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Araujo NGR, Araujo-Lima CF, Oliveira RTD, Macedo AF, Felzenszwalb I. In vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of methanolic extracts of vanillas from Brazilian biodiversity with commercial potential. Toxicol Rep 2024; 13:101693. [PMID: 39131696 PMCID: PMC11314876 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Vanilla genus is crucial for global production in food, perfume, and pharmaceutical industries. However, exploitation threatens some species, leading to extinction. Traditional communities use vanilla for medicinal purposes, and there are species like Vanilla chamissonis Klotzsch and Vanilla bahiana Hoehne with potential to occupy the market. For this, methanolic extraction of these two mentioned species was conducted alongside Vanilla planifolia. Analyzes of the cell viability, mutagenic and genotoxic potential were performed. In the Ames test, the assays were performed with concentrations from 0.5 and 5000 μg/ml and on five strains. Only Vanilla planifolia exhibited mutagenicity at the highest concentration in the TA98 strain. Viability tests were performed within a dose range of 0.05-5000 µg/ml and 24, 48, and 72-hour exposures. It was possible to observe a reduction in cell viability observed only at the highest concentration, for all three species and both cell types tested. Genotoxicity induction by the extracts was assessed at concentrations from 0.5 to 500 µg/ml through the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. No genotoxic damage or reduction in the Nucleus Division Index (NDI). The study found no mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, or genotoxicity in the species tested, indicating potential human use for food or pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Fernando Araujo-Lima
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis (LABMUT), University of Rio de Janeiro State (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renatha Tavares de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Integrated Plant Biology (LIBV) - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Furtado Macedo
- Laboratory of Integrated Plant Biology (LIBV) - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Israel Felzenszwalb
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis (LABMUT), University of Rio de Janeiro State (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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2
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Xiong F, Zhang Y, Li T, Tang Y, Song SY, Zhou Q, Wang Y. A detailed overview of quercetin: implications for cell death and liver fibrosis mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1389179. [PMID: 38855739 PMCID: PMC11157233 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1389179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Quercetin, a widespread polyphenolic flavonoid, is known for its extensive health benefits and is commonly found in the plant kingdom. The natural occurrence and extraction methods of quercetin are crucial due to its bioactive potential. Purpose This review aims to comprehensively cover the natural sources of quercetin, its extraction methods, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and its role in various cell death pathways and liver fibrosis. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed across several electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang database, and ClinicalTrials.gov, up to 10 February 2024. The search terms employed were "quercetin", "natural sources of quercetin", "quercetin extraction methods", "bioavailability of quercetin", "pharmacokinetics of quercetin", "cell death pathways", "apoptosis", "autophagy", "pyroptosis", "necroptosis", "ferroptosis", "cuproptosis", "liver fibrosis", and "hepatic stellate cells". These keywords were interconnected using AND/OR as necessary. The search focused on studies that detailed the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of quercetin, its role in different cell death pathways, and its effects on liver fibrosis. Results This review details quercetin's involvement in various cell death pathways, including apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis, with particular attention to its regulatory influence on apoptosis and autophagy. It dissects the mechanisms through which quercetin affects these pathways across different cell types and dosages. Moreover, the paper delves into quercetin's effects on liver fibrosis, its interactions with hepatic stellate cells, and its modulation of pertinent signaling cascades. Additionally, it articulates from a physical organic chemistry standpoint the uniqueness of quercetin's structure and its potential for specific actions in the liver. Conclusion The paper provides a detailed analysis of quercetin, suggesting its significant role in modulating cell death mechanisms and mitigating liver fibrosis, underscoring its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Wenjiang District People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Song
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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3
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Paes LT, D'Almeida CTDS, do Carmo MAV, da Silva Cruz L, Bubula de Souza A, Viana LM, Gonçalves Maltarollo V, Martino HSD, Domingues de Almeida Lima G, Larraz Ferreira MS, Azevedo L, Barros FARD. Phenolic-rich extracts from toasted white and tannin sorghum flours have distinct profiles influencing their antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-adhesive, anti-invasive, and antimalarial activities. Food Res Int 2024; 176:113739. [PMID: 38163694 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Sorghum is a gluten-free cereal commonly used in foods, and its consumption has been associated with the prevention of human chronic conditions such as obesity and cancer, due to the presence of dietary fiber and phenolic compounds. This study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-adhesion, anti-invasion, and antimalarial activities of phenolic extracts from toasted white and tannin sorghum flours to understand how different phenolic profiles contribute to sorghum biological activities. Water and 70 % ethanol/water (v/v), eco-friendly solvents, were used to obtain the phenolic extracts of toasted sorghum flours, and their phenolic profile was analyzed by UPLC-MSE. One hundred forty-five (145) phenolic compounds were identified, with 23 compounds common to all extracts. The solvent type affected the phenolic composition, with aqueous extract of both white sorghum (WSA) and tannin sorghum (TSA) containing mainly phenolic acids. White sorghum (WSE) and tannin sorghum (TSE) ethanolic extracts exhibited a higher abundance of flavonoids. WSE demonstrated the lowest IC50 on EA.hy926 (IC50 = 46.6 µg/mL) and A549 cancer cells (IC50 = 33.1 µg/mL), while TSE showed the lowest IC50 (IC50 = 70.8 µg/mL) on HCT-8 cells (human colon carcinoma). Aqueous extracts also demonstrated interesting results, similar to TSE, showing selectivity for cancer cells at higher IC50 concentrations. All sorghum extracts also reduced the adhesion and invasion of HCT-8 cells, suggesting antimetastatic potential. WSE, rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids, exhibited greater toxicity to both the W2 (chloroquine-resistant) and 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) strains of Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 = 8 µg GAE/mL and 22.9 µg GAE/mL, respectively). These findings underscore the potential health benefits of toasted sorghum flours, suggesting diverse applications in the food industry as a functional ingredient or even as an antioxidant supplement. Moreover, it is suggested that, besides the phenolic concentration, the phenolic profile is important to understand the health benefits of sorghum flours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laise Trindade Paes
- Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vinicius Gonçalves Maltarollo
- Pharmaceutical Products Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Simões Larraz Ferreira
- Laboratory of Bioactives, Food and Nutrition Graduate Program, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, UNIRIO, Brazil
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
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4
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Pelkonen O, Abass K, Parra Morte JM, Panzarea M, Testai E, Rudaz S, Louisse J, Gundert-Remy U, Wolterink G, Jean-Lou CM D, Coecke S, Bernasconi C. Metabolites in the regulatory risk assessment of pesticides in the EU. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1304885. [PMID: 38188093 PMCID: PMC10770266 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1304885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A large majority of chemicals is converted into metabolites through xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes. Metabolites may present a spectrum of characteristics varying from similar to vastly different compared with the parent compound in terms of both toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. In the pesticide arena, the role of metabolism and metabolites is increasingly recognised as a significant factor particularly for the design and interpretation of mammalian toxicological studies and in the toxicity assessment of pesticide/metabolite-associated issues for hazard characterization and risk assessment purposes, including the role of metabolites as parts in various residues in ecotoxicological adversities. This is of particular relevance to pesticide metabolites that are unique to humans in comparison with metabolites found in in vitro or in vivo animal studies, but also to disproportionate metabolites (quantitative differences) between humans and mammalian species. Presence of unique or disproportionate metabolites may underlie potential toxicological concerns. This review aims to present the current state-of-the-art of comparative metabolism and metabolites in pesticide research for hazard and risk assessment, including One Health perspectives, and future research needs based on the experiences gained at the European Food Safety Authority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Khaled Abass
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Emanuela Testai
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jochem Louisse
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ursula Gundert-Remy
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerrit Wolterink
- Centre for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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5
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Gooderham NJ, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Davidsen JM, Harman CL, Kelly SE, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Sage oil, Orris Root Extract and Tagetes Oil and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113940. [PMID: 37487858 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) has conducted a program to re-evaluate the safety of natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients. This publication, twelfth in the series, details the re-evaluation of NFCs whose constituent profiles are characterized by alicyclic or linear ketones. In its re-evaluation, the Expert Panel applies a scientific constituent-based procedure for the safety evaluation of NFCs in commerce using a congeneric group approach. Estimated intakes of each congeneric group of the NFC are evaluated using the well-established and conservative Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach. In addition, studies on the toxicity and genotoxicity of members of the congeneric groups and the NFCs under evaluation are reviewed. The scope of the safety evaluation of the NFCs contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food. Thirteen (13) NFCs derived from the Boronia, Cinnamomum, Thuja, Ruta, Salvia, Tagetes, Hyssopus, Iris, Perilla and Artemisia genera are affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under conditions of their intended use as flavor ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University f Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Tadashi Inagami Professor of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Wallin Professor of Cancer Prevention, Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St., S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Shannen E Kelly
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA.
