT and TRIM21 KO cells treated with either IC 100 or IgG4κ isotype control, the levels of intracellular IC 100 were higher than in the IgG4κ-treated controls at 2 hours, 1 day and 3 days after administration, indicating that IC 100 escapes degradation by the proteasome. Lastly, electron microscopy studies demonstrate that IC 100 binds to ASC filaments and alters the architecture of ASC filaments. Thus, IC 100 readily penetrates a variety of cell types, and it binds to intracellular ASC, but it is not degraded by the TRIM21 antibody-dependent intracellular neutralization pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Carsten Mim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Kungliga Tekniska Högscholan (Royal Institute of Technology), Sweden
| | - Roey Hadad
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Brianna Cyr
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Thorunn Anna Stefansdottir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Kungliga Tekniska Högscholan (Royal Institute of Technology), Sweden
| | - Robert W Keane
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL.
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10
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Wilkinson I, Hale G. Systematic analysis of the varied designs of 819 therapeutic antibodies and Fc fusion proteins assigned international nonproprietary names. MAbs 2022; 14:2123299. [PMID: 36109838 PMCID: PMC9481088 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2123299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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11
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Caskey M, Kuritzkes DR. Monoclonal Antibodies as Long-Acting Products: What Are We Learning From Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S530-S540. [PMID: 36410387 PMCID: PMC10200322 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies directed against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) offer promise as long-acting agents for prevention and treatment of HIV. Progress and challenges are discussed. Lessons may be learned from the development of monoclonal antibodies to treat and prevent COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel R Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Wade J, Rimbault C, Ali H, Ledsgaard L, Rivera-de-Torre E, Abou Hachem M, Boddum K, Mirza N, Bohn MF, Sakya SA, Ruso-Julve F, Andersen JT, Laustsen AH. Generation of Multivalent Nanobody-Based Proteins with Improved Neutralization of Long α-Neurotoxins from Elapid Snakes. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1494-1504. [PMID: 35875886 PMCID: PMC9389527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recombinantly produced biotherapeutics hold promise for improving the current standard of care for snakebite envenoming over conventional serotherapy. Nanobodies have performed well in the clinic, and in the context of antivenom, they have shown the ability to neutralize long α-neurotoxins in vivo. Here, we showcase a protein engineering approach to increase the valence and hydrodynamic size of neutralizing nanobodies raised against a long α-neurotoxin (α-cobratoxin) from the venom of the monocled cobraNaja kaouthia. Based on the p53 tetramerization domain, a panel of anti-α-cobratoxin nanobody-p53 fusion proteins, termed Quads, were produced with different valences, inclusion or exclusion of Fc regions for endosomal recycling purposes, hydrodynamic sizes, and spatial arrangements, comprising up to 16 binding sites. Measurements of binding affinity and stoichiometry showed that the nanobody binding affinity was retained when incorporated into the Quad scaffold, and all nanobody domains were accessible for toxin binding, subsequently displaying increased blocking potency in vitro compared to the monomeric format. Moreover, functional assessment using automated patch-clamp assays demonstrated that the nanobody and Quads displayed neutralizing effects against long α-neurotoxins from both N. kaouthia and the forest cobra N. melanoleuca. This engineering approach offers a means of altering the valence, endosomal recyclability, and hydrodynamic size of existing nanobody-based therapeutics in a simple plug-and-play fashion and can thus serve as a technology for researchers tailoring therapeutic properties for improved neutralization of soluble targets such as snake toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Wade
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Rimbault
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanif Ali
- Quadrucept
Bio Ltd., Kemp House,
152 City Road, London EC1V
2NX, United Kingdom
| | - Line Ledsgaard
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esperanza Rivera-de-Torre
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maher Abou Hachem
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kim Boddum
- Sophion
Bioscience, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Nadia Mirza
- Fida
Biosystems ApS, DK-2860 Søborg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus-Frederik Bohn
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Siri A. Sakya
- Department
of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital
Rikshospitalet, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Fulgencio Ruso-Julve
- Department
of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital
Rikshospitalet, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department
of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital
Rikshospitalet, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas H. Laustsen
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Thomas J, Torok MA, Agrawal K, Pfau T, Vu TT, Lyberger J, Chang H, Castillo AMM, Chen M, Remaily B, Kim K, Xie Z, Dillhoff ME, Kulp SK, Behbehani GK, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Ganesan LP, Owen DH, Phelps MA, Coss CC, Mace TA. The Neonatal Fc Receptor Is Elevated in Monocyte-Derived Immune Cells in Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7066. [PMID: 35806069 PMCID: PMC9266939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is responsible for recycling of IgG antibodies and albumin throughout the body. This mechanism has been exploited for pharmaceutic delivery across an array of diseases to either enhance or diminish this function. Monoclonal antibodies and albumin-bound nanoparticles are examples of FcRn-dependent anti-cancer therapeutics. Despite its importance in drug delivery, little is known about FcRn expression in circulating immune cells. Through time-of-flight mass cytometry (CyTOF) we were able to characterize FcRn expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients and non-cancer donors. Furthermore, we were able to replicate these findings in an orthotopic murine model of PDAC. Altogether, we found that in both patients and mice with PDAC, FcRn was elevated in migratory and resident classical dendritic cell type 2 (cDC2) as well as monocytic and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) populations compared to tumor-free controls. Furthermore, PBMCs from PDAC patients had elevated monocyte, dendritic cells and MDSCs relative to non-cancer donor PBMCs. Future investigations into FcRn activity may further elucidate possible mechanisms of poor efficacy of antibody immunotherapies in patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Thomas
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.T.); (T.T.V.); (A.M.M.C.); (M.C.); (B.R.); (K.K.); (Z.X.); (S.K.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Molly A. Torok
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.A.T.); (K.A.); (T.P.); (Z.C.-M.); (D.H.O.)
| | - Kriti Agrawal
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.A.T.); (K.A.); (T.P.); (Z.C.-M.); (D.H.O.)
| | - Timothy Pfau
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.A.T.); (K.A.); (T.P.); (Z.C.-M.); (D.H.O.)
| | - Trang T. Vu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.T.); (T.T.V.); (A.M.M.C.); (M.C.); (B.R.); (K.K.); (Z.X.); (S.K.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Justin Lyberger
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 420 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.); (H.C.); (G.K.B.)
| | - Hsiaochi Chang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 420 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.); (H.C.); (G.K.B.)
| | - Alyssa Marie M. Castillo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.T.); (T.T.V.); (A.M.M.C.); (M.C.); (B.R.); (K.K.); (Z.X.); (S.K.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Min Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.T.); (T.T.V.); (A.M.M.C.); (M.C.); (B.R.); (K.K.); (Z.X.); (S.K.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Bryan Remaily
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.T.); (T.T.V.); (A.M.M.C.); (M.C.); (B.R.); (K.K.); (Z.X.); (S.K.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Kyeongmin Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.T.); (T.T.V.); (A.M.M.C.); (M.C.); (B.R.); (K.K.); (Z.X.); (S.K.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Zhiliang Xie
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.T.); (T.T.V.); (A.M.M.C.); (M.C.); (B.R.); (K.K.); (Z.X.); (S.K.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Mary E. Dillhoff
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 420 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Samuel K. Kulp
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.T.); (T.T.V.); (A.M.M.C.); (M.C.); (B.R.); (K.K.); (Z.X.); (S.K.K.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Gregory K. Behbehani
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 420 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.); (H.C.); (G.K.B.)
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.A.T.); (K.A.); (T.P.); (Z.C.-M.); (D.H.O.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 420 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Latha P. Ganesan
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 420 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Dwight H. Owen
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.A.T.); (K.A.); (T.P.); (Z.C.-M.); (D.H.O.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 420 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mitch A. Phelps
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.T.); (T.T.V.); (A.M.M.C.); (M.C.); (B.R.); (K.K.); (Z.X.); (S.K.K.); (M.A.P.)
