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Li X, Yang X, Guo W, Li H, Sun W, Lin X, Ma Z, Li X, Liu Z. Natural products as inhibitors against pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and invasion: possible mechanisms. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:2695-2713. [PMID: 39005683 PMCID: PMC11236794 DOI: 10.62347/xlzx8935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the gastrointestinal tumors with the lowest survival rate and the worst prognosis. At the time of diagnosis, the majority of patients have missed the opportunity for radical surgical resection and opt for chemotherapy as their primary treatment choice. And drug resistance emerges during the application of the most widely used chemotherapeutic regimens such as modified FOLFIRINOX regimen, gemcitabine monotherapy or 5-Fluorouracil combination therapy, which further reduces the therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, it is urgent to explore better treatment strategies for pancreatic cancer. In recent years, more and more studies have found that natural products have significant anti-pancreatic cancer properties. In this paper, we reviewed the possible mechanisms by which natural products inhibit the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, including the possible mechanisms of targeting the inhibition of the growth and proliferation regulatory pathways of pancreatic cancer cells, inducing apoptosis and autophagy of pancreatic cancer cells, inhibiting the EMT process of pancreatic cancer cells, and inhibiting the angiogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Meanwhile, natural products have also hindered the progress of their basic and clinical research due to the complexity of their composition and the limitation of biological extraction technology. Further exploration of the specific molecular mechanisms of natural products to inhibit the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, optimization of purification and preparation techniques, and enrichment of basic and clinical trials to verify their efficacy and safety may be the future direction of natural products in the field of anti-pancreatic cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiqing Sun
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xingda Lin
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Zuoxin Ma
- Medical Laboratory, Liaoning Province Hospital Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Liaoning Province Hospital Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
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2
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Liu TT, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Ye B, Liu T, Yan L, Fan J, Xu J, Zhou Y, Xia Z, Deng X. Discovery of a Meisoindigo-Derived PROTAC as the ATM Degrader: Revolutionizing Colorectal Cancer Therapy via Synthetic Lethality with ATR Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7620-7634. [PMID: 38634707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Meisoindigo (Mei) has long been recognized in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment. To elucidate its molecular target and mechanisms, we embarked on designing and synthesizing a series of Mei-derived PROTACs. Through this endeavor, VHL-type PROTAC 9b was identified to be highly cytotoxic against SW620, SW480, and K562 cells. Employing DiaPASEF-based quantitative proteomic analysis, in combination with extensive validation assays, we unveiled that 9b potently and selectively degraded ATM across SW620 and SW480 cells in a ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent manner. 9b-induced selective ATM degradation prompted DNA damage response cascades, thereby leading to the cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. This pioneering discovery renders the advent of ATM degradation for anti-cancer therapy. Notably, 9b-induced ATM degradation synergistically enhanced the efficacy of ATR inhibitor AZD6738 both in vitro and in vivo. This work establishes the synthetic lethality-inducing properties of ATR inhibitors in the ATM-deficient context, thereby providing new avenues to innovative therapies for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yuxing Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Baixin Ye
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311106, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Linyang Yan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jinbao Fan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jiahao Xu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yingjun Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zanxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xu Deng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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3
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Gu M, Liu Y, Xin P, Guo W, Zhao Z, Yang X, Ma R, Jiao T, Zheng W. Fundamental insights and molecular interactions in pancreatic cancer: Pathways to therapeutic approaches. Cancer Lett 2024; 588:216738. [PMID: 38401887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract can be affected by a number of diseases that pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant manifestation of them. The prognosis of PC patients is unfavorable and because of their diagnosis at advanced stage, the treatment of this tumor is problematic. Owing to low survival rate, there is much interest towards understanding the molecular profile of PC in an attempt in developing more effective therapeutics. The conventional therapeutics for PC include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as emerging immunotherapy. However, PC is still incurable and more effort should be performed. The molecular landscape of PC is an underlying factor involved in increase in progression of tumor cells. In the presence review, the newest advances in understanding the molecular and biological events in PC are discussed. The dysregulation of molecular pathways including AMPK, MAPK, STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin and non-coding RNA transcripts has been suggested as a factor in development of tumorigenesis in PC. Moreover, cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis and necroptosis demonstrate abnormal levels. The EMT and glycolysis in PC cells enhance to ensure their metastasis and proliferation. Furthermore, such abnormal changes have been used to develop corresponding pharmacological and nanotechnological therapeutics for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Peng Xin
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Zimo Zhao
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Ruiyang Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Taiwei Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
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Kang H, Hasselbeck S, Taškova K, Wang N, Oosten LNV, Mrowka R, Utikal J, Andrade-Navarro MA, Wang J, Wölfl S, Cheng X. Development of a next-generation endogenous OCT4 inducer and its anti-aging effect in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115513. [PMID: 37253308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The identification of small molecules capable of replacing transcription factors has been a longstanding challenge in the generation of human chemically induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Recent studies have shown that ectopic expression of OCT4, one of the master pluripotency regulators, compromised the developmental potential of resulting iPSCs, This highlights the importance of finding endogenous OCT4 inducers for the generation of clinical-grade human iPSCs. Through a cell-based high throughput screen, we have discovered several new OCT4-inducing compounds (O4Is). In this work, we prepared metabolically stable analogues, including O4I4, which activate endogenous OCT4 and associated signaling pathways in various cell lines. By combining these with a transcription factor cocktail consisting of SOX2, KLF4, MYC, and LIN28 (referred to as "CSKML") we achieved to reprogram human fibroblasts into a stable and authentic pluripotent state without the need for exogenous OCT4. In Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila, O4I4 extends lifespan, suggesting the potential application of OCT4-inducing compounds in regenerative medicine and rejuvenation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hasselbeck
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katerina Taškova
- Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Nessa Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Luuk N van Oosten
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Ralf Mrowka
- Experimentelle Nephrologie, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum, Jena, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jichang Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Germany; Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Germany.
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Raza F, Evans L, Motallebi M, Zafar H, Pereira-Silva M, Saleem K, Peixoto D, Rahdar A, Sharifi E, Veiga F, Hoskins C, Paiva-Santos AC. Liposome-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications for pancreatic cancer. Acta Biomater 2023; 157:1-23. [PMID: 36521673 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the harshest and most challenging cancers to treat, often labeled as incurable. Chemotherapy continues to be the most popular treatment yet yields a very poor prognosis. The main barriers such as inefficient drug penetration and drug resistance, have led to the development of drug carrier systems. The benefits, ease of fabrication and modification of liposomes render them as ideal future drug delivery systems. This review delves into the versatility of liposomes to achieve various mechanisms of treatment for pancreatic cancer. Not only are there benefits of loading chemotherapy drugs and targeting agents onto liposomes, as well as mRNA combined therapy, but liposomes have also been exploited for immunotherapy and can be programmed to respond to photothermal therapy. Multifunctional liposomal formulations have demonstrated significant pre-clinical success. Functionalising drug-encapsulated liposomes has resulted in triggered drug release, specific targeting, and remodeling of the tumor environment. Suppressing tumor progression has been achieved, due to their ability to more efficiently and precisely deliver chemotherapy. Currently, no multifunctional surface-modified liposomes are clinically approved for pancreatic cancer thus we aim to shed light on the trials and tribulations and progress so far, with the hope for liposomal therapy in the future and improved patient outcomes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Considering that conventional treatments for pancreatic cancer are highly associated with sub-optimal performance and systemic toxicity, the development of novel therapeutic strategies holds outmost relevance for pancreatic cancer management. Liposomes are being increasingly considered as promising nanocarriers for providing not only an early diagnosis but also effective, highly specific, and safer treatment, improving overall patient outcome. This manuscript is the first in the last 10 years that revises the advances in the application of liposome-based formulations in bioimaging, chemotherapy, phototherapy, immunotherapy, combination therapies, and emergent therapies for pancreatic cancer management. Prospective insights are provided regarding several advantages resulting from the use of liposome technology in precision strategies, fostering new ideas for next-generation diagnosis and targeted therapies of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Raza
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Lauren Evans
- Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Mahzad Motallebi
- Immunology Board for Transplantation And Cell-based Therapeutics (Immuno_TACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 7616911319, Iran; Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajra Zafar
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Miguel Pereira-Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Kalsoom Saleem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Diana Peixoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol 98613-35856, Iran
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clare Hoskins
- Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Abd El-Fattah EE. Tumor lysis syndrome promotes cancer chemoresistance and relapse through AMPK inhibition. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109568. [PMID: 36527883 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues. There are different therapeutic modalities that control cancer growth, of which surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment approach in which medications are used to inhibit cell proliferation and tumor multiplication, thus avoiding invasion and metastasis and thus eradicate cancer. One of the common complications associated with cancer chemotherapy is rapid lysis of expanding tumor cells, known as tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). TLS is associated with number of metabolic changes such as hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia. Among the consequences of hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia is the inhibition of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Inhibition of AMPK induced different cancer chemo-resistance mechanisms such as cancer stem cells (CSCs), p-glycoproteins, Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT-4), homeobox protein NANOG, Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and immune microenvironment and thus leads to poor response to chemotherapy and even relapses after treatment. Our review aims to uncover new mechanisms underlying the metabolic consequences of tumor lysis on AMPK in tumor microenvironment. In this review, we also investigated the effect of AMPK on different cancer chemo-resistance mechanisms such as cancer stem cells, p-glycoproteins, OCT-4, NANOG, KLF4 and immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam E Abd El-Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt.
