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Kim SC. Development and performance evaluation of medical radiation-reducing creams using eco-friendly radiation-shielding composites. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20424. [PMID: 39227615 PMCID: PMC11371934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
To ensure the safety of medical personnel in healthcare organizations, radiation-shielding materials like protective clothing are used to protect against low-dose radiation, such as scattered rays. The extremities, particularly the hands, are the most exposed to radiation. New materials that can be directly coated onto the skin would be more cost-effective, efficient, and convenient than gloves. We developed protective creams using eco-friendly shielding materials, including barium sulfate, bismuth oxide, and ytterbium oxide, to avoid harmful effects of heavy metals like lead, and tested their skin-protective effects. Particularly, the radiation-shielding effect of ytterbium oxide was compared with that of the other materials. As shielding material dispersion and layer thickness greatly affect the efficacy of radiation-shielding creams, we assessed dispersion in terms of the weight percentage (wt%). The effective radiation energy was reduced by 20% with a 1.0-mm increase in cream thickness. Ytterbium oxide had a higher radiation-shielding rate than the other two materials. A 28% difference in protective effect was observed with varying wt%, and the 45 wt% cream at 63.4 keV radiation achieved a 61.3% reduction rate. Higher content led to a more stable incident energy-reducing effect. In conclusion, ytterbium oxide shows potential as a radiation-shielding material for creams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Chil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.
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2
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Xu H, Liu Z, Du M, Chen Z. Progression in low-intensity ultrasound-induced tumor radiosensitization. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7332. [PMID: 38967145 PMCID: PMC11224918 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy (RT) is a widely utilized tumor treatment approach, while a significant obstacle in this treatment modality is the radioresistance exhibited by tumor cells. To enhance the effectiveness of RT, scientists have explored radiosensitization approaches, including the use of radiosensitizers and physical stimuli. Nevertheless, several approaches have exhibited disappointing results including adverse effects and limited efficacy. A safer and more effective method of radiosensitization involves low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS), which selectively targets tumor tissue and enhances the efficacy of radiation therapy. METHODS This review summarized the tumor radioresistance reasons and explored LIUS potential radiosensitization mechanisms. Moreover, it covered diverse LIUS application strategies in radiosensitization, including the use of LIUS alone, ultrasound-targeted intravascular microbubble destruction, ultrasound-mediated targeted radiosensitizers delivery, and sonodynamic therapy. Lastly, the review presented the limitations and prospects of employing LIUS-RT combined therapy in clinical settings, emphasizing the need to connect research findings with practical applications. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION LIUS employs cost-effective equipment to foster tumor radiosensitization, curtail radiation exposure, and elevate the quality of life for patients. This efficacy is attributed to LIUS's ability to utilize thermal, cavitation, and mechanical effects to overcome tumor cell resistance to RT. Multiple experimental analyses have underscored the effectiveness of LIUS in inducing tumor radiosensitization using diverse strategies. While initial studies have shown promising results, conducting more comprehensive clinical trials is crucial to confirm its safety and effectiveness in real-world situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Precision Theranostics and Radiation Protection, College of Hunan Province, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaChangshaHunan ProvinceChina
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
| | - Zichao Liu
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Veterans Administration Hospital, Hengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaChangshaHunan ProvinceChina
| | - Meng Du
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Precision Theranostics and Radiation Protection, College of Hunan Province, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaChangshaHunan ProvinceChina
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Precision Theranostics and Radiation Protection, College of Hunan Province, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaChangshaHunan ProvinceChina
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Hengyang Medical School, University of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
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Iavicoli I, Fontana L, Santocono C, Guarino D, Laudiero M, Calabrese EJ. The challenges of defining hormesis in epidemiological studies: The case of radiation hormesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166030. [PMID: 37544458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In the current radiation protection system, preventive measures and occupational exposure limits for controlling occupational exposure to ionizing radiation are based on the linear no-threshold extrapolation model. However, currently an increasing body of evidence indicates that this paradigm predicts very poorly biological responses in the low-dose exposure region. In addition, several in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the presence of hormetic dose response curves correlated to ionizing radiation low exposure. In this regard, it is noteworthy that also the findings of different epidemiological studies, conducted in different categories of occupationally exposed workers (e.g., healthcare, nuclear industrial and aircrew workers), observed lower rates of mortality and/or morbidity from cancer and/or other diseases in exposed workers than in unexposed ones or in the general population, then suggesting the possible occurrence of hormesis. Nevertheless, these results should be considered with caution since the identification of hormetic response in epidemiological studies is rather challenging because of a number of major limitations. In this regard, some of the most remarkable shortcomings found in epidemiological studies performed in workers exposed to ionizing radiation are represented by lack or inadequate definition of exposure doses, use of surrogates of exposure, narrow dose ranges, lack of proper control groups and poor evaluation of confounding factors. Therefore, considering the valuable role and contribution that epidemiological studies might provide to the complex risk assessment and management process, there is a clear and urgent need to overcome the aforementioned limits in order to achieve an adequate, useful and more real-life risk assessment that should also include the key concept of hormesis. Thus, in the present conceptual article we also discuss and provide possible approaches to improve the capacity of epidemiological studies to identify/define the hormetic response and consequently improve the complex process of risk assessment of ionizing radiation at low exposure doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luca Fontana
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carolina Santocono
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Guarino
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Laudiero
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Kochanova D, Gulati S, Durdik M, Jakl L, Kosik P, Skorvaga M, Vrobelova K, Vigasova K, Markova E, Salat D, Klepanec A, Belyaev I. Effects of low-dose ionizing radiation on genomic instability in interventional radiology workers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15525. [PMID: 37726322 PMCID: PMC10509213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interventional radiologists are chronically exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation (IR), which may represent a health risk. The aim of the present study was to evaluate genomic instability by analyzing chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and 53BP1 DNA repair foci in peripheral blood lymphocytes of radiologists. Based on the IAEA guidelines on biodosimetry using dicentrics, the average protracted whole-body dose in radiologists were estimated. Since preleukemic fusion genes (PFG) are the primary events leading to leukemia, we also studied their presence by RT-qPCR and FISH. No significant difference in 53BP1 foci and incidence of PFG (MLL-AF4, MLL-AF9, AML1-ETO, BCR-ABL p190) was found in cells of interventional radiologists in comparison to controls. However, our results showed an increased frequency of micronuclei and various types of chromosomal aberrations including dicentrics in interventional radiologists. The average protracted whole body estimated dose was defined at 452.63 mGy. We also found a significantly higher amplification of the MLL gene segment and increased RNA expression in cells of interventional radiologists in comparison to controls. In conclusion, our results showed that long-term low-dose IR induces genomic instability in interventional radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kochanova
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Sachin Gulati
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matus Durdik
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lukas Jakl
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Kosik
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Skorvaga
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Vrobelova
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Vigasova
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Markova
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dusan Salat
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Namestie J. Herdu 577/2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia
- Institute of Radiation Protection, Ltd., Stanicna 1062/24, 911 05, Trencin, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Klepanec