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6
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Pedroni L, Louisse J, Dorne JLCM, Dall'Asta C, Dellafiora L. A computational study on the biotransformation of alkenylbenzenes by a selection of CYPs: Reflections on their possible bioactivation. Toxicology 2023; 488:153471. [PMID: 36863505 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Alkenylbenzenes are aromatic compounds found in several vegetable foods that can cause genotoxicity upon bioactivation by members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family, forming 1'-hydroxy metabolites. These intermediates act as proximate carcinogens and can be further converted into reactive 1'-sulfooxy metabolites, which are the ultimate carcinogens responsible for genotoxicity. Safrole, a member of this class, has been banned as a food or feed additive in many countries based on its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. However, it can still enter the food and feed chain. There is limited information about the toxicity of other alkenylbenzenes that may be present in safrole-containing foods, such as myristicin, apiole, and dillapiole. In vitro studies showed safrole as mainly bioactivated by CYP2A6 to form its proximate carcinogen, while for myristicin this is mainly done by CYP1A1. However, it is not known whether CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 can activate apiole and dillapiole. The present study uses an in silico pipeline to investigate this knowledge gap and determine whether CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 may play a role in the bioactivation of these alkenylbenzenes. The study found that the bioactivation of apiole and dillapiole by CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 is limited, possibly indicating that these compounds may have limited toxicity, while describing a possible role of CYP1A1 in the bioactivation of safrole. The study expands the current understanding of safrole toxicity and bioactivation and helps understand the mechanisms of CYPs involved in the bioactivation of alkenylbenzenes. This information is essential for a more informed analysis of alkenylbenzenes toxicity and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pedroni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma 43124, Italy.
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7
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FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Allspice, anise, fennel-derived and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113643. [PMID: 36739890 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The FEMA Expert Panel program to re-evaluate the safety of natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients in food has resulted in the publication of an updated constituent-based procedure as well as publications on the safety evaluation of many botanical-derived NFCs. This publication, ninth in the series and related to the ninth publication, describes the affirmation of the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status for NFCs with propenylhydroxybenzene and allylalkoxybenzene constituents under their conditions of intended use as flavoring ingredients added to food. The Panel's procedure applies the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept and evaluates relevant data on absorption, metabolism, genotoxic potential and toxicology for the NFCs themselves and their respective constituent congeneric groups. For NFCs containing allylalkoxybenzene constituent(s) with suspected genotoxic potential, the estimated intake of the individual constituent is compared to the TTC for compounds with structural alerts for genotoxicity and if exceeded, a margin of exposure is calculated using BMDL10 values derived from benchmark dose analyses using Bayesian model averaging, as presented in the tenth article of the series. Safety evaluations for NFCs derived from allspice, anise seed, star anise, sweet fennel seed and pimento leaves were conducted and their GRAS status was affirmed for use as flavoring ingredients. The scope of the safety evaluation contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food.
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8
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Rosol TJ, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Davidsen JM, Harman CL, Kelly S, Ramanan D, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Lemongrass oil, chamomile oils, citronella oil and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113697. [PMID: 36870670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a program for the re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients. This publication, eleventh in the series, evaluates the safety of NFCs characterized by primary alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, ester and lactone constituents derived from terpenoid biosynthetic pathways and/or lipid metabolism. The Expert Panel uses the scientific-based evaluation procedure published in 2005 and updated in 2018 that relies on a complete constituent characterization of the NFC intended for commerce and organization of the constituents of each NFC into well-defined congeneric groups. The safety of the NFCs is evaluated using the well-established and conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept in addition to data on estimated intake, metabolism and toxicology of members of the congeneric groups and for the NFC under evaluation. The scope of the safety evaluation contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food. Twenty-three NFCs, derived from the Hibiscus, Melissa, Ricinus, Anthemis, Matricaria, Cymbopogon, Saussurea, Spartium, Pelargonium, Levisticum, Rosa, Santalum, Viola, Cryptocarya and Litsea genera were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Germany (Retired), Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Tadashi Inagami Professor of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Wallin Professor of Cancer Prevention, Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St., S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Professor of Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Shannen Kelly
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Danarubini Ramanan
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA.
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9
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Dormousoglou M, Boti V, Hela D, Vlastos D, Antonopoulou M, Chondrogiannis C, Petropoulou Y, Dailianis S. Beneficial properties of Drimia numidica leaf methanolic extract against the cytogenotoxic effects of mitomycin C on human lymphocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113626. [PMID: 36682415 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the phytochemical profile of Drimia numidica leaf methanolic extract, as well as its cyto-genotoxic and cyto/genoprotective potential against mitomycin C (MMC) mediated effects on healthy human lymphocytes. Photosynthetic pigments, trace elements, and secondary metabolites were estimated and/or identified in methanolic extract of mature leaves, and the latter was further used for assessing its in vitro biological effects on MMC-free and/or MMC-treated human lymphocytes (at low, non-toxic concentrations of 0.001 and 0.01% v/v). The results showed that D. numidica leaf methanolic extract, being rich in carotenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, organic acids and bufadienolides, could be protective against MMC mediated cyto/genotoxic potential in healthy human lymphocytes. Biomolecules possessing antioxidant and antitumor potential, such as beta-carotene and lutein among others, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and their derivatives, minerals such as Si, as well as apigenin- and luteolin-derived glycosides, either individual or in a mixture, could be beneficial rather than harmful, at least at the extract concentrations tested. Although further in vitro and in vivo studies are still needed for elucidating the beneficial (individual and/or additive/synergistic) role of those compounds, the results of the present study are quite promising, thus encouraging new challenges for the appropriate utilization of D. numidica leaf extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Dormousoglou
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26500, Rio, Patras, Greece; Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, GR-30100, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Boti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110, Ioannina, Greece; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, GR-45110, Greece; Unit of Environmental, Organic and Biochemical High-resolution Analysis-Orbitrap-LC-MS, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GR-45110, Greece
| | - Dimitra Hela
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110, Ioannina, Greece; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, GR-45110, Greece
| | - Dimitris Vlastos
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26500, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, GR-30100, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Christos Chondrogiannis
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26500, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Yiola Petropoulou
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26500, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Stefanos Dailianis
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26500, Rio, Patras, Greece.