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.A.T.); (K.A.); (T.P.); (Z.C.-M.); (D.H.O.)
| | - Christopher C. Coss
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.T.); (T.T.V.); (A.M.M.C.); (M.C.); (B.R.); (K.K.); (Z.X.); (S.K.K.); (M.A.P.)
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.A.T.); (K.A.); (T.P.); (Z.C.-M.); (D.H.O.)
| | - Thomas A. Mace
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.A.T.); (K.A.); (T.P.); (Z.C.-M.); (D.H.O.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 420 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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14
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Chung S, Lin YL, Nguyen V, Liu C. Methods for Functional Characterization of FcRn Interactions with Therapeutic Antibodies and Fc-Fusion Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2313:295-303. [PMID: 34478146 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1450-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays a key role in determining the pharmacokinetic behavior of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). FcRn-mediated intracellular trafficking mechanisms extend the half-lives of mAbs by rescuing them from lysosomal degradation and contribute to their transportation from the vascular space to tissue compartments such as placenta and mucosal surfaces. It is important to characterize the FcRn interactions of therapeutic mAbs and Fc-fusion proteins due to its potential impact on their in vivo pharmacokinetic properties such as clearance and half-life. In this chapter, we describe protocols for two cell-based assays that measure the total function of FcRn which involves pH-dependent association and dissociation with IgG-Fc, as well as FcRn-mediated intracellular trafficking parameters. These assays are suitable for characterization of FcRn interactions with therapeutic mAbs and Fc-fusion proteins for the purpose of assessing lot-to-lot consistency and the structural and functional integrity of the Fc domain. In addition, they may serve as cost-effective screening tools for the evaluation of mAb-based drug candidates during lead selection and optimization for desired pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chung
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Yuwen L Lin
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Van Nguyen
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Szeto TH, Drake PMW, Teh AYH, Falci Finardi N, Clegg AG, Paul MJ, Reljic R, Ma JKC. Production of Recombinant Proteins in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2480:17-48. [PMID: 35616855 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2241-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana tabacum (the tobacco plant ) has numerous advantages for molecular farming, including rapid growth, large biomass and the possibility of both cross- and self-fertilization. In addition, genetic transformation and tissue culture protocols for regeneration of transgenic plants are well-established. Here, we describe the production of transgenic tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the analysis of recombinant proteins, either in crude plant extracts or after purification, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with western blotting and surface plasmon resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim H Szeto
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Pascal M W Drake
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK.
| | - Audrey Y-H Teh
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Nicole Falci Finardi
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Ashleigh G Clegg
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Mathew J Paul
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Julian K-C Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, St. George's University of London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, London, UK
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16
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Nawab DH. Vaccinal antibodies: Fc antibody engineering to improve the antiviral antibody response and induce vaccine-like effects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5532-5545. [PMID: 34844516 PMCID: PMC8903937 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1985891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the urgent clinical need for efficient virus therapies and vaccines. Although the functional importance of antibodies is indisputable in viral infections, there are still significant unmet needs that require vast improvements in antibody-based therapeutics. The IgG Fc domain can be engineered to produce antibodies with tailored and potent responses that will meet these clinical demands. Engaging Fc receptors (FcRs) to perform effector functions as cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, complement activation, intracellular neutralization and controlling antibody persistence. Furthermore, it produces vaccine-like effects by activating signals to stimulate T-cell responses, have proven to be required for protection, as neutralization alone does not off the full protection capacity of antibodies. This review highlights antiviral Fc functions and FcRs' contributions in linking innate and adaptive immunity against viral threats. Moreover, it provides the latest Fc engineering strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of human antiviral antibodies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhuha H Nawab
- Pharmacy Department, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Wolfe GI, Ward ES, de Haard H, Ulrichts P, Mozaffar T, Pasnoor M, Vidarsson G. IgG regulation through FcRn blocking: A novel mechanism for the treatment of myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci 2021; 430:118074. [PMID: 34563918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.118074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is an MHC class I-like molecule that is widely distributed in mammalian organs, tissues, and cells. FcRn is critical to maintaining immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin levels through rescuing these molecules from lysosomal degradation. IgG autoantibodies are associated with many autoimmune diseases, including myasthenia gravis (MG), a rare neuromuscular autoimmune disease that causes debilitating and, in its generalized form (gMG), potentially life-threatening muscle weakness. IgG autoantibodies are directly pathogenic in MG and target neuromuscular junction proteins, causing neuromuscular transmission failure. Treatment approaches that reduce autoantibody levels, such as therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin, have been shown to be effective for gMG patients but are not indicated as ongoing maintenance therapies and can be associated with burdensome side effects. Agents that block FcRn-mediated recycling of IgG represent a rational and promising approach for the treatment of gMG. Blocking FcRn allows targeted reduction of all IgG subtypes without decreasing concentrations of other Ig isotypes; therefore, FcRn blocking could be a safe and effective treatment strategy for a broad population of gMG patients. Several FcRn-blocking antibodies and one antibody Fc fragment have been developed and are currently in various stages of clinical development. This article describes the mechanism of FcRn blockade as a novel approach for IgG-mediated disease therapy and reviews promising clinical data using such FcRn blockers for the treatment of gMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil I Wolfe
- Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - E Sally Ward
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Hans de Haard
- argenx, Zwijnaarde, Belgium, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Peter Ulrichts
- argenx, Zwijnaarde, Belgium, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tahseen Mozaffar
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mamatha Pasnoor
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Song Y, Deng X, Shi W, Tang F, Huang W, Gong L, Qin Q. A homogeneous time-resolved fluorometric energy transfer assay for the binding assessment of FcRn with IgG antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2021; 499:113180. [PMID: 34736962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to develop a homogeneous time-resolved fluorometric energy transfer assay for assessment of human neonatal Fc receptor binding activity with IgG-type antibodies. The assay was configured with FcRn-coupled with Eu cryptate via biotin and streptavidin interaction as donor and IgG1 labeled with d2 as acceptor. Only a single incubation step was involved and no wash step was required. The assay demonstrated good accuracy, precision, linearity and specificity. Our further investigation with a rat pharmacokinetics study revealed that the terminal t1/2 for Trastuzumab and its related three ADCs agreed with the EC50 data. The assay can be applied to various IgGs with modifications to identify antibodies with appropriate binding ability to human FcRn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakai Song
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201203,China
| | - Xiaojie Deng
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201203,China
| | - Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Likun Gong
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201203,China.
| | - Qiuping Qin
- Department of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai 201203,China.
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19
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Lamamy J, Boulard P, Brachet G, Tourlet S, Gouilleux-Gruart V, Ramdani Y. "Ways in which the neonatal Fc-receptor is involved in autoimmunity". J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100122. [PMID: 34568803 PMCID: PMC8449123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the neonatal IgG Fc receptor (FcRn) was discovered, its role has evolved from immunoglobulin recycling and biodistribution to antigen presentation and immune complex routing, bringing it to the center of both humoral and cellular immune responses. FcRn is thus involved in the pathophysiology of immune-related diseases such as cancer, infection, and autoimmune disorders. This review focuses on the role of FcRn in autoimmunity, based on the available data from both animal models and human studies. The knowledge concerning ways in which FcRn is involved in autoimmune response has led to the development of inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, also described here. Up to date, the literature remains scarce, shedding light on the need for further studies to fully understand the various pathophysiological roles of this unique receptor. FcRn is an intracellular receptor with a key role in IgG and immune complex management. FcRn-targeting therapies are a promising way of treatment in antibodies mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Lamamy
- EA7501, GICC, Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Pierre Boulard
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, CHU Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | - Yanis Ramdani
- Service de Médecine Interne, CHU Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
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20
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Lucas AT, Moody A, Schorzman AN, Zamboni WC. Importance and Considerations of Antibody Engineering in Antibody-Drug Conjugates Development from a Clinical Pharmacologist's Perspective. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 34449544 PMCID: PMC8395454 DOI: 10.3390/antib10030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) appear to be in a developmental boom, with five FDA approvals in the last two years and a projected market value of over $4 billion by 2024. Major advancements in the engineering of these novel cytotoxic drug carriers have provided a few early success stories. Although the use of these immunoconjugate agents are still in their infancy, valuable lessons in the engineering of these agents have been learned from both preclinical and clinical failures. It is essential to appreciate how the various mechanisms used to engineer changes in ADCs can alter the complex pharmacology of these agents and allow the ADCs to navigate the modern-day therapeutic challenges within oncology. This review provides a global overview of ADC characteristics which can be engineered to alter the interaction with the immune system, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, and therapeutic index of ADCs. In addition, this review will highlight some of the engineering approaches being explored in the creation of the next generation of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Lucas
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.T.L.); (A.N.S.)
