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Wang Y, Du C, Zhang Y, Zhu L. Composition and Function of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Biomolecules 2024; 14:416. [PMID: 38672433 PMCID: PMC11048602 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are intricate fibrous structures released by neutrophils in response to specific stimuli. These structures are composed of depolymerized chromatin adorned with histones, granule proteins, and cytosolic proteins. NETs are formed via two distinct pathways known as suicidal NETosis, which involves NADPH oxidase (NOX), and vital NETosis, which is independent of NOX. Certain proteins found within NETs exhibit strong cytotoxic effects against both pathogens and nearby host cells. While NETs play a defensive role against pathogens, they can also contribute to tissue damage and worsen inflammation. Despite extensive research on the pathophysiological role of NETs, less attention has been paid to their components, which form a unique structure containing various proteins that have significant implications in a wide range of diseases. This review aims to elucidate the components of NETs and provide an overview of their impact on host defense against invasive pathogens, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Chunjing Du
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Liuluan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
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2
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Baz AA, Hao H, Lan S, Li Z, Liu S, Chen S, Chu Y. Neutrophil extracellular traps in bacterial infections and evasion strategies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1357967. [PMID: 38433838 PMCID: PMC10906519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells that have a vital role in host defense systems. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are one of neutrophils' defense mechanisms against pathogens. NETs comprise an ejected lattice of chromatin associated with histones, granular proteins, and cytosolic proteins. They are thought to be an efficient strategy to capture and/or kill bacteria and received intensive research interest in the recent years. However, soon after NETs were identified, it was observed that certain bacteria were able to evade NET entrapment through many different mechanisms. Here, we outline the recent progress of NETs in bacterial infections and the strategies employed by bacteria to evade or withstand NETs. Identifying the molecules and mechanisms that modulate NET release will improve our understanding of the functions of NETs in infections and provide new avenues for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Adel Baz
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Huafang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shimei Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Liu Y, Ma YH, Yang JW, Man JW, Wang HB, Li Y, Liang C, Cao JL, Chen SY, Li KP, Yang L. Rethinking neutrophil extracellular traps. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110834. [PMID: 37625368 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are a major subset of leukocytes in human circulating blood. In some circumstances, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). lnitially, NETs were considered to have a strong antibacterial capacity. However, currently, NETs have been shown to have a pivotal impact on various diseases. Different stimulators induce the production of different types of NETs, and their biological functions and modes of clearance do not appear to be the same. In this review, we will discuss several important issues related to NETs in order to better understand the relationship between NETs and diseases, as well as how to utilize the characteristics of NETs for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ma
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Jian-Wei Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Jiang-Wei Man
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Hua-Bin Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Cheng Liang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Jin-Long Cao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Kun-Peng Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Second Clinical School Lanzhou University, China.
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4
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Ku TH, Ram-Mohan N, Zudock EJ, Abe R, Yang S. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps have DNAzyme activity that drives bactericidal potential. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.23.563618. [PMID: 37961380 PMCID: PMC10634746 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of bacterial killing by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are unclear. DNA, the largest component of NETs is believed to merely be a scaffold with minimal antimicrobial activity through the charge of the backbone. Here, we report that NETs DNA is beyond a scaffold and produces hydroxyl free radicals through the spatially concentrated G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme complexes, driving bactericidal effects. Immunofluorescence staining showed colocalization of G-quadruplex and hemin in extruded NETs DNA, and Amplex UltraRed assay portrayed its peroxidase activity. Proximity labeling of bacteria revealed localized concentration of radicals resulting from NETs bacterial trapping. Ex vivo bactericidal assays revealed that G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme is the primary driver of bactericidal activity in NETs. NETs are DNAzymes that may have important biological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Hsuan Ku
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Nikhil Ram-Mohan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Zudock
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Ryuichiro Abe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Samuel Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
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Liu X, Qian N, Zhu L, Fan L, Fu G, Ma M, Bao J, Cao C, Liang X. Geniposide ameliorates acute kidney injury via enhancing the phagocytic ability of macrophages towards neutrophil extracellular traps. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:176018. [PMID: 37634840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinically serious disorder associated with high mortality rates and an increased risk of progression to end-stage renal disease. As an essential supportive treatment for patients with respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation not only save many critically ill patients, but also affect glomerular filtration function by changing renal hemodynamics, neurohumoral and positive end-expiratory pressure, eventually leading to AKI. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a crucial energy homeostasis regulator, could enhance macrophage phagocytic ability and inhibit inflammation, but whether it can engulf neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and alleviate mechanical ventilation-associated AKI is still unclear. In this study, we found that geniposide significantly ameliorated histopathological damage, reduced serum Cre and BUN levels. Besides, geniposide can also induce AMPK activation and enhance macrophage phagocytic ability toward NETs. Moreover, geniposide can markedly reduce the levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and these effects were dependent on AMPK-PI3K/Akt signaling. Altogether, these results indicated that geniposide promoted macrophage efferocytosis by inducing AMPK-PI3K/Akt signaling activation, clearing NETs and ameliorating AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China; The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Qian