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Namestie J. Herdu 577/2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Spitalska 24 , 813 72 , Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Averbeck D. Low-Dose Non-Targeted Effects and Mitochondrial Control. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11460. [PMID: 37511215 PMCID: PMC10380638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-targeted effects (NTE) have been generally regarded as a low-dose ionizing radiation (IR) phenomenon. Recently, regarding long distant abscopal effects have also been observed at high doses of IR) relevant to antitumor radiation therapy. IR is inducing NTE involving intracellular and extracellular signaling, which may lead to short-ranging bystander effects and distant long-ranging extracellular signaling abscopal effects. Internal and "spontaneous" cellular stress is mostly due to metabolic oxidative stress involving mitochondrial energy production (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation and/or anaerobic pathways accompanied by the leakage of O2- and other radicals from mitochondria during normal or increased cellular energy requirements or to mitochondrial dysfunction. Among external stressors, ionizing radiation (IR) has been shown to very rapidly perturb mitochondrial functions, leading to increased energy supply demands and to ROS/NOS production. Depending on the dose, this affects all types of cell constituents, including DNA, RNA, amino acids, proteins, and membranes, perturbing normal inner cell organization and function, and forcing cells to reorganize the intracellular metabolism and the network of organelles. The reorganization implies intracellular cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of important proteins, activation of autophagy, and mitophagy, as well as induction of cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, and senescence. It also includes reprogramming of mitochondrial metabolism as well as genetic and epigenetic control of the expression of genes and proteins in order to ensure cell and tissue survival. At low doses of IR, directly irradiated cells may already exert non-targeted effects (NTE) involving the release of molecular mediators, such as radicals, cytokines, DNA fragments, small RNAs, and proteins (sometimes in the form of extracellular vehicles or exosomes), which can induce damage of unirradiated neighboring bystander or distant (abscopal) cells as well as immune responses. Such non-targeted effects (NTE) are contributing to low-dose phenomena, such as hormesis, adaptive responses, low-dose hypersensitivity, and genomic instability, and they are also promoting suppression and/or activation of immune cells. All of these are parts of the main defense systems of cells and tissues, including IR-induced innate and adaptive immune responses. The present review is focused on the prominent role of mitochondria in these processes, which are determinants of cell survival and anti-tumor RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Averbeck
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, PRISME, UMR CNRS 5822/IN2P3, IP2I, Lyon-Sud Medical School, University Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins, France
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Laurier D, Billarand Y, Klokov D, Leuraud K. The scientific basis for the use of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model at low doses and dose rates in radiological protection. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2023; 43:024003. [PMID: 37339605 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/acdfd7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The linear no-threshold (LNT) model was introduced into the radiological protection system about 60 years ago, but this model and its use in radiation protection are still debated today. This article presents an overview of results on effects of exposure to low linear-energy-transfer radiation in radiobiology and epidemiology accumulated over the last decade and discusses their impact on the use of the LNT model in the assessment of radiation-related cancer risks at low doses. The knowledge acquired over the past 10 years, both in radiobiology and epidemiology, has reinforced scientific knowledge about cancer risks at low doses. In radiobiology, although certain mechanisms do not support linearity, the early stages of carcinogenesis comprised of mutational events, which are assumed to play a key role in carcinogenesis, show linear responses to doses from as low as 10 mGy. The impact of non-mutational mechanisms on the risk of radiation-related cancer at low doses is currently difficult to assess. In epidemiology, the results show excess cancer risks at dose levels of 100 mGy or less. While some recent results indicate non-linear dose relationships for some cancers, overall, the LNT model does not substantially overestimate the risks at low doses. Recent results, in radiobiology or in epidemiology, suggest that a dose threshold, if any, could not be greater than a few tens of mGy. The scientific knowledge currently available does not contradict the use of the LNT model for the assessment of radiation-related cancer risks within the radiological protection system, and no other dose-risk relationship seems more appropriate for radiological protection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Laurier
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Yann Billarand
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Dmitry Klokov
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Klervi Leuraud
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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7
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Anderson D, Kaneko S, Harshman A, Okuda K, Takagi T, Chinn S, Beasley JC, Nanba K, Ishiniwa H, Hinton TG. Radiocesium accumulation and germline mutations in chronically exposed wild boar from Fukushima, with radiation doses to human consumers of contaminated meat. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119359. [PMID: 35487469 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Genetic effects and radioactive contamination of large mammals, including wild boar (Sus scrofa), have been studied in Japan because of dispersal of radionuclides from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2011. Such studies have generally demonstrated a declining trend in measured radiocesium body burdens in wildlife. Estimating radiation exposure to wildlife is important to understand possible long-term impacts. Here, radiation exposure was evaluated in 307 wild boar inhabiting radioactively contaminated areas (50-8000 kBq m-2) in Fukushima Prefecture from 2016 to 2019, and genetic markers were examined to assess possible germline mutations caused by chronic radiation exposures to several generations of wild boar. Internal Cs activity concentrations in boar remained high in areas near the power plant with the highest concentration of 54 kBq kg-1 measured in 2019. Total dose rates to wild boar ranged from 0.02 to 36 μGy h-1, which was primarily attributed to external radiation exposure, and dose rates to the maximally exposed animals were above the generic no-effects benchmark of 10 μGy h-1. Using the estimated age of each animal, lifetime radiation doses ranged from <0.1 mGy to 700 mGy. Despite chronic exposures, the genetic analyses showed no significant accumulation of mutation events. Because wild boar is an occasional human dietary item in Japan, effective dose to humans from ingesting contaminated wild boar meat was calculated. Hypothetical consumption of contaminated wild boar meat from radioactively contaminated areas in Fukushima, at the per capita pork consumption rate (12.9 kg y-1), would result in an average effective annual dose of 0.9 mSv y-1, which is below the annual ingestion limit of 1 mSv y-1. Additionally, a consumption rate of about 1.4 kg y-1 of the most contaminated meat in this study would not exceed annual ingestion limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Anderson
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan; Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Shingo Kaneko
- Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Amber Harshman
- Environmental Protection Services Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Kei Okuda
- Faculty of Human Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Shudo University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihito Takagi
- Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sarah Chinn
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ishiniwa
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Thomas G Hinton
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Ghosh A. Biological and cellular responses of humans to high-level natural radiation: A clarion call for a fresh perspective on the linear no-threshold paradigm. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 878:503478. [PMID: 35649671 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There remains considerable uncertainty in obtaining risk estimates of adverse health outcomes of chronic low-dose radiation. In the absence of reliable direct data, extrapolation through the linear no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis forms the cardinal tenet of all risk assessments for low doses (≤ 100 mGy) and for the radiation protection principle of As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA). However, as recent evidences demonstrate, LNT assumptions do not appropriately reflect the biology of the cell at the low-dose end of the dose-response curve. In this regard, human populations living in high-level natural radiation areas (HLNRA) of the world can provide valuable insights into the biological and cellular effects of chronic radiation to facilitate improved precision of the dose-response relationship at low doses. Here, data obtained over decades of epidemiological and radiobiological studies on HLNRA populations is summarized. These studies do not show any evidence of unfavourable health effects or adverse cellular effects that can be correlated with high-level natural radiation. Contrary to the assumptions of LNT, no excess cancer risks or untoward pregnancy outcomes have been found to be associated with cumulative radiation dose or in-utero exposures. Molecular biology-driven studies demonstrate that chronic low-dose activates several cellular defence mechanisms that help cells to sense, recover, survive, and adapt to radiation stress. These mechanisms include stress-response signaling, DNA repair, immune alterations and most importantly, the radiation-induced adaptive response. The HLNRA data is consistent with the new evolving paradigms of low-dose radiobiology and can help develop the theoretical framework of an alternate dose-response model. A rational integration of radiobiology with epidemiology data is imperative to reduce uncertainties in predicting the potential health risks of chronic low doses of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Ghosh
- Animal House Facility & Radiation Signaling Section, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India.