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Amber Moody
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Allison N. Schorzman
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.T.L.); (A.N.S.)
| | - William C. Zamboni
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.T.L.); (A.N.S.)
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Glolytics, LLC, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
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21
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Kwon JC, Kwon OH, Jeong RU, Kim N, Song S, Choi I, Lee J, Horiuchi T. Physicochemical and biological similarity assessment of LBAL, a biosimilar to adalimumab reference product (Humira®). Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2021; 25:182-194. [PMID: 34262661 PMCID: PMC8253209 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.1943709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
LBAL was developed as an adalimumab (Humira®) biosimilar using Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. Comparable quality, safety, and efficacy between a biosimilar and its reference product should be ensured for regulatory approval. Here, we present the results of a comprehensive physicochemical and biological characterization between LBAL and Humira®. As physicochemical attributes, primary and higher-order structure, N-glycan profile, and disulfide linkage were investigated. Biological attributes were evaluated by target/receptor binding analysis and in vitro/ex vivo cell-based assays, which are linked to mechanisms of action. As a result, LBAL had the identical amino acid sequence, similar post-translational modifications and N-/C-terminal variants, and comparable primary, secondary, and tertiary structures and disulfide linkage profile. However, some differences in N-glycan profiles were observed. Biological activities, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binding, TNF-neutralization, apoptosis, Fc receptor binding, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity, were largely consistent. Despite a slightly lower antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity in LBAL, this difference was not significant under physiological conditions. As indicated, this extensive analytical characterization and functional comparison assessment showed that LBAL was similar to Humira®, with minor differences of no clinical relevance. Taken together, our comparative assessment of physicochemical and biological attributes demonstrated that LBAL is structurally and functionally very similar to Humira®, supporting the biosimilarity of clinical efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Cheol Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Life Science R&D campus, LG Science Park, LG Chem, Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - O Hwan Kwon
- Life Science R&D campus, LG Science Park, LG Chem, Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rae Ung Jeong
- Life Science R&D campus, LG Science Park, LG Chem, Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoun Kim
- Life Science R&D campus, LG Science Park, LG Chem, Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonah Song
- Life Science R&D campus, LG Science Park, LG Chem, Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilsub Choi
- Life Science R&D campus, LG Science Park, LG Chem, Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juneok Lee
- Life Science R&D campus, LG Science Park, LG Chem, Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Takahiko Horiuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
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22
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Fieux M, Le Quellec S, Bartier S, Coste A, Louis B, Giroudon C, Nourredine M, Bequignon E. FcRn as a Transporter for Nasal Delivery of Biologics: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126475. [PMID: 34204226 PMCID: PMC8234196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FcRn plays a major role in regulating immune homeostasis, but it is also able to transport biologics across cellular barriers. The question of whether FcRn could be an efficient transporter of biologics across the nasal epithelial barrier is of particular interest, as it would allow a less invasive strategy for the administration of biologics in comparison to subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous administrations, which are often used in clinical practice. A focused systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. It was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO, which helped in identifying articles that met the inclusion criteria. Clinical and preclinical studies involving FcRn and the nasal delivery of biologics were screened, and the risk of bias was assessed across studies using the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT). Among the 12 studies finally included in this systematic review (out of the 758 studies screened), 11 demonstrated efficient transcytosis of biologics through the nasal epithelium. Only three studies evaluated the potential toxicity of biologics’ intranasal delivery, and they all showed that it was safe. This systematic review confirmed that FcRn is expressed in the nasal airway and the olfactory epithelium, and that FcRn may play a role in IgG and/or IgG-derived molecule-transcytosis across the airway epithelium. However, additional research is needed to better characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of biologics after their intranasal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fieux
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service d’ORL, D’otoneurochirurgie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Pierre Bénite, CEDEX, F-69495 Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France; (S.L.Q.); (M.N.)
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-7266-6415
| | - Sandra Le Quellec
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France; (S.L.Q.); (M.N.)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Cardiologique Louis Pradel, Unité D’hémostase Clinique, CEDEX, F-69500 Bron, France
- EA 4609 Hémostase et Cancer, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69372 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Service D’hématologie Biologique, CEDEX, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Sophie Bartier
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Service d’ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - André Coste
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Service d’ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Louis
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Caroline Giroudon
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de la Documentation Centrale, CEDEX, F-69424 Lyon, France;
| | - Mikail Nourredine
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France; (S.L.Q.); (M.N.)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique et Bioinformatique, F-69003 Lyon, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emilie Bequignon
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Service d’ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France
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Choi AY, Manook M, Olaso D, Ezekian B, Park J, Freischlag K, Jackson A, Knechtle S, Kwun J. Emerging New Approaches in Desensitization: Targeted Therapies for HLA Sensitization. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694763. [PMID: 34177960 PMCID: PMC8226120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for therapeutic interventions for desensitization and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in sensitized patients with preformed or de novo donor-specific HLA antibodies (DSA). The risk of AMR and allograft loss in sensitized patients is increased due to preformed DSA detected at time of transplant or the reactivation of HLA memory after transplantation, causing acute and chronic AMR. Alternatively, de novo DSA that develops post-transplant due to inadequate immunosuppression and again may lead to acute and chronic AMR or even allograft loss. Circulating antibody, the final product of the humoral immune response, has been the primary target of desensitization and AMR treatment. However, in many cases these protocols fail to achieve efficient removal of all DSA and long-term outcomes of patients with persistent DSA are far worse when compared to non-sensitized patients. We believe that targeting multiple components of humoral immunity will lead to improved outcomes for such patients. In this review, we will briefly discuss conventional desensitization methods targeting antibody or B cell removal and then present a mechanistically designed desensitization regimen targeting plasma cells and the humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stuart Knechtle
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jean Kwun
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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24
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Grudén S, Brunmark C, Holmqvist B, Brenndörfer ED, Johansson M, Liu J, Zhao Y, Axén N, Hassan M. Biodistribution of fluorescence-labelled EGF protein from slow release NanoZolid depots in mouse. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120588. [PMID: 33845148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The study was designed to evaluate the ability of the calcium sulfate based NanoZolid® drug delivery technology to locally release the epidermal growth factor (EGF) protein while maintaining its biological activity. METHODS NanoZolid-formulated EGF protein labelled with a near infrared dye (EGF-NIR) depots or EGF-NIR dissolved in PBS were injected subcutaneously into mice bearing EGF receptor (EGFR) positive human A549 lung cancer tumors inoculated subcutaneously. The release and biodistribution of the EGF-NIR were investigated in vivo longitudinally up to 96 h post administration, utilizing whole body fluorescence imaging. In order to confirm the in vivo findings, histological analysis of tumor cryosections was performed to investigate EGF-NIR fluorescent signal and EGFR expression level by immunofluorescence labelling. RESULTS The in vivo fluorescence imaging showed a controlled release profile of the EGF-NIR loaded in the NanoZolid depots compared to free EGF-NIR. Histological analysis of the tumors further demonstrated a prevailing distribution of EGF-NIR in regions with high levels of EGFR expression. CONCLUSION Calcium sulfate based depots can be used to formulate EGF while maintaining its biological activity, e.g. receptor binding capability. This may have a good clinical potential for local delivery of biomolecules to enhance treatment efficacy and minimize systemic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Grudén
