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Rodríguez-Pena E, Suárez D, Estévez-Pérez G, Verísimo P, Barreira N, Fernández L, González-Tizón A, Martínez-Lage A. Influence of Storage Time on the DNA Integrity and Viability of Spermatozoa of the Spider Crab Maja brachydactyla. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3555. [PMID: 38003172 PMCID: PMC10668756 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural populations of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla constitute a fishery resource of great economic importance in many countries. As in the rest of eubrachyurans, the females of this species have ventral-type seminal receptacles where they store sperm from copulations. Sperm can be stored in these structures for months and even years before egg fertilisation, with the consequent degradation of the sperm cells during the time. In this work, we analyse the viability and the possible genetic damage in sperm accumulated in the seminal receptacles of M. brachydactyla females as a function of the storage time (from 0 to 14 months) using the comet assay technique. On one hand, we developed an algorithm for comet image analysis that improves the comet segmentation compared with the free software Open comet v1.3.1 (97% vs. 76% of detection). In addition, our software allows the manual modification of the contours wrongly delimited via the automatic tool. On the other hand, our data show a sharp decline in sperm viability and DNA integrity in the first four months of storage, which could lead to a decrease in the fecundity rate and/or viability of the embryos or larvae from the second and third clutches of the annual cycle if the repair capacity in these gametic cells is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba Rodríguez-Pena
- CICA (Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía), University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (E.R.-P.); (A.G.-T.)
| | - Diego Suárez
- Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (D.S.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Patricia Verísimo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Santander (IEO-CSIC), 39004 Santander, Spain;
| | - Noelia Barreira
- Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (D.S.); (N.B.)
- CITIC (Research Center of Information and Communication Technologies), University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández
- Department of Biology, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Ana González-Tizón
- CICA (Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía), University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (E.R.-P.); (A.G.-T.)
- Department of Biology, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Andrés Martínez-Lage
- CICA (Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía), University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (E.R.-P.); (A.G.-T.)
- Department of Biology, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain;
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Maciel JV, da Silveira GD, Durigon AMM, Fatibello-Filho O, Dias D. Use of carbon black based electrode as sensor for solid-state electrochemical studies and voltammetric determination of solid residues of lead. Talanta 2022; 236:122881. [PMID: 34635261 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For the first time carbon black based electrode modified with paraffin was applied as a sensor on voltammetry of immobilized microparticles (VIMP) approach for determination of lead solid residues in hair dye samples. The solid microparticles of Pb(II) (Pb(CH3COO)2(s)) immobilized into the carbon paste sensor containing carbon black and paraffin were firstly reduced at initial potentials and further reoxidized at around -0.60 V during anodic scan. Electroanalytical parameters as well as supporting electrolyte composition, and pH were also evaluated. An analytical curve in 0.2 mol L-1 phosphate buffer solution (pH 5.0) from 0.04 to 3.2 μg (R2 = 0.999) with detection and quantification limits of 4 and 13 ng, respectively, were achieved. The method was applied to quantify lead solid residues in hair dye samples without previous mineralization or complex sample pre-treatment. Besides adequate repeatability, stability and selectivity of the developed sensor based on VIMP features, the method using carbon black based sensor was considered advantageous comparing to the results recorded by a spectrometric method (relative error lower than 8%) from several analytical viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Villela Maciel
- School of Chemical and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, P. O. Box 474, Rio Grande, 96203-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Géssica Domingos da Silveira
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, R. Josué de Castro 126, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, 13083861, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Munaretto Durigon
- School of Chemical and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, P. O. Box 474, Rio Grande, 96203-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Orlando Fatibello-Filho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís km 235, P. O. Box 676, São Carlos, 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Daiane Dias
- School of Chemical and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, P. O. Box 474, Rio Grande, 96203-900, RS, Brazil.
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do Amaral LA, da Silva Fleming de Almeida T, Oliveira de Souza GH, Baranoski A, Souza Maris R, Bittencourt Junior FF, Murino Rafacho BP, Duenhas Monreal AC, Leite Kassuya CA, Milan Brochado Antoniolli-Silva AC, Freitas dos Santos E, Oliveira RJ. The Use of Natural Fiber-Rich Food Product Is Safe and Reduces Aberrant Crypt Foci in a Pre-Clinical Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:2708. [PMID: 34444868 PMCID: PMC8401268 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is a highly prevalent disease, requiring effective strategies for prevention and treatment. The present research aimed to formulate a natural fiber-rich food product (NFRFP) and to evaluate its safety, toxicogenetics, and effects on aberrant crypt foci induced by 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine in a preclinical model. METHODS A total of 78 male Wistar rats were distributed in six experimental groups: negative control, positive control (1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-40 mg/Kg), and four groups fed with 10% NFRFP: NFRFP, pre-treatment protocol, simultaneous treatment, and post-treatment protocol. RESULTS The NFRFP was shown to be a good source of fibers and did not change biometric, biochemical, hematological, and inflammatory parameters, and did not induce signs of toxicity and genotoxicity/carcinogenicity. NFRFP exhibited a chemopreventive effect, in all protocols, with damage reduction (% DR) of 75% in the comet test. NFRFP reduced the incidence of aberrant crypt outbreaks by 49.36% in the post-treatment protocol. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the applicability of NFRFP in the human diet due to potential production at an industrial scale and easy technological application in different products, since it could be incorporated in food without altering or causing small changes in final product sensory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luane Aparecida do Amaral
- Center for Studies in Stem Cells, Cell Therapy and Toxicological Genetics–CeTroGen, University Hospital Maria Aparecida Pedrossian, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79080-190, Brazil; (L.A.d.A.); (A.B.); (A.C.M.B.A.-S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Taina da Silva Fleming de Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (T.d.S.F.d.A.); (B.P.M.R.)
| | | | - Adrivanio Baranoski
- Center for Studies in Stem Cells, Cell Therapy and Toxicological Genetics–CeTroGen, University Hospital Maria Aparecida Pedrossian, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79080-190, Brazil; (L.A.d.A.); (A.B.); (A.C.M.B.A.-S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Rafael Souza Maris
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, University Center of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79824-900, Brazil; (R.S.M.); (F.F.B.J.)