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10
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Davidsen JM, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Harman CL, Ramanan D, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Asafetida oil, garlic oil and onion oil. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113580. [PMID: 36610475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) applies its procedure for the safety evaluation of natural flavor complexes (NFCs) to re-evaluate the safety of Asafetida Oil (Ferula assa-foetida L.) FEMA 2108, Garlic Oil (Allium sativum L.) FEMA 2503 and Onion Oil (Allium cepa L.) FEMA 2817 for use as flavoring in food. This safety evaluation is part of a series of evaluations of NFCs for use as flavoring ingredients conducted by the Expert Panel that applies a scientific procedure published in 2005 and updated in 2018. Using a group approach that relies on a complete chemical characterization of the NFC intended for commerce, the constituents of each NFC are organized into well-defined congeneric groups and the estimated intake of each constituent congeneric group is evaluated using the conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept. Data on the metabolism, genotoxic potential and toxicology for each constituent congeneric group are reviewed as well as studies on each NFC. Based on the safety evaluation, Asafetida Oil (Ferula assa-foetida L.), Garlic Oil (Allium sativum L.) and Onion Oil (Allium cepa L.) were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRASa) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Germany (Retired), Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St., S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Danarubini Ramanan
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
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11
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Boyce M, Favela KA, Bonzo JA, Chao A, Lizarraga LE, Moody LR, Owens EO, Patlewicz G, Shah I, Sobus JR, Thomas RS, Williams AJ, Yau A, Wambaugh JF. Identifying xenobiotic metabolites with in silico prediction tools and LCMS suspect screening analysis. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1051483. [PMID: 36742129 PMCID: PMC9889941 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1051483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the metabolic fate of a xenobiotic substance can help inform its potential health risks and allow for the identification of signature metabolites associated with exposure. The need to characterize metabolites of poorly studied or novel substances has shifted exposure studies towards non-targeted analysis (NTA), which often aims to profile many compounds within a sample using high-resolution liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LCMS). Here we evaluate the suitability of suspect screening analysis (SSA) liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry to inform xenobiotic chemical metabolism. Given a lack of knowledge of true metabolites for most chemicals, predictive tools were used to generate potential metabolites as suspect screening lists to guide the identification of selected xenobiotic substances and their associated metabolites. Thirty-three substances were selected to represent a diverse array of pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and industrial chemicals from Environmental Protection Agency's ToxCast chemical library. The compounds were incubated in a metabolically-active in vitro assay using primary hepatocytes and the resulting supernatant and lysate fractions were analyzed with high-resolution LCMS. Metabolites were simulated for each compound structure using software and then combined to serve as the suspect screening list. The exact masses of the predicted metabolites were then used to select LCMS features for fragmentation via tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Of the starting chemicals, 12 were measured in at least one sample in either positive or negative ion mode and a subset of these were used to develop the analysis workflow. We implemented a screening level workflow for background subtraction and the incorporation of time-varying kinetics into the identification of likely metabolites. We used haloperidol as a case study to perform an in-depth analysis, which resulted in identifying five known metabolites and five molecular features that represent potential novel metabolites, two of which were assigned discrete structures based on in silico predictions. This workflow was applied to five additional test chemicals, and 15 molecular features were selected as either reported metabolites, predicted metabolites, or potential metabolites without a structural assignment. This study demonstrates that in some-but not all-cases, suspect screening analysis methods provide a means to rapidly identify and characterize metabolites of xenobiotic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Boyce
- Center for Computational Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Jessica A. Bonzo
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alex Chao
- Center for Computational Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lucina E. Lizarraga
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Laura R. Moody
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth O. Owens
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Grace Patlewicz
- Center for Computational Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Imran Shah
- Center for Computational Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jon R. Sobus
- Center for Computational Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- Center for Computational Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Antony J. Williams
- Center for Computational Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alice Yau
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - John F. Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: John F. Wambaugh,
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12
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-914-594-3105; Fax: +1-914-594-4163
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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13
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Guo H, Chariyakornkul A, Phannasorn W, Mahatheeranont S, Wongpoomchai R. Phytochemical Profile and Chemopreventive Properties of Cooked Glutinous Purple Rice Extracts Using Cell-Based Assays and Rat Model. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152333. [PMID: 35954099 PMCID: PMC9368549 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple rice has gained attention for its health promoting potential due to a high content of bioactive phytochemicals. The heat generated during cooking alters the quality and quantity of nutrients and phytochemicals in food. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile and chemopreventive properties of cooked glutinous purple rice using cell-based assays and a rat model. Purple rice was cooked in a rice cooker and was then further extracted with solvents to obtain dichloromethane and methanol extracts. The methanol extracts of glutinous purple rice contained great amounts of phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Protocatechuic acid (2.26–5.40 mg/g extract) and cyanidin 3-glucoside (34.3–65.7 mg/g extract) were the major phenolic acid and anthocyanin contents, respectively. After cooking, the content of anthocyanins, γ-oryzanols, and phytosterols decreased, while the amount of some phenolic acid and tocol contents increased. Methanol extracts of glutinous purple rice inhibited reactive oxygen species production about 60% in PMA-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, reduced nitric oxide formation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells (26–39% inhibition), and exhibited antimutagenicity against several mutagens using the Ames test, but dichloromethane extracts presented only mild anti-inflammatory activities. Although methanol extracts induced mild mutagenicity (mutagenic index 2.0–2.5), they did not induce micronucleated hepatocyte formation and certain hepatic CYP450 isozyme activities in rats. However, the mutagenicity of the methanol extract significantly declined after cooking. In summary, the methanol extract of the cooked glutinous purple rice might be a promising cancer chemopreventive fraction, which was neither genotoxic nor posing adverse effects on phytochemical–drug interaction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Arpamas Chariyakornkul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Functional Food Research Unit, Science and Technology Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Warunyoo Phannasorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sugunya Mahatheeranont
- Rice and Cereal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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14
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Simultaneous quantification of eight hemoglobin adducts of genotoxic substances by isotope-dilution UHPLC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5805-5815. [PMID: 35655100 PMCID: PMC9293867 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various genotoxic carcinogens ubiquitously present in the human environment or respective reactive metabolites form adducts in DNA and proteins, which can be used as biomarkers of internal exposure. For example, the mass spectrometric determination of Val adducts at the N-termini of hemoglobin (Hb) peptide chains after cleavage by an Edman degradation has a long tradition in occupational medicine. We developed a novel isotope-dilution UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of Val adducts of eight genotoxic substances in Hb after cleavage with fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FIRE procedure™). The following adducts were included [sources in square brackets]: N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-Val [glycidol], N-(2-carbamoylethyl)-Val [acrylamide], N-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-Val [glycidamide], N-((furan-2-yl)methyl)-Val [furfuryl alcohol], N-(trans-isoestragole-3′-yl)-Val [estragole/anethole], N-(3-ketopentyl)-Val [1-penten-3-one], N-(3-ketooctanyl)-Val [1-octene-3-one], and N-benzyl-Val [benzyl chloride], each of which was quantified with a specific isotope-labeled standard. The limits of quantification were between 0.014 and 3.6 pmol/g Hb (using 35 mg Hb per analysis); other validation parameters were satisfactory according to guidelines of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The quantification in erythrocyte samples of human adults (proof of principle) showed that the median levels of Hb adducts of acrylamide, glycidamide, and glycidol were found to be significantly lower in six non-smokers (25.9, 12.2, and 4.7 pmol/g Hb, respectively) compared to those of six smokers (69.0, 44.2, and 8.6 pmol/g Hb, respectively). In summary, the method surpasses former techniques of Hb adduct quantification due to its simplicity, sensitivity, and accuracy. It can be extended continuously with other Hb adducts and will be used in epidemiological studies on internal exposure to carcinogens.
