1
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Hao P, Liu J, Zhang C, Lyu L. Design of the Elastic Modulus of porous lattice structures composed of cells with continuously variable cross section carrying structures. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 119:106330. [PMID: 39191045 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2024.106330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porous bone implants have a wide range of applications for their low elastic modulus and good connectivity. It is necessary to explore an elastic modulus control method that can significantly regulate the elastic modulus under the condition of maintaining a constant porosity. METHODS For achieving continuously changing elastic modulus of porous lattice structure, the simple cubic lattice structures were selected as research object, and the distribution of cross-sectional sizes of its carrying structures were set as variable continuous curves. The prediction model for the elastic modulus was established based on the elasticity mechanics and the equal mass assumption. Then, the prediction model is enhanced through compression simulation of the unit cell structure. Finally, the accuracy of prediction model is validated by compression experiments. FINDINGS The results indicate that the distribution of cross-sectional size of the carrying structures has a significant impact on the elastic modulus of unit cell structures under the constraint of equal mass. By adjusting the characteristic parameters of distribution curves, the elastic modulus can be changed within a large range. INTERPRETATION Variable cross-section can effectively change the elastic modulus of porous structures while ensuring constant porosity. This method has important value in decoupling the influence of geometric parameters on the elastic modulus of porous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pujun Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), No. 391 Binshuixi Road, Xiqing District, Tianjing, China 300384.
| | - Jingna Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), No. 391 Binshuixi Road, Xiqing District, Tianjing, China 300384
| | - Chunqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), No. 391 Binshuixi Road, Xiqing District, Tianjing, China 300384
| | - Linwei Lyu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), No. 391 Binshuixi Road, Xiqing District, Tianjing, China 300384
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2
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Shi Q, Chen J, Chen J, Liu Y, Wang H. Application of additively manufactured bone scaffold: a systematic review. Biofabrication 2024; 16:022007. [PMID: 38507799 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad35e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The application of additive manufacturing (AM) technology plays a significant role in various fields, incorporating a wide range of cutting-edge technologies such as aerospace, medical treatment, electronic information, and materials. It is currently widely adopted for medical services, national defense, and industrial manufacturing. In recent years, AM has also been extensively employed to produce bone scaffolds and implant materials. Through AM, products can be manufactured without being constrained by complex internal structures. AM is particularly advantageous in the production of macroscopically irregular and microscopically porous biomimetic bone scaffolds, with short production cycles required. In this paper, AM commonly used to produce bone scaffolds and orthopedic implants is overviewed to analyze the different materials and structures adopted for AM. The applications of antibacterial bone scaffolds and bone scaffolds in biologically relevant animal models are discussed. Also, the influence on the comprehensive performance of product mechanics, mass transfer, and biology is explored. By identifying the reasons for the limited application of existing AM in the biomedical field, the solutions are proposed. This study provides an important reference for the future development of AM in the field of orthopedic healthcare. In conclusion, various AM technologies, the requirements of bone scaffolds and the important role of AM in building bridges between biomaterials, additives, and bone tissue engineering scaffolds are described and highlighted. Nevertheless, more caution should be exercised when designing bone scaffolds and conducting in vivo trials, due to the lack of standardized processes, which prevents the accuracy of results and reduces the reliability of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jibing Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Junsheng Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongze Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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3
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Okuniewski W, Walczak M, Szala M. Effects of Shot Peening and Electropolishing Treatment on the Properties of Additively and Conventionally Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:934. [PMID: 38399186 PMCID: PMC10890240 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This literature review indicates that the basic microstructure of Ti6Al4V is bimodal, consisting of two phases, namely α + β, and it occurs after fabrication using conventional methods such as casting, plastic forming or machining processes. The fabrication of components via an additive manufacturing process significantly changes the microstructure and properties of Ti6Al4V. Due to the rapid heat exchange during heat treatment, the bimodal microstructure transforms into a lamellar microstructure, which consists of two phases: α' + β. Despite the application of optimum printing parameters, 3D printed products exhibit typical surface defects and discontinuities, and in turn, surface finishing using shot peening is recommended. A literature review signalizes that shot peening and electropolishing processes positively impact the corrosion behavior, the mechanical properties and the condition of the surface layer of conventionally manufactured titanium alloy. On the other hand, there is a lack of studies combining shot peening and electropolishing in one hybrid process for additively manufactured titanium alloys, which could synthesize the benefits of both processes. Therefore, this review paper clarifies the effects of shot peening and electropolishing treatment on the properties of both additively and conventionally manufactured Ti6Al4V alloys and shows the effect process on the microstructure and properties of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz Walczak
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Mirosław Szala
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
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4
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Manescu (Paltanea) V, Paltanea G, Antoniac A, Gruionu LG, Robu A, Vasilescu M, Laptoiu SA, Bita AI, Popa GM, Cocosila AL, Silviu V, Porumb A. Mechanical and Computational Fluid Dynamic Models for Magnesium-Based Implants. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:830. [PMID: 38399081 PMCID: PMC10890492 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Today, mechanical properties and fluid flow dynamic analysis are considered to be two of the most important steps in implant design for bone tissue engineering. The mechanical behavior is characterized by Young's modulus, which must have a value close to that of the human bone, while from the fluid dynamics point of view, the implant permeability and wall shear stress are two parameters directly linked to cell growth, adhesion, and proliferation. In this study, we proposed two simple geometries with a three-dimensional pore network dedicated to a manufacturing route based on a titanium wire waving procedure used as an intermediary step for Mg-based implant fabrication. Implant deformation under different static loads, von Mises stresses, and safety factors were investigated using finite element analysis. The implant permeability was computed based on Darcy's law following computational fluid dynamic simulations and, based on the pressure drop, was numerically estimated. It was concluded that both models exhibited a permeability close to the human trabecular bone and reduced wall shear stresses within the biological range. As a general finding, the proposed geometries could be useful in orthopedics for bone defect treatment based on numerical analyses because they mimic the trabecular bone properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Manescu (Paltanea)
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania; (V.M.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (S.A.L.)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Gheorghe Paltanea
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aurora Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania; (V.M.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Lucian Gheorghe Gruionu
- Faculty of Mechanics, University of Craiova, 13 Alexandru Ioan Cuza, RO-200585 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Alina Robu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania; (V.M.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Marius Vasilescu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania; (V.M.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Stefan Alexandru Laptoiu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania; (V.M.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Ana Iulia Bita
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, District 6, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania; (V.M.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Georgiana Maria Popa
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 P-ta 1 December Street, RO-410073 Oradea, Romania; (G.M.P.); (A.L.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Andreea Liliana Cocosila
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 P-ta 1 December Street, RO-410073 Oradea, Romania; (G.M.P.); (A.L.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Vlad Silviu
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 P-ta 1 December Street, RO-410073 Oradea, Romania; (G.M.P.); (A.L.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Anca Porumb
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 P-ta 1 December Street, RO-410073 Oradea, Romania;
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5