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; LIDDS AB, Virdings allé 32B, SE-754 50 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Charlott Brunmark
- Truly Labs AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bo Holmqvist
- ImaGene-iT AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Jian Liu
- Truly Labs AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ying Zhao
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Research Center (KFC) and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Niklas Axén
- LIDDS AB, Virdings allé 32B, SE-754 50 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Research Center (KFC) and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Qi T, Cao Y. In Translation: FcRn across the Therapeutic Spectrum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3048. [PMID: 33802650 PMCID: PMC8002405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As an essential modulator of IgG disposition, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) governs the pharmacokinetics and functions many therapeutic modalities. In this review, we thoroughly reexamine the hitherto elucidated biological and thermodynamic properties of FcRn to provide context for our assessment of more recent advances, which covers antigen-binding fragment (Fab) determinants of FcRn affinity, transgenic preclinical models, and FcRn targeting as an immune-complex (IC)-clearing strategy. We further comment on therapeutic antibodies authorized for treating SARS-CoV-2 (bamlanivimab, casirivimab, and imdevimab) and evaluate their potential to saturate FcRn-mediated recycling. Finally, we discuss modeling and simulation studies that probe the quantitative relationship between in vivo IgG persistence and in vitro FcRn binding, emphasizing the importance of endosomal transit parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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26
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Parzych EM, Gulati S, Zheng B, Bah MA, Elliott STC, Chu JD, Nowak N, Reed GW, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, Rice PA, Weiner DB, Ram S. Synthetic DNA Delivery of an Optimized and Engineered Monoclonal Antibody Provides Rapid and Prolonged Protection against Experimental Gonococcal Infection. mBio 2021; 12:e00242-21. [PMID: 33727348 PMCID: PMC8092225 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00242-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2C7 recognizes a lipooligosaccharide epitope expressed by most clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates and mediates complement-dependent bactericidal activity. We recently showed that a recombinant human IgG1 chimeric variant of MAb 2C7 containing an E430G Fc modification (2C7_E430G), which enhances complement activation, outperformed the parental MAb 2C7 (2C7_WT) in vivo Because natural infection with N. gonorrhoeae often does not elicit protective immunity and reinfections are common, approaches that prolong bacterial control in vivo are of great interest. Advances in DNA-based approaches have demonstrated the combined benefit of genetic engineering, formulation optimizations, and facilitated delivery via CELLECTRA-EP technology, which can induce robust in vivo expression of protective DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) with durable serum activity relative to traditional recombinant MAb therapies. Here, we created optimized 2C7-derived DMAbs encoding the parental Fc (2C7_WT) or complement-enhancing Fc variants (2C7_E430G and 2C7_E345K). 2C7 DMAbs were rapidly generated and detected throughout the 4-month study. While all complement-engaging 2C7 variants facilitated rapid clearance following primary N. gonorrhoeae challenge (day 8 after DMAb administration), the complement-enhancing 2C7_E430G variant demonstrated significantly higher potency against mice rechallenged 65 days after DMAb administration. Passive intravenous transfer of in vivo-produced, purified 2C7 DMAbs confirmed the increased potency of the complement-enhancing variants. This study highlights the ability of the DMAb platform to launch the in vivo production of antibodies engineered to promote and optimize downstream innate effector mechanisms such as complement-mediated killing, leading to hastened bacterial elimination.IMPORTANCENeisseria gonorrhoeae has become resistant to most antibiotics in clinical use. Currently, there is no safe and effective vaccine against gonorrhea. Measures to prevent the spread of gonorrhea are a global health priority. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) called 2C7, directed against a lipooligosaccharide glycan epitope expressed by most clinical isolates, displays complement-dependent bactericidal activity and hastens clearance of gonococcal vaginal colonization in mice. Fc mutations in a human IgG1 chimeric version of MAb 2C7 further enhance complement activation, and the resulting MAb displays greater activity than wild-type MAb 2C7 in vivo Here, we utilized a DNA-encoded MAb (DMAb) construct designed to launch production and assembly of "complement-enhanced" chimeric MAb 2C7 in vivo The ensuing rapid and sustained MAb 2C7 expression attenuated gonococcal colonization in mice at 8 days as well as 65 days postadministration. The DMAb system may provide an effective, economical platform to deliver MAbs for durable protection against gonorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Parzych
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sunita Gulati
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bo Zheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mamadou A Bah
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah T C Elliott
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacqueline D Chu
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy Nowak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George W Reed
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Janine Schuurman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter A Rice
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune, neuromuscular disorder that produces disabling weakness through a compromise of neuromuscular transmission. The disease fulfills strict criteria of an antibody-mediated disease. Close to 90% of patients have antibodies directed towards the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) on the post-synaptic surface of skeletal muscle and another 5% to the muscle-specific kinase, which is involved in concentrating the AChR to the muscle surface of the neuromuscular junction. Conventional treatments of intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange reduce autoantibody levels to produce their therapeutic effect, while prednisone and immunosuppressives do so by moderating autoantibody production. None of these treatments were specifically developed for MG and have a range of adverse effects. The extensive advances in monoclonal antibody technology allowing specific modulation of biological pathways has led to a tremendous increase in the potential treatment options. For MG, monoclonal antibody therapeutics target the effector mechanism of complement inhibition and the reduction of antibody levels by FcRn inhibition. Antibodies directed against CD20 and signaling pathways, which support lymphocyte activity, have been used to reduce autoantibody production. Thus far, only eculizumab, an antibody against C5, has reached the clinic. We review the present status of monoclonal antibody-based treatments for MG that have entered human testing and offer the promise to transform treatment of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Alabbad
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Mohanad AlGaeed
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Patricia Sikorski
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Henry J Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.
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28
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Implications of Fc Neonatal Receptor (FcRn) Manipulations for Transplant Immunotherapeutics. Transplantation 2020; 104:17-23. [PMID: 31397806 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alloimmune injury to allografts is mediated by pathogenic donor-specific alloantibodies, usually of the IgG isotype. Currently, strategies used to reduce donor-specific alloantibodies are collectively called desensitization. Despite successes, these treatments have limited efficacy and can be associated with adverse events, infectious complications, and high cost. Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn) was originally discovered as a transport mechanism for IgG from maternal circulation to fetus. FcRn receptors are now known to be widely distributed in virtually all tissues. IgG and albumin binding to FcRn is pH-dependent, which results in a significant prolongation their half-life. Structural analysis shows FcRn is a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex Class I receptor, which is emerging as a novel target to significantly reduce the half-life of pathogenic antibodies or extend the half-life of therapeutic monoclonals. Manipulation of IgG-Fc/FcRn interactions has implications for treatment of virtually all IgG-mediated diseases. The use of monoclonals directed at the FcRn can rapidly enhance the turnover of total IgG, including pathogenic IgG. In this review, we highlight the aspects of FcRn biology responsible for development of FcRn targeted therapeutics aimed at pathogenic autoantibodies and alloantibodies. We also explore the novel modifications of therapeutic monoclonals that exploit FcRn functions to enhance therapeutic efficacy.
