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Liu X, Huang K, Zhang F, Huang G, Wang L, Wu G, Ren H, Yang G, Lin Z. Multifunctional nano-in-micro delivery systems for targeted therapy in fundus neovascularization diseases. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:354. [PMID: 38902775 PMCID: PMC11191225 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Fundus neovascularization diseases are a series of blinding eye diseases that seriously impair vision worldwide. Currently, the means of treating these diseases in clinical practice are continuously evolving and have rapidly revolutionized treatment opinions. However, key issues such as inadequate treatment effectiveness, high rates of recurrence, and poor patient compliance still need to be urgently addressed. Multifunctional nanomedicine can specifically respond to both endogenous and exogenous microenvironments, effectively deliver drugs to specific targets and participate in activities such as biological imaging and the detection of small molecules. Nano-in-micro (NIM) delivery systems such as metal, metal oxide and up-conversion nanoparticles (NPs), quantum dots, and carbon materials, have shown certain advantages in overcoming the presence of physiological barriers within the eyeball and are widely used in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Few studies, however, have evaluated the efficacy of NIM delivery systems in treating fundus neovascular diseases (FNDs). The present study describes the main clinical treatment strategies and the adverse events associated with the treatment of FNDs with NIM delivery systems and summarizes the anatomical obstacles that must be overcome. In this review, we wish to highlight the principle of intraocular microenvironment normalization, aiming to provide a more rational approach for designing new NIM delivery systems to treat specific FNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Keke Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Fuxiao Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Ge Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Guiyu Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Zhiqing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610031, China.
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2
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Aschner M, Skalny AV, Paoliello MMB, Tinkova MN, Martins AC, Santamaria A, Lee E, Rocha JBT, Farsky SHP, Tinkov AA. Retinal toxicity of heavy metals and its involvement in retinal pathology. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114685. [PMID: 38663763 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the present review is to discuss epidemiological evidence demonstrating the association between toxic metal (Cd, Pb, Hg, As, Sn, Ti, Tl) exposure and retinal pathology, along with the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Epidemiological studies demonstrate that Cd, and to a lesser extent Pb exposure, are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), while the existing evidence on the levels of these metals in patients with diabetic retinopathy is scarce. Epidemiological data on the association between other toxic metals and metalloids including mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As), are limited. Clinical reports and laboratory in vivo studies have shown structural alterations in different layers of retina following metal exposure. Examination of retina samples demonstrate that toxic metals can accumulate in the retina, and the rate of accumulation appears to increase with age. Experimental studies in vivo and in vitro studies in APRE-19 and D407 cells demonstrate that toxic metal exposure may cause retinal damage through oxidative stress, apoptosis, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impaired retinogenesis, and retinal inflammation. However, further epidemiological as well as laboratory studies are required for understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and identifying of the potential therapeutic targets and estimation of the dose-response effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, 150003, Russia; Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Monica M B Paoliello
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Airton C Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico; Laboratorio de Nanotecnología y Nanomedicina, Departamento de Cuidado de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Joao B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Sandra H P Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, 150003, Russia; Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119435, Russia.
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3
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Wong KY, Wong MS, Liu J. Nanozymes for Treating Ocular Diseases. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401309. [PMID: 38738646 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Nanozymes, characterized by their nanoscale size and enzyme-like catalytic activities, exhibit diverse therapeutic potentials, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-angiogenic effects. These properties make them highly valuable in nanomedicine, particularly ocular therapy, bypassing the need for systemic delivery. Nanozymes show significant promise in tackling multi-factored ocular diseases, particularly those influenced by oxidation and inflammation, like dry eye disease, and age-related macular degeneration. Their small size, coupled with their ease of modification and integration into soft materials, facilitates the effective penetration of ocular barriers, thereby enabling targeted or prolonged therapy within the eye. This review is dedicated to exploring ocular diseases that are intricately linked to oxidation and inflammation, shedding light on the role of nanozymes in managing these conditions. Additionally, recent studies elucidating advanced applications of nanozymes in ocular therapeutics, along with their integration with soft materials for disease management, are discussed. Finally, this review outlines directions for future investigations aimed at bridging the gap between nanozyme research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Ying Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17 W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17 W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Research Center for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17 W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
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4
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Teng L, Sun Y, Teng S, Hui P. Applications of nanomaterials in anti-VEGF treatment for ophthalmic diseases. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:296-306. [PMID: 37850566 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis has been determined to be essential in the occurrence and metastasis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), choroidal neovascularization (CNV), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), tumor, etc. However, the clinical use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) drugs is currently limited due to its high cost, potential side effects, and need for repeated injections. In recent years, nanotechnology has shown promising results in inhibiting neovascularization and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inflammatory factors. Some nanomaterials can also act as vehicles for drug delivery, such as lipid nanoparticles and PLGA. The process of angiogenesis and its molecular mechanism are discussed in this article. At the same time, this study aims to systematically review the research progress of nanotechnology and offer more treatment options for neovascularization-related diseases in clinical ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Teng
- The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yabin Sun
- The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Siying Teng
- The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Hui
- The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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5
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Cupini S, Di Marco S, Boselli L, Cavalli A, Tarricone G, Mastronardi V, Castagnola V, Colombo E, Pompa PP, Benfenati F. Platinum Nanozymes Counteract Photoreceptor Degeneration and Retina Inflammation in a Light-Damage Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22800-22820. [PMID: 37934489 PMCID: PMC10690844 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of photoreceptors in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is associated with oxidative stress due to the intense aerobic metabolism of rods and cones that if not properly counterbalanced by endogenous antioxidant mechanisms can precipitate photoreceptor degeneration. In spite of being a priority eye disease for its high incidence in the elderly, no effective treatments for AMD exist. While systemic administration of antioxidants has been unsuccessful in slowing down degeneration, locally administered rare-earth nanoparticles were shown to be effective in preventing retinal photo-oxidative damage. However, because of inherent problems of dispersion in biological media, limited antioxidant power, and short lifetimes, these NPs are still confined to the preclinical stage. Here we propose platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), potent antioxidant nanozymes, as a therapeutic tool for AMD. PtNPs exhibit high catalytic activity at minimal concentrations and protect primary neurons against oxidative insults and the ensuing apoptosis. We tested the efficacy of intravitreally injected PtNPs in preventing or mitigating light damage produced in dark-reared albino Sprague-Dawley rats by in vivo electroretinography (ERG) and ex vivo retina morphology and electrophysiology. We found that both preventive and postlesional treatments with PtNPs increased the amplitude of ERG responses to light stimuli. Ex vivo recordings demonstrated the selective preservation of ON retinal ganglion cell responses to light stimulation in lesioned retinas treated with PtNPs. PtNPs administered after light damage significantly preserved the number of photoreceptors and inhibited the inflammatory response to degeneration, while the preventive treatment had a milder effect. The data indicate that PtNPs can effectively break the vicious cycle linking oxidative stress, degeneration, and inflammation by exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. The increased photoreceptor survival and visual performances in degenerated retinas, together with their high biocompatibility, make PtNPs a potential strategy to cure AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cupini