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15
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Soares KS, Souza MP, Silva-Filho EC, Barud HS, Ribeiro CA, Santos DD, Rocha KNS, de Moura JFP, Oliveira RL, Bezerra LR. Effect of Edible Onion ( Allium cepa L.) Film on Quality, Sensory Properties and Shelf Life of Beef Burger Patties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237202. [PMID: 34885783 PMCID: PMC8659084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of edible film from onion (Allium cepa L.) to be applied as packaging is attractive, due to its chemical properties and biodegradable characteristics. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that edible onion film can positively influence the sensory properties, quality and increasing shelf life of beef burgers patties. The experiment was designed in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme, with two treatments (beef burgers patties with or without edible onion film) at an interval of four storage times (0, 3, 6 and 9 days) at 4 °C. The uncoated burger patties (control) suffered the most intense color modifications during the storage (p < 0.05). The luminosity index was higher (p < 0.05) in the control at all storage times, except at day 6, and redness, yellowness and chrome were higher (p < 0.05) in the edible onion film patties at all storage times. The pH of the beef burger patties was lower (p < 0.05) at all storage times when the edible onion film was applied. For the texture profile, only the chewiness was affected, as the inclusion of the edible onion film improved the chewing of the beef burgers patties over the storage time (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was an inhibition of the microbial growth of mesophiles and psychrophiles with the application of the edible onion film in beef burgers patties. The use of edible onion film improved the perception of panelists for the variables texture, color, flavor, odor and overall appearance, and increased the preference of panelists. The edible onion film is recommended for preserving beef burgers patties, as it delays the proliferation of unwanted microorganisms, stabilizes and improves the color parameters and sensory attributes, and increases the overall acceptance of the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallyne Sousa Soares
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Health and Science Graduate, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos 58798119, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Marthyna Pessoa Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Health and Science Graduate, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos 58798119, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Edson C Silva-Filho
- Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049550, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Hernane Silva Barud
- Department of Biotechnology, University Center of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801320, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clóvis Augusto Ribeiro
- Chemical Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Karla Nayalle Souza Rocha
- Health Department, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraiba/Campus Patos, Patos 58700000, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - José Fabio Paulino de Moura
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Health and Science Graduate, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos 58798119, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Lopes Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leilson Rocha Bezerra
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Health and Science Graduate, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos 58798119, Paraiba, Brazil
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16
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Wang Y, He Y, Rayman MP, Zhang J. Prospective Selective Mechanism of Emerging Senolytic Agents Derived from Flavonoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12418-12423. [PMID: 34662116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cells (SCs) are associated with the onset and development of multiple chronic diseases. Selective clearance of SCs by senolytic drugs is a potential therapeutic option for a number of age-related diseases. Among senolytic candidates, only dasatinib with quercetin and fisetin meet the rigorous criteria for senolytic drugs, according to a modified version of Koch's postulates. It is astonishing that two of the three agents, i.e., quercetin and fisetin, are flavonoids, although the mechanism by which they preferentially eliminate SCs is unclear. Herein, we propose a possible selective mechanism; prooxidant activities of quercetin or fisetin are inevitably involved in killing apoptosis-resistant SCs. Among the dietary flavonoids, quercetin is a potent redox-active flavonoid with strong prooxidant activities, and transition metals, such as copper and iron, hugely amplify its prooxidant activities. Fisetin, which has higher senolytic activities than quercetin, has higher prooxidant effects than quercetin in the absence or presence of copper. It appears that the prooxidant activity of flavonoids is an important consideration for screening senolytics. SCs accumulate high levels of copper and iron, and the selective mechanism of quercetin or fisetin is probably associated with copper/iron-promoted oxidative damage in SCs. Copper and iron dramatically enhanced the prooxidant effects of the flavonoid, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, having shown a depletion effect on SCs in rats and high therapeutic efficacy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, largely caused by SCs. Further investigation to evaluate whether epigallocatechin-3-gallate is a senolytic drug, according to Koch's postulates, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
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17
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Silva KF, Peruchetti DB, Sirtoli GM, Takiya CM, Pinheiro AAS, Leal-Cardoso JH, Caruso-Neves C. High Doses of Essential Oil of Croton Zehntneri Induces Renal Tubular Damage. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071400. [PMID: 34371603 PMCID: PMC8309426 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The essential oil of Croton zehntneri (EOCZ) and its major compounds are known to have several biological activities. However, some evidence shows potential toxic effects of high doses of EOCZ (>300 mg/kg) in amphibian and human kidneys. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects on renal function of EOCZ at 300 mg/kg/day in healthy Swiss mice and a subclinical acute kidney injury (subAKI) animal model, which presents tubule-interstitial injury (TII). Four experimental groups were generated: (1) CONT group (control); (2) EOCZ, mice treated with EOCZ; (3) subAKI; (4) subAKI+EOCZ, subAKI treated simultaneously with EOCZ. EOCZ treatment induced TII measured by increases in (1) proteinuria; (2) cortical tubule-interstitial space; (3) macrophage infiltration; (4) collagen deposition. A decrease in tubular sodium reabsorption was also observed. These results were similar and nonadditive to those observed in the subAKI group. These data suggest that treatment with EOCZ at higher concentrations induces TII in mice, which could be mediated by protein overload in the proximal tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarine F. Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil; (K.F.S.); (D.B.P.); (G.M.S.); (C.M.T.); (A.A.S.P.)
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará 60.740-000, Brazil;
| | - Diogo B. Peruchetti
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil; (K.F.S.); (D.B.P.); (G.M.S.); (C.M.T.); (A.A.S.P.)
| | - Gabriela M. Sirtoli
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil; (K.F.S.); (D.B.P.); (G.M.S.); (C.M.T.); (A.A.S.P.)
| | - Christina M. Takiya
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil; (K.F.S.); (D.B.P.); (G.M.S.); (C.M.T.); (A.A.S.P.)
| | - Ana Acacia S. Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil; (K.F.S.); (D.B.P.); (G.M.S.); (C.M.T.); (A.A.S.P.)
| | | | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil; (K.F.S.); (D.B.P.); (G.M.S.); (C.M.T.); (A.A.S.P.)
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 21.045-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-213-938-6582
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18
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Rivera-Pérez A, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Determination and Occurrence of Alkenylbenzenes, Pyrrolizidine and Tropane Alkaloids in Spices, Herbs, Teas, and Other Plant-derived Food Products Using Chromatographic Methods: Review from 2010–2020. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1929300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Pérez
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (Ceia3), University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (Ceia3), University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (Ceia3), University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
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19
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Type and magnitude of non-compliance and adulteration in neroli, mandarin and bergamot essential oils purchased on-line: potential consumer vulnerability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11096. [PMID: 34045520 PMCID: PMC8160360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-one samples of essential oils used both in perfumery and aromatherapy were purchased to business-to-consumers suppliers and submitted to standard gas chromatography-based analysis of their chemical composition. Their compliance with ISO AFNOR standards was checked and revealed, although ISO AFNOR ranges are relatively loose, that more than 45% of the samples analyzed failed to pass the test and more than 19% were diluted with solvents such as propylene and dipropylene glycol, triethyl citrate, or vegetal oil. Cases of non-compliance could be due to substitution or dilution with a cheaper essential oil, such as sweet orange oil, blending with selected compounds (linalool and linalyl acetate, maybe of synthetic origin), or issues of aging, harvest, or manufacturing that should be either deliberate or accidental. In some cases, natural variability could be invoked. These products are made available to the market without control and liability by resellers and could expose the public to safety issues, in addition to commercial prejudice, in sharp contrast with the ever-increasing regulations applying to the sector and the high demand of consumers for safe, controlled and traceable products in fragrances and cosmetic products.
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Assessment of the predictive capacity of a physiologically based kinetic model using a read-across approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 18:100159. [PMID: 34027243 PMCID: PMC8130669 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Potential regulatory application of PBK modelling information to assist read-across. Presents workflow to read across PBK model information from data-rich to data-poor chemicals. Describes appropriate analogue selection based on a set of specific criteria. Uses estragole and safrole as source chemicals for a target chemical - methyleugenol. Example of PBK model validation where in vivo kinetic data are lacking.
With current progress in science, there is growing interest in developing and applying Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) models in chemical risk assessment, as knowledge of internal exposure to chemicals is critical to understanding potential effects in vivo. In particular, a new generation of PBK models is being developed in which the model parameters are derived from in silico and in vitro methods. To increase the acceptance and use of these “Next Generation PBK models”, there is a need to demonstrate their validity. However, this is challenging in the case of data-poor chemicals that are lacking in kinetic data and for which predictive capacity cannot, therefore, be assessed. The aim of this work is to lay down the fundamental steps in using a read across framework to inform modellers and risk assessors on how to develop, or evaluate, PBK models for chemicals without in vivo kinetic data. The application of a PBK model that takes into account the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion characteristics of the chemical reduces the uncertainties in the biokinetics and biotransformation of the chemical of interest. A strategic flow-charting application, proposed herein, allows users to identify the minimum information to perform a read-across from a data-rich chemical to its data-poor analogue(s). The workflow analysis is illustrated by means of a real case study using the alkenylbenzene class of chemicals, showing the reliability and potential of this approach. It was demonstrated that a consistent quantitative relationship between model simulations could be achieved using models for estragole and safrole (source chemicals) when applied to methyleugenol (target chemical). When the PBK model code for the source chemicals was adapted to utilise input values relevant to the target chemical, simulation was consistent between the models. The resulting PBK model for methyleugenol was further evaluated by comparing the results to an existing, published model for methyleugenol, providing further evidence that the approach was successful. This can be considered as a “read-across” approach, enabling a valid PBK model to be derived to aid the assessment of a data poor chemical.