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Strigari L, Strolin S, Morganti AG, Bartoloni A. Dose-Effects Models for Space Radiobiology: An Overview on Dose-Effect Relationships. Front Public Health 2021; 9:733337. [PMID: 34820349 PMCID: PMC8606590 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.733337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Space radiobiology is an interdisciplinary science that examines the biological effects of ionizing radiation on humans involved in aerospace missions. The dose-effect models are one of the relevant topics of space radiobiology. Their knowledge is crucial for optimizing radioprotection strategies (e.g., spaceship and lunar space station-shielding and lunar/Mars village design), the risk assessment of the health hazard related to human space exploration, and reducing damages induced to astronauts from galactic cosmic radiation. Dose-effect relationships describe the observed damages to normal tissues or cancer induction during and after space flights. They are developed for the various dose ranges and radiation qualities characterizing the actual and the forecast space missions [International Space Station (ISS) and solar system exploration]. Based on a Pubmed search including 53 papers reporting the collected dose-effect relationships after space missions or in ground simulations, 7 significant dose-effect relationships (e.g., eye flashes, cataract, central nervous systems, cardiovascular disease, cancer, chromosomal aberrations, and biomarkers) have been identified. For each considered effect, the absorbed dose thresholds and the uncertainties/limitations of the developed relationships are summarized and discussed. The current knowledge on this topic can benefit from further in vitro and in vivo radiobiological studies, an accurate characterization of the quality of space radiation, and the numerous experimental dose-effects data derived from the experience in the clinical use of ionizing radiation for diagnostic or treatments with doses similar to those foreseen for the future space missions. The growing number of pooled studies could improve the prediction ability of dose-effect relationships for space exposure and reduce their uncertainty level. Novel research in the field is of paramount importance to reduce damages to astronauts from cosmic radiation before Beyond Low Earth Orbit exploration in the next future. The study aims at providing an overview of the published dose-effect relationships and illustrates novel perspectives to inspire future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Strigari
- Department of Medical Physics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Strolin
- Department of Medical Physics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Giuseppe Morganti
- Radiation Oncology Center, School of Medicine, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine - DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Tuieng RJ, Cartmell SH, Kirwan CC, Sherratt MJ. The Effects of Ionising and Non-Ionising Electromagnetic Radiation on Extracellular Matrix Proteins. Cells 2021; 10:3041. [PMID: 34831262 PMCID: PMC8616186 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to sub-lethal doses of ionising and non-ionising electromagnetic radiation can impact human health and well-being as a consequence of, for example, the side effects of radiotherapy (therapeutic X-ray exposure) and accelerated skin ageing (chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation: UVR). Whilst attention has focused primarily on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with cells and cellular components, radiation-induced damage to long-lived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins has the potential to profoundly affect tissue structure, composition and function. This review focuses on the current understanding of the biological effects of ionising and non-ionising radiation on the ECM of breast stroma and skin dermis, respectively. Although there is some experimental evidence for radiation-induced damage to ECM proteins, compared with the well-characterised impact of radiation exposure on cell biology, the structural, functional, and ultimately clinical consequences of ECM irradiation remain poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Jie Tuieng
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Sarah H. Cartmell
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering and The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Cliona C. Kirwan
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
| | - Michael J. Sherratt
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Kugathasan T, Mothersill C. Radiobiological and social considerations following a radiological terrorist attack; mechanisms, detection and mitigation: review of new research developments. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:855-864. [PMID: 34644238 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1988180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review focuses on recent research in understanding the different aspects of what society should expect from a radiological attack. Although some scenarios of a radiologic event can be impossible to be prepared for, the effort put toward educating and better preparing for these types of events can help minimize some of the issues. The different areas discussed in this review include radioisotopes of concern, detection of radiation dose, biological effects of ionizing radiation exposures, low dose effects, targeted and non-targeted effects (NTE), psychological effects, mitigations, with a brief mention of other considerations such as medical preparedness, communication, policy implications and ethical issues. This review also discusses solutions to rectify the issues faced at hand that may come up in the event of a radiologic terrorist attack. CONCLUSIONS A review of recent work in the area shows that a multi-layered and interdisciplinary approach is needed to prepare for a radiological terrorist attack. As well as medical preparedness, the approach needs to include sociological and psychological planning as well as an understanding of ethical issues. Since the likely 'dirty bomb' scenarios may involve low dose exposures to high numbers of people, a much better theoretical and practical understanding of low dose radiobiology and the development of robust low dose exposure biomarkers is needed as part of an integrated plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Kugathasan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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12
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Averbeck D, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C. Role of Mitochondria in Radiation Responses: Epigenetic, Metabolic, and Signaling Impacts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011047. [PMID: 34681703 PMCID: PMC8541263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, radiation effects have been considered to be mainly due to nuclear DNA damage and their management by repair mechanisms. However, molecular biology studies reveal that the outcomes of exposures to ionizing radiation (IR) highly depend on activation and regulation through other molecular components of organelles that determine cell survival and proliferation capacities. As typical epigenetic-regulated organelles and central power stations of cells, mitochondria play an important pivotal role in those responses. They direct cellular metabolism, energy supply and homeostasis as well as radiation-induced signaling, cell death, and immunological responses. This review is focused on how energy, dose and quality of IR affect mitochondria-dependent epigenetic and functional control at the cellular and tissue level. Low-dose radiation effects on mitochondria appear to be associated with epigenetic and non-targeted effects involved in genomic instability and adaptive responses, whereas high-dose radiation effects (>1 Gy) concern therapeutic effects of radiation and long-term outcomes involving mitochondria-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses. Both effects depend on radiation quality. For example, the increased efficacy of high linear energy transfer particle radiotherapy, e.g., C-ion radiotherapy, relies on the reduction of anastasis, enhanced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and immunogenic (antitumor) responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Averbeck
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, PRISME, UMR CNRS 5822/IN2P3, IP2I, Lyon-Sud Medical School, University Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Claire Rodriguez-Lafrasse
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, PRISME, UMR CNRS 5822/IN2P3, IP2I, Lyon-Sud Medical School, University Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins, France;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
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13
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Cunningham K, Hinton TG, Luxton JJ, Bordman A, Okuda K, Taylor LE, Hayes J, Gerke HC, Chinn SM, Anderson D, Laudenslager ML, Takase T, Nemoto Y, Ishiniwa H, Beasley JC, Bailey SM. Evaluation of DNA damage and stress in wildlife chronically exposed to low-dose, low-dose rate radiation from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 155:106675. [PMID: 34120002 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The health effects associated with chronic low-dose, low-dose rate (LD-LDR) exposures to environmental radiation are uncertain. All dose-effect studies conducted outside controlled laboratory conditions are challenged by inherent complexities of ecological systems and difficulties quantifying dose to free-ranging organisms in natural environments. Consequently, the effects of chronic LD-LDR radiation exposures on wildlife health remain poorly understood and much debated. Here, samples from wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and rat snakes (Elaphe spp.) were collected between 2016 and 2018 across a gradient of radiation exposures in Fukushima, Japan. In vivo biomarkers of DNA damage and stress were evaluated as a function of multiple measurements of radiation dose. Specifically, we assessed frequencies of dicentric chromosomes (Telomere-Centromere Fluorescence in situ Hybridization: TC-FISH), telomere length (Telo-FISH, qPCR), and cortisol hormone levels (Enzyme Immunoassay: EIA) in wild boar, and telomere length (qPCR) in snakes. These biological parameters were then correlated to robust calculations of radiation dose rate at the time of capture and plausible upper bound lifetime dose, both of which incorporated internal and external dose. No significant relationships were observed between dicentric chromosome frequencies or telomere length and dose rate at capture or lifetime dose (p value range: 0.20-0.97). Radiation exposure significantly associated only with cortisol, where lower concentrations were associated with higher dose rates (r2 = 0.58; p < 0.0001), a relationship that was likely due to other (unmeasured) factors. Our results suggest that wild boar and snakes chronically exposed to LD-LDR radiation sufficient to prohibit human occupancy were not experiencing significant adverse health effects as assessed by biomarkers of DNA damage and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Cunningham