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Experimental Medicine, University of
Genova, Viale Benedetto
XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Marco
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rossana Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Boselli
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Cavalli
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Experimental Medicine, University of
Genova, Viale Benedetto
XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Tarricone
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Mastronardi
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Castagnola
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rossana Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Colombo
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rossana Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rossana Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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6
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Merino JJ, Cabaña-Muñoz ME. Nanoparticles and Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Therapy for Cancer Treatment: Focus on Nanocarriers and a si-RNA CXCR4 Chemokine Blocker as Strategies for Tumor Eradication In Vitro and In Vivo. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2068. [PMID: 38004925 PMCID: PMC10673568 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a high tropism for the hypoxic microenvironment of tumors. The combination of nanoparticles in MSCs decreases tumor growth in vitro as well as in rodent models of cancers in vivo. Covalent conjugation of nanoparticles with the surface of MSCs can significantly increase the drug load delivery in tumor sites. Nanoparticle-based anti-angiogenic systems (gold, silica and silicates, diamond, silver, and copper) prevented tumor growth in vitro. For example, glycolic acid polyconjugates enhance nanoparticle drug delivery and have been reported in human MSCs. Labeling with fluorescent particles (coumarin-6 dye) identified tumor cells using fluorescence emission in tissues; the conjugation of different types of nanoparticles in MSCs ensured success and feasibility by tracking the migration and its intratumor detection using non-invasive imaging techniques. However, the biosafety and efficacy; long-term stability of nanoparticles, and the capacity for drug release must be improved for clinical implementation. In fact, MSCs are vehicles for drug delivery with nanoparticles and also show low toxicity but inefficient accumulation in tumor sites by clearance of reticuloendothelial organs. To solve these problems, the internalization or conjugation of drug-loaded nanoparticles should be improved in MSCs. Finally, CXCR4 may prove to be a promising target for immunotherapy and cancer treatment since the delivery of siRNA to knock down this alpha chemokine receptor or CXCR4 antagonism has been shown to disrupt tumor-stromal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Merino
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (U.C.M.), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Dürig J, Calcagni M, Buschmann J. Transition metals in angiogenesis - A narrative review. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100757. [PMID: 37593220 PMCID: PMC10430620 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to offer a narrative review of the literature regarding the influence of transition metals on angiogenesis, excluding lanthanides and actinides. To our knowledge there are not any reviews up to date offering such a summary, which inclined us to write this paper. Angiogenesis describes the process of blood vessel formation, which is an essential requirement for human growth and development. When the complex interplay between pro- and antiangiogenic mediators falls out of balance, angiogenesis can quickly become harmful. As it is so fundamental, both its inhibition and enhancement take part in various diseases, making it a target for therapeutic treatments. Current methods come with limitations, therefore, novel agents are constantly being researched, with metal agents offering promising results. Various transition metals have already been investigated in-depth, with studies indicating both pro- and antiangiogenic properties, respectively. The transition metals are being applied in various formulations, such as nanoparticles, complexes, or scaffold materials. Albeit the increasing attention this field is receiving, there remain many unanswered questions, mostly regarding the molecular mechanisms behind the observed effects. Notably, approximately half of all the transition metals have not yet been investigated regarding potential angiogenic effects. Considering the promising results which have already been established, it should be of great interest to begin investigating the remaining elements whilst also further analyzing the established effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dürig
- University of Zürich, Faculty of Medicine, Pestalozzistrasse 3, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Hospital of Zürich, Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Calcagni
- University Hospital of Zürich, Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Buschmann
- University Hospital of Zürich, Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Hoseinzadeh A, Ghoddusi Johari H, Anbardar MH, Tayebi L, Vafa E, Abbasi M, Vaez A, Golchin A, Amani AM, Jangjou A. Effective treatment of intractable diseases using nanoparticles to interfere with vascular supply and angiogenic process. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:232. [PMID: 36333816 PMCID: PMC9636835 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a vital biological process involving blood vessels forming from pre-existing vascular systems. This process contributes to various physiological activities, including embryonic development, hair growth, ovulation, menstruation, and the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue. On the other hand, it is essential in treating a wide range of pathological diseases, such as cardiovascular and ischemic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, malignancies, ophthalmic and retinal diseases, and other chronic conditions. These diseases and disorders are frequently treated by regulating angiogenesis by utilizing a variety of pro-angiogenic or anti-angiogenic agents or molecules by stimulating or suppressing this complicated process, respectively. Nevertheless, many traditional angiogenic therapy techniques suffer from a lack of ability to achieve the intended therapeutic impact because of various constraints. These disadvantages include limited bioavailability, drug resistance, fast elimination, increased price, nonspecificity, and adverse effects. As a result, it is an excellent time for developing various pro- and anti-angiogenic substances that might circumvent the abovementioned restrictions, followed by their efficient use in treating disorders associated with angiogenesis. In recent years, significant progress has been made in different fields of medicine and biology, including therapeutic angiogenesis. Around the world, a multitude of research groups investigated several inorganic or organic nanoparticles (NPs) that had the potential to effectively modify the angiogenesis processes by either enhancing or suppressing the process. Many studies into the processes behind NP-mediated angiogenesis are well described. In this article, we also cover the application of NPs to encourage tissue vascularization as well as their angiogenic and anti-angiogenic effects in the treatment of several disorders, including bone regeneration, peripheral vascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, ischemic stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, post-ischemic cardiovascular injury, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, gene delivery-based angiogenic therapy, protein delivery-based angiogenic therapy, stem cell angiogenic therapy, and diabetic retinopathy, cancer that may benefit from the behavior of the nanostructures in the vascular system throughout the body. In addition, the accompanying difficulties and potential future applications of NPs in treating angiogenesis-related diseases and antiangiogenic therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hoseinzadeh
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghoddusi Johari
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Ehsan Vafa
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Abbasi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Golchin
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Jangjou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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The Stability and Anti-Angiogenic Properties of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) Using Caco-2 Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101334. [PMID: 36291543 PMCID: PMC9599851 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are found in a wide range of products such as sunscreen, paints, toothpaste and cosmetics due to their white pigment and high refractive index. These wide-ranging applications could result in direct or indirect exposure of these NPs to humans and the environment. Accordingly, conflicting levels of toxicity has been associated with these NPs. Therefore, the risk associated with these reports and for TiO2NPs produced using varying methodologies should be measured. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various media on TiO2NP properties (hydrodynamic size and zeta potential) and the effects of TiO2NP exposure on human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) epithelial cell viability, inflammatory and cell stress biomarkers and angiogenesis proteome profiles. The NPs increased in size over time in the various media, while zeta potentials were stable. TiO2NPs also induced cell stress biomarkers, which could be attributed to the NPs not being cytotoxic. Consequently, TiO2NP exposure had no effects on the level of inflammatory biomarkers produced by Caco-2. TiO2NPs expressed some anti-angiogenic properties when exposed to the no-observed-adverse-effect level and requires further in-depth investigation.