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Fan L, Chen S, Yang M, Liu Y, Liu J. Metallic Materials for Bone Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302132. [PMID: 37883735 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Repair of large bone defects caused by trauma or disease poses significant clinical challenges. Extensive research has focused on metallic materials for bone repair because of their favorable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and manufacturing processes. Traditional metallic materials, such as stainless steel and titanium alloys, are widely used in clinics. Biodegradable metallic materials, such as iron, magnesium, and zinc alloys, are promising candidates for bone repair because of their ability to degrade over time. Emerging metallic materials, such as porous tantalum and bismuth alloys, have gained attention as bone implants owing to their bone affinity and multifunctionality. However, these metallic materials encounter many practical difficulties that require urgent improvement. This article systematically reviews and analyzes the metallic materials used for bone repair, providing a comprehensive overview of their morphology, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and in vivo implantation. Furthermore, the strategies and efforts made to address the short-comings of metallic materials are summarized. Finally, the perspectives for the development of metallic materials to guide future research and advancements in clinical practice are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Fan
- Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Sen Chen
- Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100035, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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6
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Zhou J, See CW, Sreenivasamurthy S, Zhu D. Customized Additive Manufacturing in Bone Scaffolds-The Gateway to Precise Bone Defect Treatment. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0239. [PMID: 37818034 PMCID: PMC10561823 DOI: 10.34133/research.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
In the advancing landscape of technology and novel material development, additive manufacturing (AM) is steadily making strides within the biomedical sector. Moving away from traditional, one-size-fits-all implant solutions, the advent of AM technology allows for patient-specific scaffolds that could improve integration and enhance wound healing. These scaffolds, meticulously designed with a myriad of geometries, mechanical properties, and biological responses, are made possible through the vast selection of materials and fabrication methods at our disposal. Recognizing the importance of precision in the treatment of bone defects, which display variability from macroscopic to microscopic scales in each case, a tailored treatment strategy is required. A patient-specific AM bone scaffold perfectly addresses this necessity. This review elucidates the pivotal role that customized AM bone scaffolds play in bone defect treatment, while offering comprehensive guidelines for their customization. This includes aspects such as bone defect imaging, material selection, topography design, and fabrication methodology. Additionally, we propose a cooperative model involving the patient, clinician, and engineer, thereby underscoring the interdisciplinary approach necessary for the effective design and clinical application of these customized AM bone scaffolds. This collaboration promises to usher in a new era of bioactive medical materials, responsive to individualized needs and capable of pushing boundaries in personalized medicine beyond those set by traditional medical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncen Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Carmine Wang See
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sai Sreenivasamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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7
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Liu C, Liao Y, Jiao W, Zhang X, Wang N, Yu J, Liu YT, Ding B. High Toughness Combined with High Strength in Oxide Ceramic Nanofibers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304401. [PMID: 37335805 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Traditional oxide ceramics are inherently brittle and highly sensitive to defects, making them vulnerable to failure under external stress. As such, endowing these materials with high strength and high toughness simultaneously is crucial to improve their performance in most safety-critical applications. Fibrillation of the ceramic materials and further refinement of the fiber diameter, as realized by electrospinning, are expected to achieve the transformation from brittleness to flexibility owing to the structural uniqueness. Currently, the synthesis of electrospun oxide ceramic nanofibers must rely on an organic polymer template to regulate the spinnability of the inorganic sol, whose thermal decomposition during ceramization will inevitably lead to pore defects, and seriously weaken the mechanical properties of the final nanofibers. Here, a self-templated electrospinning strategy is proposed for the formation of oxide ceramic nanofibers without adding any organic polymer template. An example is given to show that individual silica nanofibers have an ideally homogeneous, dense, and defect-free structure, with tensile strength as high as 1.41 GPa and toughness up to 34.29 MJ m-3 , both of which are far superior to the counterparts prepared by polymer-templated electrospinning. This work provides a new strategy to develop oxide ceramic materials that are strong and tough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yalong Liao
- Aerospace Institute of Advanced Material & Processing Technology, Beijing, 100074, China
| | - Wenling Jiao
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Ni Wang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jianyong Yu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yi-Tao Liu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Bin Ding
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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8
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Gatto ML, Cerqueni G, Groppo R, Santecchia E, Tognoli E, Defanti S, Mattioli-Belmonte M, Mengucci P. Improved biomechanical behavior of 316L graded scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration produced by laser powder bed fusion. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 144:105989. [PMID: 37369172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Graded lattice scaffolds based on rhombic dodecahedral (RD) elementary unit cell geometry were manufactured in 316L stainless steel (SS) by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Two different strategies based on varying strut thickness layer-by-layer in the building direction were adopted to obtain the graded scaffolds: a) decreasing strut size from core to edge to produce the dense-in (DI) structure and b) increasing strut size in the same direction to produce the dense-out (DO) structure. Both graded structures (DI and DO) were constructed with specular symmetry with respect to the central horizontal axis. Structural, mechanical, and biological characterizations were carried out to evaluate feasibility of designing appropriate biomechanical performances of graded scaffolds in the perspective of bone tissue regeneration. Results showed that mechanical behavior is governed by graded geometry, while printing parameters influence structural properties of the material such as density, textures, and crystallographic phases. The predominant failure mechanism in graded structures initiates in correspondence of thinner struts, due to high stress concentrations on strut junctions. Biological tests evidenced better proliferation of cells in the DO graded scaffold, which in turn exhibits mechanical properties close to cortical bone. The combined control of grading strategy, printing parameters and elementary unit cell geometry can enable implementing scaffolds with improved biomechanical performances for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Gatto
- Department DIISM, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Cerqueni
- Department DISCLIMO & UdR INSTM, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Riccardo Groppo
- 3D4MEC S.r.l, Via Porrettana 48, 40037, Sasso Marconi, BO, Italy
| | - Eleonora Santecchia
- Department DIISM, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emanuele Tognoli
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvio Defanti
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Mattioli-Belmonte
- Department DISCLIMO & UdR INSTM, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Paolo Mengucci
- Department SIMAU & UdR INSTM, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131, Ancona, Italy
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Mirkhalaf M, Men Y, Wang R, No Y, Zreiqat H. Personalized 3D printed bone scaffolds: A review. Acta Biomater 2023; 156:110-124. [PMID: 35429670 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
3D printed bone scaffolds have the potential to replace autografts and allografts because of advantages such as unlimited supply and the ability to tailor the scaffolds' biochemical, biological and biophysical properties. Significant progress has been made over the past decade in additive manufacturing techniques to 3D print bone grafts, but challenges remain in the lack of manufacturing techniques that can recapitulate both mechanical and biological functions of native bones. The purpose of this review is to outline the recent progress and challenges of engineering an ideal synthetic bone scaffold and to provide suggestions for overcoming these challenges through bioinspiration, high-resolution 3D printing, and advanced modeling techniques. The article provides a short overview of the progress in developing the 3D printed scaffolds for the repair and regeneration of critical size bone defects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Treatment of critical size bone defects is still a tremendous clinical challenge. To address this challenge, diverse sets of advanced manufacturing approaches and materials have been developed for bone tissue scaffolds. 3D printing has sparked much interest because it provides a close control over the scaffold's internal architecture and in turn its mechanical and biological properties. This article provides a critical overview of the relationships between material compositions, printing techniques, and properties of the scaffolds and discusses the current technical challenges facing their successful translation to the clinic. Bioinspiration, high-resolution printing, and advanced modeling techniques are discussed as future directions to address the current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirkhalaf
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Bioengineering, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia.