| | | | - Bruna Paola Murino Rafacho
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (T.d.S.F.d.A.); (B.P.M.R.)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andréia Conceição Milan Brochado Antoniolli-Silva
- Center for Studies in Stem Cells, Cell Therapy and Toxicological Genetics–CeTroGen, University Hospital Maria Aparecida Pedrossian, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79080-190, Brazil; (L.A.d.A.); (A.B.); (A.C.M.B.A.-S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Elisvânia Freitas dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (T.d.S.F.d.A.); (B.P.M.R.)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo Juliano Oliveira
- Center for Studies in Stem Cells, Cell Therapy and Toxicological Genetics–CeTroGen, University Hospital Maria Aparecida Pedrossian, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79080-190, Brazil; (L.A.d.A.); (A.B.); (A.C.M.B.A.-S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
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Chapman KE, Wilde EC, Chapman FM, Verma JR, Shah UK, Stannard LM, Seager AL, Tonkin JA, Brown MR, Doherty AT, Johnson GE, Doak SH, Jenkins GJS. Multiple-endpoint in vitro carcinogenicity test in human cell line TK6 distinguishes carcinogens from non-carcinogens and highlights mechanisms of action. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:321-336. [PMID: 32910239 PMCID: PMC7811515 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current in vitro genotoxicity tests can produce misleading positive results, indicating an inability to effectively predict a compound's subsequent carcinogenic potential in vivo. Such oversensitivity can incur unnecessary in vivo tests to further investigate positive in vitro results, supporting the need to improve in vitro tests to better inform risk assessment. It is increasingly acknowledged that more informative in vitro tests using multiple endpoints may support the correct identification of carcinogenic potential. The present study, therefore, employed a holistic, multiple-endpoint approach using low doses of selected carcinogens and non-carcinogens (0.001-770 µM) to assess whether these chemicals caused perturbations in molecular and cellular endpoints relating to the Hallmarks of Cancer. Endpoints included micronucleus induction, alterations in gene expression, cell cycle dynamics, cell morphology and bioenergetics in the human lymphoblastoid cell line TK6. Carcinogens ochratoxin A and oestradiol produced greater Integrated Signature of Carcinogenicity scores for the combined endpoints than the "misleading" in vitro positive compounds, quercetin, 2,4-dichlorophenol and quinacrine dihydrochloride and toxic non-carcinogens, caffeine, cycloheximide and phenformin HCl. This study provides compelling evidence that carcinogens can successfully be distinguished from non-carcinogens using a holistic in vitro test system. Avoidance of misleading in vitro outcomes could lead to the reduction and replacement of animals in carcinogenicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Eleanor C Wilde
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Fiona M Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jatin R Verma
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ume-Kulsoom Shah
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Leanne M Stannard
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anna L Seager
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - James A Tonkin
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - M Rowan Brown
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Ann T Doherty
- Discovery Safety, AstraZeneca, DSM, Darwin Building, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - George E Johnson
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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5
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Nunes EA, Manieri TM, Matias AC, Bertuchi FR, da Silva DA, Lago L, Sato RH, Cerchiaro G. Protective effects of neocuproine copper chelator against oxidative damage in NSC34 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 836:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Al-Saleh I, Al-Rajudi T, Al-Qudaihi G, Manogaran P. Evaluating the potential genotoxicity of phthalates esters (PAEs) in perfumes using in vitro assays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23903-23914. [PMID: 28875446 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported high levels of phthalate esters (PAEs) added as solvents or fixatives in 47 brands of perfumes. Diethyl phthalate was the most abundant compound (0.232-23,649 ppm), and 83.3% of the perfumes had levels >1 ppm, the threshold limit cited by a Greenpeace investigation. All samples had dimethyl phthalate levels higher than its threshold limit of 0.1 ppm, and 88, 38, and 7% of the perfumes had benzyl butyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate levels, respectively, above their threshold limits. The role of PAEs as endocrine disruptors has been well documented, but their effect on genotoxic behavior has received little attention. We used in vitro single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) and micronucleus (MN) assays with human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells to evaluate the genotoxic potency of 42 of the same perfumes and to determine its association with PAEs. All perfumes induced more DNA damage than a negative control (NEG), ≥ 90% of the samples caused more damage than cells treated with the vehicles possibly used in perfume's preparations such as methanol (ME) and ethanol (ET), and 11.6% of the perfumes caused more DNA damage than a positive control (hydrogen peroxide). Chromosome breakage expressed as MN frequency was higher in cells treated with 71.4, 64.3, 57.1, and 4.8% of the perfumes than in NEG, cells treated with ME or ET, and another positive control (x-rays), respectively. The genotoxic responses in the comet and MN assays were not correlated. The comet assay indicated that the damage in TK6 cells treated with five PAEs at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.2 ppm either individually or as a mixture did not differ significantly from the damage in cells treated with the perfumes. Unlike the comet assay, the sensitivity of the MN assay to PAEs was weak at both low and high concentrations, and MN frequencies were generally low. This study demonstrates for the first time the possible contribution of PAEs in perfumes to DNA damage and suggests that their use as solvents or fixatives should be regulated. Other ingredients with mutagenic/genotoxic properties, however, may also have contributed to the DNA damage. Future studies should focus on applying a series of assays that use different cellular models with various endpoints to identify the spectrum of genotoxic mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tahreer Al-Rajudi
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghofran Al-Qudaihi
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pulicat Manogaran
- Stem Cell and Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Brusick D, Aardema M, Kier L, Kirkland D, Williams G. Genotoxicity Expert Panel review: weight of evidence evaluation of the genotoxicity of glyphosate, glyphosate-based formulations, and aminomethylphosphonic acid. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:56-74. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1214680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larry Kier
- Private Consultant, Buena Vista, CO, USA
| | | | - Gary Williams
- Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Enhanced antioxidation via encapsulation of isooctyl p-methoxycinnamate with sodium deoxycholate-mediated liposome endocytosis. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:392-400. [PMID: 26453790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Isooctyl p-methoxycinnamate(OMC) is a commonly used chemical ultraviolet B sunscreen that suffers rapid degradation with current delivery systems following sun exposure. In this study, deoxycholate-mediated liposome (DOC-LS) endocytosis was employed to improve the antioxidation effects of OMC following topical administration, and the in vitro cell uptake was investigated to understand the enhanced cutaneous absorption of the drug via this nanocarrier. Following topical application, structural changes in the stratum corneum were identified. With the increase of DOC content, the drug deposition in skin decreased; from this, a DOC-LS formulation was selected that showed significantly more drug delivery in skin than did the other preparations (P<0.05). DOC-LS decreased skin resistance, suggesting its ability to induce skin barrier disruption. In vitro HaCaT keratinocyte cell uptake of coumarin-6 incorporated in the two types of phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles (i.e., LS or DOC-LS) yielded similar fluorescence intensities following incubation for different periods (P<0.05). However, CCC-ESF-1 embryonic fibroblast cell uptake of the fluorescence revealed time-dependence, and the emitted light from DOC-LS incubated cells was stronger than that from cells incubated with LS (P<0.05). These findings might be associated with the endocytic pathway of HaCaT, which mainly exhibited adsorption or physical adhesion of the fluorescent vesicles, whereas CCC-ESF-1 markedly internalized the PC vesicles via the lysosomes, as shown by intracellular fluorescence co-location studies. Following loading with the same amount of OMC, the DOC-LS vesicles exhibited superior skin tissue antioxidative capacity among the preparations tested, corroborating the in vivo skin drug deposition results. Thus, our results suggest that DOC-LS is a promising system for OMC dermal delivery without promoting skin irritation, which is quite advantageous for therapeutic purposes.