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10
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Nanoparticles application as a therapeutic strategy for diabetes mellitus management. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj94.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes, as reported by the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation, has raised many eyebrows about the dangers of diabetes mellitus to society, leading to the development of various therapeutic techniques, including nanotechnological, in the management of this disease. This review discusses silver, gold, ceramic, alloy, magnetic, silica, polymeric nanoparticles and their various applications in diabetes management which may help to reduce the incidence of diabetes and its complication.
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11
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Akbarian M, Bertassoni LE, Tayebi L. Biological aspects in controlling angiogenesis: current progress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:349. [PMID: 35672585 PMCID: PMC10171722 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
All living beings continue their life by receiving energy and by excreting waste products. In animals, the arteries are the pathways of these transfers to the cells. Angiogenesis, the formation of the arteries by the development of pre-existed parental blood vessels, is a phenomenon that occurs naturally during puberty due to certain physiological processes such as menstruation, wound healing, or the adaptation of athletes' bodies during exercise. Nonetheless, the same life-giving process also occurs frequently in some patients and, conversely, occurs slowly in some physiological problems, such as cancer and diabetes, so inhibiting angiogenesis has been considered to be one of the important strategies to fight these diseases. Accordingly, in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the highly controlled process of angiogenesis is very important in tissue repairing. Excessive angiogenesis can promote tumor progression and lack of enough angiogensis can hinder tissue repair. Thereby, both excessive and deficient angiogenesis can be problematic, this review article introduces and describes the types of factors involved in controlling angiogenesis. Considering all of the existing strategies, we will try to lay out the latest knowledge that deals with stimulating/inhibiting the angiogenesis. At the end of the article, owing to the early-reviewed mechanical aspects that overshadow angiogenesis, the strategies of angiogenesis in tissue engineering will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Akbarian
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Luiz E Bertassoni
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
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Xie D, Hu J, Wu T, Cao K, Luo X. Potential Biomarkers and Drugs for Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity in the Retina: Based on Regulation of Inflammatory and Apoptotic Genes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095664. [PMID: 35565057 PMCID: PMC9099825 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The eye is a superficial organ directly exposed to the surrounding environment. Thus, the toxicity of nanoparticle (NP) pollutants to the eye may be potentially severer relative to inner organs and needs to be monitored. However, the cytotoxic mechanisms of NPs on the eyes remain rarely reported. This study was to screen crucial genes associated with NPs-induced retinal injuries. The gene expression profiles in the retina induced by NPs [GSE49371: Au20, Au100, Si20, Si100; GSE49048: presumptive therapeutic concentration (PTC) TiO2, 10PTC TiO2] and commonly used retinal cell injury models (optic nerve injury procedure: GSE55228, GSE120257 and GSE131486; hypoxia exposure: GSE173233, GSE151610, GSE135844; H2O2 exposure: GSE122270) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. A total of 381 differentially expressed genes (including 372 mRNAs and 9 lncRNAs) were shared between NP exposure and the optic nerve injury model when they were compared with their corresponding controls. Function enrichment analysis of these overlapped genes showed that Tlr2, Crhbp, Ccl2, Cxcl10, Fas, Irf8, Socs3, Stat3, Gbp6, Casp1 and Syk were involved in inflammatory- and apoptotic-related processes. Protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed eight of them (Tlr2, Ccl2, Cxcl10, Irf8, Socs3, Stat3, Casp1 and Syk) were hub genes. Moreover, Socs3 could interact with upstream Stat3 and downstream Fas/Casp1/Ccl2/Cxcl10; Irf8 could interact with upstream Tlr2, Syk and downstream Cxcl10. Competing endogenous RNAs network analysis identified Socs3, Irf8, Gdf6 and Crhbp could be regulated by lncRNAs and miRNAs (9330175E14Rik-mmu-miR-762-Socs3, 6430562O15Rik-mmu-miR-207-Irf8, Gm9866-mmu-miR-669b-5p-Gdf6, 4933406C10Rik-mmu-miR-9-5p-Crhbp). CMap-CTD database analyses indicated the expression levels of Tlr2, Ccl2, Cxcl10, Fas, Irf8, Socs3, Stat3, Gbp6, Casp1 and Syk could be reversed by folic acid. Crhbp and Gdf6 were also verified to be downregulated, while Tlr2, Ccl2, Irf8, Socs3 and Stat3 were upregulated in hypoxia/H2O2-induced retinal injury models. Hereby, our findings suggest that Crhbp, Irf8, Socs3 and Gdf6 as well as their upstream mRNAs, lncRNAs and miRNAs may be potential monitoring biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NP-induced retinal injuries. Folic acid supplementation may be a preventive and therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Xie
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Jianchen Hu
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Tong Wu
- Shanghai Jing Rui Yang Industrial Co., Ltd., 3188 Xiupu Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200122, China;
| | - Kangli Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Spacecraft Equipment, 251 Huaning Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.X.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0512-67162531
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13
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Cosert KM, Kim S, Jalilian I, Chang M, Gates BL, Pinkerton KE, Van Winkle LS, Raghunathan VK, Leonard BC, Thomasy SM. Metallic Engineered Nanomaterials and Ocular Toxicity: A Current Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050981. [PMID: 35631569 PMCID: PMC9145553 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface, comprised of the transparent cornea, conjunctiva, and protective tear film, forms a protective barrier defending deeper structures of the eye from particulate matter and mechanical trauma. This barrier is routinely exposed to a multitude of naturally occurring and engineered nanomaterials (ENM). Metallic ENMs are particularly ubiquitous in commercial products with a high risk of ocular exposure, such as cosmetics and sunscreens. Additionally, there are several therapeutic uses for metallic ENMs owing to their attractive magnetic, antimicrobial, and functionalization properties. The increasing commercial and therapeutic applications of metallic ENMs come with a high risk of ocular exposure with poorly understood consequences to the health of the eye. While the toxicity of metallic ENMs exposure has been rigorously studied in other tissues and organs, further studies are necessary to understand the potential for adverse effects and inform product usage for individuals whose ocular health may be compromised by injury, disease, or surgical intervention. This review provides an update of current literature on the ocular toxicity of metallic ENMs in vitro and in vivo, as well as the risks and benefits of therapeutic applications of metallic ENMs in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M. Cosert
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Iman Jalilian
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Maggie Chang
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Brooke L. Gates
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.E.P.); (L.S.V.W.)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Laura S. Van Winkle
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.E.P.); (L.S.V.W.)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vijay Krishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA;
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-0926