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Smith C, Zheng W, Dong J, Wang Y, Lai J, Liu X, Yin F. Tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Implications in immunotherapy. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3297-3313. [PMID: 36158269 PMCID: PMC9346457 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i27.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive and lethal cancers. Surgical resection is the only curable treatment option, but it is available for only a small fraction of patients at the time of diagnosis. With current therapeutic regimens, the average 5-year survival rate is less than 10% in pancreatic cancer patients. Immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising treatment options for multiple solid tumors of advanced stage. However, its clinical efficacy is suboptimal in most clinical trials on pancreatic cancer. Current studies have suggested that the tumor microenvironment is likely the underlying barrier affecting immunotherapy drug efficacy in pancreatic cancer. In this review, we discuss the role of the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer and the latest advances in immunotherapy on pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Smith
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Jixin Dong
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Yaohong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jinping Lai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Sacramento Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95825, United States
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Feng Yin
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
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Tripathi V, Jaiswal P, Assaiya A, Kumar J, Parmar HS. Anti-Cancer Effects of 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide-1-β-D-Ribofuranoside (AICAR) on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Cells: Mitochondrial Modulation may be an Underlying Mechanism. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:245-256. [PMID: 35135451 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220207101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known for Warburg-metabolism and defects in the mitochondria. AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) activates the downstream transcription factors PGC-1α, PGC-1β, or FOXO1 which participate in mitochondrial biogenesis. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) is an analog of adenosine monophosphate and is a direct activator of AMPK. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we attempt to understand the influence of AICAR on TNBC cells MDA-MB-231 and the underlying changes in mitochondrial biogenesis, if any. METHODS We investigated AICAR induced changes in cell viability, apoptosis, migratory potential, and changes in the sensitivity of doxorubicin. RESULTS In response to the treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with 750 µM of AICAR for 72 hours, followed by 48 hours in fresh media without AICAR, we observed a decrease in viability via MTT assay, reduction in cell numbers along with the apoptotic appearance, increased cell death by ELISA, decreased lactate in conditioned medium and decrease in migration by scratch and transwell migration assays. These changes in the cancer phenotype were accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis, as observed by increased mitochondrial DNA to nuclear DNA ratio, a decrease in lactic acid concentration, increase in mitotracker green and red staining, and increased expression of transcription factors PGC-1α, NRF-1, NRF-2, and TFAM that contribute in mitochondrial biogenesis. Pre-treatment of cells with AICAR for 72 hours followed by 48 hours treatment with 1 µM doxorubicin showed an increased sensitivity to doxorubicin as assessed by MTT assay. CONCLUSION Our results show that AICAR exerts beneficial effects on TNBC cells possibly via switching off the Warburg metabolism and switching on the anti-Warburg metabolism through mitochondrial modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Versha Tripathi
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore-452001. M.P., India
| | - Pooja Jaiswal
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore-452001. M.P., India
| | - Anshul Assaiya
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Janesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
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Wang J, Shi K, Li S, Chen L, Liu W, Wu X, Shen Y, Sun Y, Cheng J, Wu X, Xu Q. Meisoindigo attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis via its inhibition of TAK1 in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108239. [PMID: 34653728 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At present, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) seriously threatens human health, and its treatment is a huge challenge for people. In our studies, we found that meisoindigo, a derivative of indirubin, significantly ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice. Meisoindigo treatment markedly elevated the level of glutathione, while suppressed the activities of alkaline phosphatase and myeloperoxidase in colonic tissues. Moreover, the mRNA expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, cyclooxygenase-2 which are important colitis-related molecules and the levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-18, IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were suppressed dose-dependently following treatment with meisoindigo. Immunofluorescence results indicated that meisoindigo inhibited macrophage infiltration and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation in colons from DSS-treated mice. Therefore, mouse RAW264.7 and human THP-1 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or combined adenosine triphosphate to activate NF-κB pathway in vitro. It was shown that meisoindigo reduced the elevated levels of NO, IL-18, IL-1β and TNF-α after LPS treatment in both cells. In addition, meisoindigo showed inhibitory effects on NF-κB by using a luciferase reporter gene that depends on NF-κB. Through molecular docking, microscale thermophoresis and cellular thermal shift assay. It was further found that meisoindigo targeted transforming growth factor β activated kinase-1 (TAK1), which is an important regulator in the upstream of NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, our findings show that meisoindigo can alleviate IBD effectively at low doses, and negatively regulate proinflammatory responses by inhibiting the activation of TAK1, which provides new ideas for clinical anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuaifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xudong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Xuefeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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10
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Caja L, Dadras MS, Mezheyeuski A, Rodrigues-Junior DM, Liu S, Webb AT, Gomez-Puerto MC, Ten Dijke P, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. The protein kinase LKB1 promotes self-renewal and blocks invasiveness in glioblastoma. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:743-762. [PMID: 34350982 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) in glioblastoma (GBM) development remains poorly understood. LKB1 may regulate GBM cell metabolism and has been suggested to promote glioma invasiveness. After analyzing LKB1 expression in GBM patient mRNA databases and in tumor tissue via multiparametric immunohistochemistry, we observed that LKB1 was localized and enriched in GBM tumor cells that co-expressed SOX2 and NESTIN stemness markers. Thus, LKB1-specific immunohistochemistry can potentially reveal subpopulations of stem-like cells, advancing GBM patient molecular pathology. We further analyzed the functions of LKB1 in patient-derived GBM cultures under defined serum-free conditions. Silencing of endogenous LKB1 impaired 3D-gliomasphere frequency and promoted GBM cell invasion in vitro and in the zebrafish collagenous tail after extravasation of circulating GBM cells. Moreover, loss of LKB1 function revealed mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in decreased ATP levels. Treatment with the clinically used drug metformin impaired 3D-gliomasphere formation and enhanced cytotoxicity induced by temozolomide, the primary chemotherapeutic drug against GBM. The IC50 of temozolomide in the GBM cultures was significantly decreased in the presence of metformin. This combinatorial effect was further enhanced after LKB1 silencing, which at least partially, was due to increased apoptosis. The expression of genes involved in the maintenance of tumor stemness, such as growth factors and their receptors, including members of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family, was suppressed after LKB1 silencing. The defect in gliomasphere growth caused by LKB1 silencing was bypassed after supplementing the cells with exogenous PFDGF-BB. Our data support the parallel roles of LKB1 in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, 3D-gliomasphere survival, and hindering migration in GBM. Thus, the natural loss of, or pharmacological interference with LKB1 function, may be associated with benefits in patient survival but could result in tumor spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Caja
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahsa Shahidi Dadras
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Artur Mezheyeuski
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dorival Mendes Rodrigues-Junior
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Taylor Webb
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Catalina Gomez-Puerto