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Lim HH, Shin HS. Identification and Quantification of Phthalates, PAHs, Amines, Phenols, and Metals in Tattoo. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Lim
- Department of Environmental Science; Kongju National University; Kongju Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education; Kongju National University; Kongju Republic of Korea
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Zhu Y, Yan K, Liu Y, Zhang J. Photovoltammetric behavior and photoelectrochemical determination of p-phenylenediamine on CdS quantum dots and graphene hybrid film. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 884:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Luechtefeld T, Maertens A, McKim JM, Hartung T, Kleensang A, Sá-Rocha V. Probabilistic hazard assessment for skin sensitization potency by dose-response modeling using feature elimination instead of quantitative structure-activity relationships. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1361-1371. [PMID: 26046447 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Supervised learning methods promise to improve integrated testing strategies (ITS), but must be adjusted to handle high dimensionality and dose-response data. ITS approaches are currently fueled by the increasing mechanistic understanding of adverse outcome pathways (AOP) and the development of tests reflecting these mechanisms. Simple approaches to combine skin sensitization data sets, such as weight of evidence, fail due to problems in information redundancy and high dimensionality. The problem is further amplified when potency information (dose/response) of hazards would be estimated. Skin sensitization currently serves as the foster child for AOP and ITS development, as legislative pressures combined with a very good mechanistic understanding of contact dermatitis have led to test development and relatively large high-quality data sets. We curated such a data set and combined a recursive variable selection algorithm to evaluate the information available through in silico, in chemico and in vitro assays. Chemical similarity alone could not cluster chemicals' potency, and in vitro models consistently ranked high in recursive feature elimination. This allows reducing the number of tests included in an ITS. Next, we analyzed with a hidden Markov model that takes advantage of an intrinsic inter-relationship among the local lymph node assay classes, i.e. the monotonous connection between local lymph node assay and dose. The dose-informed random forest/hidden Markov model was superior to the dose-naive random forest model on all data sets. Although balanced accuracy improvement may seem small, this obscures the actual improvement in misclassifications as the dose-informed hidden Markov model strongly reduced " false-negatives" (i.e. extreme sensitizers as non-sensitizer) on all data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Luechtefeld
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Maertens
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA.,University of Konstanz, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing Europe, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andre Kleensang
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vanessa Sá-Rocha
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Natura Inovação, Cajamar, Brazil
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Evaluation of the repeated-dose liver and gastrointestinal tract micronucleus assays with 22 chemicals using young adult rats: Summary of the collaborative study by the Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT)/The Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS) – Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group (MMS). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:2-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Nersesyan A, Kundi M, Fenech M, Bolognesi C, Misik M, Wultsch G, Hartmann M, Knasmueller S. Micronucleus assay with urine derived cells (UDC): A review of its application in human studies investigating genotoxin exposure and bladder cancer risk. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 762:37-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Li Y, Zheng C, Sun X, Ouyang B, Ni P, Zhang Y. Identification of 3-chloro-1,2-propandiol using molecularly imprinted composite solid-phase extraction materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6319-27. [PMID: 25096200 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel molecularly imprinted material based on silica microparticles was synthesized by surface polymerization with 3-chloro-1,2-propandiol (3-MCPD) as a template molecule. The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption of 3-MCPD by MIP was measured by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and an equilibrium binding experiment. Scatchard analysis revealed that the maximum apparent binding capacities of the MIP and non-imprinted polymer (NIP) were 67.64 and 23.31 μmol/g, respectively. The new adsorbent was successfully used in solid-phase extraction (SPE) to selectively enrich and determine 3-MCPD in soy sauce samples. The MIP-SPE column achieves recoveries higher than 92.7% with a relative standard deviation of less than 1.83%. The MIP-SPE-GC protocol improved the selectivity and eliminated the effects of template leakage on quantitative analysis and could be used for the determination of 3-MCPD in other complex food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China,
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15
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Khalaphallah R, Soliman WS. Effect of henna and roselle extracts on pathogenic bacteria. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Toxicity of imine-iminium dyes and pigments: electron transfer, radicals, oxidative stress and other physiological effects. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:825-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; San Diego State University; San Diego CA USA
| | - Ratnasamy Somanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; San Diego State University; San Diego CA USA
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación del Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apdo; postal 1166 Tijuana B.C., Mexico
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17
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Chakravarthy S, Sadagopan S, Nair A, Sukumaran SK. Zebrafish as anIn VivoHigh-Throughput Model for Genotoxicity. Zebrafish 2014; 11:154-66. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sathish Sadagopan
- Discovery Biology, Anthem Biosciences Private Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Ayyappan Nair
- Discovery Biology, Anthem Biosciences Private Limited, Bangalore, India
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18
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Watson C, Ge J, Cohen J, Pyrgiotakis G, Engelward BP, Demokritou P. High-throughput screening platform for engineered nanoparticle-mediated genotoxicity using CometChip technology. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2118-33. [PMID: 24617523 PMCID: PMC3971959 DOI: 10.1021/nn404871p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The likelihood of intentional and unintentional engineered nanoparticle (ENP) exposure has dramatically increased due to the use of nanoenabled products. Indeed, ENPs have been incorporated in many useful products and have enhanced our way of life. However, there are many unanswered questions about the consequences of nanoparticle exposures, in particular, with regard to their potential to damage the genome and thus potentially promote cancer. In this study, we present a high-throughput screening assay based upon the recently developed CometChip technology, which enables evaluation of single-stranded DNA breaks, abasic sites, and alkali-sensitive sites in cells exposed to ENPs. The strategic microfabricated, 96-well design and automated processing improves efficiency, reduces processing time, and suppresses user bias in comparison to the standard comet assay. We evaluated the versatility of this assay by screening five industrially relevant ENP exposures (SiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, Ag, and CeO2) on both suspension human lymphoblastoid (TK6) and adherent Chinese hamster ovary (H9T3) cell lines. MTT and CyQuant NF assays were employed to assess cellular viability and proliferation after ENP exposure. Exposure to ENPs at a dose range of 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL induced dose-dependent increases in DNA damage and cytotoxicity. Genotoxicity profiles of ZnO>Ag>Fe2O3>CeO2>SiO2 in TK6 cells at 4 h and Ag>Fe2O3>ZnO>CeO2>SiO2 in H9T3 cells at 24 h were observed. The presented CometChip platform enabled efficient and reliable measurement of ENP-mediated DNA damage, therefore demonstrating the efficacy of this powerful tool in nanogenotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Watson
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jing Ge
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joel Cohen
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Address correspondence to ,
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Address correspondence to ,
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19
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Ahammad SZ, Zealand A, Dolfing J, Mota C, Armstrong DV, Graham DW. Low-energy treatment of colourant wastes using sponge biofilters for the personal care product industry. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 129:634-638. [PMID: 23294645 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Four trickling biofilter designs were assessed as low-energy alternatives to aerobic activated sludge (AS) for the treatment of personal care product industry wastes. The designs included partially submerged packed-media and sponge reactors with and without active aeration. Partial submergence was used to reduce active aeration needs. Simulated colourant wastes (up to COD=12,480 mg/L, TN=128 mg/L) were treated for 201 days, including wastes with elevated oxidant levels. COD and TN removal efficiencies were always >79% and >30% (even without aeration). However, aerated sponge reactors consistently had the highest removal efficiencies, especially for TN (∼60%), and were most tolerant of elevated oxidants. This study shows sponge biofilters have great potential for treating colourant wastes because they achieve high treatment efficiencies and reduce energy use by >40% relative to AS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Z Ahammad