- The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China; Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghao Fu
- The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengqing Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxin Bao
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changchun Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiubin Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Mektrirat R, Chuammitri P, Navathong D, Khumma T, Srithanasuwan A, Suriyasathaporn W. Exploring the potential immunomodulatory effects of gallic acid on milk phagocytes in bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1255058. [PMID: 37781277 PMCID: PMC10540443 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1255058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus may exacerbate by resulting in significant economic losses and impacting milk quality. To date, the use of gallic acid, a phenolic compound naturally occurring in various plants, holds promise due to its potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in many pieces of literature, thus, making it a subject of interest in bovine innate immunity research. Here we used gallic acid to assess its potential immunomodulation on milk phagocytes in vitro challenges with mastitis-causing bacteria. Our findings indicated that cells exposed to gallic acid showed no harm to cell viability but might maintain the longevity of cells during the bacterial infection. Gallic acid-treated cells displayed reduced cell migration, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing ability, while showing an increase in ROS production, all of which are undoubtedly linked to the intracellular killing abilities of the cells. Nonetheless, the extracellular structure called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was significantly released after receiving gallic acid, representing extracellular killing. We also reported that gallic acid neutralizes inflammation by regulating specific pro-inflammatory genes (IL1B, IL6, TNF) and ROS-generating genes (CYBA, LAMP1, RAC1), subsequently preventing tissue damage. Regarding apoptosis-related genes and proteins, the increased production of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 family proteins could potentially promote the longevity of cells, implicated in the mechanism of combating bacterial invasion during udder inflammation and infection. The novel role of gallic acid on milk phagocytes highlights its potential immunomodulatory properties and contributes to our understanding of its effects on bacterial-host interactions, and provides valuable molecular insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raktham Mektrirat
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dussaniya Navathong
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thofun Khumma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anyaphat Srithanasuwan
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Witaya Suriyasathaporn
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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7
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Tsai Z, Carver KA, Gong HH, Kosai K, Deng JC, Worley MJ. Detailed Mechanisms Underlying Neutrophil Bactericidal Activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2252. [PMID: 37626748 PMCID: PMC10452576 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are an essential cellular component of innate immunity and control bacterial infections through a combination of intracellular and extracellular killing methods. Although the importance of neutrophils has been established, the exact methods used to handle particular bacterial challenges and the efficiency of bacterial killing remain not well understood. In this study, we addressed how neutrophils eliminate Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), a leading cause of community acquired and post-influenza bacterial pneumonia. We analyzed killing methods with variable bacterial:neutrophil concentrations and following priming with PAM3CSK4 (P3CSK), an agonist for Toll-like-receptor 2 (TLR2). Our results show that murine neutrophils display surprisingly weak bactericidal activity against Spn, employing a predominantly extracellular mode of killing at lower concentrations of bacteria, whereas challenges with higher bacterial numbers induce both extracellular and intracellular elimination modes but require TLR2 activation. TLR2 activation increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in response to Spn. Despite this, supernatants from P3CSK-stimulated neutrophils failed to independently alter bacterial replication. Our study reveals that unstimulated neutrophils are capable of eliminating bacteria only at lower concentrations via extracellular killing methods, whereas TLR2 activation primes neutrophil-mediated killing using both intracellular and extracellular methods under higher bacterial burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA (K.A.C.); (K.K.); (M.J.W.)
| | - Kyle A. Carver
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA (K.A.C.); (K.K.); (M.J.W.)
- Research Service and Pulmonary Section, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
| | - Henry H. Gong
- Research Service and Pulmonary Section, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
| | - Kosuke Kosai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA (K.A.C.); (K.K.); (M.J.W.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Jane C. Deng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA (K.A.C.); (K.K.); (M.J.W.)
- Research Service and Pulmonary Section, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
| | - Matthew J. Worley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA (K.A.C.); (K.K.); (M.J.W.)
- Research Service and Pulmonary Section, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
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Ciach MA, Bokota G, Manda-Handzlik A, Kuźmicka W, Demkow U, Gambin A. Trapalyzer: a computer program for quantitative analyses in fluorescent live-imaging studies of neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1021638. [PMID: 37359539 PMCID: PMC10285529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1021638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), pathogen-ensnaring structures formed by neutrophils by expelling their DNA into the environment, are believed to play an important role in immunity and autoimmune diseases. In recent years, a growing attention has been put into developing software tools to quantify NETs in fluorescent microscopy images. However, current solutions require large, manually-prepared training data sets, are difficult to use for users without background in computer science, or have limited capabilities. To overcome these problems, we developed Trapalyzer, a computer program for automatic quantification of NETs. Trapalyzer analyzes fluorescent microscopy images of samples double-stained with a cell-permeable and a cell-impermeable dye, such as the popular combination of Hoechst 33342 and SYTOX™ Green. The program is designed with emphasis on software ergonomy and accompanied with step-by-step tutorials to make its use easy and intuitive. The installation and configuration of the software takes less than half an hour for an untrained user. In addition to NETs, Trapalyzer detects, classifies and counts neutrophils at different stages of NET formation, allowing for gaining a greater insight into this process. It is the first tool that makes this possible without large training data sets. At the same time, it attains a precision of classification on par with state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms. As an example application, we show how to use Trapalyzer to study NET release in a neutrophil-bacteria co-culture. Here, after configuration, Trapalyzer processed 121 images and detected and classified 16 000 ROIs in approximately three minutes on a personal computer. The software and usage tutorials are available at https://github.com/Czaki/Trapalyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grzegorz Bokota