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Brito A, Merle C, Lagarde P, Faustin B, Devin A, Lartigue L, Chibon F. Cell fusion enhances energy metabolism of mesenchymal tumor hybrid cells to sustain their proliferation and invasion. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:863. [PMID: 34320948 PMCID: PMC8317390 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-to-cell fusion is emerging as a key element of the metastatic process in various cancer types. We recently showed that hybrids made from the spontaneous merging of pre-malignant (IMR90 E6E7, i.e. E6E7) and malignant (IMR90 E6E7 RST, i.e. RST) mesenchymal cells recapitulate the main features of human undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), with a highly rearranged genome and increased spreading capacities. To better characterize the intrinsic properties of these hybrids, we investigated here their metabolic energy profile compared to their parents. RESULTS Our results unveiled that hybrids harbored a Warburg-like metabolism, like their RST counterparts. However, hybrids displayed a much greater metabolic activity, enhancing glycolysis to proliferate. Interestingly, modifying the metabolic environmental conditions through the use of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carbox-amide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), an activator of the 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), specifically reduced the growth of hybrids, and also abrogated the invasive capacity of hybrids displaying enhanced glycolysis. Furthermore, AICAR efficiently blocked the tumoral features related to the aggressiveness of human UPS cell lines. CONCLUSION Altogether, our findings strongly suggest that hybrids rely on higher energy flux to proliferate and that a drug altering this metabolic equilibrium could impair their survival and be potentially considered as a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Brito
- Cancer Research Center in Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, 31037, Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse 3, Paul Sabatier, 118 route Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 9, Toulouse, France
| | - Candice Merle
- Cancer Research Center in Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, 31037, Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse 3, Paul Sabatier, 118 route Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 9, Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Lagarde
- INSERM U1218, 299 cours de l'Argonne, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Biopathology, Bergonie Institute, 229 cours de l'Argonne, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Faustin
- CNRS UMR 5164, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Immunology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anne Devin
- CNRS UMR 5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, F-33077, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Lydia Lartigue
- INSERM U1218, 299 cours de l'Argonne, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frederic Chibon
- Cancer Research Center in Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, 31037, Toulouse, France.
- INSERM U1218, 299 cours de l'Argonne, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.
- Department of Biopathology, Bergonie Institute, 229 cours de l'Argonne, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.
- Department of Pathology, Institut Claudius Régaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France.
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12
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Gama-Brambila R, Chen J, Dabiri Y, Tascher G, Němec V, Münch C, Song G, Knapp S, Cheng X. A Chemical Toolbox for Labeling and Degrading Engineered Cas Proteins. JACS AU 2021; 1:777-785. [PMID: 34467332 PMCID: PMC8395650 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and their associated proteins (Cas) has revolutionized the field of genome and epigenome editing. A number of new methods have been developed to precisely control the function and activity of Cas proteins, including fusion proteins and small-molecule modulators. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) represent a new concept using the ubiquitin-proteasome system to degrade a protein of interest, highlighting the significance of chemically induced protein-E3 ligase interaction in drug discovery. Here, we engineered Cas proteins (Cas9, dCas9, Cas12, and Cas13) by inserting a Phe-Cys-Pro-Phe (FCPF) amino acid sequence (known as the π-clamp system) and demonstrate that the modified CasFCPF proteins can be (1) labeled in live cells by perfluoroaromatics carrying the fluorescein or (2) degraded by a perfluoroaromatics-functionalized PROTAC (PROTAC-FCPF). A proteome-wide analysis of PROTAC-FCPF-mediated Cas9FCPF protein degradation revealed a high target specificity, suggesting a wide range of applications of perfluoroaromatics-induced proximity in the regulation of stability, activity, and functionality of any FCPF-tagging protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo
A. Gama-Brambila
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15. R. 3.652, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jie Chen
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15. R. 3.652, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yasamin Dabiri
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Tascher
- Institute
of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Václav Němec
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15. R. 3.652, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute
of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Guangqi Song
- Department
of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital
of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15. R. 3.652, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15. R. 3.652, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Yao CL, Zhang JQ, Li JY, Wei WL, Wu SF, Guo DA. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as a source of new anticancer drugs. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1618-1633. [PMID: 33511969 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to July 2020Drugs derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) include both single chemical entities and multi-component preparations. Drugs of both types play a significant role in the healthcare system in China, but are not well-known outside China. The research and development process, the molecular mechanisms of action, and the clinical evaluation associated with some exemplificative anticancer drugs based on TCM are discussed, along with their potential of integration in western medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Liang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Qing Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jia-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wen-Long Wei
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Shi-Fei Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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14
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Zhang Y, Meng Q, Sun Q, Xu ZX, Zhou H, Wang Y. LKB1 deficiency-induced metabolic reprogramming in tumorigenesis and non-neoplastic diseases. Mol Metab 2020; 44:101131. [PMID: 33278637 PMCID: PMC7753952 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Live kinase B1 (LKB1) is a tumor suppressor that is mutated in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) and a variety of cancers. Lkb1 encodes serine-threonine kinase (STK) 11 that activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its 13 superfamily members, regulating multiple biological processes, such as cell polarity, cell cycle arrest, embryo development, apoptosis, and bioenergetics metabolism. Increasing evidence has highlighted that deficiency of LKB1 in cancer cells induces extensive metabolic alterations that promote tumorigenesis and development. LKB1 also participates in the maintenance of phenotypes and functions of normal cells through metabolic regulation. Scope of review Given the important role of LKB1 in metabolic regulation, we provide an overview of the association of metabolic alterations in glycolysis, aerobic oxidation, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), gluconeogenesis, glutamine, lipid, and serine induced by aberrant LKB1 signals in tumor progression, non-neoplastic diseases, and functions of immune cells. Major conclusions In this review, we summarize layers of evidence demonstrating that disordered metabolisms in glucose, glutamine, lipid, and serine caused by LKB1 deficiency promote carcinogenesis and non-neoplastic diseases. The metabolic reprogramming resulting from the loss of LKB1 confers cancer cells with growth or survival advantages. Nevertheless, it also causes a metabolic frangibility for LKB1-deficient cancer cells. The metabolic regulation of LKB1 also plays a vital role in maintaining cellular phenotype in the progression of non-neoplastic diseases. In addition, lipid metabolic regulation of LKB1 plays an important role in controlling the function, activity, proliferation, and differentiation of several types of immune cells. We conclude that in-depth knowledge of metabolic pathways regulated by LKB1 is conducive to identifying therapeutic targets and developing drug combinations to treat cancers and metabolic diseases and achieve immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Qingfei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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15
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The novel interplay between CD44 standard isoform and the caspase-1/IL1B pathway to induce hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:961. [PMID: 33168816 PMCID: PMC7652828 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating data indicate caspase-1 (CASP1), one of the inflammatory caspases, promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression in tumor proliferation, invasion, EMT phenotype and sorafenib resistance. However, the molecular basis of regulating caspase-1 expression and caspase-1/IL1B (interleukin-1β) pathway in HCC remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated the novel interplay between caspase-1/IL1B activation and cluster differentiation 44 standard isoform (CD44s) in HCC. In this study, we observed that CD44s is responsible for caspase-1/IL1B activation both in HCC tissues and five HCC cell lines. In normoxia conditions, CD44s knockdown repressed the activation of caspase-1/IL1B via stimulating AMPK-mediated autophagy. Moreover, our data suggested that p62-induced autophagic degradation of caspase-1 accounted for caspase-1/IL1B inactivation in CD44s deficient cells. Administration of recombinant human IL1B could rescue impaired proliferation, invasion, and EMT phenotype in CD44s deficient HCC cells. Lastly, hypoxia-mediated caspase-1/IL1B overexpression could be abolished by CD44s downregulation through decreasing HIF1A and enhancing autophagic activity. Overall, targeting CD44s is a novel inhibitory mechanism of caspase-1/IL1B expression, both in normoxia and hypoxia conditions.