| | - Yinghui Men
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rui Wang
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Young No
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Bioengineering, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hala Zreiqat
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Bioengineering, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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10
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Senra MR, Marques MDFV, Monteiro SN. Poly (Ether-Ether-Ketone) for Biomedical Applications: From Enhancing Bioactivity to Reinforced-Bioactive Composites-An Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:373. [PMID: 36679253 PMCID: PMC9861117 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The global orthopedic market is forecasted to reach US$79.5 billion by the end of this decade. Factors driving the increase in this market are population aging, sports injury, road traffic accidents, and overweight, which justify a growing demand for orthopedic implants. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to develop bone implants with superior mechanical and biological properties to face the demand and improve patients' quality of life. Today, metallic implants still hold a dominant position in the global orthopedic implant market, mainly due to their superior mechanical resistance. However, their performance might be jeopardized due to the possible release of metallic debris, leading to cytotoxic effects and inflammatory responses in the body. Poly (ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) is a biocompatible, high-performance polymer and one of the most prominent candidates to be used in manufacturing bone implants due to its similarity to the mechanical properties of bone. Unfortunately, the bioinert nature of PEEK culminates in its diminished osseointegration. Notwithstanding, PEEK's bioactivity can be improved through surface modification techniques and by the development of bioactive composites. This paper overviews the advantages of using PEEK for manufacturing implants and addresses the most common strategies to improve the bioactivity of PEEK in order to promote enhanced biomechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Rufino Senra
- Instituto de Macromoleculas Professor Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Horácio Macedo Av., 2.030, Bloco J, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-598, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques
- Instituto de Macromoleculas Professor Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Horácio Macedo Av., 2.030, Bloco J, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-598, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro CEP 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Zenebe CG. A Review on the Role of Wollastonite Biomaterial in Bone Tissue Engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4996530. [PMID: 36560965 PMCID: PMC9767726 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4996530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people around the world have bone-tissue defects. Autologous and allogeneic bone grafting are frequent therapeutic techniques; however, none has produced the best therapeutic results. This has inspired researchers to investigate novel bone-regeneration technologies. In recent years, the development of bone tissue engineering (BTE) scaffolds has been at the forefront of this discipline. Due to their limitless supply and lack of disease transmission, engineered bone tissue has been advanced for the repair and reconstruction of bone deformities. Bone tissue is a highly vascularized, dynamic tissue that constantly remodels during an individual's lifetime. Bone tissue engineering is aimed at stimulating the creation of new, functional bone by combining biomaterials, cells, and factor treatment synergistically. This article provides a review of wollastonite's biomaterial application in bone tissue engineering. This work includes an explanation of wollastonite minerals including mining, raw materials for the synthesis of artificial wollastonite with various methods, its biocompatibility, and biomedical applications. Future perspectives are also addressed, along with topics like bone tissue engineering, the qualities optimal bone scaffolds must have, and the way a scaffold is designed can have a big impact on how the body reacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirotaw Getem Zenebe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 208, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
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12
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Chen C, Huang B, Liu Y, Liu F, Lee IS. Functional engineering strategies of 3D printed implants for hard tissue replacement. Regen Biomater 2022; 10:rbac094. [PMID: 36683758 PMCID: PMC9845531 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing technology with the rapid development of printing materials are widely recognized as a promising way to fabricate bioartificial bone tissues. In consideration of the disadvantages of bone substitutes, including poor mechanical properties, lack of vascularization and insufficient osteointegration, functional modification strategies can provide multiple functions and desired characteristics of printing materials, enhance their physicochemical and biological properties in bone tissue engineering. Thus, this review focuses on the advances of functional engineering strategies for 3D printed biomaterials in hard tissue replacement. It is structured as introducing 3D printing technologies, properties of printing materials (metals, ceramics and polymers) and typical functional engineering strategies utilized in the application of bone, cartilage and joint regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, PR China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, PR China
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13
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The Microstructure and the Properties of 304 and 430 Steel Foams Prepared by Powder Metallurgy Using CaCl2 as a Space Holder. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12071182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to prepare stainless steel foams (SSFs) with high specific strength, cost-effective performance, and multiple relative density ranges, this work used CaCl2 as a space holder to prepare 304 and 430 SSF samples with different relative densities using the powder metallurgy method. The microstructure and the properties were compared and analyzed by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a universal testing machine. The results show that the matrix of 304 SSFs is austenite and 430 is ferrite. In the quasi-static compression test, when the relative density was in the range of 0.33~0.12, their compressive strength increased with the relative density increasing; the maximum compressive strength of 304 SSFs reached 40.29 MPa and that of 430 SSFs was 49.79 MPa. While the compressive strength of 430 SSFs is significantly higher than 304 SSFs at a similar relative density, 304 SSFs show better stability in the plastic deformation stage. When the deformation reached densification, the maximum energy absorption value of 304 SSFs reached 15.94 MJ/m3, while 430 SSFs was 22.70 MJ/m3. The energy absorption value increased with the relative density increasing, and 430 SSFs exhibited a higher energy absorption capacity than 304 SSFs.
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14
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Influence of the Laser Deposited 316L Single Layers on Corrosion in Physiological Media. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12061047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A multilayer laser-deposited lining of AISI 316L stainless steel makes a regular structural steel surface corrosion resistant in physiological media. Despite the application of single-layer stainless-steel linings being economically beneficial and allowing thinner surface modifications, dilution effects that modify the pitting resistance of the coating must be accounted for. In order to study the feasibility of employing single-layer coatings instead of multilayer coatings for corrosion protection in physiological media, a polarization testing back-to-back comparison was performed between laser-deposited AISI 316L monolayers on 42CrMo4 quenched and tempered steel and cold-rolled AISI 316L sheet in Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffer Solution at 36 °C. A higher dispersion in pitting resistance, ranging from 800 mV to 1200 mV, was found on the coated samples, whereas the cold-rolled material was more stable in the 1200 mV range. The resulting differences in corrosion rates and pitting potentials open the discussion on whether the chemical composition deviations on AISI 316L dilution layers are acceptable in terms of surface functionality in medical devices.