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21
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Dosoky NS, Setzer WN. Maternal Reproductive Toxicity of Some Essential Oils and Their Constituents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2380. [PMID: 33673548 PMCID: PMC7956842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though several plants can improve the female reproductive function, the use of herbs, herbal preparations, or essential oils during pregnancy is questionable. This review is focused on the effects of some essential oils and their constituents on the female reproductive system during pregnancy and on the development of the fetus. The major concerns include causing abortion, reproductive hormone modulation, maternal toxicity, teratogenicity, and embryo-fetotoxicity. This work summarizes the important studies on the reproductive effects of essential oil constituents anethole, apiole, citral, camphor, thymoquinone, trans-sabinyl acetate, methyl salicylate, thujone, pulegone, β-elemene, β-eudesmol, and costus lactone, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William N. Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA;
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Ahmadi A, Gandomi H, Derakhshandeh A, Misaghi A, Noori N. Phytochemical composition and in vitro safety evaluation of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. ethanolic extract: Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity assessment. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113428. [PMID: 33011368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The application of the herb Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. in folk medicine and as a food additive has been recommended due to its many claimed bioactivities. Regardless of the plant benefits, its safety considerations are largely unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present research was to determine the chemical compositions and cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity potentials of the ethanolic extract of Ziziphora clinopdioides Lam. (EEZC). MATERIALS AND METHODS GC-MS and LC-MS analysis were used for chemical composition determination. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and trypan blue exclusion dye assays were used for cytotoxicity and the Comet assay was employed for genotoxicity assessment on human blood lymphocytes. Also, the Ames Salmonella/microsome test was carried out for the evaluation of mutagenicity. RESULTS Pulegone was the main component of the n-hexane fraction. Different phenolic acids and flavonoids were detected by LC-MS. The cytotoxicity study indicated a conspicuous decline in human lymphocyte viability ranging from 52% to 100% as showed by the MTT assay and 67% up to 100% by the trypan blue assay, at 1 and 10 mg/mL, respectively. The Comet assay results revealed a dose dependent genotoxicity, in so much as 90% and 98% of the cells were screened as damaged at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/mL, respectively. An incidence rate of 8% and 13% of grade 4 damage was observed at 5 and 10 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the DNA damage index (DI) was elevated dose-dependently by a rising concentration of the extract, wherein the DI at 10 mg/mL concentration was 2.22, which was 22 times greater than that of negative control, and even more than positive control. The Ames test exhibited no signs of mutagenicity for neither Salmonella typhimurium TA98 nor TA100 strains, accompanied or unaccompanied by S9 metabolic activation. CONCLUSION Results indicated a dose-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potential of the EEZC on human lymphocytes, suggesting that this plant should be used with caution by consumers, even in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Since the plant usage in daily life continues to increase due to its ever growing phytotherapical and phytonutritional properties, it may pose a health risk by its high concentration's uptake. Although no mutagenicity of this extract was observed in this study, further research is recommended to clarify the mutagenic risks of this herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asal Ahmadi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Gandomi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Misaghi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Negin Noori
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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El-Khawagah ARM, Kandiel MMM, Samir H. Effect of Quercetin Supplementation in Extender on Sperm Kinematics, Extracellular Enzymes Release, and Oxidative Stress of Egyptian Buffalo Bulls Frozen-Thawed Semen. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:604460. [PMID: 33381536 PMCID: PMC7768016 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.604460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Buffalo spermatozoa are more sensitive for cryopreservation compared to other species. This study aimed to evaluate the consequences of quercetin against cryodamage of buffalo frozen–thawed spermatozoa characteristics. Semen of Egyptian bulls (n = 4) was extended in OptiXcell extender incorporated with quercetin at 0 (control), 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 40.0, and 80.0 μM before cryopreservation. Frozen–thawed semen was evaluated for sperm motility by computer-assisted sperm analyzer (CASA), viability, morphology, membrane, and acrosome integrities. The kinematics parameters including average path velocity (VAP; μm/s), straight linear velocity (VSL; μm/s), curvilinear velocity (VCL; μm/s), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH; μm), beat cross frequency (BCF; Hz), linearity [LIN, (VSL/VCL) × 100], and straightness [STR, (VSL/VAP) × 100] were assessed. The sperm-free extender was evaluated for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and H2O2. Homogenized sperm cells were evaluated for oxidative stress biomarkers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX)], and lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde (MDA)]. The highest values of total motility, progressive motility, viability, intact acrosome, and membrane integrity substantially improved with 10 μM of quercetin. STR (%) was substantially low (P < 0.01), and VCL (μm/s) and ALH (μm) were markedly high (P < 0.05) in 10 μM of quercetin. The outflow of ALT enzyme to extracellular fluid was lower with 10 μM of quercetin (P < 0.001) and higher at 2.5 μM of quercetin. The spermatozoa leaked AST was markedly lower at 5.0, 10 (P < 0.001) and 20 μM (P < 0.05) of quercetin. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was eminently low at all quercetin concentrations, and this was accompanied by the decrease in H2O2 in the media. SOD activity at 10–80 μM, CAT at 5.0–40 μM, and GPX at 2.5–80.0 μM of quercetin in spermatozoa were substantially low. MDA level significantly (P < 0.001) decreased at all quercetin concentrations. In conclusion, the incorporation of quercetin at the level of 10 μM is promising in improving buffalo semen characteristics and lower the freezing–thawing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R M El-Khawagah
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Kandiel
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Haney Samir
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Chaves TP, Medeiros FD, Sousa JMC, Silva LAP, Lima MA, Coutinho HDM, Medeiros ACD. Phytochemical characterization and mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and modulatory activities of Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz. Nat Prod Res 2020; 34:3382-3387. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1566724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago P. Chaves
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Bom Jesus, PI, Brasil
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
| | - Francinalva D. Medeiros
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
| | - João Marcelo C. Sousa
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Mutagênese, Campus Senador Helvídio Nunes de Barros, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Picos, PI, Piauí, Brasil
| | - Luís Augusto P. Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
| | - Micheline A. Lima
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Brazil
| | - Henrique D. M. Coutinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia D. Medeiros
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
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Káňová K, Petrásková L, Pelantová H, Rybková Z, Malachová K, Cvačka J, Křen V, Valentová K. Sulfated Metabolites of Luteolin, Myricetin, and Ampelopsin: Chemoenzymatic Preparation and Biophysical Properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11197-11206. [PMID: 32910657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Authentic standards of food flavonoids are important for human metabolic studies. Their isolation from biological materials is impracticable; however, they can be prepared in vitro. Twelve sulfated metabolites of luteolin, myricetin, and ampelopsin were obtained with arylsulfotransferase from Desulfitobacterium hafniense and fully characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, MS, and NMR. The compounds were tested for their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine radicals, to reduce ferric ions and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and to inhibit tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. The activity differed considerably even between monosulfate isomers. The parent compounds and myricetin-3'-O-sulfate were the most active while other compounds displayed significantly lower activity, particularly luteolin sulfates. No mutagenic activity of the parent compounds and their main metabolites was observed; only myricetin showed minor pro-mutagenicity. The prepared sulfated metabolites are now available as authentic standards for future in vitro and in vivo metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Káňová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, CZ 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Rybková
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, CZ 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malachová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, CZ 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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Xu YQ, Gao Y, Granato D. Effects of epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin and epicatechin gallate on the chemical and cell-based antioxidant activity, sensory properties, and cytotoxicity of a catechin-free model beverage. Food Chem 2020; 339:128060. [PMID: 32950901 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC) and epicatechin gallate (ECG) on the chemical and cell-based antioxidant activity, sensory properties, and cytotoxicity of a catechin-free model beverage were modeled using response surface methodology. Results showed that ECG presented the highest reducing capacity while EGCG presented the highest Cu2+ chelating ability. Binary interactions (EGCG/EGC and EGCG/ECG) had an additive effect on CUPRAC, DPPH and Cu2+ chelating ability. The mixture containing 67.4% ECG and 32.6% EGCG was the optimal combination of flavanols (OPC). In a beverage model - chrysanthemum tea - OPC enhanced the anti-proliferative activity in relation to OVCAR-3, HEK293 and HFL1 cells and decreased the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species. OPC enhanced the bitterness and astringency of the beverage models impacting in a decrease in overall acceptance. The pasteurization process did not decrease the antioxidant activity and the flavanol concentration of the beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Daniel Granato
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Food Processing and Quality, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
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27