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
| | - Thomas G Hinton
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1433 Ås, Norway; Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Jared J Luxton
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
| | - Aryn Bordman
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
| | - Kei Okuda
- Faculty of Human Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Shudo University, Hiroshima 731-3195, Japan
| | - Lynn E Taylor
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
| | - Josh Hayes
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
| | - Hannah C Gerke
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC 29808, USA
| | - Sarah M Chinn
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC 29808, USA
| | - Donovan Anderson
- Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima City, Kanayagawa 960-1248, Japan
| | - Mark L Laudenslager
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tsugiko Takase
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Yui Nemoto
- Fukushima Prefectural Centre for Environmental Creation, 2-10 Fukasaku, Miharu, Fukushima 963-7799, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ishiniwa
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC 29808, USA
| | - Susan M Bailey
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
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14
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Impens NREN, Salomaa S. The joint roadmap for radiation protection research: outreach and future. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2021; 41:S285-S296. [PMID: 34380130 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac1c96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade there has been remarkable integration of radiation protection research in Europe, driven by six research platforms. The platforms are associations of research centres, university research groups and funding bodies in Member States that are dedicated to specialised areas of research in radiation protection, such as health risks (MELODI), radioecology (ALLIANCE), radiological emergencies (NERIS), dosimetry (EURADOS), medical use of radiation (EURAMED) and societal aspects (SHARE). Recently these platforms established an umbrella organisation MEENAS, to endorse further integration and joint activities in research, education and training, and infrastructures. A milestone in this process of integration and priority setting was achieved in 2020 when the first edition of the joint roadmap for radiation protection research was finalised. In this paper we describe the various roles for research and development in the radiation protection context, ranging from basic scientific knowledge underpinning the system of protection to research supporting the development and application of international standards and research and development activities needed to ensure safety in radiation practices and in potential exposure scenarios. We describe the process of how the joint roadmap has been developed and how it could be implemented. Finally, we address the need to anticipate potential future exposure scenarios and to systematically consider the impact of emerging technologies and global challenges in the context of radiation protection. The joint roadmap is a living document that needs to be regularly updated to cover both current and potential exposures of humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, P.O.Box 14, 00811 Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Huang CS, Qiu LZ, Yue L, Wang NN, Liu H, Deng HF, Ni YH, Ma ZC, Zhou W, Gao Y. Low-dose radiation-induced demethylation of 3β-HSD participated in the regulation of testosterone content. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:529-539. [PMID: 34550611 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effects of low-dose radiation (LDR, ≤0.1 Gy) on living organisms have been the hot areas of radiation biology but do not reach a definitive conclusion yet. So far, few studies have adequately accounted for the male reproductive system responses to LDR, particularly the regulation of testosterone content. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of LDR on Leydig cells and testicular tissue, especially the ability to synthesize testosterone. We found that less than 0.2-Gy 60 Co gamma rays did not cause significant changes in the hemogram index and the body weight; also, pathological examination did not find obvious structural alterations in testis, epididymis, and other radiation-sensitive organs. Consistently, the results from in vitro showed that only more than 0.5-Gy gamma rays could induce remarkable DNA damage, cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Notably, LDR disturbed the contents of testosterone in mice serums and culture supernatants of TM3 cells and dose dependently increased the expression of 3β-HSD. After cotreatment with trilostane (Tril), the inhibitor of 3β-HSD, increased testosterone could be partially reversed. Besides, DNA damage repair-related enzymes, including DNMT1, DNMT3B, and Sirt1, were increased in irradiated TM3 cells, accompanying by evident demethylation in the gene body of 3β-HSD. In conclusion, our results strongly suggest that LDR could induce obvious perturbation in the synthesis of testosterone without causing organic damage, during which DNA demethylation modification of 3β-HSD might play a crucial role and would be a potential target to prevent LDR-induced male reproductive damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Shu Huang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zhen Qiu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lanxin Yue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ning-Ning Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Fang Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hao Ni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Chun Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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He CQ, Mao L, Yao J, Zhao WC, Huang B, Hu N, Long DX. The Threshold Effects of Low-Dose-Rate Radiation on miRNA-Mediated Neurodevelopment of Zebrafish. Radiat Res 2021; 196:633-646. [PMID: 34399425 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00265.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The biological effects and regulatory mechanisms of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation are still rather controversial. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effects of low-dose-rate radiation on zebrafish neurodevelopment and the role of miRNAs in radiation-induced neurodevelopment. Zebrafish embryos received prolonged gamma-ray irradiation (0 mGy/h, 0.1 mGy/h, 0.2 mGy/h, 0.4 mGy/h) during development. Neurodevelopmental indicators included mortality, malformation rate, swimming speed, as well as the morphology changes of the lateral line system and brain tissue. Additionally, spatiotemporal expression of development-related miRNAs (dre-miR-196a-5p, dre-miR-210-3p, dre-miR-338) and miRNA processing enzymes genes (Dicer and Drosha) were assessed by qRT-PCR and whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH). The results revealed a decline in mortality, malformation and swimming speed, with normal histological and morphological appearance, in zebrafish that received 0.1 mGy/h; however, increased mortality, malformation and swimming speed were observed, with pathological changes, in zebrafish that received 0.2 mGy/h and 0.4 mGy/h. The expression of miRNA processing enzyme genes was altered after irradiation, and miRNAs expression was downregulated in the 0.1 mGy/h group, and upregulated in the 0.2 mGy/h and 0.4 mGy/h groups. Furthermore, ectopic expression of dre-miR-210-3p, Dicer and Drosha was also observed in the 0.4 mGy/h group. In conclusion, the effect of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation on neurodevelopment follows the threshold model, under the regulation of miRNAs, excitatory effects occurred at a dose rate of 0.1 mGy/h and toxic effects occurred at a dose rate of 0.2 mGy/h and 0.4 mGy/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Qi He
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Liang Mao
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jin Yao
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wei-Chao Zhao
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Bo Huang
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ding-Xin Long
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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17
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Luo L, Yan C, Fuchi N, Kodama Y, Zhang X, Shinji G, Miura K, Sasaki H, Li TS. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as probable triggers of radiation-induced heart disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:422. [PMID: 34294160 PMCID: PMC8296737 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation-induced heart disease has been reported, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), also residing in the heart, are highly susceptible to radiation. We examined the hypothesis that the altered secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from MSCs is the trigger of radiation-induced heart disease. METHODS By exposing human placental tissue-derived MSCs to 5 Gy γ-rays, we then isolated EVs from the culture medium 48 h later and evaluated the changes in quantity and quality of EVs from MSCs after radiation exposure. The biological effects of EVs from irradiated MSCs on HUVECs and H9c2 cells were also examined. RESULTS Although the amount and size distribution of EVs did not differ between the nonirradiated and irradiated MSCs, miRNA sequences indicated many upregulated or downregulated miRNAs in irradiated MSCs EVs. In vitro experiments using HUVEC and H9c2 cells showed that irradiated MSC-EVs decreased cell proliferation (P < 0.01), but increased cell apoptosis and DNA damage. Moreover, irradiated MSC-EVs impaired the HUVEC tube formation and induced calcium overload in H9c2 cells. CONCLUSIONS EVs released from irradiated MSCs show altered miRNA profiles and harmful effects on heart cells, which provides new insight into the mechanism of radiation-related heart disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Luo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Medical Technology School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Tongshan Road 209, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Chen Yan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Naoki Fuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Kodama