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15
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Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Review Focused on the Processing and Microstructural Parameters Influence on the Final Properties. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12060986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ti6Al4V alloy is an ideal lightweight structural metal for a huge variety of engineering applications due to its distinguishing combination of high specific mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. In this review, the mechanical properties of selective laser-melted Ti6Al4V parts are addressed in detail, as well as the main processing and microstructural parameters that influence the final properties. Fundamental knowledge is provided by linking the microstructural features and the final mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V parts, including tensile strength, tensile strain, fatigue resistance, hardness and wear performance. A comparison between Laser Powder Bed Fusion and conventional processing routes is also addressed. The presence of defects in as-built Ti6Al4V parts and their influences on the mechanical performance are also critically discussed. The results available in the literature show that typical Laser Powder Bed–Fused Ti6Al4V tensile properties (>900 MPa yield strength and >1000 MPa tensile strength) are adequate when considering the minimum values of the standards for implants and for aerospace applications (e.g., ASTM F136–13; ASTM F1108–14; AMS4930; AMS6932).
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16
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Investigation of the Interface between Laser-Melted CoCr and a Stainless Steel Substrate. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in laser technologies offer significant flexibility in the additive manufacturing domain. Extensive work was focused on material processing using laser-directed energy deposition for repairing parts. This pilot study investigated the use of selective laser melting (SLM) for depositing a superior material such as CoCr on an existing stainless steel base. The interface between these dissimilar materials was analyzed. During fabrication, both metals were gradually mixed in the liquid state as the first CoCr powder layer was melded on the steel base without obvious defects. According to SEM and EDAX, the heat-affected zone has a limited depth (<20 µm). XRD patterns recorded across the CoCr–304 interface show a homogenous mixture of γ(Fe) and α(Co) solid solutions. The microporosity calculated by CT was under 0.5%. Microhardness was measured at and near the interface region, showing that the intermixing zone has high hardness (470–480 HV1), which may be related to the fine-grained microstructure. Mechanical testing reveals that the adhesion strength at rupture is 35% higher compared with the ultimate tensile strength of 304 steel. This adhesion strength can be attributed to the complete melting of CoCr particles after laser irradiation and to the reduced thickness of the HAZ and the IZ.
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17
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Li C, Zhou Z. Air permeability and tensile properties of novel micron-scale gradient porous plates fabricated by rolling and vacuum sintering. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Current and Emerging Bioresorbable Metallic Scaffolds: An Insight into Their Development, Processing and Characterisation. J Indian Inst Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Raheem AA, Hameed P, Whenish R, Elsen RS, G A, Jaiswal AK, Prashanth KG, Manivasagam G. A Review on Development of Bio-Inspired Implants Using 3D Printing. Biomimetics (Basel) 2021; 6:65. [PMID: 34842628 PMCID: PMC8628669 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics6040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetics is an emerging field of science that adapts the working principles from nature to fine-tune the engineering design aspects to mimic biological structure and functions. The application mainly focuses on the development of medical implants for hard and soft tissue replacements. Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is an established processing norm with a superior resolution and control over process parameters than conventional methods and has allowed the incessant amalgamation of biomimetics into material manufacturing, thereby improving the adaptation of biomaterials and implants into the human body. The conventional manufacturing practices had design restrictions that prevented mimicking the natural architecture of human tissues into material manufacturing. However, with additive manufacturing, the material construction happens layer-by-layer over multiple axes simultaneously, thus enabling finer control over material placement, thereby overcoming the design challenge that prevented developing complex human architectures. This review substantiates the dexterity of additive manufacturing in utilizing biomimetics to 3D print ceramic, polymer, and metal implants with excellent resemblance to natural tissue. It also cites some clinical references of experimental and commercial approaches employing biomimetic 3D printing of implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansheed A. Raheem
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (A.A.R.); (P.H.); (R.W.); (A.K.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Pearlin Hameed
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (A.A.R.); (P.H.); (R.W.); (A.K.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Ruban Whenish
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (A.A.R.); (P.H.); (R.W.); (A.K.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Renold S. Elsen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Aswin G
- School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (A.A.R.); (P.H.); (R.W.); (A.K.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Konda Gokuldoss Prashanth
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (A.A.R.); (P.H.); (R.W.); (A.K.J.); (G.M.)
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Science, Jahnstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Geetha Manivasagam
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (A.A.R.); (P.H.); (R.W.); (A.K.J.); (G.M.)
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20
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The advances of topology optimization techniques in orthopedic implants: A review. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:1673-1689. [PMID: 34363576 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal implants are widely used in the treatment of orthopedic diseases. However, owing to the mismatched elastic modulus of the bone and implants, stress shielding often occurs clinically which can result in failure of the implant or fractures around the implant. Topology optimization (TO) is a technique that can provide more efficient material distribution according to the objective function under the special load and boundary conditions. Several researchers have paid close attention to TO for optimal design of orthopedic implants. Thanks to the development of additive manufacturing (AM), the complex structure of the TO design can be fabricated. This article mainly focuses on the current stage of TO technique with respect to the global layout and hierarchical structure in orthopedic implants. In each aspect, diverse implants in different orthopedic fields related to TO design are discussed. The characteristics of implants, methods of TO, validation methods of the newly designed implants, and limitations of current research have been summarized. The review concludes with future challenges and directions for research. Wang TO design of global layout and local structure of implants in diverse fields of orthopedic.
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21
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A new porous fixation plate design using the topology optimization. Med Eng Phys 2021; 92:18-24. [PMID: 34167707 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fixation plates are used to accelerate the biological healing process in the damaged area by providing mechanical stabilization for fractured bones. However, they may cause mechanical and biological complications such as aseptic loosening, stress shielding effect and necrosis during the treatment process. The aim of this study, therefore, was to reduce mechanical and biological complications observed in conventional plate models. For this purpose, an optimum plate geometry was obtained using the finite element based topology optimization approach. An optimum and functionally graded porous model were obtained for the plates used for transverse fractures of diaphysis in long bones. This model was combined with a functional graded porous cage structure, and thus a new generation porous implant model was proposed for fixation plates. In order to determine the performance of the optimum plate model, it was produced by additive manufacturing. Three models; i.e. conventional, optimum and porous fixation plates were statically tested, and they were compared experimentally and numerically using the finite element analysis (FEA). The porous model can be considered as the most suitable option since it requires less invasive inputs, and might lead minimum necrosis formation due to having lesser contact surface with the bone.