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Manda-Handzlik
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Kuźmicka
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gambin
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Meyers S, Lox M, Kraisin S, Liesenborghs L, Martens CP, Frederix L, Van Bruggen S, Crescente M, Missiakas D, Baatsen P, Vanassche T, Verhamme P, Martinod K. Neutrophils Protect Against Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis Progression Independent of Extracellular Trap Release. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:267-285. [PMID: 36453281 PMCID: PMC9869964 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis (IE) is characterized by an infected thrombus at the heart valves. How bacteria bypass the immune system and cause these thrombi remains unclear. Neutrophils releasing NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) lie at this interface between host defense and coagulation. We aimed to determine the role of NETs in IE immunothrombosis. METHODS We used a murine model of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in which IE is provoked on inflamed heart valves and characterized IE thrombus content by immunostaining identifying NETs. Antibody-mediated neutrophil depletion and neutrophil-selective PAD4 (peptidylarginine deiminase 4)-knockout mice were used to clarify the role of neutrophils and NETs, respectively. S. aureus mutants deficient in key virulence factors related to immunothrombosis (nucleases or staphylocoagulases) were investigated. RESULTS Neutrophils releasing NETs were present in infected thrombi and within cellular infiltrates in the surrounding vasculature. Neutrophil depletion increased occurrence of IE, whereas neutrophil-selective impairment of NET formation did not alter IE occurrence. Absence of S. aureus nuclease, which degrades NETs, did not affect endocarditis outcome. In contrast, absence of staphylocoagulases (coagulase and von Willebrand factor binding protein) led to improved survival, decreased bacteremia, smaller infiltrates, and decreased tissue destruction. Significantly more NETs were present in these vegetations, which correlated with decreased bacteria and cell death in the adjacent vascular wall. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophils protect against IE independent of NET release. Absence of S. aureus coagulases, but not nucleases, reduced IE severity and increased NET levels. Staphylocoagulase-induced fibrin likely hampers NETs from constraining infection and the resultant tissue damage, a hallmark of valve destruction in IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severien Meyers
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marleen Lox
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sirima Kraisin
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline P. Martens
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Frederix
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Van Bruggen
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marilena Crescente
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (M.C.)
| | | | - Pieter Baatsen
- Electron Microscopy-Platform of the VIB Bio Imaging Core and VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research (P.B.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vanassche
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (S.M., M.L., S.K., L.L., C.P.M., L.F., S.V.B., T.V., P.V., K.M.), KU Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Immunopathologic Role of Fungi in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032366. [PMID: 36768687 PMCID: PMC9917138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Airborne fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and are commonly associated with airway inflammatory diseases. The innate immune defense system eliminates most inhaled fungi. However, some influence the development of chronic rhinosinusitis. Fungal CRS is thought of as not a common disease, and its incidence increases over time. Fungi are present in CRS patients and in healthy sinonasal mucosa. Although the immunological mechanisms have not been entirely explained, CRS patients may exhibit different immune responses than healthy people against airborne fungi. Fungi can induce Th1 and Th2 immune responses. In CRS, Th2-related immune responses against fungi are associated with pattern recognition receptors in nasal epithelial cells, the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from nasal epithelial cells, and interaction with innate type 2 cells, lymphocytes, and inflammatory cells. Fungi also interact with neutrophils and eosinophils and induce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs). NETs and EETs are associated with antifungal properties and aggravation of chronic inflammation in CRS by releasing intracellular granule proteins. Fungal and bacterial biofilms are commonly found in CRS and may support chronic and recalcitrant CRS infection. The fungal-bacterial interaction in the sinonasal mucosa could affect the survival and virulence of fungi and bacteria and host immune responses. The interaction between the mycobiome and microbiome may also influence the host immune response, impacting local inflammation and chronicity. Although the exact immunopathologic role of fungi in the pathogenesis of CRS is not completely understood, they contribute to the development of sinonasal inflammatory responses in CRS.
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11
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Eating the Enemy: Mycoplasma Strategies to Evade Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Promoting Bacterial Nucleotides Uptake and Inflammatory Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315030. [PMID: 36499356 PMCID: PMC9740415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are effector cells involved in the innate immune response against infection; they kill infectious agents in the intracellular compartment (phagocytosis) or in the extracellular milieu (degranulation). Moreover, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), complex structures composed of a scaffold of decondensed DNA associated with histones and antimicrobial compounds; NETs entrap infectious agents, preventing their spread and promoting their clearance. NET formation is triggered by microbial compounds, but many microorganisms have evolved several strategies for NET evasion. In addition, the dysregulated production of NETs is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. Mycoplasmas are reduced genome bacteria, able to induce chronic infections with recurrent inflammatory symptoms. Mycoplasmas' parasitic lifestyle relies on metabolite uptake from the host. Mycoplasmas induce NET release, but their surface or secreted nucleases digest the NETs' DNA scaffold, allowing them to escape from entrapment and providing essential nucleotide precursors, thus promoting the infection. The presence of Mycoplasma species has been associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and cancer. The persistence of mycoplasma infection and prolonged NET release may contribute to the onset of chronic inflammatory diseases and needs further investigation and insights.