- Department of Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Goto Shinji
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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18
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Subedi P, Gomolka M, Moertl S, Dietz A. Ionizing Radiation Protein Biomarkers in Normal Tissue and Their Correlation to Radiosensitivity: A Systematic Review. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020140. [PMID: 33669522 PMCID: PMC7922485 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) has increased immensely over the past years, owing to diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. However, certain radiosensitive individuals show toxic enhanced reaction to IR, and it is necessary to specifically protect them from unwanted exposure. Although predicting radiosensitivity is the way forward in the field of personalised medicine, there is limited information on the potential biomarkers. The aim of this systematic review is to identify evidence from a range of literature in order to present the status quo of our knowledge of IR-induced changes in protein expression in normal tissues, which can be correlated to radiosensitivity. Methods: Studies were searched in NCBI Pubmed and in ISI Web of Science databases and field experts were consulted for relevant studies. Primary peer-reviewed studies in English language within the time-frame of 2011 to 2020 were considered. Human non-tumour tissues and human-derived non-tumour model systems that have been exposed to IR were considered if they reported changes in protein levels, which could be correlated to radiosensitivity. At least two reviewers screened the titles, keywords, and abstracts of the studies against the eligibility criteria at the first phase and full texts of potential studies at the second phase. Similarly, at least two reviewers manually extracted the data and accessed the risk of bias (National Toxicology Program/Office for Health Assessment and Translation—NTP/OHAT) for the included studies. Finally, the data were synthesised narratively in accordance to synthesis without meta analyses (SWiM) method. Results: In total, 28 studies were included in this review. Most of the records (16) demonstrated increased residual DNA damage in radiosensitive individuals compared to normo-sensitive individuals based on γH2AX and TP53BP1. Overall, 15 studies included proteins other than DNA repair foci, of which five proteins were selected, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Caspase 3, p16INK4A (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, CDKN2A), Interleukin-6, and Interleukin-1β, that were connected to radiosensitivity in normal tissue and were reported at least in two independent studies. Conclusions and implication of key findings: A majority of studies used repair foci as a tool to predict radiosensitivity. However, its correlation to outcome parameters such as repair deficient cell lines and patients, as well as an association to moderate and severe clinical radiation reactions, still remain contradictory. When IR-induced proteins reported in at least two studies were considered, a protein network was discovered, which provides a direction for further studies to elucidate the mechanisms of radiosensitivity. Although the identification of only a few of the commonly reported proteins might raise a concern, this could be because (i) our eligibility criteria were strict and (ii) radiosensitivity is influenced by multiple factors. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42020220064).
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19
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Tapio S, Little MP, Kaiser JC, Impens N, Hamada N, Georgakilas AG, Simar D, Salomaa S. Ionizing radiation-induced circulatory and metabolic diseases. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106235. [PMID: 33157375 PMCID: PMC10686049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Risks to health are the prime consideration in all human situations of ionizing radiation exposure and therefore of relevance to radiation protection in all occupational, medical, and public exposure situations. Over the past few decades, advances in therapeutic strategies have led to significant improvements in cancer survival rates. However, a wide range of long-term complications have been reported in cancer survivors, in particular circulatory diseases and their major risk factors, metabolic diseases. However, at lower levels of exposure, the evidence is less clear. Under real-life exposure scenarios, including radiotherapy, radiation effects in the whole organism will be determined mainly by the response of normal tissues receiving relatively low doses, and will be mediated and moderated by systemic effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for further research on the impact of low-dose radiation. In this article, we review radiation-associated risks of circulatory and metabolic diseases in clinical, occupational or environmental exposure situations, addressing epidemiological, biological, risk modelling, and systems biology aspects, highlight the gaps in knowledge and discuss future directions to address these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soile Tapio
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | - Jan Christian Kaiser
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Impens
- Institute of Environment, Health and Safety, Biosphere Impact Studies, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - David Simar
- Mechanisms of Disease and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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20
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Ionizing Radiation Protein Biomarkers in Normal Tissue and Their Correlation to Radiosensitivity: Protocol for a Systematic Review. J Pers Med 2020; 11:jpm11010003. [PMID: 33375047 PMCID: PMC7822013 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Radiosensitivity is a significantly enhanced reaction of cells, tissues, organs or organisms to ionizing radiation (IR). During radiotherapy, surrounding normal tissue radiosensitivity often limits the radiation dose that can be applied to the tumour, resulting in suboptimal tumour control or adverse effects on the life quality of survivors. Predicting radiosensitivity is a component of personalized medicine, which will help medical professionals allocate radiation therapy decisions for effective tumour treatment. So far, there are no reviews of the current literature that explore the relationship between proteomic changes after IR exposure and normal tissue radiosensitivity systematically. Objectives: The main objective of this protocol is to specify the search and evaluation strategy for a forthcoming systematic review (SR) dealing with the effects of in vivo and in vitro IR exposure on the proteome of human normal tissue with focus on radiosensitivity. Methods: The SR framework has been developed following the guidelines established in the National Toxicology Program/Office of Health Assessment and Translation (NTP/OHAT) Handbook for Conducting a Literature-Based Health Assessment, which provides a standardised methodology to implement the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to environmental health assessments. The protocol will be registered in PROSPERO, an open source protocol registration system, to guarantee transparency. Eligibility criteria: Only experimental studies, in vivo and in vitro, investigating effects of ionizing radiation on the proteome of human normal tissue correlated with radio sensitivity will be included. Eligible studies will include English peer reviewed articles with publication dates from 2011–2020 which are sources of primary data. Information sources: The search strings will be applied to the scientific literature databases PubMed and Web of Science. The reference lists of included studies will also be manually searched. Data extraction and results: Data will be extracted according to a pre-defined modality and compiled in a narrative report following guidelines presented as a “Synthesis without Meta-analyses” method. Risk of bias: The risk of bias will be assessed based on the NTP/OHAT risk of bias rating tool for human and animal studies (OHAT 2019). Level of evidence rating: A comprehensive assessment of the quality of evidence for both in vivo and in vitro studies will be followed, by assigning a confidence rating to the literature. This is followed by translation into a rating on the level of evidence (high, moderate, low, or inadequate) regarding the research question. Registration: PROSPERO Submission ID 220064.
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21
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Abstract
Exposure of aircrew to cosmic radiation has been recognized as an occupational health risk for several decades. Based on the recommendations by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), many countries and their aviation authorities, respectively have either stipulated legal radiation protection regulations, e.g., in the European Union or issued corresponding advisory circulars, e.g., in the United States of America. Additional sources of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, e.g., due to weather phenomena have been identified and discussed in the scientific literature in recent years. This article gives an overview of the different generally recognized sources due to weather as well as space weather phenomena that contribute to radiation exposure in the atmosphere and the associated radiation effects that might pose a risk to aviation safety at large, including effects on human health and avionics. Furthermore, potential mitigation measures for several radiation sources and the prerequisites for their use are discussed.