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29
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Ma X, Kermode AG, Hu X, Qiu W. NMOSD acute attack: Understanding, treatment and innovative treatment prospect. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577387. [PMID: 32987231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a group of severe inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system that involves the optic nerve and spinal cord. Currently the therapeutic options for an acute attack in NMOSD are limited and rarely characterized in clinical studies. This review discussed the overall characteristics of acute attack of NMOSD, related risk factor, prognosis and management. Considering the huge unmet needs and the emergence of new therapeutic targets, we also reviewed innovative treatments that might alleviate attack damage, along with the challenges to evaluate new drug for acute attack in NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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30
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Saito S, Namisaki H, Hiraishi K, Takahashi N, Iida S. Engineering a human IgG2 antibody stable at low pH. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1186-1195. [PMID: 32142185 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IgG2 subclass antibodies have unique properties that include low effector function and a rigid hinge region. Although some IgG2 subclasses have been clinically tested and approved for therapeutic use, they have a higher propensity than IgG1 for aggregation, which can curtail or abolish their biological activity and enhance their immunogenicity. In this regard, acid-induced aggregation of monoclonal antibodies during purification and virus inactivation must be prevented. In the present study, we replaced the constant domain of IgG2 with that of IgG1, using anti-2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) IgG2 as a model antibody, and investigated whether that would confer greater stability. While the anti-DNP IgG2 antibody showed significant aggregation at low pH, this was reduced for the IgG2 antibody containing the IgG1 CH2 domain. Substituting three amino acids within the CH2 domain-namely, F300Y, V309L, and T339A (IgG2_YLA)-reduced aggregation at low pH and increased CH2 transition temperature, as determined by differential scanning calorimetric analysis. IgG2_YLA exhibited similar antigen-binding capacity to IgG2, low affinity for FcγRIIIa, and low binding ability to C1q. The same YLA substitution also reduced the aggregation of panitumumab, another IgG2 antibody, at low pH. Our engineered human IgG2 antibody showed reduced aggregation during bioprocessing and provides a basis for designing improved IgG2 antibodies for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Saito
- Antibody & Biologics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Namisaki
- Open Innovation Department, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Hiraishi
- Antibody & Biologics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Takahashi
- Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Iida
- Antibody & Biologics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The advent of biologic therapies, particularly antibody therapeutics, has revolutionized the pharmacological treatment of many rheumatic diseases. Antibody discovery began with the immunization of mice for the production of rodent immunoglobulins, but advances in protein and genetic engineering have now made it possible to generate fully human antibodies, which are better tolerated by patients. For most clinical applications in rheumatology, antibodies have been used as blocking agents capable of neutralizing the function of pro-inflammatory proteins, such as TNF. The latest strategies involve antibody products armed with effector moieties, such as anti-inflammatory drugs or cytokines, or antibody products that are specific for multiple targets for the selective inhibition of inflammation at sites of disease. Antibodies are some of the best-selling drugs in the world, and with further advances in antibody development, engineering of armed antibodies and bispecific products will have an important role in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.
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Stelter S, Paul MJ, Teh AY, Grandits M, Altmann F, Vanier J, Bardor M, Castilho A, Allen RL, Ma JK. Engineering the interactions between a plant-produced HIV antibody and human Fc receptors. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:402-414. [PMID: 31301102 PMCID: PMC6953194 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants can provide a cost-effective and scalable technology for production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, with the potential for precise engineering of glycosylation. Glycan structures in the antibody Fc region influence binding properties to Fc receptors, which opens opportunities for modulation of antibody effector functions. To test the impact of glycosylation in detail, on binding to human Fc receptors, different glycovariants of VRC01, a broadly neutralizing HIV monoclonal antibody, were generated in Nicotiana benthamiana and characterized. These include glycovariants lacking plant characteristic α1,3-fucose and β1,2-xylose residues and glycans extended with terminal β1,4-galactose. Surface plasmon resonance-based assays were established for kinetic/affinity evaluation of antibody-FcγR interactions, and revealed that antibodies with typical plant glycosylation have a limited capacity to engage FcγRI, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb and FcγRIIIa; however, the binding characteristics can be restored and even improved with targeted glycoengineering. All plant-made glycovariants had a slightly reduced affinity to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) compared with HEK cell-derived antibody. However, this was independent of plant glycosylation, but related to the oxidation status of two methionine residues in the Fc region. This points towards a need for process optimization to control oxidation levels and improve the quality of plant-produced antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Stelter
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Crescendo Biologics LtdMeditrina Building 260Babraham Research CampusCambridgeCB22 3ATUK
| | - Mathew J. Paul
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Audrey Y.‐H. Teh
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Melanie Grandits
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Division of BiochemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Jessica Vanier
- UNIROUENLaboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EANormandie UnivRouenFrance
| | - Muriel Bardor
- UNIROUENLaboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EANormandie UnivRouenFrance
- Institut Universitaire de France (I.U.F.)Paris Cedex 05France
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Rachel Louise Allen
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Julian K‐C. Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology UnitInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt George's University of LondonLondonUK
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Goulet DR, Atkins WM. Considerations for the Design of Antibody-Based Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:74-103. [PMID: 31173761 PMCID: PMC6891151 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based proteins have become an important class of biologic therapeutics, due in large part to the stability, specificity, and adaptability of the antibody framework. Indeed, antibodies not only have the inherent ability to bind both antigens and endogenous immune receptors but also have proven extremely amenable to protein engineering. Thus, several derivatives of the monoclonal antibody format, including bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and antibody fragments, have demonstrated efficacy for treating human disease, particularly in the fields of immunology and oncology. Reviewed here are considerations for the design of antibody-based therapeutics, including immunological context, therapeutic mechanisms, and engineering strategies. First, characteristics of antibodies are introduced, with emphasis on structural domains, functionally important receptors, isotypic and allotypic differences, and modifications such as glycosylation. Then, aspects of therapeutic antibody design are discussed, including identification of antigen-specific variable regions, choice of expression system, use of multispecific formats, and design of antibody derivatives based on fragmentation, oligomerization, or conjugation to other functional moieties. Finally, strategies to enhance antibody function through protein engineering are reviewed while highlighting the impact of fundamental biophysical properties on protein developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Lee JH, Paek K, Moon JH, Ham S, Song J, Kim S. Biological Characterization of SB3, a Trastuzumab Biosimilar, and the Influence of Changes in Reference Product Characteristics on the Similarity Assessment. BioDrugs 2019; 33:411-422. [PMID: 31190280 PMCID: PMC6647423 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-019-00362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background SB3 has been developed as a trastuzumab biosimilar, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeted to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and approved by the European Commission and United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA). During the developmental period of a biosimilar, setting an appropriate quality target is critical for assessing the similarity of the biosimilar product to the reference product. A stepwise approach should be taken to assessing similarity, beginning with extensive characterization of the reference product to establish the quality target. Objective In this study, we evaluated the similarity of SB3 to the reference product and the impact of changes in the biological profile of the reference product on similarity assessment. Methods Analytical similarity was assessed with defined test procedures in terms of critical quality attributes (CQAs) that could affect efficacy, potency, and safety, as well as for the non-CQAs that are related to process consistency. The quality target was established using up to 154 lots of European Union (EU)- and US-sourced Herceptin® (reference product), analyzed during the developmental period of SB3. Results Trends of the EU- and US-sourced reference product showed that the biological profile exhibited two marked changes for Fc-related attributes, and then recovered to pre-change quality level. Since the similarity range set by pre-change lots was considered most relevant, the changed lots were excluded from establishing the similarity range, which resulted in tightened acceptance criteria. As shown in the results of similarity assessment using the stringent quality target ranges, SB3 exhibits highly similar functional activities compared to the reference product in terms of both CQAs and non-CQAs. Conclusion SB3 has been developed as a trastuzumab biosimilar approved in the EU and USA, and its manufacturing process is deemed to be robust and well-controlled within stringent quality target ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Lee
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, 107, Cheomdan-daero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21987, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungyeol Paek
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, 107, Cheomdan-daero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21987, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyon Moon
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, 107, Cheomdan-daero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21987, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Ham
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, 107, Cheomdan-daero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21987, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Song
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, 107, Cheomdan-daero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21987, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokkyun Kim
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd, 107, Cheomdan-daero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21987, Republic of Korea
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Lee CH, Kang TH, Godon O, Watanabe M, Delidakis G, Gillis CM, Sterlin D, Hardy D, Cogné M, Macdonald LE, Murphy AJ, Tu N, Lee J, McDaniel JR, Makowski E, Tessier PM, Meyer AS, Bruhns P, Georgiou G. An engineered human Fc domain that behaves like a pH-toggle switch for ultra-long circulation persistence. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5031. [PMID: 31695028 PMCID: PMC6834678 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of antibodies are largely dictated by the pH-dependent binding of the IgG fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain to the human neonatal Fc receptor (hFcRn). Engineered Fc domains that confer a longer circulation half-life by virtue of more favorable pH-dependent binding to hFcRn are of great therapeutic interest. Here we developed a pH Toggle switch Fc variant containing the L309D/Q311H/N434S (DHS) substitutions, which exhibits markedly improved pharmacokinetics relative to both native IgG1 and widely used half-life extension variants, both in conventional hFcRn transgenic mice and in new knock-in mouse strains. engineered specifically to recapitulate all the key processes relevant to human antibody persistence in circulation, namely: (i) physiological expression of hFcRn, (ii) the impact of hFcγRs on antibody clearance and (iii) the role of competing endogenous IgG. DHS-IgG retains intact effector functions, which are important for the clearance of target pathogenic cells and also has favorable developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Han Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ophélie Godon
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR1222 INSERMF-75015, Paris, France
| | - Makiko Watanabe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - George Delidakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Caitlin M Gillis
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR1222 INSERMF-75015, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Sterlin
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR1222 INSERMF-75015, Paris, France
| | - David Hardy
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Naxin Tu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jonathan R McDaniel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Emily Makowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aaron S Meyer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR1222 INSERMF-75015, Paris, France.