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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20
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Eastmond DA. Factors influencing mutagenic mode of action determinations of regulatory and advisory agencies. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2012; 751:46-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Recio L, Kissling GE, Hobbs CA, Witt KL. Comparison of Comet assay dose-response for ethyl methanesulfonate using freshly prepared versus cryopreserved tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:101-113. [PMID: 22069077 DOI: 10.1002/em.20694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is using the Comet assay to evaluate genotoxic potential, and is investigating the integration of this assay into repeat-dose toxicity studies. To reduce sample-to-sample variability, address logistical concerns associated with evaluating multiple tissues from many animals, and accommodate sample collection at geographically distant testing facilities, tissue samples collected for Comet analysis by the NTP are routinely flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a -80°C freezer until evaluation. To compare data obtained from frozen tissues to data from freshly isolated tissues, we conducted a dose-response study in male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats (5 per treatment group) were administered ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS; 0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) by gavage twice at an interval of 21 hr; blood, liver, stomach, and colon tissues were harvested 3 hr after the second treatment. Single-cell preparations from each of the four tissues were put into Hank's balanced salt solution with 10% fresh dimethyl sulfoxide. One aliquot of each tissue preparation was used for immediate analysis, while additional aliquots were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a -80°C freezer for 1 or 8 weeks. One set of 8-week frozen samples was shipped roundtrip via air courier from Research Triangle Park, NC to Rochester, NY prior to analysis. For all four tissues, results from frozen, nontransported samples showed a similar dose-response pattern for EMS-induced genotoxicity. We also demonstrated that for three tissues (blood, liver, stomach), air transport did not alter the sensitivity of the Comet assay for detecting DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Recio
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology Division, ILS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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22
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Vlastos D, Ntinopoulos A. Induction of micronuclei on Greek hairdressers occupationally exposed to chemical mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:506-514. [PMID: 20549610 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 20th century, hairdressers (HD) have been exposed to a wide range of harmful chemical products. To determine the possible genetic damage to HD, as a result of their occupational exposure to combinations of different chemical factors, we applied the micronucleus assay on their peripheral blood lymphocytes cultures. The micronucleus assay was performed on blood samples from 20 Greek female HD and 20 control women, having no connection with the occupation, from the same area. In the results analysis, parameters included were age, smoking habits, and duration of occupational exposure. The results of our study showed a significant increase in HD micronuclei (MN) frequency, compared to the controls (13.4 ± 1.00 vs. 8.05 ± 0.65). The frequency of large-size MN was significantly higher in the HD and presented potential correlation with the phenomenon of aneuploidy. A statistically significant difference in the frequency of MN between HD and controls who smoked was observed, while this was not the case with the non smoker groups. However, multiple regression analysis showed no significant correlation between smoking habits and MN frequency. The observed increase of the frequency of MN in HD is attributed to the long-term occupational exposure of HD in combination with different chemical factors. Since in the literature there are very few similar studies, further combined studies are suggested on a larger number of HD from different countries, combining biological and molecular techniques, as well as chemical analytical methods of determining and tracing the chemical factors in both the occupational environment and their organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Vlastos
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, Agrinio, Greece.
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23
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Plattner S, Erb R, Pitterl F, Brouwer HJ, Oberacher H. Formation and characterization of covalent guanosine adducts with electrochemistry-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 883-884:198-204. [PMID: 22000962 PMCID: PMC3284773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals can interact with the genetic material giving rise to the formation of covalent adducts. These alterations can lead to adverse consequences, including cancer, reproductive impairment, development anomalies, or genetic diseases. In search for an assay allowing identification of hazardous compounds that might form covalent adducts with nucleic acids, electrochemistry (EC)/liquid chromatography (LC)/mass spectrometry (MS) is presented. EC/LC/MS is a purely instrumental approach. EC is used for oxidative activation, LC for the fractionation of the reaction mixture, and MS for the detection and characterization of the reaction products. To test the system capabilities, we investigated the formation of covalent adducts produced by guanosine and acetaminophen (APAP). Electrochemical activation of mixtures of guanosine and APAP gave rise to the formation of four isomers of (guanosine + APAP-2H). Mass voltammograms as well as dose–response-curves were used to obtain insights in the mechanism of adduct formation. These experiments revealed that a mechanism involving radical intermediates is favored. The initial step of adduct formation is the conversion of both APAP and guanosine into radicals via one-electron–one-proton reactions. Among different competing reaction pathways, the generated radical intermediates undergo intermolecular reactions to form covalent adducts between guanosine and APAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Plattner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Gomaa OM, Kareem HAE, Fatahy R. Assessment of the efficacy of Aspergillus sp. EL-2 in textile waste water treatment. Biodegradation 2011; 23:243-51. [PMID: 21822953 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-011-9503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fungal biomass has the ability to decolorize a wide variety of dyes successfully through a number of mechanisms. A brown rot isolate, previously identified as Aspergillus sp. EL-2, was used in the aerobic treatment of textile waste water efficiently. In the current work, the treated waste water was tested chemically using more than one combined treatment. Microbial toxicity, phytotoxicity, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were also studied to assess the toxicity level for each treatment. The obtained data suggest that the contribution of more than one mode of treatment is essential to ensure complete destruction of the by-products. The use of gamma irradiation (25 kGy) after the bioremediation step led to the decrease of the by-products of biodegradation as observed by visible spectrum and Fourier transfer infra red spectroscopy (FT-IR). The toxicity assessment presented variable results indicating the need for more than one toxicity test to confirm the presence or absence of hazardous compounds. Brown rot fungus could be used efficiently in the treatment of textile waste water without the risk of obtaining high carcinogenic or genotoxic compounds, especially if combined treatment is employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Gomaa
- Microbiology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
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25
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Breheny D, Oke O, Faux SP. The use of in vitro systems to assess cancer mechanisms and the carcinogenic potential of chemicals. Altern Lab Anim 2011; 39:233-55. [PMID: 21777038 DOI: 10.1177/026119291103900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a highly complex, multi-stage process that can occur over a relatively long period before its clinical manifestation. While the sequence in which a cancer cell acquires the necessary traits for tumour formation can vary, there are a number of mechanisms that are common to most, if not all, cancers across the spectrum of possible causes. Many aspects of carcinogenesis can be modelled in vitro. This has led to the development of a number of mechanistically driven, cell-based assays to assess the pro-carcinogenic and anti-carcinogenic potential of chemicals. A review is presented of the current in vitro models that can be used to study carcinogenesis, with examples of cigarette smoke testing in some of these models, in order to illustrate their potential applications. We present an overview of the assays used in regulatory genotoxicity testing, as well as those designed to model other aspects that are considered to be hallmarks of cancer. The latter assays are described with a view to demonstrating the recent advances in these areas, to a point where they should now be considered for inclusion in an overall testing strategy for chemical carcinogens.