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16
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Sarantis P, Koustas E, Papadimitropoulou A, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Treatment hurdles, tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:173-181. [PMID: 32104548 PMCID: PMC7031151 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal diseases, with an average 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Unfortunately, the majority of patients have unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Moreover, traditional treatments such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation have not been shown to significantly improve survival. Recently, there has been a swift increase in cancer treatments that incorporate immunotherapy-based strategies to target all the stepwise events required for tumor initiation and progression. The results in melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer and renal cell carcinoma are very encouraging. Unfortunately, the application of checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-1, and anti-PD-L1 antibodies, in pancreatic cancer has been disappointing. Many studies have revealed that the PDAC microenvironment supports tumor growth, promotes metastasis and consists of a physical barrier to drug delivery. Combination therapies hold great promise for enhancing immune responses to achieve a better therapeutic effect. In this review, we provide an outline of why pancreatic cancer is so lethal and of the treatment hurdles that exist. Particular emphasis is given to the role of the tumor microenvironment, and some of the latest and most promising studies on immunotherapy in PDAC are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sarantis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Evangelos Koustas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Adriana Papadimitropoulou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Michalis V Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, “Laiko” General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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17
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Garcia-Mayea Y, Mir C, Masson F, Paciucci R, LLeonart ME. Insights into new mechanisms and models of cancer stem cell multidrug resistance. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 60:166-180. [PMID: 31369817 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of genetic alterations, clonal evolution, and the tumor microenvironment promote cancer progression, metastasis and therapy resistance. These events correspond to the establishment of the great phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity of cancer cells that contribute to tumor progression and resistant disease. Targeting resistant cancers is a major challenge in oncology; however, the underlying processes are not yet fully understood. Even though current treatments can reduce tumor size and increase life expectancy, relapse and multidrug resistance (MDR) ultimately remain the second cause of death in developed countries. Recent evidence points toward stem-like phenotypes in cancer cells, promoted by cancer stem cells (CSCs), as the main culprit of cancer relapse, resistance (radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and/or chemotherapy) and metastasis. Many mechanisms have been proposed for CSC resistance, such as drug efflux through ABC transporters, overactivation of the DNA damage response (DDR), apoptosis evasion, prosurvival pathways activation, cell cycle promotion and/or cell metabolic alterations. Nonetheless, targeted therapy toward these specific CSC mechanisms is only partially effective to prevent or abolish resistance, suggesting underlying additional causes for CSC resilience. This article aims to provide an integrated picture of the MDR mechanisms that operate in CSCs' behavior and to propose a novel model of tumor evolution during chemotherapy. Targeting the pathways mentioned here might hold promise and reveal new strategies for future clinical therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Garcia-Mayea
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Passeig Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Mir
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Passeig Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Masson
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Passeig Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Paciucci
- Clinical Biochemistry Group, Vall d'Hebron Hospital and Vall d´Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M E LLeonart
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Passeig Vall d´Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology, CIBERONC, Spain.
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18
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Cheng X, Haeberle S, Shytaj IL, Gama-Brambila RA, Theobald J, Ghafoory S, Wölker J, Basu U, Schmidt C, Timm A, Taškova K, Bauer AS, Hoheisel J, Tsopoulidis N, Fackler OT, Savarino A, Andrade-Navarro MA, Ott I, Lusic M, Hadaschik EN, Wölfl S. NHC-gold compounds mediate immune suppression through induction of AHR-TGFβ1 signalling in vitro and in scurfy mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:10. [PMID: 31909202 PMCID: PMC6941985 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0716-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold compounds have a long history of use as immunosuppressants, but their precise mechanism of action is not completely understood. Using our recently developed liver-on-a-chip platform we now show that gold compounds containing planar N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are potent ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Further studies showed that the lead compound (MC3) activates TGFβ1 signaling and suppresses CD4+ T-cell activation in vitro, in human and mouse T cells. Conversely, genetic knockdown or chemical inhibition of AHR activity or of TGFβ1-SMAD-mediated signaling offsets the MC3-mediated immunosuppression. In scurfy mice, a mouse model of human immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome, MC3 treatment reduced autoimmune phenotypes and extended lifespan from 24 to 58 days. Our findings suggest that the immunosuppressive activity of gold compounds can be improved by introducing planar NHC ligands to activate the AHR-associated immunosuppressive pathway, thus expanding their potential clinical application for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlai Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Haeberle
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iart Luca Shytaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases Integrative Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo. A. Gama-Brambila
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jannick Theobald
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shahrouz Ghafoory
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Wölker
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ — Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Uttara Basu
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ — Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ — Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annika Timm
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ — Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katerina Taškova
- Biozentrum I, Hans-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany
- School of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jörg Hoheisel
- Functional Genome Analysis, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Tsopoulidis
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T. Fackler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Savarino
- Present Address: Department of Infectious and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Italian Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel A. Andrade-Navarro
- Biozentrum I, Hans-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ — Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marina Lusic
- Department of Infectious Diseases Integrative Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva N. Hadaschik
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan. Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Noor HB, Mou NA, Salem L, Shimul MF, Biswas S, Akther R, Khan S, Raihan S, Mohib MM, Sagor MA. Anti-inflammatory Property of AMP-activated Protein Kinase. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:2-41. [PMID: 31530260 PMCID: PMC7460777 DOI: 10.2174/1871523018666190830100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the many debated topics in inflammation research is whether this scenario is really an accelerated form of human wound healing and immunityboosting or a push towards autoimmune diseases. The answer requires a better understanding of the normal inflammatory process, including the molecular pathology underlying the possible outcomes. Exciting recent investigations regarding severe human inflammatory disorders and autoimmune conditions have implicated molecular changes that are also linked to normal immunity, such as triggering factors, switching on and off, the influence of other diseases and faulty stem cell homeostasis, in disease progression and development. METHODS We gathered around and collected recent online researches on immunity, inflammation, inflammatory disorders and AMPK. We basically searched PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar to assemble the studies which were published since 2010. RESULTS Our findings suggested that inflammation and related disorders are on the verge and interfere in the treatment of other diseases. AMPK serves as a key component that prevents various kinds of inflammatory signaling. In addition, our table and hypothetical figures may open a new door in inflammation research, which could be a greater therapeutic target for controlling diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance and preventing autoimmune diseases. CONCLUSION The relationship between immunity and inflammation becomes easily apparent. Yet, the essence of inflammation turns out to be so startling that the theory may not be instantly established and many possible arguments are raised for its clearance. However, this study might be able to reveal some possible approaches where AMPK can reduce or prevent inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Md A.T. Sagor