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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36
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Offeddu GS, Haase K, Gillrie MR, Li R, Morozova O, Hickman D, Knutson CG, Kamm RD. An on-chip model of protein paracellular and transcellular permeability in the microcirculation. Biomaterials 2019; 212:115-125. [PMID: 31112823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent therapeutic success of large-molecule biologics has led to intense interest in assays to measure with precision their transport across the vascular endothelium and into the target tissue. Most current in vitro endothelial models show unrealistically large permeability coefficients due to a non-physiological paracellular transport. Thus, more advanced systems are required to better recapitulate and discern the important contribution of transcellular transport (transcytosis), particularly of pharmaceutically-relevant proteins. Here, a robust platform technology for the measurement of transport through a human endothelium is presented, which utilizes in vitro microvascular networks (MVNs). The self-assembled MVNs recapitulate the morphology and junctional complexity of in vivo capillaries, and express key endothelial vesicular transport proteins. This results in measured permeabilities to large molecules comparable to those observed in vivo, which are orders of magnitude lower than those measured in transwells. The permeability of albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG), biopharmaceutically-relevant proteins, is shown to occur primarily via transcytosis, with passage of IgG regulated by the receptor FcRn. The physiological relevance of the MVNs make it a valuable tool to assess the distribution of biopharmaceuticals into tissues, and may be used to prioritize candidate molecules from this increasingly important class of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni S Offeddu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristina Haase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark R Gillrie
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olga Morozova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dean Hickman
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Chung S, Nguyen V, Lin YL, Lafrance-Vanasse J, Scales SJ, Lin K, Deng R, Williams K, Sperinde G, Li JJ, Zheng K, Sukumaran S, Tesar D, Ernst JA, Fischer S, Lazar GA, Prabhu S, Song A. An in vitro FcRn- dependent transcytosis assay as a screening tool for predictive assessment of nonspecific clearance of antibody therapeutics in humans. MAbs 2019; 11:942-955. [PMID: 30982394 PMCID: PMC6601550 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1605270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A cell-based assay employing Madin–Darby canine kidney cells stably expressing human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) heavy chain and β2-microglobulin genes was developed to measure transcytosis of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) under conditions relevant to the FcRn-mediated immunoglobulin G (IgG) salvage pathway. The FcRn-dependent transcytosis assay is modeled to reflect combined effects of nonspecific interactions between mAbs and cells, cellular uptake via pinocytosis, pH-dependent interactions with FcRn, and dynamics of intracellular trafficking and sorting mechanisms. Evaluation of 53 mAbs, including 30 marketed mAb drugs, revealed a notable correlation between the transcytosis readouts and clearance in humans. FcRn was required to promote efficient transcytosis of mAbs and contributed directly to the observed correlation. Furthermore, the transcytosis assay correctly predicted rank order of clearance of glycosylation and Fv charge variants of Fc-containing proteins. These results strongly support the utility of this assay as a cost-effective and animal-sparing screening tool for evaluation of mAb-based drug candidates during lead selection, optimization, and process development for desired pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chung
- a Department of BioAnalytical Sciences , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Van Nguyen
- a Department of BioAnalytical Sciences , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Yuwen Linda Lin
- a Department of BioAnalytical Sciences , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | | | - Suzie J Scales
- c Department of Molecular Biology , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- d Department of Analytical Operations , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Rong Deng
- e Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Kathi Williams
- a Department of BioAnalytical Sciences , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Gizette Sperinde
- a Department of BioAnalytical Sciences , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Juan Jenny Li
- f Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Pharmacology , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Kai Zheng
- g Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Siddharth Sukumaran
- h Department of Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Devin Tesar
- i Department of Drug Delivery , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - James A Ernst
- b Department of Protein Chemistry , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Saloumeh Fischer
- a Department of BioAnalytical Sciences , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Greg A Lazar
- j Department of Antibody Engineering , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Saileta Prabhu
- h Department of Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - An Song
- a Department of BioAnalytical Sciences , Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco , CA , USA
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Starr CG, Tessier PM. Selecting and engineering monoclonal antibodies with drug-like specificity. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:119-127. [PMID: 30822699 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent explosion in the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as drugs, it remains a significant challenge to generate antibodies with a combination of physicochemical properties that are optimal for therapeutic applications. We argue that one of the most important and underappreciated drug-like antibody properties is high specificity - defined here as low levels of antibody non-specific and self-interactions - which is linked to low off-target binding and slow antibody clearance in vivo and high solubility and low viscosity in vitro. Here, we review the latest advances in characterizing antibody specificity and elucidating its molecular determinants as well as using these findings to improve the selection and engineering of antibodies with extremely high, drug-like specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Starr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Lucas AT, Robinson R, Schorzman AN, Piscitelli JA, Razo JF, Zamboni WC. Pharmacologic Considerations in the Disposition of Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Preclinical Models and in Patients. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E3. [PMID: 31544809 PMCID: PMC6640706 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement in the development of therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), has created a novel mechanism to selectively deliver highly potent cytotoxic agents in the treatment of cancer. These agents provide numerous benefits compared to traditional small molecule drugs, though their clinical use still requires optimization. The pharmacology of mAbs/ADCs is complex and because ADCs are comprised of multiple components, individual agent characteristics and patient variables can affect their disposition. To further improve the clinical use and rational development of these agents, it is imperative to comprehend the complex mechanisms employed by antibody-based agents in traversing numerous biological barriers and how agent/patient factors affect tumor delivery, toxicities, efficacy, and ultimately, biodistribution. This review provides an updated summary of factors known to affect the disposition of mAbs/ADCs in development and in clinical use, as well as how these factors should be considered in the selection and design of preclinical studies of ADC agents in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Lucas
- University of North Carolina (UNC), Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Ryan Robinson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Allison N Schorzman
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Joseph A Piscitelli
- University of North Carolina (UNC), Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Juan F Razo
- University of North Carolina (UNC), Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - William C Zamboni
- University of North Carolina (UNC), Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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40
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Chung S, Lin YL, Nguyen V, Kamen L, Zheng K, Vora B, Song A. Development of a label-free FcRn-mediated transcytosis assay for in vitro characterization of FcRn interactions with therapeutic antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins. J Immunol Methods 2018; 462:101-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Slastnikova TA, Ulasov AV, Rosenkranz AA, Sobolev AS. Targeted Intracellular Delivery of Antibodies: The State of the Art. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1208. [PMID: 30405420 PMCID: PMC6207587 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A dominant area of antibody research is the extension of the use of this mighty experimental and therapeutic tool for the specific detection of molecules for diagnostics, visualization, and activity blocking. Despite the ability to raise antibodies against different proteins, numerous applications of antibodies in basic research fields, clinical practice, and biotechnology are restricted to permeabilized cells or extracellular antigens, such as membrane or secreted proteins. With the exception of small groups of autoantibodies, natural antibodies to intracellular targets cannot be used within living cells. This excludes the scope of a major class of intracellular targets, including some infamous cancer-associated molecules. Some of these targets are still not druggable via small molecules because of large flat contact areas and the absence of deep hydrophobic pockets in which small molecules can insert and perturb their activity. Thus, the development of technologies for the targeted intracellular delivery of antibodies, their fragments, or antibody-like molecules is extremely important. Various strategies for intracellular targeting of antibodies via protein-transduction domains or their mimics, liposomes, polymer vesicles, and viral envelopes, are reviewed in this article. The pitfalls, challenges, and perspectives of these technologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A. Slastnikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Ulasov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Rosenkranz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. S. Sobolev