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22
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Lv Y, Wang B, Liu G, Tang Y, Lu E, Xie K, Lan C, Liu J, Qin Z, Wang L. Metal Material, Properties and Design Methods of Porous Biomedical Scaffolds for Additive Manufacturing: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:641130. [PMID: 33842445 PMCID: PMC8033174 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.641130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Design an implant similar to the human bone is one of the critical problems in bone tissue engineering. Metal porous scaffolds have good prospects in bone tissue replacement due to their matching elastic modulus, better strength, and biocompatibility. However, traditional processing methods are challenging to fabricate scaffolds with a porous structure, limiting the development of porous scaffolds. With the advancement of additive manufacturing (AM) and computer-aided technologies, the development of porous metal scaffolds also ushers in unprecedented opportunities. In recent years, many new metal materials and innovative design methods are used to fabricate porous scaffolds with excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. This article reviews the research progress of porous metal scaffolds, and introduces the AM technologies used in porous metal scaffolds. Then the applications of different metal materials in bone scaffolds are summarized, and the advantages and limitations of various scaffold design methods are discussed. Finally, we look forward to the development prospects of AM in porous metal scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lv
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binghao Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Guohao Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujin Tang
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Eryi Lu
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kegong Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Changgong Lan
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Zhenbo Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Školáková A, Körberová J, Málek J, Rohanová D, Jablonská E, Pinc J, Salvetr P, Gregorová E, Novák P. Microstructural, Mechanical, Corrosion and Cytotoxicity Characterization of Porous Ti-Si Alloys with Pore-Forming Agent. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13245607. [PMID: 33316967 PMCID: PMC7764597 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys belong to the group of materials used in implantology due to their biocompatibility, outstanding corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. However, the value of Young’s modulus is too high in comparison with the human bone, which could result in the failure of implants. This problem can be overcome by creating pores in the materials, which, moreover, improves the osseointegration. Therefore, TiSi2 and TiSi2 with 20 wt.% of the pore-forming agent (PA) were prepared by reactive sintering and compared with pure titanium and titanium with the addition of various PA content in this study. For manufacturing implants (especially augmentation or spinal replacements), titanium with PA seemed to be more suitable than TiSi2 + 20 wt.% PA. In addition, titanium with 30 or 40 wt.% PA contained pores with a size allowing bone tissue ingrowth. Furthermore, Ti + 30 wt.% PA was more suitable material in terms of corrosion resistance; however, its Young’s modulus was higher than that of the human bone while Ti + 40 wt.% PA had a Young’s modulus close to the human bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Školáková
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (J.P.); (P.S.); (P.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-220-444-055
| | - Jana Körberová
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (J.P.); (P.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Jaroslav Málek
- UJP Praha a.s., Nad Kamínkou 1345, 156 10 Prague 16, Zbraslav, Czech Republic;
| | - Dana Rohanová
- Department of Glass and Ceramics, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (D.R.); (E.G.)
| | - Eva Jablonská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Pinc
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (J.P.); (P.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Pavel Salvetr
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (J.P.); (P.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Eva Gregorová
- Department of Glass and Ceramics, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (D.R.); (E.G.)
| | - Pavel Novák
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (J.P.); (P.S.); (P.N.)
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Bartolomeu F, Costa MM, Alves N, Miranda G, Silva FS. Selective Laser Melting of Ti6Al4V sub-millimetric cellular structures: Prediction of dimensional deviations and mechanical performance. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 113:104123. [PMID: 33032011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ti6Al4V sub-millimetric cellular structures arise as promising solutions concerning the progress of conventional orthopedic implants due to its ability to address a combination of mechanical, physical and topological properties. Such ability can improve the interaction between implant materials and surrounding bone leading to long-term successful orthopedic implants. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) capability to produce high quality Ti6Al4V porous implants is in great demand towards orthopedic biomaterials. In this study, Ti6Al4V cellular structures were designed, modeled, SLM produced and characterized targeting orthopedic implants. For that purpose, a set of tools is proposed to overcome SLM limited accuracy to produce porous biomaterials with desired dimensions and mechanical properties. Morphological analyses were performed to evaluate the dimensional deviations noticed between the model CAD and the SLM produced structures. Tensile tests were carried out to estimate the elastic modulus of the Ti6Al4V cellular structures. The present work proposes a design methodology showing the linear correlations found for the dimensions, the porosity and the elastic modulus when comparing the model CAD designs with Ti6Al4V structures by SLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bartolomeu
- Center for Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - M M Costa
- Center for Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - N Alves
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Rua General Norton de Matos, Apartado 4133, 2411-901, Leiria, Portugal
| | - G Miranda
- Center for Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal; CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F S Silva
- Center for Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
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Bartolomeu F, Costa M, Alves N, Miranda G, Silva F. Engineering the elastic modulus of NiTi cellular structures fabricated by selective laser melting. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cosma C, Drstvensek I, Berce P, Prunean S, Legutko S, Popa C, Balc N. Physical-Mechanical Characteristics and Microstructure of Ti6Al7Nb Lattice Structures Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13184123. [PMID: 32948067 PMCID: PMC7560298 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The demand of lattice structures for medical applications is increasing due to their ability to accelerate the osseointegration process, to reduce the implant weight and the stiffness. Selective laser melting (SLM) process offers the possibility to manufacture directly complex lattice applications, but there are a few studies that have focused on biocompatible Ti6Al7Nb alloy. The purpose of this work was to investigate the physical-mechanical properties and the microstructure of three dissimilar lattice structures that were SLM-manufactured by using Ti6Al7Nb powder. In particular, the strut morphology, the fracture characterization, the metallographic structure, and the X-ray phase identification were analyzed. Additionally, the Gibson-Ashby prediction model was adapted for each lattice topology, indicating the theoretical compressive strength and Young modulus. The resulted porosity of these lattice structures was approximately 56%, and the pore size ranged from 0.40 to 0.91 mm. Under quasi-static compression test, three failure modes were recorded. Compared to fully solid specimens, the actual lattice structures reduce the elastic modulus from 104 to 6-28 GPa. The struts surfaces were covered by a large amount of partial melted grains. Some solidification defects were recorded in struts structure. The fractographs revealed a brittle rupture of struts, and their microstructure was mainly α' martensite with columnar grains. The results demonstrate the suitability of manufacturing lattice structures made of Ti6Al7Nb powder having unique physical-mechanical properties which could meet the medical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Cosma
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (P.B.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-762682150
| | - Igor Drstvensek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Petru Berce
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (P.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Simon Prunean
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Stanisław Legutko
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Catalin Popa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Nicolae Balc
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (P.B.); (N.B.)
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Selective Laser Melting of Aluminum and Titanium Matrix Composites: Recent Progress and Potential Applications in the Aerospace Industry. AEROSPACE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/aerospace7060077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) is a near-net-shape time- and cost-effective manufacturing technique, which can create strong and efficient components with potential applications in the aerospace industry. To meet the requirements of the growing aerospace industrial demands, lighter materials with enhanced mechanical properties are of the utmost need. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are extraordinary engineering materials with tailorable properties, bilaterally benefiting from the desired properties of reinforcement and matrix constituents. Among a wide range of MMCs currently available, aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) and titanium matrix composites (TMCs) are highly potential candidates for aerospace applications owing to their outstanding strength-to-weight ratio. However, the feasibility of SLM-fabricated composites utilization in aerospace applications is still challenging. This review addresses the SLM of AMCs/TMCs by considering the processability (densification level) and microstructural evolutions as the most significant factors determining the mechanical properties of the final part. The mechanical properties of fabricated MMCs are assessed in terms of hardness, tensile/compressive strength, ductility, and wear resistance, and are compared to their monolithic states. The knowledge gained from process–microstructure–mechanical properties relationship investigations can pave the way to make the existing materials better and invent new materials compatible with growing aerospace industrial demands.