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14
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Park JH, Kim DJ, Park CY. Retinal cytotoxicity of silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 11:88-100. [PMID: 35237414 PMCID: PMC8882788 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina plays a key role in human vision. It is composed of cells that are essential for vision signal generation. Thus far, conventional medications have been ineffective for treating retinal diseases because of the intrinsic blood-retinal barrier. Nanoparticles (NPs) are promising effective platforms for ocular drug delivery. However, nanotoxicity in the retinal tissue has not received much attention. This study used R28 cells (a retinal precursor cell line that originated from rats) to investigate the safety of two commonly used types of NPs: silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs, 100 nm) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs, 100 nm). Cellular viability and reactive oxygen species generation were measured after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure to each NP. Cellular autophagy and the mTOR pathways were evaluated. The retinal toxicity of the NPs was investigated in vivo in rat models. Both types of NPs were found to induce significant dose-dependent toxicity on the R28 cells. A significant elevation of reactive oxygen species generation was also observed. Increased autophagy and decreased mTOR phosphorylation were observed after SiO2NPs and TiO2NPs exposure. The diffuse apoptosis of the retinal cellular layers was detected after intravitreal injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hee Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 410-773, South Korea
| | - Dong Ju Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 410-773, South Korea
| | - Choul Yong Park
- Correspondence address. Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, 814, Siksadong, Ilsan-dong-gu, Goyang, Gyunggido 410-773, South Korea. Tel: +82-31-961-7395; Fax: +82-31-961-7977; E-mail: or
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15
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Raghav PK, Mann Z, Ahlawat S, Mohanty S. Mesenchymal stem cell-based nanoparticles and scaffolds in regenerative medicine. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 918:174657. [PMID: 34871557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells owing to their regenerative potential and multilineage potency. MSCs have wide-scale applications either in their native cellular form or in conjugation with specific biomaterials as nanocomposites. Majorly, these natural or synthetic biomaterials are being used in the form of metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles (NPs) to encapsulate MSCs within hydrogels like alginate or chitosan or drug cargo loading into MSCs. In contrast, nanofibers of polymer scaffolds such as polycaprolactone (PCL), poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), silk fibroin, collagen, chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid (HA), and cellulose are used to support or grow MSCs directly on it. These MSCs based nanotherapies have application in multiple domains of biomedicine including wound healing, bone and cartilage engineering, cardiac disorders, and neurological disorders. This study focused on current approaches of MSCs-based therapies and has been divided into two major sections. The first section elaborates on MSC-based nano-therapies and their plausible applications including exosome engineering and NPs encapsulation. The following section focuses on the various MSC-based scaffold approaches in tissue engineering. Conclusively, this review mainly focused on MSC-based nanocomposite's current approaches and compared their advantages and limitations for building effective regenerative medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Raghav
- Stem Cell Facility, DBT Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Zoya Mann
- Stem Cell Facility, DBT Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Swati Ahlawat
- Stem Cell Facility, DBT Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, DBT Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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16
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Ehsani A, Jodaei A, Barzegar-Jalali M, Fathi E, Farahzadi R, Adibkia K. Nanomaterials and Stem Cell Differentiation Potential: An Overview of Biological Aspects and Biomedical Efficacy. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1804-1823. [PMID: 34254903 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210712193113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) due to their medical applications are widely used. Accordingly, the use of mesenchymal stem cells is one of the most important alternatives in tissue engineering field. NPs play effective roles in stem cells proliferation and differentiation. The combination of NPs and tissue regeneration by stem cells has created new therapeutic approach towards humanity. Of note, the physicochemical properties of NPs determine their biological function. Interestingly, various mechanisms such as modulation of signaling pathways and generation of reactive oxygen species, are involved in NPs-induced cellular proliferation and differentiation. This review summarized the types of nanomaterials effective on stem cell differentiation, the physicochemical features, biomedical application of these materials and relationship between nanomaterials and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ehsani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asma Jodaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ezzatollah Fathi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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17
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Lyu Q, Peng L, Hong X, Fan T, Li J, Cui Y, Zhang H, Zhao J. Smart nano-micro platforms for ophthalmological applications: The state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Biomaterials 2021; 270:120682. [PMID: 33529961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Smart nano-micro platforms have been extensively applied for diverse biomedical applications, mostly focusing on cancer therapy. In comparison with conventional nanotechnology, the smart nano-micro matrix can exhibit specific response to exogenous or endogenous triggers, and thus can achieve multiple functions e.g. site-specific drug delivery, bio-imaging and detection of bio-molecules. These intriguing techniques have expanded into ophthalmology in recent years, yet few works have been summarized in this field. In this work, we provide the state-of-the-art of diverse nano-micro platforms based on both the conventional materials (e.g. natural or synthetic polymers, lipid nanomaterials, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles) and emerging nanomaterials (e.g. up-conversion nanoparticles, quantum dots and carbon materials) in ophthalmology, with some smart nano/micro platformers highlighted. The common ocular diseases studied in the field of nano-micro systems are firstly introduced, and their therapeutic method and the related drawback in clinic treatment are presented. The recent progress of different materials for diverse ocular applications is then demonstrated, with the representative nano- and micro-systems highlighted in detail. At last, an in-depth discussion on the clinical translation challenges faced in this field and the future direction are provided. This review would allow the researchers to design more smart nanomedicines in a more rational manner for specific ophthalmology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Lyu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518040, PR China; Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Ling Peng
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Xiangqian Hong
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518040, PR China; Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Taojian Fan
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Jingying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Yubo Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College,Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518040, PR China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College,Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, PR China.