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Rivera-Pérez A, López-Ruiz R, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. A new strategy based on gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS-Q-Orbitrap) for the determination of alkenylbenzenes in pepper and its varieties. Food Chem 2020; 321:126727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Lavender, Guaiac Coriander-derived and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111584. [PMID: 32682832 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a program for the re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients. This publication, fifth in the series, evaluates the safety of NFCs containing linalool and/or other characteristic mono- and sesquiterpenoid tertiary alcohols and esters using the safety evaluation procedure published by the FEMA Expert Panel in 2005 and updated in 2018. The procedure relies on a complete chemical characterization of the NFC intended for commerce and organization of the chemical constituents of each NFC into well-defined congeneric groups. The safety of each NFC is evaluated using the well-established and conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept in addition to data on absorption, metabolism and toxicology of both the constituent congeneric groups and the NFCs. Sixteen NFCs, derived from the Lavandula, Aniba, Elettaria, Daucus, Salvia, Coriandrum, Ribes, Guaiacum/Bulnesia, Citrus, Pogostemon, Melaleuca and Michelia genera, were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
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29
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Kang JC, Valerio LG. Investigating DNA adduct formation by flavor chemicals and tobacco byproducts in electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) using in silico approaches. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 398:115026. [PMID: 32353386 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of flavors is one of the commonly cited reasons for use of e-cigarettes by youth; however, the potential harms from inhaling these chemicals and byproducts have not been extensively studied. One mechanism of interest is DNA adduct formation, which may lead to carcinogenesis. We identified two chemical classes of flavors found in tobacco products and byproducts, alkenylbenzenes and aldehydes, documented to form DNA adducts. Using in silico toxicology approaches, we identified structural analogs to these chemicals without DNA adduct information. We conducted a structural similarity analysis and also generated in silico model predictions of these chemicals for genotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and skin sensitization. The empirical and in silico data were compared, and we identified strengths and limitations of these models. Good concordance (80-100%) was observed between DNA adduct formation and models predicting mammalian mutagenicity (mouse lymphoma sassy L5178Y) and skin sensitization for both chemical classes. On the other hand, different prediction profiles were observed for the two chemical classes for the modeled endpoints, unscheduled DNA synthesis and bacterial mutagenicity. These results are likely due to the different mode of action between the two chemical classes, as aldehydes are direct acting agents, while alkenylbenzenes require bioactivation to form electrophilic intermediates, which form DNA adducts. The results of this study suggest that an in silico prediction for the mouse lymphoma assay L5178Y, may serve as a surrogate endpoint to help predict DNA adduct formation for chemicals found in tobacco products such as flavors and byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueichuan Connie Kang
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Division of Nonclinical Science, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD 20705, USA; US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Luis G Valerio
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Division of Nonclinical Science, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD 20705, USA
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Tayemeh MB, Kalbassi MR, Paknejad H, Joo HS. Dietary nanoencapsulated quercetin homeostated transcription of redox-status orchestrating genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to silver nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109477. [PMID: 32276170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the protective effect of chitosan-nanoencapsulated quercetin (Qu-ChiNPs) against oxidative stress caused by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). To this end, the transcription of prime genes regulating hepatic Keap1-Nrf2 pathway as well as downstream antioxidant enzymes were monitored prior to and after oxidative stress by AgNPs. Zebrafish (Danio rerio; n = 225) was assigned into five experimental groups based on feeding with diets supplemented with different additives as follows: negative and positive control groups, without additive; ChiNPs, 400 mg nanochitosan per kg diet; Quercetin, 400 mg free quercetin per kg diet; and Qu-ChiNPs, 400 mg Qu-ChiNPs per kg diet. At the end of the feeding trial (40 days), the experimental groups, except the negative control, were exposed to sublethal concentration of AgNPs (0.15 mg L-1) for 96h. Before exposure to AgNPs, free quercetin-treated diet significantly upregulated Keap1, Nrf2, Cat, SOD, GPx, and GST genes in the liver tissue when compared with the control diet, whereas Qu-Chi.NPs downregulated their transcription to the lowest levels. After exposure to AgNPs, all genes exhibited different responses in the AgNPs-exposed groups. The highest transcription of Nrf2, Cat, SOD, GPx, and GST was observed in the positive group, with being upregulated about 8, 10, 8, 8, and 7 times, respectively, when compared to the respective ones in the negative control. However, Keap1 showed a reverse response with being transcripted 12 times lower. The quercetin treatments, especially Qu-Chi.NPs, significantly reduced the transcription of Nrf2, Cat, SOD, GPx, and GST genes, yet enhanced Keap1 expression. Qu-Chi.NPs reduced the expression of Nrf2, SOD, Cat, GPx, and GST about 11, 10, 15, 10, and 10 times, respectively, yet increased that of Keap1 about 12 times. Taken together, nanoencapsulation can improve the antioxidant efficacy of quercetin against AgNPs toxicity and might reduce involvement of the cellular antioxidant system through tuning redox status. More broadly, it would be interesting to assess the effects of Qu-Chi.NPs against other metallic and organic oxidative stressors or pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamed Paknejad
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Hamid Salari Joo
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran, Noor, Iran.
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Bailly C. Molecular and cellular basis of the anticancer activity of the prenylated flavonoid icaritin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 325:109124. [PMID: 32437694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prenylated flavonoid icaritin (ICT) is currently undergoing phase 3 clinical trial for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), based on a solid array of preclinical and clinical data. The antitumor activity originates from the capacity of the drug to modulate several signaling effectors in cancer cells, mainly the estrogen receptor splice variant ERα36, the transcription factors STAT3 and NFκB, and the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Recent studies have implicated additional components, including different microRNAs, the generation of reactive oxygen species and the targeting of sphingosine kinase-1. ICT also engages the RAGE-HMGB1 signaling route and modulates the apoptosis/autophagy crosstalk to promote its anticancer activity. In addition, ICT exerts profound changes on the tumor microenvironment to favor an immune-response. Collectively, these multiple biochemical and cellular characteristics confer to ICT a robust activity profile which can be exploited to treat HCC, as well as other cancers, including glioblastoma and onco-hematological diseases such as chronic myeloid leukemia. This review provides an update of the pharmacological properties of ICT and its metabolic characteristics. It also addresses the design of derivatives, including both natural products and synthetic molecules, such as SNG1153 also in clinical trial. The prenylated flavonoid ICT deserves attention as a multifunctional natural product potentially useful to improve the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
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32
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Gebicka L. Redox reactions of heme proteins with flavonoids. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111095. [PMID: 32442763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins containing heme groups perform a variety of important functions in living organisms. The heme groups are involved in catalyzing oxidation/reduction reactions, in electron transfer, and in binding small molecules, like oxygen or nitric oxide. Flavonoids, low molecular weight plant polyphenols, are ubiquitous components of human diet. They are also components of many plant extracts used in herbal medicine as well as of food supplements. Due to their relatively low reduction potential, flavonoids are prone to oxidation. This paper provides a review of redox reactions of various heme proteins, including catalase, some peroxidases, cytochrome P450, cytochrome c, myoglobin, and hemoglobin with flavonoids. Potential biological significance of these reactions is discussed, in particular when flavonoids are delivered to the body at pharmacological doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gebicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology (TUL), Lodz, Poland.
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33
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A review on anti-cancer properties of Quercetin in breast cancer. Life Sci 2020; 248:117463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Genotoxic and cytotoxic properties of two medical plants (Teucrium arduini L.and Teucrium flavum L.) in relation to their polyphenolic contents. Mutat Res 2020; 852:503168. [PMID: 32265044 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large number of species belonging to the genus Teucrium are used in pharmacy and traditional medicine for the treatment of different diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the polyphenolic composition as well as genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of methanolic extracts from T. arduini and T. flavum, two native species found in Montenegro. We determined the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these plants using spectrophotometric methods; the qualitative content of polyphenolic compounds was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Genotoxicity in cultured human lymphocytes was measured in the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) and comet assay in the range between 125 and 1000 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT viability assay in normal human MRC-5 fibroblasts and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids in T. arduini extract was higher than in T. flavum (200.35 mg GA/g vs. 171.08 mg GA/g; 96.32 mg RU/g vs. 78.14 mg RU/g). The polyphenolic composition of both extracts was qualitatively similar and eight phenol compounds were identified. The most commonly present phenol was caffeic acid and among four flavonoids, the most common was quercetin. Both plant extracts were genotoxic in both the CBMN and comet assays at concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 μg/mL. After 72 h of exposure, the extracts of T. arduini and T. flavum were found to induce cytotoxicity in MRC-5 fibroblasts but not in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The results suggest that the constituents of both plant species are genotoxic and cytotoxic, therefore these extracts warrant additional evaluation to be safely applied in humans.