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Tel: +8801719130130; E-mail:
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Ye Y, Jin T, Zhang X, Zeng Z, Ye B, Wang J, Zhong Y, Xiong X, Gu L. Meisoindigo Protects Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Regulating Microglia/Macrophage Polarization via TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:553. [PMID: 31920554 PMCID: PMC6930809 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease with long-term disability. However, the pathogenesis is unclear and treatments are limited. Meisoindigo, a second-generation derivative of indirubin, has general water solubility and is well-tolerated. Previous studies have shown that meisoindigo reduces inflammation by inhibiting leukocyte chemotaxis and migration. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that meisoindigo was also protective against ischemic stroke, then evaluated its underlying mechanisms. In vivo, adult male C57BL/6J wild-type mice were used to produce a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke model. On day three after reperfusion, obvious improvement in neurological scores, infarct volume reduction and cerebral edema amelioration were observed in meisoindigo treatment. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining and western-blot showed that the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and its associated proteins in neurons and microglia was inhibited by meisoindigo. The effects of Meisoindigo on NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation and increased the M2 phenotype of microglia/macrophage through shifting from a M1 phenotype, which was possibly mediated by inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB. Furthermore, we verified the inhibitory effect of meisoindigo on TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, and found that meisoindigo treatment could significantly suppressed the expression of TLR4/NF-κB pathway-associated proteins in a dose-dependent manner, meanwhile, which resulted in downregulation of HMGB1 and IL-1β. Next, we established an in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation/Reperfusion (OGD/R) model in HT-22 and BV2 cells to simulate ischemic conditions. Cytotoxicity assay showed that meisoindigo substantially improved relative cell vitality and in HT-22 and BV2 cells following OGD/R in vitro. After suffering OGD/R, the TLR4/NF-κB pathway was activated, the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated proteins and M1 microglia/macrophage were increased, but meisoindigo could inhibit above changes in both HT-22 and BV2 cells. Additionally, though lipopolysaccharide stimulated the activation of TLR4 signaling in OGD/R models, meisoindigo co-treatment markedly reversed the upregulation of TLR4 and following activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and polarization of M1 microglia/macrophages mediated by TLR4. Overall, we demonstrate for the first time that meisoindigo post-treatment alleviates brain damage induced by ischemic stroke in vivo and in vitro experiments through blocking activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and regulating the polarization of microglia/macrophages via inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baixin Ye
- Department of Hematopathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinchen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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21
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Ichimaru Y, Sano M, Kajiwara I, Tobe T, Yoshioka H, Hayashi K, Ijichi H, Miyairi S. Indirubin 3'-Oxime Inhibits Migration, Invasion, and Metastasis InVivo in Mice Bearing Spontaneously Occurring Pancreatic Cancer via Blocking the RAF/ERK, AKT, and SAPK/JNK Pathways. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1574-1582. [PMID: 31671317 PMCID: PMC6835019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with high invasive and metastatic potential. We generated a spontaneous PDAC mouse model and examined the therapeutic potential of indirubin 3'-oxime (Indox) against PDAC bearing mouse in vivo. METHODS Randomized 3-month-old LSL-KrasG12D/+;Trp53flox/+;Pdx-1-cre (KPCflox) mice were intraperitoneally injected with 40 mg/kg Indox (n = 9) or a vehicle (n = 10) twice a week. At the end point, tumor status including proliferation, direct invasion, and distant metastasis was analyzed histopathologically. The inhibitory potentials of Indox for proliferation, migration/invasion, and the phosphorylation of target molecules were determined in KPCflox-derived PDAC cells in vitro. RESULTS Prolonged survival by Indox via intraperitoneal administration was observed in the KPCflox mice. Indox inhibited tumor proliferation accompanied with low levels of nuclear phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase (p-CDK) and cyclin B1 in vivo. Furthermore, Indox inhibited the migration/invasive activities of PDAC via down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in vitro and in vivo. Antibody array and immunoblotting analysis revealed that Indox inhibited the phosphorylation of multiple molecules, including key upstream proteins of MMP-9 in RAF/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), AKT, and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) pathways. CONCLUSION Indox inhibited the proliferative, invasive, and metastatic potentials of PDAC in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, Indox could a therapeutic candidate for treating spontaneously occurring PDAC via blocking the RAF/ERK, AKT and SAPK/JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Ichimaru
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan; College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Makoto Sano
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Ichie Kajiwara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Takao Tobe
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Yoshioka
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Ijichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan; Department of Clinical Nutrition Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Miyairi
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
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22
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Xu X, Qian D, Liu H, Cruz D, Luo S, Walsh KM, Abbruzzese JL, Zhang X, Wei Q. Genetic variants in the liver kinase B1-AMP-activated protein kinase pathway genes and pancreatic cancer risk. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1338-1348. [PMID: 30997723 PMCID: PMC6602843 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The liver kinase B1-AMP-activated protein kinase (LKB1-AMPK) pathway has been identified as a new target for cancer therapy, because it controls the glucose and lipid metabolism in response to alterations in nutrients and intracellular energy levels. In the present study, we aimed to identify genetic variants of the LKB1-AMPK pathway genes and their associations with pancreatic cancer (PanC) risk using 15 418 participants of European ancestry from two previously published PanC genome-wide association studies. We found that six novel tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (i.e, MAP2 rs35075084 T > deletion, PRKAG2 rs2727572 C > T and rs34852782 A > deletion, TP53 rs9895829 A > G, and RPTOR rs62068300 G > A and rs3751936 G > C) were significantly associated with an increased PanC risk. The multivariate logistic regression model incorporating the number of unfavorable genotypes (NUGs) with adjustment for age and sex showed that carriers with five to six NUGs had an increased PanC risk (odds ratio = 1.24, 95% confidence interval = 1.16-1.32 and P < 0.0001), compared to those with zero to four NUGs. Subsequent expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis further revealed that these SNPs were associated with significantly altered mRNA expression levels either in 373 normal lymphoblastoid cell lines (TP53 SNP rs9895829, P < 0.05) or in whole blood cells of 369 normal donors from the genotype-tissue expression project (GTEx) database [RPTOR SNP rs60268947 and rs28434589, both in high linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.9) withRPTOR rs62068300, P < 0.001]. Collectively, our findings suggest that these novel SNPs in the LKB1-AMPK pathway genes may modify susceptibility to PanC, possibly by influencing gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Danwen Qian
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Diana Cruz
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sheng Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kyle M. Walsh
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James L. Abbruzzese
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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23
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AICAR Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Migration and Invasion in Prostate Cancer Cells Through an AMPK/mTOR-Dependent Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071647. [PMID: 30987073 PMCID: PMC6480054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current clinical challenges of prostate cancer management are to restrict tumor growth and prohibit metastasis. AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carbox-amide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside), an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonist, has demonstrated antitumor activities for several types of cancers. However, the activity of AICAR on the cell growth and metastasis of prostate cancer has not been extensively studied. Herein we examine the effects of AICAR on the cell growth and metastasis of prostate cancer cells. Cell growth was performed by MTT assay and soft agar assay; cell apoptosis was examined by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage western blot, while cell migration and invasion were evaluated by wound-healing assay and transwell assay respectively. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein expression and AMPK/mTOR-dependent signaling axis were analyzed by western blot. In addition, we also tested the effect of AICAR on the chemosensitivity to docetaxel using MTT assay. Our results indicated that AICAR inhibits cell growth in prostate cancer cells, but not in non-cancerous prostate cells. In addition, our results demonstrated that AICAR induces apoptosis, attenuates transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced cell migration, invasion and EMT-related protein expression, and enhances the chemosensitivity to docetaxel in prostate cancer cells through regulating the AMPK/mTOR-dependent pathway. These findings support AICAR as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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24