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Bryant J, White L, Coen N, Shields L, McClean B, Meade AD, Lyng FM, Howe O. MicroRNA Analysis of ATM-Deficient Cells Indicate PTEN and CCDN1 as Potential Biomarkers of Radiation Response. Radiat Res 2020; 193:520-530. [PMID: 32216710 DOI: 10.1667/rr15462.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic profile changes associated with individual radiation sensitivity are well documented and have led to enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of the radiation-induced DNA damage response. However, the search continues to identify reliable biomarkers of individual radiation sensitivity. Herein, we report on a multi-biomarker approach using traditional cytogenetic biomarkers, DNA damage biomarkers and transcriptional microRNA (miR) biomarkers coupled with their potential gene targets to identify radiosensitivity in ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-deficient lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL); ATM-proficient cell lines were used as controls. Cells were 0.05 and 0.5 Gy irradiated, using a linear accelerator, with sham-irradiated cells as controls. At 1 h postirradiation, cells were fixed for γ-H2AX analysis as a measurement of DNA damage, and cytogenetic analysis using the G2 chromosomal sensitivity assay, G-banding and FISH techniques. RNA was also isolated for genetic profiling by microRNA (miR) and RT-PCR analysis. A panel of 752 miR were analyzed, and potential target genes, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and cyclin D1 (CCND1), were measured. The cytogenetic assays revealed that although the control cell line had functional cell cycle checkpoints, the radiosensitivity of the control and AT cell lines were similar. Analysis of DNA damage in all cell lines, including an additional control cell line, showed elevated γ-H2AX levels for only one AT cell line. Of the 752 miR analyzed, eight miR were upregulated, and six miR were downregulated in the AT cells compared to the control. Upregulated miR-152-3p, miR-24-5p and miR-92-15p and all downregulated miR were indicated as modulators of PTEN and CCDN1. Further measurement of both genes validated their potential role as radiation-response biomarkers. The multi-biomarker approach not only revealed potential candidates for radiation response, but provided additional mechanistic insights into the response in AT-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Bryant
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre (RESC), FOCAS Research Institute
| | - Lisa White
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre (RESC), FOCAS Research Institute.,School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Natasha Coen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Division of Cytogenetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Laura Shields
- Medical Physics Department, St Luke's Radiation Oncology Centre, Rathgar, Dublin 6, Ireland
| | - Brendan McClean
- Medical Physics Department, St Luke's Radiation Oncology Centre, Rathgar, Dublin 6, Ireland
| | - Aidan D Meade
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre (RESC), FOCAS Research Institute.,School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Fiona M Lyng
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre (RESC), FOCAS Research Institute.,School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Orla Howe
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre (RESC), FOCAS Research Institute.,School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
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23
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24
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The Effect of Low Temperatures on Environmental Radiation Damage in Living Systems: Does Hypothermia Show Promise for Space Travel? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176349. [PMID: 32882991 PMCID: PMC7504535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-temperature treatments (i.e., hypothermia) may be one way of regulating environmental radiation damage in living systems. With this in mind, hibernation under hypothermic conditions has been proposed as a useful approach for long-term human space flight. However, the underlying mechanisms of hypothermia-induced radioresistance are as yet undetermined, and the conventional risk assessment of radiation exposure during hibernation remains insufficient for estimating the effects of chronic exposure to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). To promote scientific discussions on the application of hibernation in space travel, this literature review provides an overview of the progress to date in the interdisciplinary research field of radiation biology and hypothermia and addresses possible issues related to hypothermic treatments as countermeasures against GCRs. At present, there are concerns about the potential effects of chronic radiation exposure on neurological disorders, carcinogenesis, ischemia heat failures, and infertility in astronauts; these require further study. These concerns may be resolved by comparing and integrating data gleaned from experimental and epidemiological studies.
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25
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Suárez Fernández JP. The downfall of the linear non-threshold model. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2020; 39:303-315. [PMID: 32693978 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The linear non-threshold model (LNTM) is a theoretical dose-response function as a result of extrapolating the late effects of high-dose exposure to ionizing radiation to the low-dose range, but there is great uncertainty about its validity. The acceptance of LNTM as the dominant probabilistic model have survived to the present day and it is actually the cornerstone of current radiation protection policies. In the last decades, advances in molecular and evolutive biology, cancer immunology, and many epidemiological and animal studies have cast serious doubts about the reliability of the NLTM, as well as suggesting alternative models, like the hormetic theory. Considering the given evidences, a discussion between the involved scientific societies and the regulatory commissions is promtly required in order to to reach a redefiniton of theradiation protection basis, as it would be specially crucial in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Suárez Fernández
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España.
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26
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Salomaa S, Cardis E, Bouffler SD, Atkinson MJ, Hamada N. Low dose radiation therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia: is there any supportive evidence? Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1224-1227. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1762020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sisko Salomaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Campus Mar, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, C/Sinesio Delgado, Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon D. Bouffler
- Public Health England Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Oxon, UK
| | - Michael J. Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz-Center Munich, National Research Centre for Health and Environment, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Reconsider radiation exposure from imaging during immune checkpoint inhibitor trials to reduce risk of secondary cancers in long-term survivors? Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 87:102027. [PMID: 32428791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have improved outcomes for patients with advanced cancers, and results in increasing numbers of long-term survivors. For registration studies, progression-free survival and disease-free survival often serve as primary endpoints. This requires repeated computed tomography (CT) scans for tumour imaging which might lead to major radiation exposure. To determine this, all immune checkpoint inhibitors trials that led to FDA approval were retrieved up to July 29, 2019. From the available protocols, imaging modalities and schedules used in each trial were identified. The anticipated cumulative number of scans made after 1, 3, 5, and 10 years study participation were calculated. The percentage of lifetime attributable cancer risk was calculated using the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII report. Fifty-one trials were identified, from which 39 protocols were retrieved. Four were adjuvant trials. All protocols required repeated chest-abdomen imaging and specified CT scans as preferred imaging modality. Median calculated cumulative numbers of chest-abdomen CT scans after 1, 3, 5, and 10 years study participation were 7, 16, 24 and 46, respectively. For ages 20-70 years at study entry, the average lifetime attributable cancer risk after 1 year of study participation ranged from 1.11 to 0.40% for men and from 1.87 to 0.46% for women. At 10 years study participation, this risk increased to a range of 5.91 to 1.96% for men and 9.64 to 2.32% for women. Given high imaging radiation exposure for long-term survivors in current ICI trials an adaptive imaging interval and imaging termination rules should be considered for long-term survivors.
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Sykes PJ. Until There Is a Resolution of the Pro-LNT/Anti-LNT Debate, We Should Head Toward a More Sensible Graded Approach for Protection From Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820921651. [PMID: 32425725 PMCID: PMC7218310 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820921651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current regulation of ionizing radiation is based on the linear no-threshold (LNT) model where any radiation dose increases cancer risk and is independent of dose rate, resulting in large amounts of time and money being spent protecting from extremely small radiation exposures and hence extremely small risk. There are animal studies which demonstrate that LNT is incorrect at low doses, supporting a threshold or hormesis model and thus indicating that there is no need to protect from very low doses. This has led to a sometimes bitter debate between pro-LNT and anti-LNT camps, and the debate has been at a stalemate for some time. This commentary is not aimed at taking either side of the debate. It is likely that the public, workers, and the environment are adequately protected under current regulation, which is the most important outcome. Until those on one side of the debate can convince the other, it would be sensible to move forward toward a graded (risk-based) approach to regulation, where the stringency of control is commensurate with the risk, resulting hopefully in more sensible practical thresholds. This approach is gradually being put forward by international radiation protection advisory bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Sykes
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University. Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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29
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Vivek Kumar PR, Karuppasamy CV, Ramachandran EN, Anil Kumar V, Jaikrishan G, Das B. Premature chromosome condensation assay to study influence of high-level natural radiation on the initial DNA double strand break repair in human G 0 lymphocytes. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 849:503141. [PMID: 32087855 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The inherent capacity of individuals to efficiently repair ionizing radiation induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) may be inherited, however, it is influenced by several epigenetic and environmental factors. A pilot study tested whether chronic low dose natural radiation exposure influences the rejoining of initial DNA DSBs induced by a 2 Gy γ-irradiation in 22 individuals from high (>1.5 mGy/year) and normal (≤1.5 mGy/year) level natural radiation areas (H&NLNRA) of Kerala. Rejoining of DSBs (during 1 h at 37 °C, immediately after irradiation) was evaluated at the chromosome level in the presence and absence of wortmannin (a potent inhibitor of DSB repair in normal human cells) using a cell fusion-induced premature chromosome condensation (PCC) assay. The PCC assay quantitates DSBs in the form of excess chromosome fragments in human G0 lymphocytes without the requirement for cell division. A quantitative difference was observed in the early rejoining of DNA DSBs between individuals from HLNRA and NLNRA, with HLNRA individuals showing a higher (P = 0.05) mean initial repair ratio. The results indicate an influence of chronic low dose natural radiation on initial DNA DSB repair in inhabitants of HLNRA of the Kerala coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Vivek Kumar
- Low Level Radiation Research Laboratory, Low Level Radiation Research Section (LLRRS), Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division (RB&HSD), Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Beach Road, Kollam, 691 001, Kerala, India.