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35
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Fidelis M, de Oliveira SM, Sousa Santos J, Bragueto Escher G, Silva Rocha R, Gomes Cruz A, Araújo Vieira do Carmo M, Azevedo L, Kaneshima T, Oh WY, Shahidi F, Granato D. From byproduct to a functional ingredient: Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) seed extract as an antioxidant agent in a yogurt model. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:1131-1140. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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36
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Escher GB, Marques MB, do Carmo MAV, Azevedo L, Furtado MM, Sant'Ana AS, da Silva MC, Genovese MI, Wen M, Zhang L, Oh WY, Shahidi F, Rosso ND, Granato D. Clitoria ternatea L. petal bioactive compounds display antioxidant, antihemolytic and antihypertensive effects, inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities and reduce human LDL cholesterol and DNA induced oxidation. Food Res Int 2020; 128:108763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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Barreto MR, Aleixo NA, Silvestre RB, Fregonezi NF, Barud HDS, Dias DDS, Ribeiro CA, Resende FA. Genotoxicological safety assessment of puree-only edible films from onion bulb (Allium cepa L.) for use in food packaging-related applications. J Food Sci 2019; 85:201-208. [PMID: 31876295 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of films and coatings from onion (Allium cepa L.) to be applied as packaging is attractive, due to its high nutritional and therapeutic value. Also, it can collaborate to minimize environmental impacts caused by the improper disposal of products made from plastics. However, despite it being an innovative and novel proposal, onion films for the development of edible packaging should be evaluated before being considered nontoxic and safe for human consumption. Thus, the objective of the present study was to elucidate the cytotoxic and mutagenic profile of eluates of polymer films of Allium cepa L. obtained by the casting process and to verify their safety for commercial purposes. The analysis of cellular viability demonstrated greater cytotoxicity for unwashed hydrothermally treated pulp (HTP) than for films of washed hydrothermally treated pulp (W-HTP). Regarding the mutagenic activity, the HTP and W-HTP films were not able to statistically increase the frequencies of the biomarkers for chromosome damage (micronucleus test) at the tested concentrations. However, the HTP films showed signs of mutagenicity in the Ames test (gene mutations), suggesting caution in their use. The detection of genotoxicity is highly recommended in order to avoid the risk of genotoxic exposure to mutagens and carcinogens. In conclusion, the absence of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity observed in this study is extremely relevant, because it provides support for toxicogenic properties of the Allium cepa films with promising applicability in the food industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The bioplastics made from onion bulbs are multifunctional materials, which requires safety profile assessment. The results of the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity tests suggests that especially the W-HTP films are harmless, supporting at the first level of evidence, its safety potential to be used in the food industry (food films), biodegradable packaging, and biomaterials (substrates for drug delivery system).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rodrigues Barreto
- UNIARA-Univ. of Araraquara, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Health, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadia Andrade Aleixo
- UNIARA-Univ. of Araraquara, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Health, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Baldassari Silvestre
- UNIARA-Univ. of Araraquara, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Health, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália Ferreira Fregonezi
- UNIARA-Univ. of Araraquara, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Health, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernane da Silva Barud
- UNIARA-Univ. of Araraquara, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Health, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Clovis Augusto Ribeiro
- São Paulo State Univ. (UNESP), Inst. of Chemistry, CEP 14800-060, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aparecida Resende
- UNIARA-Univ. of Araraquara, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Health, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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38
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Camu-camu seed (Myrciaria dubia) - From side stream to anantioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antiproliferative, antimicrobial, antihemolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive ingredient. Food Chem 2019; 310:125909. [PMID: 31816536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) seeds are discarded without recovering the bioactive compounds. The main aim of the present work was to optimise the solvent mixture to extract higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of camu-camu seeds. The optimised solvent system increased the extraction of phenolic compounds, in which vescalagin and castalagin were the main compounds. The optimised extract displayed antioxidant capacity measured by different chemical and biological assays, exerted antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects against A549 and HCT8 cancer cells, antimicrobial effects, protected human erythrocytes against hemolysis, inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes and presented in vitro antihypertensive effect. Additionally, the optimized extract inhibited human LDL copper-induced oxidation in vitro and reduced the TNF-α release and NF-κB activation in macrophages cell culture. Thus, the use of camu-camu seed showed to be a sustainable way to recover bioactive compounds with in vitro functional properties.
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39
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Kemprai P, Bora PK, Mahanta BP, Sut D, Saikia SP, Banik D, Haldar S. Piper betleoides
C.
DC
.: Edible source of betel‐scented sesquiterpene‐rich essential oil. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Phirose Kemprai
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Economic Plants Group Biological Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
- AcSIR‐Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
| | - Pranjit Kumar Bora
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Economic Plants Group Biological Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
| | - Bhaskar Protim Mahanta
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Economic Plants Group Biological Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
- AcSIR‐Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
| | - Dristi Sut
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Economic Plants Group Biological Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
- AcSIR‐Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
| | - Siddhartha Proteem Saikia
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Economic Plants Group Biological Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
| | - Dipanwita Banik
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Economic Plants Group Biological Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
| | - Saikat Haldar
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Economic Plants Group Biological Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
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40
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Flavonoids supplementation - An ideal approach to improve quality of poultry products. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933918000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Wen B, Gorycki P. Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:453-497. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1655570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Peter Gorycki
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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42
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Ren J, Lu Y, Qian Y, Chen B, Wu T, Ji G. Recent progress regarding kaempferol for the treatment of various diseases. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2759-2776. [PMID: 31572524 PMCID: PMC6755486 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol, also known as kaempferol-3 or kaempferide, is a flavonoid compound that naturally occurs in tea, as well as numerous common vegetables and fruits, including beans, broccoli, cabbage, gooseberries, grapes, kale, strawberries, tomatoes, citrus fruits, brussel sprouts, apples and grapefruit. The present review mainly summarizes the application of kaempferol in treating diseases and the underlying mechanisms that are currently being studied. Due to its anti-inflammatory properties, it may be used to treat numerous acute and chronic inflammation-induced diseases, including intervertebral disc degeneration and colitis, as well as post-menopausal bone loss and acute lung injury. In addition, it has beneficial effects against cancer, liver injury, obesity and diabetes, inhibits vascular endothelial inflammation, protects the cranial nerve and heart function, and may be used for treating fibroproliferative disorders, including hypertrophic scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Center of Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Center of Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Qian
- Center of Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Bozhou Chen
- Center of Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Center of Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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43
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Kobets T, Cartus AT, Fuhlbrueck JA, Brengel A, Stegmüller S, Duan JD, Brunnemann KD, Williams GM. Assessment and characterization of DNA adducts produced by alkenylbenzenes in fetal turkey and chicken livers. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:424-433. [PMID: 31077736 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Formation of DNA adducts by five alkenylbenzenes, safrole, methyl eugenol, eugenol, and asarone with either α- or β-conformation, was analyzed in fetal avian livers in two in ovo models. DNA reactivity of the carcinogens safrole and methyl eugenol was previously demonstrated in the turkey egg model, whereas non-genotoxic eugenol was negative. In the current study, alkenylbenzenes were also tested in the chicken egg model. Injections with alkenylbenzenes were administered to fertilized turkey or chicken eggs for three consecutive days. Three hours after the last injection, liver samples were evaluated for DNA adduct formation using the 32P-nucleotide postlabeling assay. DNA samples from turkey livers were also analyzed for adducts using mass spectrometry. In both species, genotoxic alkenylbenzenes safrole, methyl eugenol, α- and β-asarone produced DNA adducts, the presence and nature of which, with exception of safrole, were confirmed by mass spectrometry, validating the sensitivity of the 32P-postlabeling assay. Overall, the results of testing were congruent between fetal turkey and chicken livers, confirming that these organisms can be used interchangeably. Moreover, data obtained in both models is comparable to genotoxicity findings in other species, supporting the usefulness of avian models for the assessment of genotoxicity as a potential alternative to animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
| | - Alexander T Cartus
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Julia A Fuhlbrueck
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Alexander Brengel
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Stegmüller
- University of Kaiserslautern, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jian-Dong Duan
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Klaus D Brunnemann
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Gary M Williams
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
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44