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18
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Sadasivam R, Packirisamy G, Shakya S, Goswami M. Non-invasive multimodal imaging of Diabetic Retinopathy: A survey on treatment methods and Nanotheranostics. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:166-181. [PMID: 33564616 PMCID: PMC7868006 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.56015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most prominent microvascular complications of diabetes. It is one of the pre-eminent causes for vision impairment followed by blindness among the working-age population worldwide. The de facto cause for DR remains challenging, despite several efforts made to unveil the mechanism underlying the pathology of DR. There is quite less availability of the low cost pre-emptive theranostic imaging tools in terms of in-depth resolution, due to the multiple factors involved in the etiology of DR. This review work comprehensively explores the various reports and research works on all perspectives of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and its mechanism. It also discusses various advanced non-destructive imaging modalities, current, and future treatment approaches. Further, the application of various nanoparticle-based drug delivery strategies used for the treatment of DR are also discussed. In a nutshell, the present review work bolsters the pursuit of the development of an advanced non-invasive optical imaging modal with a nano-theranostic approach for the future diagnosis and treatment of DR and its associated ocular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Sadasivam
- Divyadrishti Imaging Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
| | - Snehlata Shakya
- Department of clinical physiology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Skåne, Sweden
| | - Mayank Goswami
- Divyadrishti Imaging Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
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19
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Chan YJ, Liao PL, Tsai CH, Cheng YW, Lin FL, Ho JD, Chen CY, Li CH. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles impair the inner blood-retinal barrier and retinal electrophysiology through rapid ADAM17 activation and claudin-5 degradation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:4. [PMID: 33422125 PMCID: PMC7796566 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depending on their distinct properties, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are manufactured extensively and widely present in our daily necessities, with growing environmental release and public concerns. In sunscreen formulations, supplementation of TiO2-NPs may reach up to 25% (w/w). Ocular contact with TiO2-NPs may occur accidentally in certain cases, allowing undesirable risks to human vision. This study aimed to understand the barrier integrity of retinal endothelial cells in response to TiO2-NP exposure. bEnd.3 cells and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were exposed to TiO2-NP, followed by examination of their tight junction components and functions. Results TiO2-NP treatment apparently induced a broken structure of the junctional plaques, conferring decreased transendothelial electrical resistance, a permeable paracellular cleft, and improved cell migration in vitro. This might involve rapid activation of metalloproteinase, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17), and ADAM17-mediated claudin-5 degradation. For the in vivo study, C57BL/6 mice were administered a single dose of TiO2-NP intravitreally and then subjected to a complete ophthalmology examination. Fluorescein leakage and reduced blood flow at the optical disc indicated a damaged inner blood-retinal barrier induced by TiO2-NPs. Inappreciable change in the thickness of retinal sublayers and alleviated electroretinography amplitude were observed in the TiO2-NP-treated eyes. Conclusions Overall, our data demonstrate that TiO2-NP can damage endothelial cell function, thereby affecting retinal electrophysiology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-020-00395-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Chan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hao Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Li Lin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jau-Der Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hao Li
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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20
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He Y, Al-Mureish A, Wu N. Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Diabetic Complications: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:6612063. [PMID: 34007847 PMCID: PMC8110427 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6612063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's society, the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus and its subsequent complications have brought trouble to human beings. Complications caused by diabetes bring not only physical and mental pain to patients but also a heavy economic burden to families. And once diabetic complications occur, they are often irreversible and very difficult. At present, some studies suggest that nanotechnology can treat some diabetic complications. This paper reviews the application of nanotechnology in the repair of diabetic segmental bone injury, the healing of diabetic skin ulcers, the therapeutic effect, and improvement strategies and deficiencies of nanotechnology in diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing He
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Mureish
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
- Clinical Skills Practice Teaching Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
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21
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Kargozar S, Baino F, Hamzehlou S, Hamblin MR, Mozafari M. Nanotechnology for angiogenesis: opportunities and challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5008-5057. [PMID: 32538379 PMCID: PMC7418030 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs01021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a critical role within the human body, from the early stages of life (i.e., embryonic development) to life-threatening diseases (e.g., cancer, heart attack, stroke, wound healing). Many pharmaceutical companies have expended huge efforts on both stimulation and inhibition of angiogenesis. During the last decade, the nanotechnology revolution has made a great impact in medicine, and regulatory approvals are starting to be achieved for nanomedicines to treat a wide range of diseases. Angiogenesis therapies involve the inhibition of angiogenesis in oncology and ophthalmology, and stimulation of angiogenesis in wound healing and tissue engineering. This review aims to summarize nanotechnology-based strategies that have been explored in the broad area of angiogenesis. Lipid-based, carbon-based and polymeric nanoparticles, and a wide range of inorganic and metallic nanoparticles are covered in detail. Theranostic and imaging approaches can be facilitated by nanoparticles. Many preparations have been reported to have a bimodal effect where they stimulate angiogenesis at low dose and inhibit it at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Kargozar
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 917794-8564 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 101 29 Torino, Italy
| | - Sepideh Hamzehlou