| | - C V Karuppasamy
- Low Level Radiation Research Laboratory, Low Level Radiation Research Section (LLRRS), Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division (RB&HSD), Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Beach Road, Kollam, 691 001, Kerala, India
| | - E N Ramachandran
- Low Level Radiation Research Laboratory, Low Level Radiation Research Section (LLRRS), Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division (RB&HSD), Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Beach Road, Kollam, 691 001, Kerala, India
| | - V Anil Kumar
- Low Level Radiation Research Laboratory, Low Level Radiation Research Section (LLRRS), Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division (RB&HSD), Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Beach Road, Kollam, 691 001, Kerala, India
| | - G Jaikrishan
- Low Level Radiation Research Laboratory, Low Level Radiation Research Section (LLRRS), Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division (RB&HSD), Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Beach Road, Kollam, 691 001, Kerala, India
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30
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Averbeck D, Candéias S, Chandna S, Foray N, Friedl AA, Haghdoost S, Jeggo PA, Lumniczky K, Paris F, Quintens R, Sabatier L. Establishing mechanisms affecting the individual response to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:297-323. [PMID: 31852363 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1704908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Humans are increasingly exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Both low (<100 mGy) and high doses can cause stochastic effects, including cancer; whereas doses above 100 mGy are needed to promote tissue or cell damage. 10-15% of radiotherapy (RT) patients suffer adverse reactions, described as displaying radiosensitivity (RS). Sensitivity to IR's stochastic effects is termed radiosusceptibility (RSu). To optimize radiation protection we need to understand the range of individual variability and underlying mechanisms. We review the potential mechanisms contributing to RS/RSu focusing on RS following RT, the most tractable RS group.Conclusions: The IR-induced DNA damage response (DDR) has been well characterized. Patients with mutations in the DDR have been identified and display marked RS but they represent only a small percentage of the RT patients with adverse reactions. We review the impacting mechanisms and additional factors influencing RS/RSu. We discuss whether RS/RSu might be genetically determined. As a recommendation, we propose that a prospective study be established to assess RS following RT. The study should detail tumor site and encompass a well-defined grading system. Predictive assays should be independently validated. Detailed analysis of the inflammatory, stress and immune responses, mitochondrial function and life style factors should be included. Existing cohorts should also be optimally exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serge Candéias
- CEA, CNRS, LCMB, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sudhir Chandna
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Nicolas Foray
- Inserm UA8 Unit Radiations: Defense, Health and Environment, Lyon, France
| | - Anna A Friedl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Siamak Haghdoost
- Cimap-Laria, Advanced Resource Center for HADrontherapy in Europe (ARCHADE,), University of Caen Normandy, France.,Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Bioscience, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Penelope A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Salomaa S, Jung T. Roadmap for research on individual radiosensitivity and radiosusceptibility - the MELODI view on research needs. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:277-279. [PMID: 31825712 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1704107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sisko Salomaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Jung
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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32
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Blagojevic D, Lee Y, Brede DA, Lind OC, Yakovlev I, Solhaug KA, Fossdal CG, Salbu B, Olsen JE. Comparative sensitivity to gamma radiation at the organismal, cell and DNA level in young plants of Norway spruce, Scots pine and Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2019; 250:1567-1590. [PMID: 31372744 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Persistent DNA damage in gamma-exposed Norway spruce, Scots pine and Arabidopsis thaliana, but persistent adverse effects at the organismal and cellular level in the conifers only. Gamma radiation emitted from natural and anthropogenic sources may have strong negative impact on plants, especially at high dose rates. Although previous studies implied different sensitivity among species, information from comparative studies under standardized conditions is scarce. In this study, sensitivity to gamma radiation was compared in young seedlings of the conifers Scots pine and Norway spruce and the herbaceous Arabidopsis thaliana by exposure to 60Co gamma dose rates of 1-540 mGy h-1 for 144 h, as well as 360 h for A. thaliana. Consistent with slightly less prominent shoot apical meristem, in the conifers growth was significantly inhibited with increasing dose rate ≥ 40 mGy h-1. Post-irradiation, the conifers showed dose-rate-dependent inhibition of needle and root development consistent with increasingly disorganized apical meristems with increasing dose rate, visible damage and mortality after exposure to ≥ 40 mGy h-1. Regardless of gamma duration, A. thaliana showed no visible or histological damage or mortality, only delayed lateral root development after ≥ 100 mGy h-1 and slightly, but transiently delayed post-irradiation reproductive development after ≥ 400 mGy h-1. In all species dose-rate-dependent DNA damage occurred following ≥ 1-10 mGy h-1 and was still at a similar level at day 44 post-irradiation. In conclusion, the persistent DNA damage (possible genomic instability) following gamma exposure in all species may suggest that DNA repair is not necessarily mobilized more extensively in A. thaliana than in Norway spruce and Scots pine, and the far higher sensitivity at the organismal and cellular level in the conifers indicates lower tolerance to DNA damage than in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Blagojevic
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - YeonKyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Dag A Brede
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Igor Yakovlev
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Asbjørn Solhaug
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Brit Salbu
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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Hladik D, Dalke C, von Toerne C, Hauck SM, Azimzadeh O, Philipp J, Ung MC, Schlattl H, Rößler U, Graw J, Atkinson MJ, Tapio S. CREB Signaling Mediates Dose-Dependent Radiation Response in the Murine Hippocampus Two Years after Total Body Exposure. J Proteome Res 2019; 19:337-345. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hladik
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University Munich (TUM), 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, HMGU, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jos Philipp
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marie-Claire Ung
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, HMGU, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Schlattl
- Research Unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics, HMGU, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ute Rößler
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department SG Radiation Protection and Health, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, HMGU, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael J. Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University Munich (TUM), 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Soile Tapio
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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34
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Sabin R, Pucci G, Anderson RM. DNA Damage Processing is Perturbed in Both Proliferative and Non-Proliferative Cells of Increased Chronological Cellular Age. Radiat Res 2019; 192:200-207. [DOI: 10.1667/rr15348.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sabin
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Gaia Pucci
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona M. Anderson
- Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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35
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Seibold P, Auvinen A, Averbeck D, Bourguignon M, Hartikainen JM, Hoeschen C, Laurent O, Noël G, Sabatier L, Salomaa S, Blettner M. Clinical and epidemiological observations on individual radiation sensitivity and susceptibility. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 96:324-339. [PMID: 31539290 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1665209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To summarize existing knowledge and to understand individual response to radiation exposure, the MELODI Association together with CONCERT European Joint Programme has organized a workshop in March 2018 on radiation sensitivity and susceptibility.Methods: The workshop reviewed the current evidence on this matter, to inform the MELODI Strategic Research Agenda (SRA), to determine social and scientific needs and to come up with recommendations for suitable and feasible future research initiatives to be taken for the benefit of an improved medical diagnosis and treatment as well as for radiation protection.Results: The present paper gives an overview of the current evidence in this field, including potential effect modifiers such as age, gender, genetic profile, and health status of the exposed population, based on clinical and epidemiological observations.Conclusion: The authors conclude with the following recommendations for the way forward in radiation research: (a) there is need for large (prospective) cohort studies; (b) build upon existing radiation research cohorts; (c) use data from well-defined cohorts with good exposure assessment and biological material already collected; (d) focus on study quality with standardized data collection and reporting; (e) improve statistical analysis; (f) cooperation between radiobiology and epidemiology; and (g) take consequences of radiosensitivity and radiosusceptibility into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Seibold