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26
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Morita T, MacGregor JT, Hayashi M. Micronucleus assays in rodent tissues other than bone marrow. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:223-30. [PMID: 21164206 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This report updates previous reviews that were conducted as part of the third and fourth International Workshops on Genetic Toxicology Testing of micronucleus (MN) assays in rodent tissues other than bone marrow. Tissues discussed here are liver, lung, skin, colon, spleen, testes and foetal/neonatal tissues with transplacental exposure. Previous reviews have been updated to include literature published after 2000. In addition to the previously described tissues, MN assays in bladder, buccal mucosal cells, stomach and vagina are also included. MN assays using tissues other than bone marrow are critical for risk assessments, for in situ evaluation and for studies of systemic genotoxic effects and modes of action. Protocols for the majority of assays in tissues other than bone marrow have not yet been well standardised and validated for regulatory application, and further development is needed to support regulatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Morita
- Division of Safety Information on Drug, Food and Chemicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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27
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Ettlin RA, Kuroda J, Plassmann S, Prentice DE. Successful drug development despite adverse preclinical findings part 1: processes to address issues and most important findings. J Toxicol Pathol 2010; 23:189-211. [PMID: 22272031 PMCID: PMC3234634 DOI: 10.1293/tox.23.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unexpected adverse preclinical findings (APFs) are not infrequently encountered during drug development. Such APFs can be functional disturbances such as QT prolongation, morphological toxicity or carcinogenicity. The latter is of particular concern in conjunction with equivocal genotoxicity results. The toxicologic pathologist plays an important role in recognizing these effects, in helping to characterize them, to evaluate their risk for man, and in proposing measures to mitigate the risk particularly in early clinical trials. A careful scientific evaluation is crucial while termination of the development of a potentially useful drug must be avoided. This first part of the review discusses processes to address unexpected APFs and provides an overview over typical APFs in particular classes of drugs. If the mode of action (MoA) by which a drug candidate produces an APF is known, this supports evaluation of its relevance for humans. Tailor-made mechanistic studies, when needed, must be planned carefully to test one or several hypotheses regarding the potential MoA and to provide further data for risk evaluation. Safety considerations are based on exposure at no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of the most sensitive and relevant animal species and guide dose escalation in clinical trials. The availability of early markers of toxicity for monitoring of humans adds further safety to clinical studies. Risk evaluation is concluded by a weight of evidence analysis (WoE) with an array of parameters including drug use, medical need and alternatives on the market. In the second part of this review relevant examples of APFs will be discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Ettlin
- Ettlin Consulting Ltd., 14 Mittelweg, 4142 Muenchenstein,
Switzerland
| | - Junji Kuroda
- KISSEI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320–1 Maki, Hotaka, Azumino,
Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Stephanie Plassmann
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - David E. Prentice
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
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28
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Evans TJ, Yamamoto KN, Hirota K, Takeda S. Mutant cells defective in DNA repair pathways provide a sensitive high-throughput assay for genotoxicity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 9:1292-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Pfuhler S, Kirst A, Aardema M, Banduhn N, Goebel C, Araki D, Costabel-Farkas M, Dufour E, Fautz R, Harvey J, Hewitt NJ, Hibatallah J, Carmichael P, Macfarlane M, Reisinger K, Rowland J, Schellauf F, Schepky A, Scheel J. A tiered approach to the use of alternatives to animal testing for the safety assessment of cosmetics: Genotoxicity. A COLIPA analysis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57:315-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Cohen SM. Evaluation of Possible Carcinogenic Risk to Humans Based on Liver Tumors in Rodent Assays. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:487-501. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623310363813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The two-year rodent bioassay remains the mainstay for carcinogenicity testing, although numerous difficulties have been identified. Fundamentally, a chemical can increase the risk of cancer (1) by damaging DNA directly (DNA reactive) or (2) indirectly by increasing the number of DNA replications (non–DNA reactive). Mechanistic research has identified numerous precursor lesions in the sequence of key events necessary for neoplasia development. Based on these concepts, the author has proposed a short-term (thirteen-week) assay for screening for carcinogenic potential based on a mode of action analysis and on readily available, identifiable preneoplastic changes. A screening assay that detects all potential rodent hepatocarcinogens has been previously identified ( Toxicol Pathol32 [2004], 393–401) including increased liver weight, hepatocellular necrosis, hypertrophy, and cytomegaly. Labeling index for DNA replication might supply additional support. These markers have high sensitivity but low specificity. However, most chemicals can be appropriately classified as to their mode(s) of action for hepatocarcinogenesis with follow-up mechanistic studies, and a rational evaluation of their relevance to humans can be made. A similar process can be envisioned for other tissues for evaluation for carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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31
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Soloneski S, Larramendy ML. Sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells treated with the insecticide pirimicarb. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 174:410-415. [PMID: 19811874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pirimicarb and its formulation Aficida (50% pirimicarb) effects were studied on CHO-K1 cells employing sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosomal aberrations (CA), cell-cycle progression and mitotic index analyses. Continuous treatments were performed within 10-300 microg/ml concentration-range. Pirimicarb, but not Aficida, induced a concentration-dependent increase of abnormal cells. Pirimicarb induced a greater frequency of chromatid/isochromatid breaks than Aficida did. Regression analyses showed a concentration-dependent increase in the frequency of chromatid-type breaks for both compounds whereas only the frequency of isochromatid-type breaks did in those pirimicarb-treated cultures. SCEs in pirimicarb- or Aficida-treated cultures were significantly higher than control values with concentrations of 100-200 microg/ml. Both test compounds induced equivalent frequency of SCEs. A delay in cell-cycle kinetics was observed for pirimicarb and Aficida within 100-300 and 200-300 microg/ml concentration-range, respectively. An inhibition of MI was observed for both chemicals regardless of tested concentrations. Finally, the CAs appears to be a higher sensitive bioassay to detect DNA damage at lower concentrations of pirimicarb than SCEs does. The results demonstrated that pirimicarb and Aficida exert geno-cytotoxicity, at least in CHO-K1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Soloneski