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, are the leading causes of blindness worldwide. The mainstay of treatment for these blinding diseases remains to be surgery, and the available pharmaceutical therapies on the market are limited, partially owing to various biological barriers in hindering the delivery of therapeutics to the retina. The nanoparticulate drug delivery system confers the capability for delivering therapeutics to the specific ocular targets and, hence, potentially revolutionizes the current treatment landscape of retinal diseases. While the research to date indicates the enormous therapeutics potentials of the nanoparticulate delivery systems, the successful translation of these systems from the bench to bedside is challenging and requires a combined understanding of retinal pathology, physiology of the eye, and particle and formulation designs of nanoparticles. To this end, the review begins with an overview of the most prevalent retinal diseases and related pharmacotherapy. Highlights of the current challenges encountered in ocular drug delivery for each administration route are provided, followed by critical appraisal of various nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for the retinal diseases, including their formulation designs, therapeutic merits, limitations, and future direction. It is believed that a greater understanding of the nano-biointeraction in eyes will lead to the development of more sophisticated drug delivery systems for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jingwen Weng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Si Nga Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Yip Thomas Lee
- Aptorum Group Limited, Unit 232, 12 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin New Town, Hong Kong
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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Zhu S, Gong L, Li Y, Xu H, Gu Z, Zhao Y. Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials to Eyes: An Important but Neglected Issue. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1802289. [PMID: 31453052 PMCID: PMC6702629 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The production and application of nanomaterials have grown tremendously during last few decades. The widespread exposure of nanoparticles to the public is provoking great concerns regarding their toxicity to the human body. However, in comparison with the extensive studies carried out to examine nanoparticle toxicity to the human body/organs, one especially vulnerable organ, the eye, is always neglected. Although it is a small part of the body, 90% of outside information is obtained via the ocular system. In addition, eyes usually directly interact with the surrounding environment, which may get severer damage from toxic nanoparticles compared to inner organs. Therefore, the study of assessing the potential nanoparticle toxicity to the eyes is of great importance. Here, the recent advance of some representative manufactured nanomaterials on ocular toxicity is summarized. First, a brief introduction of ocular anatomy and disorders related to particulate matter exposure is presented. Following, the factors that may influence toxicity of nanoparticles to the eye are emphasized. Next, the studies of representative manufactured nanoparticles on eye toxicity are summarized and classified. Finally, the limitations that are associated with current nanoparticle-eye toxicity research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Linji Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yijian Li
- Southwest Eye HospitalSouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)Chongqing400038China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Eye HospitalSouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)Chongqing400038China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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Saeed BA, Lim V, Yusof NA, Khor KZ, Rahman HS, Abdul Samad N. Antiangiogenic properties of nanoparticles: a systematic review. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5135-5146. [PMID: 31371952 PMCID: PMC6630093 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s199974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles appear to be one of the most promising agents that offer efficacy in angiogenesis-related disease therapy. The objective of this research is to systematically review studies that have probed into the effect of nanoparticles on angiogenesis. Selected inclusion criteria were used to extract articles, references that were cited in the initial search were sought to identify more potential articles, and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria and duplicates were discarded. The spherical shape was shown to be the most common shape employed to investigate the role of nanoparticles in angiogenesis therapy. The size of nanoparticles appears to play a crucial role for efficacy on angiogenesis, in which 20 nm emerged as the preferred size. Gold nanoparticles exhibit the most promise as an antiangiogenesis agent, and the toxicity was adjustable based on the dosages applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brhaish Ali Saeed
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, SAINS@ Bertam, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Vuanghao Lim
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, SAINS@ Bertam, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Adlin Yusof
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, SAINS@ Bertam, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Kang Zi Khor
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, SAINS@ Bertam, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Clinic and Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah City 46001, Republic of Iraq.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sarchinar District, Republic of Iraq
| | - Nozlena Abdul Samad
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, SAINS@ Bertam, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Tee JK, Setyawati MI, Peng F, Leong DT, Ho HK. Angiopoietin-1 accelerates restoration of endothelial cell barrier integrity from nanoparticle-induced leakiness. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:682-700. [PMID: 30776942 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1571646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in biomedical field for therapeutic treatments, drug carriers, and bio-imaging agent. Recent studies have highlighted the possibility of utilizing inorganic NPs in inducing endothelial leakiness through endothelial remodeling to promote drug transport across the barrier. However, an uncontrolled and persistent leakiness could lead to promiscuous transport of molecules and cells across the barrier, highlighting the pressing need to control the timely recovery from endothelial cell leakiness. Herein, we show that angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) could promote recovery of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) from titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2 NPs)-induced endothelial leakiness. Ang1 is known as an anti-permeability growth factor which forms complexes with its receptor Tie2 at the cell-to-cell junctions. We find that the introduction of Ang1 not only accelerates the recovery of NP-induced endothelial leakiness (NanoEL) but also promotes cell rigidity by increasing tubulin acetylation, thereby remodels the endothelial cells to further mitigate the effects of NP exposure through the activation of the Akt pathway. Using in vitro metastasis model, we further show that HMVECs treated with TiO2 NPs followed by Ang1 could reduce migration of human skin cancer A431 cells across the endothelial barrier. In summary, Ang1 plays important roles in promoting the recovery of endothelial cell leakiness and endothelial stability through a mechano-transduction pathway and shows great potential as key modulator that allows material scientist to regulate endothelial leakiness induced by NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kai Tee
- a NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore.,b Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- c Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Fei Peng
- b Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore.,c Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - David Tai Leong