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Global conformational changes in IgG-Fc upon mutation of the FcRn-binding site are not associated with altered antibody-dependent effector functions. Biochem J 2018; 475:2179-2190. [PMID: 29794155 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody engineering is important for many diagnostic and clinical applications of monoclonal antibodies. We recently reported a series of fragment crystallizable (Fc) mutations targeting the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) site on a Lewis Y (Ley) binding IgG1, hu3S193. The hu3S193 variants displayed shortened in vivo half-lives and may have potential for radioimaging or radiotherapy of Ley-positive tumors. Here, we report Fc crystal structures of wild-type hu3S193, seven FcRn-binding site variants, and a variant lacking C1q binding or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity. The Fc conformation of the FcRn-binding sites was similar for wild-type and all mutants of hu3S193 Fc, which suggests that FcRn interactions were directly affected by the amino acid substitutions. The C1q-binding site mutant Fc was nearly identical with the wild-type Fc. Surprisingly, several hu3S193 Fc variants showed large changes in global structure compared with wild-type Fc. All hu3S193 Fc mutants had similar antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, despite some with conformations expected to diminish Fc gamma receptor binding. Several hu3S193 variants displayed altered CDC, but there was no correlation with the different Fc conformations. All versions of hu3S193, except the C1q-binding site mutant, bound C1q, suggesting that the altered CDC of some variants could result from different propensities to form IgG hexamers after engaging Ley on target cells. Overall, our findings support the concept that the antibody Fc is both flexible and mobile in solution. Structure-based design approaches should take into account the conformational plasticity of the Fc when engineering antibodies with optimal effector properties.
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Priming the body to receive the therapeutic agent to redefine treatment benefit/risk profile. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4797. [PMID: 29556068 PMCID: PMC5859131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic agents offer a low useful dose (dose responsible for efficacy)/useless dose (dose eliminated or responsible for toxicity) ratio, mainly due to the fact that therapeutic agents must ensure in one single object all the functions required to deliver the treatment, which leads to compromises in their physico-chemical design. Here we introduce the concept of priming the body to receive the treatment by uncorrelating these functions into two distinct objects sequentially administered: a nanoprimer occupying transiently the main pathway responsible for therapeutic agent limited benefit/risk ratio followed by the therapeutic agent. The concept was evaluated for different nature of therapeutic agents: For nanomedicines we designed a liposomal nanoprimer presenting preferential hepatic accumulation without sign of acute toxicity. This nanoprimer was able to increase the blood bioavailability of nanomedicine correlated with a lower hepatic accumulation. Finally this nanoprimer markedly enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of irinotecan loaded liposomes in the HT-29 tumor model when compared to the nanomedicine alone. Then, for small molecules we demonstrated the ability of a cytochrome inhibitor loaded nanoprimer to increase efficacy of docetaxel treatment. These results shown that specific nanoprimers could be designed for each family of therapeutic agents to answer to their specific needs.
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44
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Chia J, Louber J, Glauser I, Taylor S, Bass GT, Dower SK, Gleeson PA, Verhagen AM. Half-life-extended recombinant coagulation factor IX-albumin fusion protein is recycled via the FcRn-mediated pathway. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29523681 PMCID: PMC5925791 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has a pivotal role in albumin and IgG homeostasis. Internalized IgG captured by FcRn under acidic endosomal conditions is recycled to the cell surface where exocytosis and a shift to neutral pH promote extracellular IgG release. Although a similar mechanism is proposed for FcRn-mediated albumin intracellular trafficking and recycling, this pathway is less well defined but is relevant to the development of therapeutics exploiting FcRn to extend the half-life of short-lived plasma proteins. Recently, a long-acting recombinant coagulation factor IX–albumin fusion protein (rIX-FP) has been approved for the management of hemophilia B. Fusion to albumin potentially enables internalized proteins to engage FcRn and escape lysosomal degradation. In this study, we present for the first time a detailed investigation of the FcRn-mediated recycling of albumin and the albumin fusion protein rIX-FP. We demonstrate that following internalization via FcRn at low pH, rIX-FP, like albumin, is detectable within the early endosome and rapidly (within 10–15 min) traffics into the Rab11+ recycling endosomes, from where it is exported from the cell. Similarly, rIX-FP and albumin taken up by fluid-phase endocytosis at physiological pH traffics into the Rab11+ recycling compartment in FcRn-positive cells but into the lysosomal compartment in FcRn-negative cells. As expected, recombinant factor IX (without albumin fusion) and an FcRn interaction–defective albumin variant localized to the lysosomal compartments of both FcRn-expressing and nonexpressing cells. These results indicate that FcRn-mediated recycling via the albumin moiety is a mechanism for the half-life extension of rIX-FP observed in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Chia
- From the CSL Limited, Research, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jade Louber
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and
| | - Isabelle Glauser
- From the CSL Limited, Research, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shirley Taylor
- From the CSL Limited, Research, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Greg T Bass
- From the CSL Limited, Research, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Steve K Dower
- From the CSL Limited, Research, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and
| | - Anne M Verhagen
- From the CSL Limited, Research, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia,
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45
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Wagner EK, Maynard JA. Engineering therapeutic antibodies to combat infectious diseases. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018; 19:131-141. [PMID: 29911002 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Serum therapy fell out of favor 80 years ago, but antibodies against infectious diseases are now experiencing a renaissance. With the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the emergence of new pathogens, and a growing population of immunocompromised individuals coupled with improvements in antibody manufacturing and biological efficacy, antibodies are an increasingly attractive therapeutic option. In this review, we highlight successful clinical strategies and discuss recent applications of advanced antibody engineering approaches to combat infectious diseases. Case studies include antibody mixtures to neutralize Staphylococcus aureus; bispecific antibodies promoting Pseudomonas aeruginosa clearance; antibody-antibiotic conjugates to eradicate S. aureus from protected intracellular niches; and novel anti-RSV antibodies with extended serum half-life. These new designs are powerful strategies for targeting infectious diseases due to their abilities to target multiple antigens and induce novel clearance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K Wagner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX USA, 78712
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX USA, 78712
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46
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Nilsen J, Sandlie I, Roopenian DC, Andersen JT. Animal models for evaluation of albumin-based therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Grevys A, Nilsen J, Sand KMK, Daba MB, Øynebråten I, Bern M, McAdam MB, Foss S, Schlothauer T, Michaelsen TE, Christianson GJ, Roopenian DC, Blumberg RS, Sandlie I, Andersen JT. A human endothelial cell-based recycling assay for screening of FcRn targeted molecules. Nat Commun 2018; 9:621. [PMID: 29434196 PMCID: PMC5809500 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin and IgG have remarkably long serum half-lives due to pH-dependent FcRn-mediated cellular recycling that rescues both ligands from intracellular degradation. Furthermore, increase in half-lives of IgG and albumin-based therapeutics has the potential to improve their efficacies, but there is a great need for robust methods for screening of relative FcRn-dependent recycling ability. Here, we report on a novel human endothelial cell-based recycling assay (HERA) that can be used for such pre-clinical screening. In HERA, rescue from degradation depends on FcRn, and engineered ligands are recycled in a manner that correlates with their half-lives in human FcRn transgenic mice. Thus, HERA is a novel cellular assay that can be used to predict how FcRn-binding proteins are rescued from intracellular degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Grevys
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.,CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, PO Box 4950, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeannette Nilsen
- CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, PO Box 4950, N-0424, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kine M K Sand
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.,CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, PO Box 4950, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Muluneh B Daba
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.,CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, PO Box 4950, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malin Bern
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.,CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, PO Box 4950, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin B McAdam
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.,CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, PO Box 4950, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stian Foss
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.,CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, PO Box 4950, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Biochemical and Analytical Research, Large Molecule Research, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center, DE-82377 Munich, Germany
| | - Terje E Michaelsen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0371, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Infection Immunology, N-0403, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.,CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, PO Box 4950, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway. .,CIR and Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, PO Box 4950, N-0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0424, Oslo, Norway.