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Migliorini AA, Piroski CS, Daniel TG, Cruz TM, Escher GB, Vieira do Carmo MA, Azevedo L, Marques MB, Granato D, Rosso ND. Red Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Extract Rich in Anthocyanins: Chemical Stability, Antioxidant Activity, and Antiproliferative Activity In Vitro. J Food Sci 2019; 84:990-1001. [PMID: 30945309 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Red chicory leaves are appreciated sensorially and their constituents contain bioactive properties. The objectives of this study were as follows: to use an experimental design to extract anthocyanins from red chicory in aqueous solution at pH 2.5; to determine the stability of the extracts in relation to temperature and pH; and to evaluate the antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxic effect of the lyophilized and purified extracts. The best extraction conditions for the bioactive compounds from red chicory were a temperature of 64.2 °C for 25 min; the anthocyanin content was 73.53 ± 0.13 mg per 100 g fresh weight basis sample. The EC50 (Half maximal effective concentration) value for the antioxidant activity assay in relation to DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with optimized extract was 0.363, which corresponds to a concentration of 39.171 µmol/L of anthocyanins. The activation energy for the degradation reaction of the anthocyanins from the red chicory extract was 84.88 kJ/mol. The optimized extract, which was rich in anthocyanins, showed chemical and biological antioxidant activity (protection against erythrocyte hemolysis) and inhibited lipid peroxidation in vitro. The Cichorium intybus L. extracts interfered on the levels of reactive oxygen species generation and the crude extract did not present procarcinogenic effect. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Red chicory is basically consumed as a part of traditional dishes worldwide. Here, we developed a process to extract and purify the anthocyanins from Cichorium intybus leaves and test the extracts in terms of the chemical composition, thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative effects. The anthocyanin-rich extract presented antioxidant activity in chemical and biological assays and low cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effects in relation to HepG2, HCT8, and Caco-2 cell lines. Additionally, the red chicory extract protected human erythrocytes against hemolysis. This extract may be used as a natural colorant/antioxidant in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Alves Migliorini
- Graduation Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Camila Sztoltz Piroski
- Graduation Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Taiana Gomes Daniel
- Graduation Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendanha Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Graziela Bragueto Escher
- Graduation Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araújo Vieira do Carmo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 714, 37130-000, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 714, 37130-000, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Mariza Boscacci Marques
- Department of Chemistry, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Daniel Granato
- Graduation Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Neiva Deliberali Rosso
- Graduation Program in Food Science and Technology, State Univ. of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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45
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Nshogozabahizi J, Aubrey K, Ross J, Thakor N. Applications and limitations of regulatory
RNA
elements in synthetic biology and biotechnology. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:968-984. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.C. Nshogozabahizi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute (ARRTI) University of Lethbridge Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - K.L. Aubrey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute (ARRTI) University of Lethbridge Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - J.A. Ross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute (ARRTI) University of Lethbridge Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - N. Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute (ARRTI) University of Lethbridge Lethbridge AB Canada
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46
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Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry comparative DNA adductomics of Hep G2 cells following exposure to safrole. Toxicol Lett 2019; 300:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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47
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Delazar A, Asnaashari S, Nikkhah E, Asgharian P. Phytochemical analysis and antiproliferative activity of the aerial parts of Scrophularia subaphylla. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:263-272. [PMID: 31160904 PMCID: PMC6540926 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.258495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrophularia subaphylla (S. subaphylla) L., a medicinal plant from the Scrophulariaceae family, has been reported to possess potential profits in the treatment and prophylaxis of different diseases. Some phenolic compounds in this genus have been displayed decent effects on different types of cancer via multiple mechanisms. The current study aimed to bioassay guided isolation of cytotoxic constituents from the aerial parts of S. subaphylla against breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines as well as normal cells (L929). Different extracts of S. subaphylla were acquired by Soxhlet apparatus and then subjected to brine shrimp lethality test and MTT assay for assessing their cytotoxic characteristics. Cytotoxic extract subjected to further phytochemical fractionation using solid phase extraction, reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and one dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D-NMR) spectroscopy. The biological activity of the isolated pure components, verbascoside and 3' O rhamnosyl -4' O para coumaryl 7- hydroxyl salidroside, was assessed using MTT assay against MCF-7 and HT-29 carcinoma cells. Two known phenylpropanoid compounds were isolated from this species. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data (using 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) and compared with the previous literature. Both pure compounds in comparison with control group demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity against cancerous cells (P < 0.001). In our study, verbascoside and its derivative could inhibit proliferation of cancerous cells without any side effects on normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Delazar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran.,Faculty of pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Solmaz Asnaashari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Elhameh Nikkhah
- Research Center of Medicinal herbs, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, I.R. Iran
| | - Parina Asgharian
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran.,Faculty of pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran.,Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, I.R. Iran
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48
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Rodeiro I, Hernández I, Herrera JA, Riera M, Donato MT, Tolosa L, González K, Ansoar Y, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Vanden Berghe W, Lopes M. Assessment of the cytotoxic potential of an aqueous-ethanolic extract from Thalassia testudinum angiosperm marine grown in the Caribbean Sea. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1553-1560. [PMID: 30159909 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties for one aqueous-ethanolic extract from Thalassia testudinum which grows in the Caribbean Sea compelled us to explore about extract cytotoxic effects. METHODS Cell viability was assayed on tumour (HepG2, PC12, Caco-2 and 4T1) and non-tumour (VERO, 3T3, CHO, MCDK and BHK2) cell lines. The extract effects upon primary cultures of rat and human hepatocytes and human lymphocytes were assayed. KEY FINDINGS The extract exhibited cytotoxicity against cancer cells compared to normal cells, and the IC50 values were 102 μg/ml for HepG2, 135 μg/ml for PC12, 165 μg/ml for Caco-2 and 129 μg/ml for 4T1 cells after 48 h, whereas IC50 could not be calculated for normal cells. Additional data from a high-content screening multiparametric assay indicated that after 24-h exposure, the extract (up to 100 μg/ml) induced death in HepG2 cells through oxidative stress-associated mechanism, DNA damage and hypercalcaemia. Comet assay corroborated extract-induced DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS Thalassia testudinum extract is more cytotoxic and produced more DNA damage on human hepatoma cells than to other non-tumour cells. A possible mechanism is suggested for extract-induced cytotoxicity based on oxidative stress, nuclear damage and hypercalcaemia in HepG2 cells. T. testudinum may be a source for antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idania Rodeiro
- Department of Pharmacology,, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICIMAR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Ivones Hernández
- Department of Pharmacology,, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICIMAR), Havana, Cuba
| | - José A Herrera
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (IMRE), Havana University, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario Riera
- Department of Pharmacology,, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICIMAR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Maria T Donato
- Hepatology Experimental Unit, La Fe Health Research Institute (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Hepatology Experimental Unit, La Fe Health Research Institute (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Kethia González
- Department of Pharmacology,, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICIMAR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Yadira Ansoar
- Department of Pharmacology,, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICIMAR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Maria J Gómez-Lechón
- Hepatology Experimental Unit, La Fe Health Research Institute (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Miriam Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Martins C, Rueff J, Rodrigues AS. Genotoxic alkenylbenzene flavourings, a contribution to risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:861-879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bolton JL, Dunlap TL, Dietz BM. Formation and biological targets of botanical o-quinones. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:700-707. [PMID: 30063944 PMCID: PMC6643002 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of o-quinones from direct 2-electron oxidation of catechols and/or two successive one electron oxidations could explain the cytotoxic/genotoxic and/or chemopreventive effects of several phenolic botanical extracts. For example, poison ivy contains urushiol, an oily mixture, which is oxidized to various o-quinones likely resulting in skin toxicity through oxidative stress and alkylation mechanisms resulting in immune responses. Green tea contains catechins which are directly oxidized to o-quinones by various oxidative enzymes. Alternatively, phenolic botanicals could be o-hydroxylated by P450 to form catechols in vivo which are oxidized to o-quinones. Examples include, resveratrol which is oxidized to piceatannol and further oxidized to the o-quinone. Finally, botanical o-quinones can be formed by O-dealkylation of O-alkoxy groups or methylenedioxy rings resulting in catechols which are further oxidized to o-quinones. Examples include safrole, eugenol, podophyllotoxin and etoposide, as well as methysticin. Once formed these o-quinones have a variety of biological targets in vivo resulting in various biological effects ranging from chemoprevention - > no effect - > toxicity. This U-shaped biological effect curve has been described for a number of reactive intermediates including o-quinones. The current review summarizes the latest data on the formation and biological targets of botanical o-quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Bolton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612-7231, United States.
| | - Tareisha L Dunlap
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612-7231, United States
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612-7231, United States
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