- a NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore.,c Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- a NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore.,b Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
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26
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Gulla S, Lomada D, Srikanth VV, Shankar MV, Reddy KR, Soni S, Reddy MC. Recent advances in nanoparticles-based strategies for cancer therapeutics and antibacterial applications. J Microbiol Methods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Abdal Dayem A, Lee SB, Cho SG. The Impact of Metallic Nanoparticles on Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E761. [PMID: 30261637 PMCID: PMC6215285 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has a wide range of medical and industrial applications. The impact of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) on the proliferation and differentiation of normal, cancer, and stem cells is well-studied. The preparation of NPs, along with their physicochemical properties, is related to their biological function. Interestingly, various mechanisms are implicated in metallic NP-induced cellular proliferation and differentiation, such as modulation of signaling pathways, generation of reactive oxygen species, and regulation of various transcription factors. In this review, we will shed light on the biomedical application of metallic NPs and the interaction between NPs and the cellular components. The in vitro and in vivo influence of metallic NPs on stem cell differentiation and proliferation, as well as the mechanisms behind potential toxicity, will be explored. A better understanding of the limitations related to the application of metallic NPs on stem cell proliferation and differentiation will afford clues for optimal design and preparation of metallic NPs for the modulation of stem cell functions and for clinical application in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Soo Bin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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28
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Nethi SK, P NAA, Rico-Oller B, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Gómez-Ruiz S, Patra CR. Design, synthesis and characterization of doped-titanium oxide nanomaterials with environmental and angiogenic applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1263-1274. [PMID: 28525935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the last decade, the metal composite nanostructures have evolved as promising candidates in regard to their wide applications in the fields of science and engineering. Recently, several investigators identified the titanium based nanomaterials as excellent agents for multifunctional environmental and biomedical applications. In this perspective, we have developed a series of zinc-doped (2 and 5%) titanium oxide-based nanomaterials using various reaction conditions and calcination temperatures (TZ1-TZ3: calcined at 500°C, TZ4-TZ6: calcined at 600°C and TZ7-TZ9: calcined at 700°C). The calcined materials (TZ1 to TZ9) were thoroughly analyzed by several physico-chemical characterization methods. The increase of the calcination temperature results in significant changes of the textural properties of the nanostructured materials. In addition, the increase of the calcination temperature leads to the formation of anatase/rutile mixtures with higher quantity of rutile. Furthermore, incorporation of zinc changes the morphology of the obtained nanoparticles. The materials were studied in the photodegradation of methylene blue observing that materials calcined at lower temperatures (TZ1-TZ3) have higher photocatalytic activity than those of the materials calcined at 600°C (TZ4-TZ6), rutile-based systems TZ7-TZ9 are not active. Based on the background literature of titanium and zinc based nanostructures in therapeutic angiogenesis, we have explored the pro-angiogenic properties of these materials using various in vitro and in vivo assays. The zinc-doped titanium dioxide nanostructures (TZ5 and TZ6) exhibited increased cell viability, proliferation, enhanced S-phase cell population, increased pro-angiogenic messengers (ROS: reactive oxygen species and NO: nitric oxide) production and promoted in vivo blood vessel formation in a plausible mechanistic p38/STAT3 dependent signaling cascade. Altogether, the results of the present study showcase these zinc doped-titanium oxide nanoparticles as promising candidates for environmental (water-remediation) and therapeutic angiogenic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheel Kumar Nethi
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Neeraja Aparna Anand P
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana State, India
| | - Beatriz Rico-Oller
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Diéguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Santiago Gómez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain.
| | - Chitta Ranjan Patra
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana State, India.
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Intraocular application of gold nanodisks optically tuned for optical coherence tomography: inhibitory effect on retinal neovascularization without unbearable toxicity. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:1901-1911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Lai PX, Chen CW, Wei SC, Lin TY, Jian HJ, Lai IPJ, Mao JY, Hsu PH, Lin HJ, Tzou WS, Chen SY, Harroun SG, Lai JY, Huang CC. Ultrastrong trapping of VEGF by graphene oxide: Anti-angiogenesis application. Biomaterials 2016; 109:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Carter CJ, Blizard RA. Autism genes are selectively targeted by environmental pollutants including pesticides, heavy metals, bisphenol A, phthalates and many others in food, cosmetics or household products. Neurochem Int 2016; 101:S0197-0186(16)30197-8. [PMID: 27984170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of autism suggests a major environmental influence. Epidemiology has implicated many candidates and genetics many susceptibility genes. Gene/environment interactions in autism were analysed using 206 autism susceptibility genes (ASG's) from the Autworks database to interrogate ∼1 million chemical/gene interactions in the comparative toxicogenomics database. Any bias towards ASG's was statistically determined for each chemical. Many suspect compounds identified in epidemiology, including tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, pesticides, particulate matter, benzo(a)pyrene, heavy metals, valproate, acetaminophen, SSRI's, cocaine, bisphenol A, phthalates, polyhalogenated biphenyls, flame retardants, diesel constituents, terbutaline and oxytocin, inter alia showed a significant degree of bias towards ASG's, as did relevant endogenous agents (retinoids, sex steroids, thyroxine, melatonin, folate, dopamine, serotonin). Numerous other suspected endocrine disruptors (over 100) selectively targeted ASG's including paraquat, atrazine and other pesticides not yet studied in autism and many compounds used in food, cosmetics or household products, including tretinoin, soy phytoestrogens, aspartame, titanium dioxide and sodium fluoride. Autism polymorphisms influence the sensitivity to some of these chemicals and these same genes play an important role in barrier function and control of respiratory cilia sweeping particulate matter from the airways. Pesticides, heavy metals and pollutants also disrupt barrier and/or ciliary function, which is regulated by sex steroids and by bitter/sweet taste receptors. Further epidemiological studies and neurodevelopmental and behavioural research is warranted to determine the relevance of large number of suspect candidates whose addition to the environment, household, food and cosmetics might be fuelling the autism epidemic in a gene-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Carter
- PolygenicPathways, Flat 2, 40 Baldslow Road, Hastings, East Sussex, TN34 2EY, UK.