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12
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Azzouz D, Palaniyar N. ROS and DNA repair in spontaneous versus agonist-induced NETosis: Context matters. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033815. [PMID: 36426351 PMCID: PMC9679651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis). Nevertheless, how ROS induces NETosis at baseline and during neutrophil activation is unknown. Although neutrophils carry DNA transcription, replication and repair machineries, their relevance in the short-lived mature neutrophils that carry pre-synthesized proteins has remained a mystery for decades. Our recent studies show that (i) NETosis-inducing agonists promote NETosis-specific kinase activation, genome-wide transcription that helps to decondense chromatin, and (ii) excess ROS produced by NADPH oxidase activating agonists generate genome-wide 8-oxy-guanine (8-OG), and the initial steps of DNA repair are needed to decondense chromatin in these cells. These steps require DNA repair proteins necessary for the assembly and nicking at the damaged DNA sites (poly ADP ribose polymerase PARP, apurinic endonuclease APE1 and DNA ligase), but not the enzymes that mediate the repair DNA synthesis (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and DNA Polymerases). In this study, we show that (i) similar to agonist-induced NETosis, inhibition of early steps of oxidative DNA damage repair proteins suppresses spontaneous NETosis, but (ii) the inhibition of late stage repair proteins DNA polymerases and PCNA drastically promotes baseline NETosis. Hence, in the absence of excessive ROS generation and neutrophil activation, DNA repair mediated by PCNA and DNA polymerases is essential to prevent chromatin decondensation and spontaneous NETosis. These findings indicate that ROS, oxidative DNA damage, transcription and DNA repair differentially regulate spontaneous and agonist-induced NETosis. Therefore, context matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhia Azzouz
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Aleksijević LH, Aleksijević M, Škrlec I, Šram M, Šram M, Talapko J. Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence Factors and Clinical Significance in Periodontal Disease and Coronary Artery Diseases. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101173. [PMID: 36297228 PMCID: PMC9609396 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium that lives in the oral cavity. It is an integral part of the oral microbiome, which includes more than 500 types of bacteria. Under certain circumstances, as a consequence of virulence factors, it can become very destructive and proliferate to many cells in periodontal lesions. It is one of the causative agents present extremely often in dental plaque and is the main etiological factor in the development of periodontal disease. During various therapeutic procedures, P. gingivalis can enter the blood and disseminate through it to distant organs. This primarily refers to the influence of periodontal agents on the development of subacute endocarditis and can facilitate the development of coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and ischemic infarction. The action of P. gingivalis is facilitated by numerous factors of virulence and pathogenicity such as fimbriae, hemolysin, hemagglutinin, capsules, outer membrane vesicles, lipopolysaccharides, and gingipains. A special problem is the possibility of biofilm formation. P. gingivalis in a biofilm is 500 to 1000 times less sensitive to antimicrobial drugs than planktonic cells, which represents a significant problem in the treatment of infections caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Horvat Aleksijević
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (L.H.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Marko Aleksijević
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Šram
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Miroslav Šram
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (L.H.A.); (J.T.)
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14
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Chen JL, Tong Y, Zhu Q, Gao LQ, Sun Y. Neutrophil extracellular traps induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide modulate inflammatory responses via a Ca2+-dependent pathway. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 141:105467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Li Y, Xie L, Song W, Huang M, Cheng Y, Chen S, Gao Y, Yan X. The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Ocular System. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1227-1238. [PMID: 35634655 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2079141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Neutrophils remain at the top of congenital and adaptive immune systems. The past 20 years witnessed a steep rise in the interest in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are a novel type of anti-pathogen mechanism coordinated with neutrophils. However, accumulating data revealed that excessive NETs in the host were associated with exacerbated inflammation, thrombosis, and autoimmunity. Increasing evidence found the participation of NETs in the pathophysiological process of many infectious and sterile diseases in the ocular system. Therefore, we discussed the role of neutrophil extracellular traps in the ocular system in this review.Methods: Articles were searched on PubMed, Embase and Web of science up to December 2021.Results: In this review, we exhibited the protective role of neutrophils patrolling the ocular surface from invading pathogens and their contribution to exacerbated inflammation and thrombogenesis in some ocular diseases. We also discussed the physiological and pathological processes of NET generation to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to interrupt immoderate NET formation and alleviate NET-induced harmful effects.Conclusions: Neutrophils and NETs are quite important for immune responses in the ocular system, while their negative effects on ocular tissue should also be emphasized, which could serve as novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingsi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luoying Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meiting Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shudi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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16
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Meyers S, Crescente M, Verhamme P, Martinod K. Staphylococcus aureus and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: The Master Manipulator Meets Its Match in Immunothrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:261-276. [PMID: 35109674 PMCID: PMC8860219 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have become widely accepted as an integral player in immunothrombosis, due to their complex interplay with both pathogens and components of the coagulation system. While the release of NETs is an attempt by neutrophils to trap pathogens and constrain infections, NETs can have bystander effects on the host by inducing uncontrolled thrombosis, inflammation, and tissue damage. From an evolutionary perspective, pathogens have adapted to bypass the host innate immune response. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), in particular, proficiently overcomes NET formation using several virulence factors. Here we review mechanisms of NET formation and how these are intertwined with platelet activation, the release of endothelial von Willebrand factor, and the activation of the coagulation system. We discuss the unique ability of S. aureus to modulate NET formation and alter released NETs, which helps S. aureus to escape from the host's defense mechanisms. We then discuss how platelets and the coagulation system could play a role in NET formation in S. aureus-induced infective endocarditis, and we explain how targeting these complex cellular interactions could reveal novel therapies to treat this disease and other immunothrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severien Meyers
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium (S.M., M.C., P.V., K.M.)
| | - Marilena Crescente
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium (S.M., M.C., P.V., K.M.).,Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (M.C.)