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Cátedra de Citología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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32
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Classification of Toxins in Humans. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420092264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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33
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Andersen ME, Al-Zoughool M, Croteau M, Westphal M, Krewski D. The future of toxicity testing. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2010; 13:163-196. [PMID: 20574896 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2010.483933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In 2007, the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) released a report, "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy," that proposes a paradigm shift for toxicity testing of environmental agents. The vision is based on the notion that exposure to environmental agents leads to adverse health outcomes through the perturbation of toxicity pathways that are operative in humans. Implementation of the NRC vision will involve a fundamental change in the assessment of toxicity of environmental agents, moving away from adverse health outcomes observed in experimental animals to the identification of critical perturbations of toxicity pathways. Pathway perturbations will be identified using in vitro assays and quantified for dose response using methods in computational toxicology and other recent scientific advances in basic biology. Implementation of the NRC vision will require a major research effort, not unlike that required to successfully map the human genome, extending over 10 to 20 years, involving the broad scientific community to map important toxicity pathways operative in humans. This article provides an overview of the scientific tools and technologies that will form the core of the NRC vision for toxicity testing. Of particular importance will be the development of rapidly performed in vitro screening assays using human cells and cell lines or human tissue surrogates to efficiently identify environmental agents producing critical pathway perturbations. In addition to the overview of the NRC vision, this study documents the reaction by a number of stakeholder groups since 2007, including the scientific, risk assessment, regulatory, and animal welfare communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin E Andersen
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Johnson MD, Schilz J, Djordjevic MV, Rice JR, Shields PG. Evaluation of in vitro assays for assessing the toxicity of cigarette smoke and smokeless tobacco. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:3263-304. [PMID: 19959677 PMCID: PMC2789344 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro toxicology studies of tobacco and tobacco smoke have been used to understand why tobacco use causes cancer and to assess the toxicologic impact of tobacco product design changes. The need for toxicology studies has been heightened given the Food and Drug Administration's newly granted authority over tobacco products for mandating tobacco product performance standards and evaluate manufacturers' health claims about modified tobacco products. The goal of this review is to critically evaluate in vitro toxicology methods related to cancer for assessing tobacco products and to identify related research gaps. METHODS PubMed database searches were used to identify tobacco-related in vitro toxicology studies published since 1980. Articles published before 1980 with high relevance also were identified. The data were compiled to examine (a) the goals of the study, (b) the methods for collecting test substances, (c) experimental designs, (d) toxicologic end points, and (e) relevance to cancer risk. RESULTS A variety of in vitro assays are available to assess tobacco smoke that address different modes of action, mostly using non-human cell models. However, smokeless tobacco products perform poorly in these assays. Although reliable as a screening tool for qualitative assessments, the available in vitro assays have been poorly validated for quantitative comparisons of different tobacco products. Assay batteries have not been developed, although they exist for nontobacco assessments. Extrapolating data from in vitro studies to human risks remains hypothetical. CONCLUSIONS In vitro toxicology methods are useful for screening toxicity, but better methods are needed for today's context of regulation and evaluation of health claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057-1465, USA
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Huang QM, Akashi T, Masuda Y, Kamiya K, Takahashi T, Suzuki M. Roles of POLD4, smallest subunit of DNA polymerase delta, in nuclear structures and genomic stability of human cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:542-6. [PMID: 19931513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian DNA polymerase delta (pol delta) is essential for DNA replication, though the functions of this smallest subunit of POLD4 have been elusive. We investigated pol delta activities in vitro and found that it was less active in the absence of POLD4, irrespective of the presence of the accessory protein PCNA. shRNA-mediated reduction of POLD4 resulted in a marked decrease in colony formation activity by Calu6, ACC-LC-319, and PC-10 cells. We also found that POLD4 reduction was associated with an increased population of karyomere-like cells, which may be an indication of DNA replication stress and/or DNA damage. The karyomere-like cells retained an ability to progress through the cell cycle, suggesting that POLD4 reduction induces modest genomic instability, while allowing cells to grow until DNA damage reaches an intolerant level. Our results indicate that POLD4 is required for the in vitro pol delta activity, and that it functions in cell proliferation and maintenance of genomic stability of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Miao Huang
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Titman CM, Downs JA, Oliver SG, Carmichael PL, Scott AD, Griffin JL. A metabolomic and multivariate statistical process to assess the effects of genotoxins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1913-24. [PMID: 20023725 DOI: 10.1039/b907754e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is an increased need to develop robust cellular model systems which could replace or reduce the need for animals in toxicological testing. Current in vitro strategies for genotoxicity testing suffer from a high irrelevant positive rate, requiring the need for the development of new in vitro tools. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used widely to study DNA damage and repair, and a high-throughput green fluorescent protein based assay has been developed to detect genotoxic-induced DNA damage. In this study a combined high resolution (1)H NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry based metabolomic approach has been used to monitor and distinguish different genotoxic compounds from other types of toxic lesion using the multivariate classification tool partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA). The metabolic profiles of extracts of yeast (W303alpha strain) readily distinguished the individual toxins from control cells across 22 different treatments. In addition, these metabolic profiles also demonstrated dose and time responses for selected compounds (methyl methane sulfonate and nocodazole). Finally, predictive models were built for distinguishing the genotoxic carcinogens from the control group according to the metabolic profile of the cell culture media.