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dietrich Averbeck
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Michel Bourguignon
- Department of Biophysics, Université Paris Saclay (UVSQ), Versailles, France
| | - Jaana M Hartikainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Biobank of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christoph Hoeschen
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Olivier Laurent
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie des Rayonnements Ionisants, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LEPID, BP17, 92260, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Georges Noël
- Département Universitaire de Radiothérapie, Centre Paul-Strauss, Unicancer, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Laure Sabatier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Blagojevic D, Lee Y, Xie L, Brede DA, Nybakken L, Lind OC, Tollefsen KE, Salbu B, Solhaug KA, Olsen JE. No evidence of a protective or cumulative negative effect of UV-B on growth inhibition induced by gamma radiation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1945-1962. [PMID: 31305802 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00491a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient UV-B radiation may prime protective responses towards various stressors in plants, though information about interactive effects of UV-B and gamma radiation is scarce. Here, we aimed to test whether UV-B exposure could prime acclimatisation mechanisms contributing to tolerance to low-moderate gamma radiation levels in Scots pine seedlings, and concurrently whether simultaneous UV-B and gamma exposure may have an additive adverse effect on seedlings that had previously not encountered either of these stressors. Responses to simultaneous UV-B (0.35 W m-2) and gamma radiation (10.2-125 mGy h-1) for 6 days with or without UV-B pre-exposure (0.35 W m-2, 4 days) were studied across various levels of organisation, as compared to effects of either radiation type. In contrast to UV-B, and regardless of UV-B presence, gamma radiation at ≥42.9 mGy h-1 caused increased formation of reactive oxygen species and reduced shoot length, and reduced root length at 125 mGy h-1. In all experiments there was a gamma dose rate-dependent increase in DNA damage at ≥10.8 mGy h-1, generally with additional UV-B-induced damage. Gamma-induced growth inhibition and gamma- and UV-B-induced DNA damage were still visible 44 days post-irradiation, even at 20.7 mGy h-1, probably due to genomic instability, but this was reversed after 8 months. In conclusion, there was no evidence of a protective effect of UV-B on gamma-induced growth inhibition and DNA damage in Scots pine, and no additive adverse effect of gamma and UV-B radiation on growth in spite of the additional UV-B-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Blagojevic
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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Azzam EI. What does radiation biology tell us about potential health effects at low dose and low dose rates? JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2019; 39:S28-S39. [PMID: 31216522 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab2b09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The health risks to humans exposed to low dose and low dose rate ionising radiation remain ambiguous and are the subject of debate. The need to establish risk assessment standards based on the mechanisms underlying low dose/low fluence radiation exposures has been recognised by scholarly and regulatory bodies as critical for reducing the uncertainty in predicting adverse health risks of human exposure to low doses of radiation. Here, a brief review of laboratory-based evidence of molecular and biochemical changes induced by low doses and low dose rates of radiation is presented. In particular, two phenomena, namely bystander effects and adaptive responses that may impact low-level radiation health risks, are discussed together with the need for further studies. The expansion of this knowledge by considering the important variables that affect the radiation response (e.g. genetic susceptibility, time after exposure), and using the latest advances in experimental models and bioinformatics tools, may guide epidemiological studies towards reducing the uncertainty in predicting the potential health hazards of exposure to low-dose radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard I Azzam
- Departments of Radiology, RUTGERS New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States of America
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38
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Walsh L, Schneider U, Fogtman A, Kausch C, McKenna-Lawlor S, Narici L, Ngo-Anh J, Reitz G, Sabatier L, Santin G, Sihver L, Straube U, Weber U, Durante M. Research plans in Europe for radiation health hazard assessment in exploratory space missions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 21:73-82. [PMID: 31101157 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The European Space Agency (ESA) is currently expanding its efforts in identifying requirements and promoting research towards optimizing radiation protection of astronauts. Space agencies use common limits for tissue (deterministic) effects on the International Space Station. However, the agencies have in place different career radiation exposure limits (for stochastic effects) for astronauts in low-Earth orbit missions. Moreover, no specific limits for interplanetary missions are issued. Harmonization of risk models and dose limits for exploratory-class missions are now operational priorities, in view of the short-term plans for international exploratory-class human missions. The purpose of this paper is to report on the activity of the ESA Topical Team on space radiation research, whose task was to identify the most pertinent research requirements for improved space radiation protection and to develop a European space radiation risk model, to contribute to the efforts to reach international consensus on dose limits for deep space. The Topical Team recommended ESA to promote the development of a space radiation risk model based on European-specific expertise in: transport codes, radiobiological modelling, risk assessment, and uncertainty analysis. The model should provide cancer and non-cancer radiation risks for crews implementing exploratory missions. ESA should then support the International Commission on Radiological Protection to harmonize international models and dose limits in deep space, and guarantee continuous support in Europe for accelerator-based research configured to improve the models and develop risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Walsh
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - U Schneider
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - C Kausch
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - L Narici
- Department of Physics, University Tor Vergata, and INFN, Roma-2 Section, Rome, Italy
| | - J Ngo-Anh
- ESA-ESTEC, Nordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - G Reitz
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Radiation Biology, Institue for Aerospace Medicine, DLR, Cologne, Germany
| | - L Sabatier
- Fundamental Research Division, D3P, CEA, Paris-Saclay, France
| | - G Santin
- ESA-ESTEC, Nordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - L Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria; MedAustron, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | | | - U Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany; Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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39
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Salomaa S. DoReMi special issue: integrating European low dose research. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1-2. [PMID: 30495968 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1547442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sisko Salomaa
- a University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland.,b Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority , P.O. Box 14 , Helsinki 00881 , Finland
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Fukunaga H, Prise KM. Non-uniform radiation-induced biological responses at the tissue level involved in the health risk of environmental radiation: a radiobiological hypothesis. Environ Health 2018; 17:93. [PMID: 30630478 PMCID: PMC6329136 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conventional concept of radiation protection is based on epidemiological studies of radiation that support a positive correlation between dose and response. However, there is a remarkable difference in biological responses at the tissue level, depending on whether radiation is delivered as a uniform or non-uniform spatiotemporal distribution due to tissue sparing effects (TSE). From the point of view of radiation micro-dosimetry, environmental radiation is delivered as a non-uniform distribution, and radiation-induced biological responses at the tissue level, such as TSE, would be implicated in individual risk following exposure to environmental radiation. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that the health risks of non-uniform radiation exposure are lower than the same dose at a uniform exposure, due to TSE following irradiation. Testing the hypothesis requires both radiobiological studies using high-precision microbeams and the epidemiological data of environmental radiation-induced effects. The implications of the hypothesis will lead to more personalized approaches in the field of environmental radiation protection. CONCLUSION The detection of spatiotemporal dose distribution could be of scientific importance for more accurate individual risk assessment of exposure to environmental radiation. Further radiobiological studies on non-uniform radiation-induced biological responses at the tissue level are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Fukunaga
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
| | - Kevin M. Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
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