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Lyu CL, Liu JQ, Chen M, Chen B, Xiao ZJ. [The impact of meisoindigo on apoptosis and proliferation of SET2 cell line by JAK-STAT pathway]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2019; 40:29-34. [PMID: 30704225 PMCID: PMC7351697 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To observe the effect of meisoindigo on apoptosis and proliferation of JAK2/V617F heterozygous mutation cell line-SET2 cell line to further explore the role of JAK-STAT pathway in this effect. Methods: Cell apoptosis after treated with different concentration of meisoindigo (0, 5, and 10 μmol/L) was evaluated by flow cytometry at different time points (24, 48, 72 h). Cell proliferation with CCK8 test was evaluated at different time points (24, 48, 72, 96 h) after administered with different concentration of meisoindigo (0, 5, 10, and 20 μmol/L). After treatment with different concentration of meisoindigo (0, 5, 10, and 20 μmol/L), SET2 cells were collected after 12 h, and then cultured in incomplete methylcellulose-based medium for clone formation. JAK-STAT signaling pathway and apoptosis related protein by Western blot test were evaluated 12 h after administered with different concentration of meisoindigo (0, 5, 10, and 20 μmol/L). Results: At different time points after treated with meisoindigo, the apoptosis rate of SET2 cell lines increased (P<0.01) with the inhibited proliferation (P<0.01), and the decreased clone formation rate of SET2 cell lines [0 μmol/L meisoindigo: (4.48±1.19)%, 20 μmol/L meisoindigo: (2.55±0.36)%; Dunnett P=0.020] in the presence of augmented concentrations of meisoindigo. At 12 hours after administration with meisoindigo, the reduced expressions of JAK2, P-JAK2, P-STAT1, P-STAT3, P-STAT3, STAT5, the decreased anti-apoptosis proteins BCL-2, BCL-XL and the increased pro-apoptosis protein BID, BIM were observed in the presence of increased concentrations of meisoindigo. Conclusion: Meisoindigo played an important role during the apoptosis and the inhibition of proliferation in ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm cell-SET2 cell lines, which might be related to the inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling pathway with up-regulation of pro-apoptosis protein and down-regulation of anti-apoptosis protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lyu
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China (is working on the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China)
| | - J Q Liu
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - M Chen
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - B Chen
- The Affiated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Z J Xiao
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
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25
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Sun L, Cao J, Chen K, Cheng L, Zhou C, Yan B, Qian W, Li J, Duan W, Ma J, Qi D, Wu E, Wang Z, Liu Q, Ma Q, Xu Q. Betulinic acid inhibits stemness and EMT of pancreatic cancer cells via activation of AMPK signaling. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:98-110. [PMID: 30365057 PMCID: PMC6254859 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are found in various types of human cancer, including pancreatic cancer, possess elevated metastatic potential, lead to tumor recurrence and cause chemoradiotherapy resistance. Alterations in cellular bioenergetics through the regulation of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling may be a prerequisite to stemness. Betulinic acid (BA) is a well-known bioactive compound with antiretroviral and anti-inflammatory potential, which has been reported to exert anticancer effects on various types of cancer, including pancreatic cancer. The present study aimed to investigate whether BA could inhibit pancreatic CSCs via regulation of AMPK signaling. The proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells was examined by MTT and colony formation assays. The migratory and invasive abilities of pancreatic cancer cells were assessed using wound-scratch and Transwell invasion assays. In addition, the expression levels of candidate genes were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The results revealed that BA inhibited the proliferation and tumorsphere formation of pancreatic cancer cells, suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion, and reduced the expression of three pluripotency factors [SRY-box 2 (Sox2), octamer-binding protein 4 (Oct4) and Nanog]. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that there was a significant inverse association between the expression levels of phosphorylated (P)-AMPK and Sox2 in pancreatic cancer, and it was revealed that BA may activate AMPK signaling. Notably, knockdown of AMPK reversed the suppressive effects of BA on EMT and stemness of pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, BA reversed the effects of gemcitabine on stemness and enhanced the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. Collectively, these results indicated that BA may effectively inhibit pluripotency factor expression (Sox2, Oct4 and Nanog), EMT and the stem-like phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells via activating AMPK signaling. Therefore, BA may be considered an attractive therapeutic candidate and an effective inhibitor of the stem-like phenotype in pancreatic cancer cells. Further investigation into the development of BA as an anticancer drug is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liankang Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Junyu Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Cancan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Weikun Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wanxing Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jiguang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Dan Qi
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 78508, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 78508, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qinhong Xu
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Expression of TXNIP in Cancer Cells and Regulation by 1,25(OH)₂D₃: Is It Really the Vitamin D₃ Upregulated Protein? Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29534438 PMCID: PMC5877657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) was originally identified in HL-60 cells as the vitamin D₃ upregulated protein 1, and is now known to be involved in diverse cellular processes, such as maintenance of glucose homeostasis, redox balance, and apoptosis. Besides the initial characterization, little is known about if and how 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1,25(OH)₂D₃] induces TXNIP expression. We therefore screened multiple cancerous cell lines of different tissue origins, and observed induction, repression, or no change in TXNIP expression in response to 1,25(OH)₂D₃. In-depth analyses on HL-60 cells revealed a rapid and transient increase in TXNIP mRNA levels by 1,25(OH)₂D₃ (3-24 h), followed by a clear reduction at later time points. Furthermore, a strong induction in protein levels was observed only after 96 h of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment. Induction of TXNIP expression by 1,25(OH)₂D₃ was found to be dependent on the availability of glucose in the culture medium, as well as the presence of a functional glucose transport system, indicating an inter-dependence of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ actions and glucose-sensing mechanisms. Moreover, the inhibition of de novo protein synthesis by cycloheximide reduced TXNIP half-life in 24 h, but not in 96 h-1,25(OH)₂D₃-treated HL-60 cells, demonstrating a possible influence of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ on TXNIP stability in long-term treatment.
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Monitoring cytochrome P450 activity in living hepatocytes by chromogenic substrates in response to drug treatment or during cell maturation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1133-1149. [PMID: 29209748 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic activity of hepatocytes is a central prerequisite for drug activity and a key element in drug-drug interaction. This central role in metabolism largely depends on the activity of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme family, which is not only dependent on liver cell maturation but is also controlled in response to drug and chemical exposure. Here, we report the use of VividDye fluorogenic CYP450 substrates to directly measure and continuously monitor metabolic activity in living hepatocytes. We observed time- and dose-dependent correlation in response to established and putative CYP450 inducers acting through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and drug combinations. Using repetitive addition of VividDye fluorogenic substrate on a daily basis, we demonstrated the new application of VividDye for monitoring the maturation and dedifferentiation of hepatic cells. Despite a lack of high specificity for individual CYP450 isoenzymes, our approach enables continuous monitoring of metabolic activity in living cells with no need to disrupt cultivation. Our assay can be integrated in in vitro liver-mimetic models for on-line monitoring and thus should enhance the reliability of these tissue model systems.