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Bartolomeu F, Dourado N, Pereira F, Alves N, Miranda G, Silva F. Additive manufactured porous biomaterials targeting orthopedic implants: A suitable combination of mechanical, physical and topological properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 107:110342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Austenitic Stainless Steel Powders with Increased Nitrogen Content for Laser Additive Manufacturing. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen is used as an alloying element, substituting the expensive and allergenic element nickel, in austenitic stainless steels to improve their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The development of austenitic stainless steel powders with increased nitrogen content for laser additive manufacturing has recently received great interest. To increase nitrogen content in the austenitic steel powders (for example AISI 316L), two measures are taken in this study: (1) melting the steel under a nitrogen atmosphere, and (2) adding manganese to increase the solubility of nitrogen in the steel. The steel melt is then atomized by means of gas atomization (with either nitrogen or argon). The resulting powders are examined and characterized with regard to nitrogen content, particle size distribution, particle shape, microstructure, and flowability. It shows that about 0.2–0.3 mass % nitrogen can be added to the austenitic stainless steel 316L by adding manganese and melting the steel under nitrogen atmosphere. The particles are spherical in shape and very few satellite particles are observed. The steel powders show good flowability and packing density, therefore they can be successfully processed by means of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF).
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Arjunan A, Demetriou M, Baroutaji A, Wang C. Mechanical performance of highly permeable laser melted Ti6Al4V bone scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 102:103517. [PMID: 31877520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Critically engineered stiffness and strength of a scaffold are crucial for managing maladapted stress concentration and reducing stress shielding. At the same time, suitable porosity and permeability are key to facilitate biological activities associated with bone growth and nutrient delivery. A systematic balance of all these parameters are required for the development of an effective bone scaffold. Traditionally, the approach has been to study each of these parameters in isolation without considering their interdependence to achieve specific properties at a certain porosity. The purpose of this study is to undertake a holistic investigation considering the stiffness, strength, permeability, and stress concentration of six scaffold architectures featuring a 68.46-90.98% porosity. With an initial target of a tibial host segment, the permeability was characterised using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in conjunction with Darcy's law. Following this, Ashby's criterion, experimental tests, and Finite Element Method (FEM) were employed to study the mechanical behaviour and their interdependencies under uniaxial compression. The FE model was validated and further extended to study the influence of stress concentration on both the stiffness and strength of the scaffolds. The results showed that the pore shape can influence permeability, stiffness, strength, and the stress concentration factor of Ti6Al4V bone scaffolds. Furthermore, the numerical results demonstrate the effect to which structural performance of highly porous scaffolds deviate, as a result of the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process. In addition, the study demonstrates that stiffness and strength of bone scaffold at a targeted porosity is linked to the pore shape and the associated stress concentration allowing to exploit the design freedom associated with SLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Arjunan
- School of Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Telford, TF2 9NT, UK.
| | - Marios Demetriou
- School of Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Telford, TF2 9NT, UK
| | - Ahmad Baroutaji
- School of Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Telford, TF2 9NT, UK
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Engineering and Design, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK
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Guo Y, Wu J, Xie K, Tan J, Yang Y, Zhao S, Wang L, Jiang W, Hao Y. Study of Bone Regeneration and Osteointegration Effect of a Novel Selective Laser-Melted Titanium-Tantalum-Niobium-Zirconium Alloy Scaffold. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6463-6473. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Additive Manufacturing of Customized Metallic Orthopedic Implants: Materials, Structures, and Surface Modifications. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9091004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metals have been used for orthopedic implants for a long time due to their excellent mechanical properties. With the rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, studying customized implants with complex microstructures for patients has become a trend of various bone defect repair. A superior customized implant should have good biocompatibility and mechanical properties matching the defect bone. To meet the performance requirements of implants, this paper introduces the biomedical metallic materials currently applied to orthopedic implants from the design to manufacture, elaborates the structure design and surface modification of the orthopedic implant. By selecting the appropriate implant material and processing method, optimizing the implant structure and modifying the surface can ensure the performance requirements of the implant. Finally, this paper discusses the future development trend of the orthopedic implant.
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Mechanical performance of additively manufactured meta-biomaterials. Acta Biomater 2019; 85:41-59. [PMID: 30590181 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) (=3D printing) and rational design techniques have enabled development of meta-biomaterials with unprecedented combinations of mechanical, mass transport, and biological properties. Such meta-biomaterials are usually topologically ordered and are designed by repeating a number of regular unit cells in different directions to create a lattice structure. Establishing accurate topology-property relationships is of critical importance for these materials. In this paper, we specifically focus on AM metallic meta-biomaterials aimed for application as bone substitutes and orthopaedic implants and review the currently available evidence regarding their mechanical performance under quasi-static and cyclic loading conditions. The topology-property relationships are reviewed for regular beam-based lattice structures, sheet-based lattice structures including those based on triply periodic minimal surface, and graded designs. The predictive models used for establishing the topology-property relationships including analytical and computational models are covered as well. Moreover, we present an overview of the effects of the AM processes, material type, tissue regeneration, biodegradation, surface bio-functionalization, post-manufacturing (heat) treatments, and loading profiles on the quasi-static mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of AM meta-biomaterials. AM meta-biomaterials exhibiting unusual mechanical properties such as negative Poisson's ratios (auxetic meta-biomaterials), shape memory behavior, and superelasitcity as well as the potential applications of such unusual behaviors (e.g. deployable implants) are presented too. The paper concludes with some suggestions for future research. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Additive manufacturing enables fabrication of meta-biomaterials with rare combinations of topological, mechanical, and mass transport properties. Given that the micro-scale topological design determines the macro-scale properties of meta-biomaterials, establishing topology-property relationships is the central research question when rationally designing meta-biomaterials. The interest in understanding the relationship between the topological design and material type on the one hand and the mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of meta-biomaterials on the other hand is currently booming. This paper presents and critically evaluates the most important trends and findings in this area with a special focus on the metallic biomaterials used for skeletal applications to enable researchers better understand the current state-of-the-art and to guide the design of future research projects.