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium (S.M., M.C., P.V., K.M.)
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium (S.M., M.C., P.V., K.M.)
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17
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Schultz BM, Acevedo OA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. Role of Extracellular Trap Release During Bacterial and Viral Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:798853. [PMID: 35154050 PMCID: PMC8825568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.798853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells that play an essential role during the clearance of pathogens that can release chromatin structures coated by several cytoplasmatic and granular antibacterial proteins, called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These supra-molecular structures are produced to kill or immobilize several types of microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses. The contribution of the NET release process (or NETosis) to acute inflammation or the prevention of pathogen spreading depends on the specific microorganism involved in triggering this response. Furthermore, studies highlight the role of innate cells different from neutrophils in triggering the release of extracellular traps during bacterial infection. This review summarizes the contribution of NETs during bacterial and viral infections, explaining the molecular mechanisms involved in their formation and the relationship with different components of such pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Schultz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Orlando A Acevedo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Scozzi D, Liao F, Krupnick AS, Kreisel D, Gelman AE. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in acute lung injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953195. [PMID: 35967320 PMCID: PMC9374003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a heterogeneous inflammatory condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Neutrophils play a key role in the development of different forms of ALI, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is emerging as a common pathogenic mechanism. NETs are essential in controlling pathogens, and their defective release or increased degradation leads to a higher risk of infection. However, NETs also contain several pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic molecules than can exacerbate thromboinflammation and lung tissue injury. To reduce NET-mediated lung damage and inflammation, DNase is frequently used in preclinical models of ALI due to its capability of digesting NET DNA scaffold. Moreover, recent advances in neutrophil biology led to the development of selective NET inhibitors, which also appear to reduce ALI in experimental models. Here we provide an overview of the role of NETs in different forms of ALI discussing existing gaps in our knowledge and novel therapeutic approaches to modulate their impact on lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Scozzi
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Fuyi Liao
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrew E. Gelman,
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19
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Álvarez de Haro N, Van AP, Robb CT, Rossi AG, Desbois AP. Release of chromatin extracellular traps by phagocytes of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (Linnaeus, 1758). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:209-219. [PMID: 34438058 PMCID: PMC8653909 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils release chromatin extracellular traps (ETs) as part of the fish innate immune response to counter the threats posed by microbial pathogens. However, relatively little attention has been paid to this phenomenon in many commercially farmed species, despite the importance of understanding host-pathogen interactions and the potential to influence ET release to reduce disease outbreaks. The aim of this present study was to investigate the release of ETs by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) immune cells. Extracellular structures resembling ETs of different morphology were observed by fluorescence microscopy in neutrophil suspensions in vitro, as these structures stained positively with Sytox Green and were digestible with DNase I. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed the ET structures to be decorated with histones H1 and H2A and neutrophil elastase, which are characteristic for ETs in mammals and other organisms. Although the ETs were released spontaneously, release in neutrophil suspensions was stimulated most significantly with 5 μg/ml calcium ionophore (CaI) for 1 h, whilst the fish pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida (isolates 30411 and Hooke) also exerted a stimulatory effect. Microscopic observations revealed bacteria in association with ETs, and fewer bacterial colonies of A. salmonicida Hooke were recovered at 3 h after co-incubation with neutrophils that had been induced to release ETs. Interestingly, spontaneous release of ETs was inversely associated with fish mass (p < 0.05), a surrogate for age. Moreover, suspensions enriched for macrophages and stimulated with 5 μg/ml CaI released ET-like structures that occasionally led to the formation of large clumps of cells. A deeper understanding for the roles and functions of ETs within innate immunity of fish hosts, and their interaction with microbial pathogens, may open new avenues towards protecting cultured stocks against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neila Álvarez de Haro
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Andre P Van
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Calum T Robb
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Desbois
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
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20
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Zheng S, Yu S, Fan X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Lin L, Wang H, Pan Y, Li C. Porphyromonas gingivalis survival skills: Immune evasion. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:1007-1018. [PMID: 34254681 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that destroys the tooth-supporting tissues and eventually leads to tooth loss. As one of the most prevalent oral conditions, periodontitis endangers the oral health of 70% of people throughout the world. Periodontitis is also related to various systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, which not only has a great impact on population health status and the quality of life but also increases the social burden. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a gram-negative oral anaerobic bacterium that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis can express various of virulence factors to overturn innate and adaptive immunities, which makes P. gingivalis survive and propagate in the host, destroy periodontal tissues, and have connection to systemic diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis can invade into and survive in host tissues by destructing the gingival epithelial barrier, internalizing into the epithelial cells, and enhancing autophagy in epithelial cells. Deregulation of complement system, degradation of antibacterial peptides, and destruction of phagocyte functions facilitate the evasion of P. gingivalis. Porphyromonas gingivalis can also suppress adaptive immunity, which allows P. gingivalis to exist in the host tissues and cause the inflammatory response persistently. Here, we review studies devoted to understanding the strategies utilized by P. gingivalis to escape host immunity. Methods for impairing P. gingivalis immune evasion are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Zheng