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28
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Theobald J, Ghanem A, Wallisch P, Banaeiyan AA, Andrade-Navarro MA, Taškova K, Haltmeier M, Kurtz A, Becker H, Reuter S, Mrowka R, Cheng X, Wölfl S. Liver-Kidney-on-Chip To Study Toxicity of Drug Metabolites. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:78-89. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Theobald
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Ghanem
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wallisch
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amin A. Banaeiyan
- Biological
Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers Campus, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Miguel A. Andrade-Navarro
- Computational
Biology and Data Mining Group, Institute for Molecular Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Katerina Taškova
- Computational
Biology and Data Mining Group, Institute for Molecular Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Ackermannweg 4, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Kurtz
- Berlin-Brandenburg
Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Holger Becker
- Microfluidic ChipShop GmbH, Stockholmer
Strasse 20, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reuter
- Experimentelle
Nephrologie, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Nonenplan 4, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Ralf Mrowka
- Experimentelle
Nephrologie, KIM III, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Nonenplan 4, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Cheng X, Peuckert C, Wölfl S. Essential role of mitochondrial Stat3 in p38 MAPK mediated apoptosis under oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15388. [PMID: 29133922 PMCID: PMC5684365 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stat3 is an oncogene, frequently associated with malignant transformation. A body of evidence implicates that phospho-Stat3Y705 contributes to its nucleic translocation, while phospho-Stat3S727 leads to the accumulation in mitochondria. Both are of importance for tumor cell proliferation. In comparison to well-characterized signaling pathways interplaying with Stat3Y705, little is known about Stat3S727. In this work, we studied the influence of Stat3 deficiency on the viability of cells exposed to H2O2 or hypoxia using siRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing. We found dysregulation of mitochondrial activity, which was associated with excessive ROS formation and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and observed a synergistic effect for oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in Stat3-KD cells or cells carrying Stat3Y705F, but not Stat3S727D, suggesting the importance of functional mitochondrial Stat3 in this context. We also found that ROS-mediated activation of ASK1/p38MAPK was involved and adding antioxidants, p38MAPK inhibitor, or genetic repression of ASK1 could easily rescue the cellular damage. Our finding reveals a new role of mitochondrial Stat3 in preventing ASK1/p38MAPK-mediated apoptosis, wich further support the notion that selective inhibition mitochondrial Stat3 could provide a primsing target for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlai Cheng
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christiane Peuckert
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, S-75236, Sweden
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Methylisoindigo and Its Bromo-Derivatives Are Selective Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors, Repressing Cellular Stat3 Activity, and Target CD133+ Cancer Stem Cells in PDAC. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091546. [PMID: 32961646 PMCID: PMC6151689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirubin is an active component of the herbal ingredient ‘Danggui Longhui wan’, which was used for the treatment of inflammation and chronic myeloid leukemia in China. The recent study showed its derivative methylisoindigo (also known as meisoindigo) preferentially targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) in interference with AMPK and LKB1, the cellular metabolic sensors. In this study, we screened the effect of meisoindigo on a panel of 300 protein kinases and found that it selectively inhibited Stat3-associated tyrosine kinases and further confirmed its activity in cell based assays. To gain a deeper insight into the structure–activity relationship we produced 7 bromo-derivatives exhausting the accessible positions on the bisindole backbone except for in the 4-position due to the space limitation. We compared their anti-proliferative effects on tumor cells. We found that 6-bromomeisoindigo showed improved toxicity in company with increased Stat3 inhibition. Moreover, we detected that 6-bromomeisoindigo induced apoptosis of 95% of CD133+ pancreatic cancer cells. Considering that CD133 is a common marker highly expressed in a range of CSCs, our results imply the potential application of 6-bromomeisoindigo for the treatment of CSCs in different types of cancers.
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31
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The essential role of TAp73 in bortezomib-induced apoptosis in p53-deficient colorectal cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5423. [PMID: 28710427 PMCID: PMC5511205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor p53 are among the most highly occurring events in colorectal cancer (CRC). Such mutations have been shown to influence the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. However their impact on the efficacy of the proteasomal inhibitor bortezomib remains controversial. We thus re-evaluated the toxicity of bortezomib in the CRC cell lines HCT116 wt (wild-type) and its p53-/- clone. Transient resistance to bortezomib treatment was observed in p53-null cells that was later accompanied by an increase in levels and nuclear translocation of TAp73, an isoform of the p53-homologue p73, as well as induction of apoptosis. Knockdown of p73 in p53-/- cells using CRISPR/Cas9 significantly prolonged the duration of resistance. Moreover, similar results were observed in HT-29 cells carrying mutated p53, but not human fibroblasts with expression of functional p53. Thus, our results clearly demonstrated that TAp73 served as a substitute for p53 in bortezomib-induced apoptosis in p53-deficient or mutated cells, implicating that TAp73 could be a potential therapeutic target for treatment of CRCs, in particular those lacking functional p53.
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Abu El Maaty MA, Alborzinia H, Khan SJ, Büttner M, Wölfl S. 1,25(OH) 2D 3 disrupts glucose metabolism in prostate cancer cells leading to a truncation of the TCA cycle and inhibition of TXNIP expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1618-1630. [PMID: 28651973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cell metabolism exhibits distinct profiles pre- and post-malignancy. The malignant metabolic shift converts prostate cells from "citrate-producing" to "citrate-oxidizing" cells, thereby enhancing glucose metabolism, a phenotype that contrasts classical tumoral Warburg metabolism. An on-line biosensor chip system (BIONAS 2500) was used to monitor metabolic changes (glycolysis and respiration) in response to the putative anti-cancer nutraceutical 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], in different prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines (LNCaP, VCaP, DU145 and PC3). LNCaP cells exhibited profound metabolic responsiveness to the treatment and thus extensive analysis of metabolism-modulating effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 were performed, including mRNA expression analysis of key metabolic genes (e.g. GLUT1 and PDHK1), analysis of TCA cycle metabolites, glucose uptake/consumption measurements, ATP production, and mitochondrial biogenesis/activity. Altogether, data demonstrate a vivid disruption of glucose metabolism by 1,25(OH)2D3, illustrated by a decreased glucose uptake and an accumulation of citrate/isocitrate due to TCA cycle truncation. Depletion of glycolytic intermediates led to a consistent decrease in TXNIP expression in response to 1,25(OH)2D3, an effect that coincided with the activation of AMPK signaling and a reduction in c-MYC expression. Reduction in TXNIP levels in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 was rescued by an AMPK signaling inhibitor and mimicked by a MYC inhibitor highlighting the possible involvement of both pathways in mediating 1,25(OH)2D3's metabolic effects in PCa cells. Furthermore, pharmacological and genetic modulation of the androgen receptor showed similar and disparate effects on metabolic parameters compared to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment, highlighting the AR-independent nature of 1,25(OH)2D3's metabolism-modulating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abu El Maaty
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hamed Alborzinia
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Shehryar J Khan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Büttner
- Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Cheng X, Merz KH, Vatter S, Zeller J, Muehlbeyer S, Thommet A, Christ J, Wölfl S, Eisenbrand G. Identification of a Water-Soluble Indirubin Derivative as Potent Inhibitor of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor through Structural Modification of the Parent Natural Molecule. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4949-4962. [PMID: 28557430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Indirubins have been identified as potent ATP-competitive protein kinase inhibitors. Structural modifications in the 5- and 3'-position have been extensively investigated, but the impact of substituents in 5'-position is not equally well-studied. Here, we report the synthesis of new indirubin 3'- and 5'-derivatives in the search of water-soluble indirubins by introducing basic centers. Antiproliferative activity of all compounds in tumor cells was evaluated along with kinase inhibition of selected compounds. The results show the 3'-position to tolerate large substituents without compromising activity, whereas bulk and rigid substituents in 5'-position appear unfavorable. Screening molecular targets of water-soluble 3'-oxime ethers revealed 6ha as preferential inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) in a panel of 22 protein kinases and in cells. Consistently, 6ha inhibited tumor cell growth in the NCI 60 cell line panel and induced apoptosis. The results indicate that the 5'-position provides limited space for chemical modifications and identify 6ha as a potent water-soluble indirubin-based IGF-1R inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Merz