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Testing genotoxicity and cytotoxicity strategies for the evaluation of commercial radiosterilized fetal calf sera. Biologicals 2009; 38:135-43. [PMID: 19716317 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of 18 commercial lots of fetal calf serum (FCS) after gamma-irradiation and their non-irradiated counterparts were comparatively analyzed on CHO-K1 and MDBK MDL1 cells for genotoxicity [sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronuclei (MNi), and single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)], cytotoxicity [cell-cycle progression (CCP), proliferative replication index (PRI), mitotic index (MI), growth promotion (GP), and plating efficiency (PE)], and microbiological properties (mycoplasma and bovine viral diarrhea virus contamination). SCE and SCGE were the most informative end-points for genotoxicity since significant differences were found in 44.4% (P<0.05-0.001, Student's t-test) and 61.1% (P<0.05-0.001, chi(2) test) samples, respectively. MI was the cytotoxicity assay revealing the greatest variation, showing differences in 66.7% (P<0.05-0.001, chi(2) test) samples. Thus, these three end-points for screening bioproducts such as FCS were found most suitable for detecting potential geno-cytotoxicants in biological samples; their simultaneous use could be strongly recommended.
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How to assess the mutagenic potential of cosmetic products without animal tests? MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 678:108-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mahabir AG, Zwart E, Schaap M, van Benthem J, de Vries A, Hernandez LG, Hendriksen CFM, van Steeg H. lacZ mouse embryonic fibroblasts detect both clastogens and mutagens. Mutat Res 2009; 666:50-56. [PMID: 19393670 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The clastogenic effects of MMC and BLM and the mutagenic effects of B[a]P, N-ac-AAF and ENU were studied in mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from wild-type (WT) and Rad54/Rad54B-deficient mice. Clastogens as well as mutagens showed a statistically significant induction of mutations in the lacZ reporter gene both in a WT and Rad54/Rad54B-deficient genetic background. Rad54/Rad54B MEFs appeared equally sensitive to the clastogens compared to WT MEFs, except for MMC. The type of mutations induced by the different compounds was investigated further by hybridizing the mutant colonies with total mouse DNA. An obvious increased number of mouse DNA positive clones was observed after BLM and MMC exposure, indicating that after these treatments genome rearrangements/translocations had occurred. In this hybridization assay, Rad54/Rad54B MEFs did not show more rearrangements/translocations than WT MEFs. As expected, the mutagens used showed no increase in chromosomal rearrangements or transloctions in MEFs derived from both genotypes. These results show that WT MEFs carrying the lacZ reporter gene on a plasmid are capable to detect both clastogenic as well as mutagenic effects of compounds in vitro. Deletion of the Rad54 and Rad54B genes did not further enhance the sensitivity of MEFs towards clastogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuska G Mahabir
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Health Protection Research, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The substitution of insects for laboratory animals in toxicity testing is likely to become a reality in the framework of prescreening. Haematotoxicological studies of newly developed chemicals, such as food components, drugs, etc. performed on insects can offer advantages in, for example, environmental toxicology. Reliable routine predictions should produce an increase in our knowledge of haemocyte physiology. Although the differences between human physiology and morphology and those of insects are great, the basic functions of insect haemocytes and mammalian leukocytes appear not to have changed during evolution. The use of insects in haematotoxicity assays represents a preclinical testing strategy which will lower costs, accelerate screening and offer ethical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Berger
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, 37005 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Based on analysis of mainly own data the author discusses the methodological problems of studies of modification of chemical mutagenesis, offers general recommendations for planning and realization of experiments, and analyzes possible trends in research and prospects for practical application of the results.
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Prado G, Bhalli JA, Marcos R. Genotoxicity of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide in human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells. Mutat Res 2009; 673:87-91. [PMID: 19146984 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxic potential of the organochlorine insecticides heptachlor (HC) and its metabolite heptachlor epoxide (HCE) has been evaluated in TK6 cells, a well-established human lymphoblastoid cell line. Genotoxicity has been determined by scoring the induction of DNA breaks in the comet assay and by measuring the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in binucleated cells. The results indicate that both compounds are able to induce significant increases in the percentage of DNA in the tail, the parameter used in the comet assay, with a direct dose-response relationship. Nevertheless, both compounds were unable to induce an increase in the frequency of MN. The comet assay measures primary DNA damage, while the induction of MN measures fixed damage. Thus, our results would suggest that the DNA damage induced by the two insecticides is not fixed as chromosome damage, which would be detectable by means of the MN assay (chromosome breaks and aneuploidy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Prado
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-X, México, D.F., Mexico
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Stang A, Witte I. Performance of the comet assay in a high-throughput version. Mutat Res 2009; 675:5-10. [PMID: 19386240 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The high-throughput comet assay was developed to reduce the processing time and to increase sample-throughput of the assay as described by Tice et al. (RR. Tice, E. Agurell, D. Anderson, B. Burlinson, A. Hartmann, H. Kobayashi, Y. Miyamae, E. Rojas, JC. Ryu, YF. Sasaki. Single cell gel/comet assay: guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing, Environ. Mol. Mutagen.35 (2000) 206-221). This high-throughput version allows for the processing of up to 400 samples per day. The basis of the new assay is a 96-well plate (multichamber plate, MCP) suitable for electrophoresis. After exposure of the cells to genotoxic agents, the walls of the MCP are separated from the bottom plate. All 96 samples together then go through lysis, alkaline unwinding, electrophoresis, neutralization, and staining. In this study, the first concentration-dependent results obtained with the high-throughput version are shown and a comparison is made with the standard version of the comet assay using five representative chemicals with different genotoxic properties. These genotoxic chemicals are methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethylnitrosourea, which form small alkylation adducts, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide for bulky adducts, cisplatin for DNA cross-links, and H(2)O(2) for direct DNA breakage. For medium and high effective concentrations a standard deviation of 3-20% for three replicates (25 comets per sample) was determined. A comparison of the standard assay with the high-throughput version revealed similar results for MMS and H(2)O(2). The integrated viability assay (FDA assay), which was performed after chemical treatment and before detachment of the bottom from the walls of the MCP, did not influence the outcome of the comet formation. In conclusion, the high-throughput version of the comet assay facilitates the determination of genotoxicity in cases where large numbers of samples have to be measured, such as during testing of industrial chemicals, biomonitoring of environmental samples, and early screening of drug candidates for genotoxicity/photogenotoxicity. For such applications the cost- and time-saving of the high-throughput method provides substantial advantages over the standard comet assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stang
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, IBU, Oldenburg, Germany
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44