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiwen Yu
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomiao Fan
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yonghuan Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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More than a Pore: Nonlytic Antimicrobial Functions of Complement and Bacterial Strategies for Evasion. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:85/1/e00177-20. [PMID: 33504655 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00177-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an evolutionarily ancient defense mechanism against foreign substances. Consisting of three proteolytic activation pathways, complement converges on a common effector cascade terminating in the formation of a lytic pore on the target surface. The classical and lectin pathways are initiated by pattern recognition molecules binding to specific ligands, while the alternative pathway is constitutively active at low levels in circulation. Complement-mediated killing is essential for defense against many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, and genetic deficiencies in complement can render individuals highly susceptible to infection, for example, invasive meningococcal disease. In contrast, Gram-positive bacteria are inherently resistant to the direct bactericidal activity of complement due to their thick layer of cell wall peptidoglycan. However, complement also serves diverse roles in immune defense against all bacteria by flagging them for opsonization and killing by professional phagocytes, synergizing with neutrophils, modulating inflammatory responses, regulating T cell development, and cross talk with coagulation cascades. In this review, we discuss newly appreciated roles for complement beyond direct membrane lysis, incorporate nonlytic roles of complement into immunological paradigms of host-pathogen interactions, and identify bacterial strategies for complement evasion.
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22
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Williams TL, Rada B, Tandon E, Gestal MC. "NETs and EETs, a Whole Web of Mess". Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1925. [PMID: 33291570 PMCID: PMC7761834 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and eosinophils are granulocytes that have very distinct functions. Neutrophils are first responders to external threats, and they use different mechanisms to control pathogens. Phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are some of the mechanisms that neutrophils utilize to fight pathogens. Although there is some controversy as to whether NETs are in fact beneficial or detrimental to the host, it mainly depends on the biological context. NETs can contribute to disease pathogenesis in certain types of diseases, while they are also undeniably critical components of the innate immune response. On the contrary, the role of eosinophils during host immune responses remains to be better elucidated. Eosinophils play an important role during helminthic infections and allergic responses. Eosinophils can function as effector cells in viral respiratory infections, gut bacterial infections, and as modulators of immune responses by driving the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses. In particular, eosinophils have biological activities that appear to be quite similar to those of neutrophils. Both possess bactericidal activity, can activate proinflammatory responses, can modulate adaptive immune responses, can form extracellular traps, and can be beneficial or detrimental to the host according to the underlying pathology. In this review we compare these two cell types with a focus on highlighting their numerous similarities related to extracellular traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler L. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30302, USA;
| | - Eshaan Tandon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Monica C. Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
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Complement Activation in Association with Markers of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Acute Myocardial Infarction in Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:5080743. [PMID: 32308555 PMCID: PMC7136779 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5080743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement activation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have both been suggested to drive atherosclerotic plaque progression. Although experimental studies suggest interplay between these two innate immunity components, the relevance in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess associations between complement activation and NETs in patients with stable CAD and examine the role of complement activation on clinical outcome. Blood samples from a cohort of patients with angiographically verified stable CAD (n = 1001) were analyzed by ELISA for the terminal complement complex (TCC) and by relative quantification for gene expression of the C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) as markers of complement activation. As markers of NETs, dsDNA was analyzed by fluorescent nucleic acid stain and myeloperoxidase-DNA (MPO-DNA) by ELISA. Clinical outcome was defined as unstable angina, nonhemorrhagic stroke, acute myocardial infarction (MI), or death (n = 106, whereof 36 MI). Levels of TCC and C5aR1 were not significantly correlated to dsDNA (TCC: r = −0.045, p = 0.153; C5aR1: r = −0.060, p = 0.434) or MPO-DNA (TCC: r = 0.026, p = 0.414; C5aR1: r = 0.123, p = 0.107). When dividing TCC and C5aR1 levels into quartiles (Q), levels of MPO-DNA differed significantly across quartiles (TCC: p = 0.008, C5aR1: 0.049), while dsDNA did not (TCC: p = 0.181, C5aR1: p = 0.771). Patients with TCC levels in Q4 had significantly higher levels of MPO-DNA than Q1-3 (p = 0.019), and C5aR1 levels in Q3-4 had significantly higher levels of MPO-DNA than Q1-2 (p = 0.046). TCC levels did not differ between patients experiencing a clinical endpoint or not, but high levels were associated with increased risk of acute MI (OR. 1.97, 95% CI: 0.99-3.90, p = 0.053) during two-year follow up, also when adjusted for relevant covariates. In conclusion, TCC and C5aR1 were moderately associated with the NET marker MPO-DNA, and TCC levels were related to the risk of future MI in this cohort of patients with stable CAD.