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A Comprehensive Study of Steel Powders (316L, H13, P20 and 18Ni300) for Their Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The determination of microstructural details for powder materials is vital for facilitating their selective laser melting (SLM) process. Four widely used steels (316L, H13, P20 and 18Ni300) have been investigated to detail their powders’ microstructures as well as laser absorptivity to understand their SLM processing from raw material perspective. Phase components of these four steel powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to reveal the surface structure of these four steel powders. It is found that phase components of H13, P20 and 18Ni300 are mainly composed of martensite and a small amount of austenite due to the high cooling rate during gas atomization processing, while 316L is characterized by austenite. XPS results show that the four steel powders all possess a layered surface structure, consisting of a thin iron oxide layer at the outmost surface and metal matrix at the inner surface. It is found that the presence of such oxide layer can improve the absorptivity of steel powders and is beneficial for their SLM process.
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Petretta M, Desando G, Grigolo B, Roseti L. 3D printing of musculoskeletal tissues: impact on safety and health at work. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:891-912. [PMID: 31545145 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1663458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (commonly referred to as 3D printing) created an attractive approach for regenerative medicine research in musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Given the high number of fabrication technologies available, characterized by different working and physical principles, there are several related risks that need to be managed to protect operators. Recently, an increasing number of studies demonstrated that several types of 3D printers are emitters of ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds whose harmful effects through inhalation, ingestion and skin uptake are known. Confirmation of danger of these products is not yet final, but this provides a basis to adopt preventive measures in agreement with the precautionary principle. The purpose of this investigation was to provide a useful tool to the researcher for managing the risks related to the use of different kinds of three-dimensional printers (3D printers) in the lab, especiallyconcerning orthopedic applications, and to define appropriate control measures. Particular attention was given to new emerging risks and to developing response strategies for a comprehensive coverage of the health and safety of operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Petretta
- RegenHU ltd, Z.I. du Vivier , Villaz-ST-Pierre , Switzerland
- RAMSES Laboratory, Rizzoli RIT-Research, Innovation & Technology Department, Istituto di Ricerca Codivilla Putti, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Giovanna Desando
- RAMSES Laboratory, Rizzoli RIT-Research, Innovation & Technology Department, Istituto di Ricerca Codivilla Putti, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Brunella Grigolo
- RAMSES Laboratory, Rizzoli RIT-Research, Innovation & Technology Department, Istituto di Ricerca Codivilla Putti, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Livia Roseti
- RAMSES Laboratory, Rizzoli RIT-Research, Innovation & Technology Department, Istituto di Ricerca Codivilla Putti, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
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Yang Y, Wang G, Liang H, Gao C, Peng S, Shen L, Shuai C. Additive manufacturing of bone scaffolds. Int J Bioprint 2018; 5:148. [PMID: 32596528 PMCID: PMC7294697 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v5i1.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) can obtain not only customized external shape but also porous internal structure for scaffolds, both of which are of great importance for repairing large segmental bone defects. The scaffold fabrication process generally involves scaffold design, AM, and post-treatments. Thus, this article firstly reviews the state-of-the-art of scaffold design, including computer-aided design, reverse modeling, topology optimization, and mathematical modeling. In addition, the current characteristics of several typical AM techniques, including selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling (FDM), and electron beam melting (EBM), especially their advantages and limitations are presented. In particular, selective laser sintering is able to obtain scaffolds with nanoscale grains, due to its high heating rate and a short holding time. However, this character usually results in insufficient densification. FDM can fabricate scaffolds with a relative high accuracy of pore structure but with a relative low mechanical strength. EBM with a high beam-material coupling efficiency can process high melting point metals, but it exhibits a low-resolution and poor surface quality. Furthermore, the common post-treatments, with main focus on heat and surface treatments, which are applied to improve the comprehensive performance are also discussed. Finally, this review also discusses the future directions for AM scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Yang
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Guoyong Wang
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Huixin Liang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 210016 Nanjing, China
| | - Chengde Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shuping Peng
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lida Shen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 210016 Nanjing, China
| | - Cijun Shuai
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
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Eldesouky I, El-Hofy H, Harrysson O. Research: Design and Analysis of a Low-Stiffness Porous Hip Stem. Biomed Instrum Technol 2018; 51:474-482. [PMID: 29161121 DOI: 10.2345/0899-8205-51.6.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two major problems are associated with total hip replacement: 1) stress shielding and 2) the adverse tissue reaction to certain elements of the implant material. In this regard, a porous implant provides lower stiffness and vacancies for bone ingrowth, making it more suitable for the human bone compared with a solid stem. Moreover, second-generation titanium biomedical alloys, such as TNZT (Ti35Nb7Zr5Ta) and TMZF (Ti12Mo6Zr2Fe), have been introduced to prevent the adverse tissue reactions related to aluminum and vanadium elements of the popular Ti6Al4V alloy. In the current work, an analysis was performed based on uniaxial compression testing of cubic Ti6Al4V structures of different porosities to predict the governing equations that relate the relative density of the structure to the mechanical properties of the structure according to the Gibson-Ashby model. A numerical study was conducted to evaluate the change in stress distribution obtained by incorporating the new titanium alloys in porous hip stem implants. Implants modeled with the mechanical properties of TNZT and TMZF showed a minimum safety factor of 1.69 and 3.02, respectively, with respect to the yield strength. The results demonstrated an increase in the equivalent von Mises stresses and maximum principal elastic strain up to 7% and 15%, respectively, compared with the porous Ti6Al4V implant and up to 108% and 156%, respectively, compared with the solid Ti6Al4V implant.
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Rao X, Yang J, Li J, Feng X, Chen Z, Yuan Y, Yong B, Chu C, Tan X, Song Q. Replication and bioactivation of Ti-based alloy scaffold macroscopically identical to cancellous bone from polymeric template with TiNbZr powders. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 88:296-304. [PMID: 30196185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a new type of porous Ti-based alloy scaffold with high porosity (about 75%) and interconnected pores in the range of 300-1000 µm was fabricated by polymeric foam replication method with TiNbZr powders. This porous scaffold, which is consisted with major β phase Ti and minor α Ti phase, exhibits a compressive strength of 14.9 MPa and an elastic modulus of 0.21 GPa, resembling the mechanical properties of nature human cancellous bone (σ = 10-50 MPa, E = 0.01-3.0 GPa). To improve its osteogenic potential, a bioactive nanostructural titanate network coating was applied to the scaffold surface using hydrothermal treatment. The bone-like apatite inducing ability of the treated scaffold was systemically assessed using SBF immersion during 3-28 days. The nanostructural titanate network coated on porous TiNbZr scaffold is favorable for apatite nucleation and subsequent growth due to the hydrolysis of titanate. The results suggest that highly porous TiNbZr scaffolds with an appropriate bioactive coating, which was fabricated in this study, could be potentially used for bone tissue engineering application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Rao
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Jihan Yang
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yidie Yuan
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Binglian Yong
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Chenglin Chu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Tan
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qunliang Song
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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40
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316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting and Its Biocompatibility with or without Hydroxyapatite Coating. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8070548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To fabricate metallic 316L/HA (hydroxyapatite) materials which meet the requirements of an implant’s mechanical properties and bioactivity for its function as human bone replacement, selective laser melting (SLM) has been employed in this study to prepare a 316L stainless steel matrix, which was subsequently covered with a hydroxyapatite (HA) coating using the sol-gel method. High density (98.9%) as-printed parts were prepared using a laser power of 230 W and a scanning speed of 800 mm/s. Austenite and residual acicular ferrite existed in the microstructure of the as-printed 316L stainless steel, and the sub-grain was uniform, whose primary dendrite spacing was around 0.35 μm. The as-printed 316L stainless steel showed the highest Vickers hardness, elastic modulus, and tensile strength at ~ (~ means about; same applies below unless stated otherwise) 247 HV, ~214.2 GPa, and ~730 MPa, respectively. The elongation corresponding to the highest tensile strength was ~38.8%. The 316L/HA structure, measured by the Relative Growth Rate (RGR) value, exhibited no cell cytotoxicity, and presented better biocompatibility than the uncoated as-printed and as-cast 316L samples.