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Guillouzo A, Guguen-Guillouzo C. Evolving concepts in liver tissue modeling and implications for in vitro toxicology. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:1279-94. [PMID: 18798698 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.10.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of human cell models stably expressing functional properties of the in vivo cells they are derived from for predicting toxicity of chemicals is a major challenge. For mimicking the liver, a major target of toxic chemicals, primary hepatocytes represent the most pertinent model. Their use is limited by interdonor functional variability and early phenotypic changes although their lifespan can be extended not only by culturing in a 2D dimension under sophisticated conditions but also by the use of synthetic and natural scaffolds as 3D supporting templates that allow cells to have a more stable microenvironment. Hepatocytes derived from stem cells could be the most appropriate alternative but up to now only liver progenitors/hepatoblasts are obtained in vitro. A few hepatocyte cell lines have retained a variable set of liver-specific functions. Among them are the human hepatoma HepaRG cells that express drug metabolism capacity at levels close to those found in primary hepatocytes making them a suitable model for both acute and chronic toxicity studies. New screening strategies are now proposed based on miniaturized and automated systems; they include the use of microfluidic chips and cell chips coupled with high content imaging analysis. Toxicogenomics technologies (particularly toxicotranscriptomics) have emerged as promising in vitro approaches for better identification and discrimination of cellular responses to chemicals. They should allow to discriminate compounds on the basis of the identification of a set of markers and/specific signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Guillouzo
- Université de Rennes I and INSERM U620, Faculté des Pharmacie, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
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45
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Ghosh P, Sinha AK. Hair Colors: Classification, Chemistry and a Review of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods for Analysis. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802352605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Galiotte MP, Kohler P, Mussi G, Gattás GJF. Assessment of occupational genotoxic risk among Brazilian hairdressers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 52:645-51. [PMID: 18596021 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/men037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the genotoxic risk to hairdressers exposed daily to chemical substances such as hair dyes, waving and straightening preparations and manicurists' products by the Comet assay test (single-cell gel electrophoresis). METHODS The Comet assay was performed on blood samples from 69 female hairdressers (36.4 +/- 10.7 years old) currently employed in 21 different beauty institutes in São Paulo, Brazil, and on 55 female control blood donors (32.6 +/- 10.0 years old) from the São Paulo University Clinical Hospital blood bank. All the control subjects had occupations other than hairdresser. Comet assays were performed by evaluating 100 blood lymphocytes per individual and graded by visual score according to comet tail length. RESULTS The hairdressers showed a higher frequency of DNA damage revealed by Comet Score (159.8 +/- 71) when compared to the control group (125.4 +/- 64.1), and the difference was statistically significant by the Student's t-test (P = 0.005). Multiple regression analysis showed that in addition to the hairdressers' profession, tobacco use contributed to the higher frequency of cells with comets (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The observed DNA damage could be associated with the hairdressers' occupational environment, where different chemicals are chronically manipulated and inhaled. Considering that this profession in many countries, including Brazil, is not officially regulated, more attention should focus on these professionals not only by legislative bodies but also by multidisciplinary teams able to develop and implement risk prevention and control strategies for chemical, physical and biological agents to which hairdressers are exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Precivalle Galiotte
- Department of Legal Medicine, Ethics and Occupational Health, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05405-000, Brazil
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Wang S, Mosley C, Stewart G, Yu H. Photochemical reaction of a dye precursor 4-chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine and its associated mutagenic effects. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008; 197:34-39. [PMID: 19516884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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48
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Garcia-Sagredo JM. Fifty years of cytogenetics: a parallel view of the evolution of cytogenetics and genotoxicology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2008; 1779:363-75. [PMID: 18515111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A parallelism exists between human cytogenetics and cytogenetic toxicology. The breakthroughs, mostly coming from and used in clinical genetics, are widely used in genetic toxicology. The birth of human cytogenetics occurred in 1956 when it was published that the diploid number of chromosomes in humans is 46. The first stage in chromosome-induced mutagenesis began in 1938 when Sax published the effects of X-rays on the chromosomes of Drosophila. In 1959, the cytogenetic anomalies for Down, Klinefelter, and Turner syndromes were described, and parallelly in 1960, the first publication on chromosomal aberrations in man caused by ionizing radiation appeared. The cytogenetic analysis of chromosomal aberrations in cell cultures is considered one of the primary methods to evaluate induced mutagenesis. At the end of the 1960s, banding techniques allowed chromosomes to be individually identified, in parallel, the sister chromatid exchange analysis technology was described. Another milestone in the history of induced mutagenesis was the discovery that mutagenic agents were able to alter chromosomal division and segregation in gonads inducing meiotic nondisjunction. Here we review new approaches and applications such as biological dosimetry, translocation scoring using FISH, and micronucleus test. Chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus test are now effective cytogenetic biomarkers of early effect used as cancer predictors. Human cytogenetics has proven to be effective over its 50-year lifespan and, although each new technique that has appeared seemed to announce its end, the fact is that the current state of cytogenetics is in reality a collection of techniques that, while common, are cheap, fast, and wide-ranging. Therefore, in genotoxicology, they continue to be useful to identify mutagenic agents as well as to evaluate and analyze exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Garcia-Sagredo
- Medical Genetics Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
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Mahabir AG, van Benthem J, Korsten H, Lynch AM, Bailey L, de Vries A, Hendriksen CF, van Steeg H. Detecting genotoxic effects of potential clastogens: An in vivo study using the transgenic lacZ plasmid and the Muta™Mouse model. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2008; 652:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ennaceur S, Ridha D, Marcos R. Genotoxicity of the organochlorine pesticides 1,1-dichloro-2,2- bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in cultured human lymphocytes. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:1335-1339. [PMID: 18164367 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The possible genotoxic potential of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), which is a metabolite of dichlorobiphenyltrichloroetane (DDT), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which are organochlorine pesticides have been evaluated in vitro by using human lymphocytes as test system. Genetic damage was determined by scoring the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in primary lymphocyte cultures obtained from different donors. The results indicated that, under the experimental conditions used, the DDT metabolite DDE was able to induce significant increases in the frequency of micronucleated cells, which indicate a certain clastogenic and/or aneugenic potential. DDE was tested in the range of 10-80 mM, but the only concentration producing a significant genotoxic effect was 80 mM. On the other hand, HCB was unable to induce a significant increase in the MN frequency in the range of concentrations assayed, from 0.005 to 0.1mM. The selected concentrations of DDE and HCB were chosen according to their toxicity in cell blood cultures; higher concentrations reduced significantly cell proliferation and produced a low frequency of binucleated cells. In conclusion, the results indicate that a genotoxic risk is associated with the exposure to DDE at concentrations 80 mM and above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Ennaceur
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université du 7 Novembre a Carthage, Tunisie
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