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Abstract
Platelets have a well-recognized role in hemostasis and thrombosis, and they are important amplifiers of inflammation and innate immune responses. The formation of DNA extracellular traps (ETs) is a complex cellular mechanism, which occurs in response to microbial infections and sterile inflammation, and results in the release of DNA complexed with histones and various granular proteins. ETs were first discovered in neutrophils (NETs); however, it is now accepted that other leukocytes, including eosinophils (EETs) and monocytes/macrophages (MoETs/METs), can also generate them. Moreover, several types of ETs have been described.Increasing evidence has demonstrated that platelets modulate the formation of ETs. This review summarizes recent findings about the physiopathological role of platelets in the formation of ETs during infection and future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Gómez
- Laboratorio De Virus Animales, Instituto De Biotecnología Y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.,Global Viral Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aída O López Ortiz
- Laboratorio De Virus Animales, Instituto De Biotecnología Y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.,Laboratorio De Trombosis Experimental, Instituto De Medicina Experimental, CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratorio De Trombosis Experimental, Instituto De Medicina Experimental, CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Carestia A, Davis RP, Davis L, Jenne CN. Inhibition of immunothrombosis does not affect pathogen capture and does not promote bacterial dissemination in a mouse model of sepsis. Platelets 2019; 31:925-931. [PMID: 31851856 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1704711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
After infection, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), decondensed DNA fibers decorated with both nuclear proteins and proteins derived from intracellular granules. These structures have a fundamental role in the development of immunothrombosis; a physiological process mediated by immune cells and molecules from the coagulation system that facilitates the recognition, containment, and destruction of pathogens. Although NETs and immunothrombi are widely hypothesized to be key host defense responses responsible for limiting bacterial dissemination, their actual role in this process has not been formally assessed within the context of a bloodstream infection. Mice were first treated with LPS to generate inflammation (NETs and immunothrombi) and then bacteria dissemination was analyzed by intravital microscopy and colony-forming units (CFU) assay. Blocking NETs or coagulation by the administration of DNase or Argatroban (thrombin inhibitor), respectively, did not modify the percentage of bacteria capture by Kupffer cells, neutrophils or platelets. Moreover, both inhibitors reduced the number of bacteria in the spleen, without modifying CFUs in the liver or lung. In conclusion, we demonstrate that immunothrombi are not necessary to limit the dissemination of bloodstream bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Carestia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Rachelle P Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Lauren Davis
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
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Leptin: an unappreciated key player in SLE. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 39:305-317. [PMID: 31707542 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is the forerunner of the adipokine superfamily and plays a key role in regulating energy expenditure and neuroendocrine function. Researches into leptin put emphasize not only on the metabolic role but also its immunoregulatory effect on immune response through immunocyte activation and cytokine secretion. Leptin acts on receptors that are widespread throughout the body and that are expressed across many tissue types. As a consequence, the abnormal expression of leptin has been found to correlate with a number of diseases, including cancers, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. The significance of leptin in the development of autoimmune diseases is becoming increasingly prominent. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe atypical autoimmune disease that causes damage to multiple organ systems. It is characterised by the following: impaired clearance of apoptotic cells, loss of tolerance to self-antigens, aberrant activation of T cells and B cells, and chronic inflammation. The heightened immunocyte response in SLE means that these physiological systems are particularly vulnerable to regulation by leptin in addition to being of great significance to the research field. Our current review provides insight into the regulatory roles that leptin plays on immune effector cells in SLE.
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Khan MA, D'Ovidio A, Tran H, Palaniyar N. Anthracyclines Suppress Both NADPH Oxidase- Dependent and -Independent NETosis in Human Neutrophils. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091328. [PMID: 31500300 PMCID: PMC6770146 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are cytotoxic DNA-protein complexes that play positive and negative roles in combating infection, inflammation, organ damage, autoimmunity, sepsis and cancer. However, NETosis regulatory effects of most of the clinically used drugs are not clearly established. Several recent studies highlight the relevance of NETs in promoting both cancer cell death and metastasis. Here, we screened the NETosis regulatory ability of 126 compounds belonging to 39 classes of drugs commonly used for treating cancer, blood cell disorders and other diseases. Our studies show that anthracyclines (e.g., epirubicin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and idarubicin) consistently suppress both NADPH oxidase-dependent and -independent types of NETosis in human neutrophils, ex vivo. The intercalating property of anthracycline may be enough to alter the transcription initiation and lead NETosis inhibition. Notably, the inhibitory doses of anthracyclines neither suppress the production of reactive oxygen species that are necessary for antimicrobial functions nor induce apoptotic cell death in neutrophils. Therefore, anthracyclines are a major class of drug that suppresses NETosis. The dexrazoxane, a cardioprotective agent, used for limiting the side effects of anthracyclines, neither affect NETosis nor alter the ability of anthracyclines to suppress NETosis. Hence, at correct doses, anthracyclines together with dexrazoxane could be considered as a therapeutic candidate drug for suppressing unwanted NETosis in NET-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meraj A Khan
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686, Bay St., Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3K1 Canada
| | - Adam D'Ovidio
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686, Bay St., Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Applied Clinical Pharmacology Program, and 4 Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3K1, Canada
| | - Harvard Tran
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686, Bay St., Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3K1 Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686, Bay St., Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3K1 Canada.