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41
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Kong D, Ni X, Dong C, Zhang L, Man C, Yao J, Xiao K, Li X. Heat treatment effect on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ali D, Sen S. Finite element analysis of mechanical behavior, permeability and fluid induced wall shear stress of high porosity scaffolds with gyroid and lattice-based architectures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:262-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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43
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Zhu K, Duan J, Guo J, Wu S, Lu A, Zhang L. High-Strength Films Consisted of Oriented Chitosan Nanofibers for Guiding Cell Growth. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3904-3912. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunkun Zhu
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiangjiang Duan
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jinhua Guo
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuangquan Wu
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ang Lu
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Chemistry and
Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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A novel high-strength and highly corrosive biodegradable Fe-Pd alloy: Structural, mechanical and in vitro corrosion and cytotoxicity study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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45
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Wang S, Liu Y, Shi W, Qi B, Yang J, Zhang F, Han D, Ma Y. Research on High Layer Thickness Fabricated of 316L by Selective Laser Melting. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10091055. [PMID: 28885596 PMCID: PMC5615710 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) is a potential additive manufacturing (AM) technology. However, the application of SLM was confined due to low efficiency. To improve efficiency, SLM fabrication with a high layer thickness and fine powder was systematically researched, and the void areas and hollow powders can be reduced by using fine powder. Single-track experiments were used to narrow down process parameter windows. Multi-layer fabrication relative density can be reached 99.99% at the exposure time-point distance-hatch space of 120 μs-40 μm-240 μm. Also, the building rate can be up to 12 mm3/s, which is about 3–10 times higher than the previous studies. Three typical defects were found by studying deeply, including the un-melted defect between the molten pools, the micro-pore defect within the molten pool, and the irregular distribution of the splashing phenomenon. Moreover, the microstructure is mostly equiaxed crystals and a small amount of columnar crystals. The averages of ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation are 625 MPa, 525 MPa, and 39.9%, respectively. As exposure time increased from 80 μs to 200 μs, the grain size is gradually grown up from 0.98 μm to 2.23 μm, the grain aspect ratio is close to 1, and the tensile properties are shown as a downward trend. The tensile properties of high layer thickness fabricated are not significantly different than those with a coarse-powder layer thickness of low in previous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- School of Material and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yude Liu
- School of Material and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Wentian Shi
- School of Material and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Bin Qi
- School of Material and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Jin Yang
- School of Material and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Feifei Zhang
- School of Material and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Dong Han
- School of Material and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yingyi Ma
- School of Material and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Fousova M, Vojtech D, Jablonska E, Fojt J, Lipov J. Novel Approach in the Use of Plasma Spray: Preparation of Bulk Titanium for Bone Augmentations. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10090987. [PMID: 28837101 PMCID: PMC5615642 DOI: 10.3390/ma10090987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thermal plasma spray is a common, well-established technology used in various application fields. Nevertheless, in our work, this technology was employed in a completely new way; for the preparation of bulk titanium. The aim was to produce titanium with properties similar to human bone to be used for bone augmentations. Titanium rods sprayed on a thin substrate wire exerted a porosity of about 15%, which yielded a significant decrease of Young′s modulus to the bone range and provided rugged topography for enhanced biological fixation. For the first verification of the suitability of the selected approach, tests of the mechanical properties in terms of compression, bending, and impact were carried out, the surface was characterized, and its compatibility with bone cells was studied. While preserving a high enough compressive strength of 628 MPa, the elastic modulus reached 11.6 GPa, thus preventing a stress-shielding effect, a generally known problem of implantable metals. U-2 OS and Saos-2 cells derived from bone osteosarcoma grown on the plasma-sprayed surface showed good viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Fousova
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Dalibor Vojtech
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Jablonska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Fojt
- Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Lipov
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Promising characteristics of gradient porosity Ti-6Al-4V alloy prepared by SLM process. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 69:368-376. [PMID: 28167428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Porous structures, manufactured of a biocompatible metal, mimicking human bone structure are the future of orthopedic implantology. Fully porous materials, however, suffer from certain drawbacks. To overcome these, gradient in structure can be prepared. With gradient in porosity mechanical properties can be optimized to an appropriate value, implant can be attributed a similar gradient macrostructure as bone, tissue adhesion may be promoted and also various modification with organic or inorganic substances are possible. In this study, additive technology selective laser melting (SLM) was used to produce three types of gradient porosity model specimens of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. As this technology has the potential to prepare complex structures in the near-net form, to control porosity, pore size and shape, it represents a promising option. The first part of the research work was focused on the characterization of the material itself in the as-produced state, only with heat treatment applied. The second part dealt with the influence of porosity on mechanical properties. The study has shown SLM brings significant changes in the surface chemistry. Despite this finding, titanium alloy retained its cytocompatibility, as it was outlined by in vitro tests with U-2 OS cells. With introduced porosity yield strength, ultimate strength and stiffness showed linear decrease, both in tension and compression. With respect to the future use in the form of orthopedic implant, especially reduction in Young's modulus down to the human bone value (30.5±2GPa) is very appreciated as the stress-shielding effect followed by possible implant loosening is limited.
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Hassanin H, Al-Kinani AA, ElShaer A, Polycarpou E, El-Sayed MA, Essa K. Stainless steel with tailored porosity using canister-free hot isostatic pressing for improved osseointegration implants. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:9384-9394. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02444d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Porous biomedical implants hold great potential in preventing stress shielding while improving bone osseointegration and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Hassanin
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering
- Kingston University
- UK
| | - Ali A. Al-Kinani
- School of Life Sciences
- Pharmacy and Chemistry
- Kingston University
- UK
| | - Amr ElShaer
- School of Life Sciences
- Pharmacy and Chemistry
- Kingston University
- UK
| | - Elena Polycarpou
- School of Life Sciences
- Pharmacy and Chemistry
- Kingston University
- UK
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed El-Sayed
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering
- Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport
- Abu Qir
- Alexandria
- Egypt
| | - Khamis Essa
- School of Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- UK
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