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48
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Lucas AT, Price LSL, Schorzman AN, Storrie M, Piscitelli JA, Razo J, Zamboni WC. Factors Affecting the Pharmacology of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7010010. [PMID: 31544862 PMCID: PMC6698819 DOI: 10.3390/antib7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major advances in therapeutic proteins, including antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), have created revolutionary drug delivery systems in cancer over the past decade. While these immunoconjugate agents provide several advantages compared to their small-molecule counterparts, their clinical use is still in its infancy. The considerations in their development and clinical use are complex, and consist of multiple components and variables that can affect the pharmacologic characteristics. It is critical to understand the mechanisms employed by ADCs in navigating biological barriers and how these factors affect their biodistribution, delivery to tumors, efficacy, and toxicity. Thus, future studies are warranted to better understand the complex pharmacology and interaction between ADC carriers and biological systems, such as the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and tumor microenvironment. This review provides an overview of factors that affect the pharmacologic profiles of ADC therapies that are currently in clinical use and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Lucas
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Lauren S L Price
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Allison N Schorzman
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Mallory Storrie
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | - Juan Razo
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - William C Zamboni
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Safety and pharmacokinetics of the Fc-modified HIV-1 human monoclonal antibody VRC01LS: A Phase 1 open-label clinical trial in healthy adults. PLoS Med 2018; 15:e1002493. [PMID: 29364886 PMCID: PMC5783347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND VRC01 is a human broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody (bnMAb) against the CD4-binding site of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) that is currently being evaluated in a Phase IIb adult HIV-1 prevention efficacy trial. VRC01LS is a modified version of VRC01, designed for extended serum half-life by increased binding affinity to the neonatal Fc receptor. METHODS AND FINDINGS This Phase I dose-escalation study of VRC01LS in HIV-negative healthy adults was conducted by the Vaccine Research Center (VRC) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center (Bethesda, MD). The age range of the study volunteers was 21-50 years; 51% of study volunteers were male and 49% were female. Primary objectives were safety and tolerability of VRC01LS intravenous (IV) infusions at 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg infused once, 20 mg/kg given three times at 12-week intervals, and subcutaneous (SC) delivery at 5 mg/kg delivered once, or three times at 12-week intervals. Secondary objectives were pharmacokinetics (PK), serum neutralization activity, and development of antidrug antibodies. Enrollment began on November 16, 2015, and concluded on August 23, 2017. This report describes the safety data for the first 37 volunteers who received administrations of VRC01LS. There were no serious adverse events (SAEs) or dose-limiting toxicities. Mild malaise and myalgia were the most common adverse events (AEs). There were six AEs assessed as possibly related to VRC01LS administration, and all were mild in severity and resolved during the study. PK data were modeled based on the first dose of VRC01LS in the first 25 volunteers to complete their schedule of evaluations. The mean (±SD) serum concentration 12 weeks after one IV administration of 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg were 180 ± 43 μg/mL (n = 7) and 326 ± 35 μg/mL (n = 5), respectively. The mean (±SD) serum concentration 12 weeks after one IV and SC administration of 5 mg/kg were 40 ± 3 μg/mL (n = 2) and 25 ± 5 μg/mL (n = 9), respectively. Over the 5-40 mg/kg IV dose range (n = 16), the clearance was 36 ± 8 mL/d with an elimination half-life of 71 ± 18 days. VRC01LS retained its expected neutralizing activity in serum, and anti-VRC01 antibody responses were not detected. Potential limitations of this study include the small sample size typical of Phase I trials and the need to further describe the PK properties of VRC01LS administered on multiple occasions. CONCLUSIONS The human bnMAb VRC01LS was safe and well tolerated when delivered intravenously or subcutaneously. The half-life was more than 4-fold greater when compared to wild-type VRC01 historical data. The reduced clearance and extended half-life may make it possible to achieve therapeutic levels with less frequent and lower-dose administrations. This would potentially lower the costs of manufacturing and improve the practicality of using passively administered monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the prevention of HIV-1 infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02599896.
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50
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Karlsson R, Fridh V, Frostell Å. Surrogate potency assays: Comparison of binding profiles complements dose response curves for unambiguous assessment of relative potencies. J Pharm Anal 2017; 8:138-146. [PMID: 29736301 PMCID: PMC5934736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) systems are widely used for detailed characterization of antibody activities including antigen and Fc-receptor binding. During the later stages of development, where the focus is to ensure that established critical quality attributes (CQAs) are maintained during cell culture, purification and formulation processes, analysis is simplified, and relative potencies are often determined. Here, simulation of binding data revealed that relative potency values, determined via parallel line analysis (PLA) and half maximal effective concentration (EC50) analysis accurately reflect changes in active concentration only if binding kinetics remain unchanged. Changes in the association rate constant shifted dose response curves, and therefore relative potencies, in the same way as changes in analyte concentration do. However, for interactions characterized by stable binding, changes in the dissociation rate constant did not result in any shift, suggesting that this type of change may go unnoticed in the dose response curve. Thus, EC50 and PLA analyses of dose response curves obtained with an anti-TNF-α antibody were complemented with the Biacore functionality for sensorgram comparison analysis, whereby changes in antigen and Fc-receptor binding profiles could be detected. Next, analysis of temperature stressed TNF-α antibody revealed that calibration free concentration analysis (CFCA) data correlated perfectly with relative potency values. Together, these results demonstrate that combinations of SPR based dose response curves, sensorgram comparison and CFCA can be used to strengthen the confidence in relative potency assessments, and suggest that SPR can potentially be used as a surrogate potency assay in the quality control of biotherapeutic medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Karlsson
- Purification and Analysis, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veronica Fridh
- Purification and Analysis, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Frostell
- Purification and Analysis, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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