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Sandra Vatter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jochen Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Stephan Muehlbeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrea Thommet
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jochen Christ
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Department of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Finley J. Elimination of cancer stem cells and reactivation of latent HIV-1 via AMPK activation: Common mechanism of action linking inhibition of tumorigenesis and the potential eradication of HIV-1. Med Hypotheses 2017; 104:133-146. [PMID: 28673572 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although promising treatments are currently in development to slow disease progression and increase patient survival, cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the United States. Cancer treatment modalities commonly include chemoradiation and therapies that target components of aberrantly activated signaling pathways. However, treatment resistance is a common occurrence and recent evidence indicates that the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) may underlie the limited efficacy and inability of current treatments to effectuate a cure. CSCs, which are largely resistant to chemoradiation therapy, are a subpopulation of cancer cells that exhibit characteristics similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), including self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation, and the ability to initiate tumorigenesis. Interestingly, intracellular mechanisms that sustain quiescence and promote self-renewal in adult stem cells (ASCs) and CSCs likely also function to maintain latency of HIV-1 in CD4+ memory T cells. Although antiretroviral therapy is highly effective in controlling HIV-1 replication, the persistence of latent but replication-competent proviruses necessitates the development of compounds that are capable of selectively reactivating the latent virus, a method known as the "shock and kill" approach. Homeostatic proliferation in central CD4+ memory T (TCM) cells, a memory T cell subset that exhibits limited self-renewal and differentiation and is a primary reservoir for latent HIV-1, has been shown to reinforce and stabilize the latent reservoir in the absence of T cell activation and differentiation. HIV-1 has also been found to establish durable and long-lasting latency in a recently discovered subset of CD4+ T cells known as T memory stem (TSCM) cells. TSCM cells, compared to TCM cells, exhibit stem cell properties that more closely match those of ESCs and ASCs, including self-renewal and differentiation into all memory T cell subsets. It is our hypothesis that activation of AMPK, a master regulator of cellular metabolism that plays a critical role in T cell activation and differentiation of ESCs and ASCs, will lead to both T cell activation-induced latent HIV-1 reactivation, facilitating virus destruction, as well as "activation", differentiation, and/or apoptosis of CSCs, thus inhibiting tumorigenesis. We also propose the novel observation that compounds that have been shown to both facilitate latent HIV-1 reactivation and promote CSC differentiation/apoptosis (e.g. bryostatin-1, JQ1, metformin, butyrate, etc.) likely do so through a common mechanism of AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahahreeh Finley
- Finley BioSciences, 9900 Richmond Avenue, #823, Houston, TX 77042-4539, United States.
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Sano M, Ichimaru Y, Kurita M, Hayashi E, Homma T, Saito H, Masuda S, Nemoto N, Hemmi A, Suzuki T, Miyairi S, Hao H. Induction of cell death in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by indirubin 3'-oxime and 5-methoxyindirubin 3'-oxime in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2017; 397:72-82. [PMID: 28347789 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. To identify potential effective therapeutic drugs for PDAC, we established a screening system based on spheroid formation using 170#3 mouse PDAC cells with or without fibroblasts. We found that indirubin 3'-oxime (Indox) and 5-methoxyindirubin 3'-oxime (5MeOIndox) inhibited PDAC cell proliferation. Furthermore, PDAC xenograft growth was also inhibited in BALB/c nu/nu mice after administration of Indox and 5MeOIndox. Both phosphorylated CDK1 and cyclin B1 levels in 170#3 cells were significantly reduced by treatment with Indox and 5MeOIndox in vitro and in vivo. Cell cycle analysis revealed that 5MeOIndox, but not Indox, induced G2/M arrest. Annexin V-propidium iodide double-staining analysis demonstrated that Indox induced abundant non-apoptotic cell death of 170#3 cells, while 5MeOIndox predominantly induced early apoptosis, indicating that the cytotoxicity of 5MeOIndox is lower than that of Indox. These results suggest that one mechanism of 5MeOIndox is to induce G2/M arrest of PDAC cells via inhibition of CDK1/cyclin B1 levels, thereby leading to apoptosis. Our findings suggest 5MeOIndox as a potential useful anticancer agent in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sano
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Yoshimi Ichimaru
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kurita
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Emiko Hayashi
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Taku Homma
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Shinobu Masuda
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Norimichi Nemoto
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hemmi
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyairi
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Hao
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Cheng X, Merz KH. The Role of Indirubins in Inflammation and Associated Tumorigenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 929:269-290. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Cheng X, Kim JY, Ghafoory S, Duvaci T, Rafiee R, Theobald J, Alborzinia H, Holenya P, Fredebohm J, Merz KH, Mehrabi A, Hafezi M, Saffari A, Eisenbrand G, Hoheisel JD, Wölfl S. Methylisoindigo preferentially kills cancer stem cells by interfering cell metabolism via inhibition of LKB1 and activation of AMPK in PDACs. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:806-24. [PMID: 26887594 PMCID: PMC5423166 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) clinically has a very poor prognosis. No small molecule is available to reliably achieve cures. Meisoindigo is chemically related to the natural product indirubin and showed substantial efficiency in clinical chemotherapy for CML in China. However, its effect on PDAC is still unknown. Our results showed strong anti-proliferation effect of meisoindigo on gemcitabine-resistant PDACs. Using a recently established primary PDAC cell line, called Jopaca-1 with a larger CSCs population as model, we observed a reduction of CD133+ and ESA+/CD44+/CD24+ populations upon treatment and concomitantly a decreased expression of CSC-associated genes, and reduced cellular mobility and sphere formation. Investigating basic cellular metabolic responses, we detected lower oxygen consumption and glucose uptake, while intracellular ROS levels increased. This was effectively neutralized by the addition of antioxidants, indicating an essential role of the cellular redox balance. Further analysis on energy metabolism related signaling revealed that meisoindigo inhibited LKB1, but activated AMPK. Both of them were involved in cellular apoptosis. Additional in situ hybridization in tissue sections of PDAC patients reproducibly demonstrated co-expression and -localization of LKB1 and CD133 in malignant areas. Finally, we detected that CD133+/CD44+ were more vulnerable to meisoindigo, which could be mimicked by LKB1 siRNAs. Our results provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that LKB1 sustains the CSC population in PDACs and demonstrate a clear benefit of meisoindigo in treatment of gemcitabine-resistant cells. This novel mechanism may provide a promising new treatment option for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlai Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jee Young Kim
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Shahrouz Ghafoory
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Tijen Duvaci
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Roya Rafiee
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jannick Theobald
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hamed Alborzinia
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Pavlo Holenya
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Fredebohm
- Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Karl-Heinz Merz
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Mohammadreza Hafezi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Arash Saffari
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Jörg D Hoheisel
- Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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38
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Kim JY, Cheng X, Alborzinia H, Wölfl S. Modified STAP conditions facilitate bivalent fate decision between pluripotency and apoptosis in Jurkat T-lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:585-91. [PMID: 26972255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Low extracellular pH (pHe) is not only the result of cancer metabolism, but a factor of anti-cancer drug efficacy and cancer immunity. In this study, the consequences of acidic stress were evaluated by applying STAP protocol on Jurkat T-lymphocytes (2.0 × 10(6) cells/ml, 25 min in 37 °C). We detected apoptotic process exclusively in pH 3.3 treated cells within 8 h with western blotting (WB). This programmed cell death led to significant drop of cell viability in 72 h measured by MTT assay resulting PI positive population on flow cytometry (FCM) at day 7. Quantified RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) data indicated that all of above mentioned responses are irrelevant to expression of OCT4 gene variants. Interestingly enough, pluripotent cells represented by positive alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining survived acidic stress and consequently proportion of AP positive cells was significantly increased after pH 3.3 treatment (day 7). In general, acidic treatment led to an apoptotic condition for Jurkat T-lymphocytes, which occurred independent of OCT4 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Kim
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hamed Alborzinia
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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