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28
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Hamam HJ, Palaniyar N. Post-Translational Modifications in NETosis and NETs-Mediated Diseases. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080369. [PMID: 31416265 PMCID: PMC6723044 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils undergo a unique form of cell death that generates neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that may help to neutralize invading pathogens and restore homeostasis. However, uncontrolled NET formation (NETosis) can result in numerous diseases that adversely affect health. Recent studies further elucidate the mechanistic details of the different forms of NETosis and their common end structure, as NETs were constantly found to contain DNA, modified histones and cytotoxic enzymes. In fact, emerging evidence reveal that the post translational modifications (PTMs) of histones in neutrophils have a critical role in regulating neutrophil death. Histone citrullination is shown to promote a rapid form of NET formation independent of NADPH oxidase (NOX), which relies on calcium influx. Interestingly, few studies suggest an association between histone citrullination and other types of PTMs to control cell survival and death, such as histone methylation. Even more exciting is the finding that histone acetylation has a biphasic effect upon NETosis, where histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors promote baseline, NOX-dependent and -independent NETosis. However, increasing levels of histone acetylation suppresses NETosis, and to switch neutrophil death to apoptosis. Interestingly, in the presence of NETosis-promoting stimuli, high levels of HDACis limit both NETosis and apoptosis, and promote neutrophil survival. Recent studies also reveal the importance of the PTMs of neutrophils in influencing numerous pathologies. Histone modifications in NETs can act as a double-edged sword, as they are capable of altering multiple types of neutrophil death, and influencing numerous NET-mediated diseases, such as acute lung injury (ALI), thrombosis, sepsis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer progression. A clear understanding of the role of different PTMs in neutrophils would be important for an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of NETosis, and to appropriately treat NETs-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein J Hamam
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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29
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Boeltz S, Amini P, Anders HJ, Andrade F, Bilyy R, Chatfield S, Cichon I, Clancy DM, Desai J, Dumych T, Dwivedi N, Gordon RA, Hahn J, Hidalgo A, Hoffmann MH, Kaplan MJ, Knight JS, Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P, Leppkes M, Manfredi AA, Martin SJ, Maueröder C, Maugeri N, Mitroulis I, Munoz LE, Nakazawa D, Neeli I, Nizet V, Pieterse E, Radic MZ, Reinwald C, Ritis K, Rovere-Querini P, Santocki M, Schauer C, Schett G, Shlomchik MJ, Simon HU, Skendros P, Stojkov D, Vandenabeele P, Berghe TV, van der Vlag J, Vitkov L, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Yousefi S, Zarbock A, Herrmann M. To NET or not to NET:current opinions and state of the science regarding the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:395-408. [PMID: 30622307 PMCID: PMC6370810 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery and definition of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) 14 years ago, numerous characteristics and physiological functions of NETs have been uncovered. Nowadays, the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate formation of NETs, their previously unknown properties, and novel implications in disease continue to emerge. The abundance of available data has also led to some confusion in the NET research community due to contradictory results and divergent scientific concepts, such as pro- and anti-inflammatory roles in pathologic conditions, demarcation from other forms of cell death, or the origin of the DNA that forms the NET scaffold. Here, we present prevailing concepts and state of the science in NET-related research and elaborate on open questions and areas of dispute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Boeltz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Poorya Amini
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rostyslav Bilyy
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Simon Chatfield
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iwona Cichon
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Danielle M Clancy
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jyaysi Desai
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tetiana Dumych
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Nishant Dwivedi
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachael Ann Gordon
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonas Hahn
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus H Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jason S Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paul Kubes
- Snyder institute of Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Moritz Leppkes
- Department of Medicine 1 - Gastroenterology, Pulmonology and Endocrinology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christian Maueröder
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Norma Maugeri
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ioannis Mitroulis
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Luis E Munoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daigo Nakazawa
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Indira Neeli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elmar Pieterse
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Z Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christiane Reinwald
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Ritis
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Michal Santocki
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mark Jay Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Panagiotis Skendros
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem platform, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ljubomir Vitkov
- Department of Biosciences, Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- University of Münster, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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30
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Eisenbeis J, Saffarzadeh M, Peisker H, Jung P, Thewes N, Preissner KT, Herrmann M, Molle V, Geisbrecht BV, Jacobs K, Bischoff M. The Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Adherence Protein Eap Is a DNA Binding Protein Capable of Blocking Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:235. [PMID: 30038902 PMCID: PMC6047304 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular adherence protein (Eap) of Staphylococcus aureus is a secreted protein known to exert a number of adhesive and immunomodulatory properties. Here we describe the intrinsic DNA binding activity of this multifunctional secretory factor. By using atomic force microscopy, we provide evidence that Eap can bind and aggregate DNA. While the origin of the DNA substrate (e.g., eukaryotic, bacterial, phage, and artificial DNA) seems to not be of major importance, the DNA structure (e.g., linear or circular) plays a critical role with respect to the ability of Eap to bind and condense DNA. Further functional assays corroborated the nature of Eap as a DNA binding protein, since Eap suppressed the formation of "neutrophil extracellular traps" (NETs), composed of DNA-histone scaffolds, which are thought to function as a neutrophil-mediated extracellular trapping mechanism. The DNA binding and aggregation activity of Eap may thereby protect S. aureus against a specific anti-microbial defense reaction from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Eisenbeis
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mona Saffarzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Henrik Peisker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Jung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Thewes
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5235, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Brian V. Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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