| | - R A Blizard
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College, London, UK
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Saghiri MA, Asatourian A, Garcia-Godoy F, Sheibani N. The role of angiogenesis in implant dentistry part I: Review of titanium alloys, surface characteristics and treatments. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2016; 21:e514-525. [PMID: 27031073 PMCID: PMC4920467 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis plays an important role in osseointegration process by contributing to inflammatory and regenerative phases of surrounding alveolar bone. The present review evaluated the effect of titanium alloys and their surface characteristics including: surface topography (macro, micro, and nano), surface wettability/energy, surface hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, surface charge, and surface treatments of dental implants on angiogenesis events, which occur during osseointegration period. Material and Methods An electronic search was performed in PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases via OVID using the keywords mentioned in the PubMed and MeSH headings regarding the role of angiogenesis in implant dentistry from January 2000-April 2014. Results Of the 2,691 articles identified in our initial search results, only 30 met the inclusion criteria set for this review. The hydrophilicity and topography of dental implants are the most important and effective surface characteristics in angiogenesis and osteogenesis processes. The surface treatments or modifications of dental implants are mainly directed through the enhancement of biological activity and functionalization in order to promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis, and accelerate the osseointegration procedure. Conclusions Angiogenesis is of great importance in implant dentistry in a manner that most of the surface characteristics and treatments of dental implants are directed toward creating a more pro-angiogenic surface on dental implants. A number of studies discussed the effect of titanium alloys, dental implant surface characteristic and treatments on agiogenesis process. However, clinical trials and in-vivo studies delineating the mechanisms of dental implants, and their surface characteristics or treatments, action in angiogenesis processes are lagging. Key words:Angiogenesis, dental implant, osseointergration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Saghiri
- Departments of Ophthalmology, &Visual Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public health, Madison, WI, USA,
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Saghiri MA, Orangi J, Asatourian A, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Functional role of inorganic trace elements in angiogenesis part III: (Ti, Li, Ce, As, Hg, Va, Nb and Pb). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 98:290-301. [PMID: 26638864 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many essential elements exist in nature with significant influence on human health. Angiogenesis is vital in developmental, repair, and regenerative processes, and its aberrant regulation contributes to pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer. Thus, it is of great importance to explore the role of these elements in such a vital process. This is third in a series of reviews that serve as an overview of the role of inorganic elements in regulation of angiogenesis and vascular function. Here we will review the roles of titanium, lithium, cerium, arsenic, mercury, vanadium, niobium, and lead in these processes. The roles of other inorganic elements in angiogenesis were discussed in part I (N, Fe, Se, P, Au, and Ca) and part II (Cr, Si, Zn, Cu, and S) of these series. The methods of exposure, structure, mechanisms, and potential activities of these elements are briefly discussed. An electronic search was performed on the role of these elements in angiogenesis from January 2005 to April 2014. These elements can promote and/or inhibit angiogenesis through different mechanisms. The anti-angiogenic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles comes from the inhibition of angiogenic processes, and not from its toxicity. Lithium affects vasculogenesis but not angiogenesis. Nanoceria treatment inhibited tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis. Vanadium treatment inhibited cell proliferation and induced cytotoxic effects through interactions with DNA. The negative impact of mercury on endothelial cell migration and tube formation activities was dose and time dependent. Lead induced IL-8 production, which is known to promote tumor angiogenesis. Thus, understanding the impact of these elements on angiogenesis will help in development of new modalities to modulate angiogenesis under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Saghiri
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Angiogenesis and Regenerative Group, Dr. H. Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Jafar Orangi
- Angiogenesis and Regenerative Group, Dr. H. Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Armen Asatourian
- Angiogenesis and Regenerative Group, Dr. H. Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Du J, Li X, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Wang L, Tian S, Wang Y. Nanosuspensions of poorly water-soluble drugs prepared by bottom-up technologies. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:738-49. [PMID: 26383838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, nanosuspension has been considered effective in the delivery of water-soluble drugs. One of the main challenges to effective drug delivery is designing an appropriate nanosuspension preparation approach with low energy input and erosion contamination, such as the bottom-up method. This review focuses on bottom-up technologies for preparation of nanosuspensions. The features and advantages of drug nanosuspension, including bottom-up methods as well as the corresponding characterization techniques, solidification methods, and drug delivery dosage forms, are discussed in detail. Certain limitations of commercial nanosuspension products are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Hospital, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Huanxin Zhao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lulu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Shushu Tian
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yancai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, Shandong, PR China
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35
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Hennig R, Goepferich A. Nanoparticles for the treatment of ocular neovascularizations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:294-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Bayat N, Lopes VR, Schölermann J, Jensen LD, Cristobal S. Vascular toxicity of ultra-small TiO2 nanoparticles and single walled carbon nanotubes in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 2015; 63:1-13. [PMID: 26066004 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-small nanoparticles (USNPs) at 1-3 nm are a subset of nanoparticles (NPs) that exhibit intermediate physicochemical properties between molecular dispersions and larger NPs. Despite interest in their utilization in applications such as theranostics, limited data about their toxicity exist. Here the effect of TiO2-USNPs on endothelial cells in vitro, and zebrafish embryos in vivo, was studied and compared to larger TiO2-NPs (30 nm) and to single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). In vitro exposure showed that TiO2-USNPs were neither cytotoxic, nor had oxidative ability, nevertheless were genotoxic. In vivo experiment in early developing zebrafish embryos in water at high concentrations of TiO2-USNPs caused mortality possibly by acidifying the water and caused malformations in the form of pericardial edema when injected. Myo1C involved in glomerular development of zebrafish embryos was upregulated in embryos exposed to TiO2-USNPs. They also exhibited anti-angiogenic effects both in vitro and in vivo plus decreased nitric oxide concentration. The larger TiO2-NPs were genotoxic but not cytotoxic. SWCNTs were cytotoxic in vitro and had the highest oxidative ability. Neither of these NPs had significant effects in vivo. To our knowledge this is the first study evaluating the effects of TiO2-USNPs on vascular toxicity in vitro and in vivo and this strategy could unravel USNPs potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Bayat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Viviana R Lopes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Julia Schölermann
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Biomaterials, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lasse Dahl Jensen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.
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Size, surface charge, and shape determine therapeutic effects of nanoparticles on brain and retinal diseases. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1603-11. [PMID: 25989200 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nanoparticles can be valuable therapeutic options to overcome physical barriers to reach central nervous system. Systemically administered nanoparticles can pass through blood-neural barriers; whereas, locally injected nanoparticles directly reach neuronal and perineuronal cells. In this review, we highlight the importance of size, surface charge, and shape of nanoparticles in determining therapeutic effects on brain and retinal diseases. These features affect overall processes of delivery of nanoparticles: in vivo stability in blood and other body fluids, clearance via mononuclear phagocyte system, attachment with target cells, and penetration into target cells. Furthermore, they are also determinants of nano-bio interfaces: they determine corona formation with proteins in body fluids. Taken together, we emphasize the importance of considerations on characteristics of nanoparticles more suitable for the treatment of brain and retinal diseases in the development of nanoparticle-based therapeutics. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The central nervous system (CNS) remains an area where drug access and delivery are difficult clinically due to the blood brain barrier. With advances in nanotechnology, many researchers have designed and produced nanoparticle-based systems in an attempt to solve this problem. In this concise review, the authors described the current status of drug delivery to the CNS, based on particle size and shape. This article should stimulate more research to be done on future drug design.
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Current nanotechnology approaches for the treatment and management of diabetic retinopathy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 95:307-22. [PMID: 25536109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a consequence of diabetes mellitus at the ocular level, leading to vision loss, and contributing to the decrease of patient's life quality. The biochemical and anatomic abnormalities that occur in DR are discussed in this review to better understand and manage the development of new therapeutic strategies. The use of new drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles (e.g. liposomes, dendrimers, cationic nanoemulsions, lipid and polymeric nanoparticles) is discussed along with the current traditional treatments, pointing out the advantages of the proposed nanomedicines to target this ocular disease. Despite the multifactorial nature of DR, which is not entirely understood, some strategies based on nanoparticles are being exploited for a more efficient drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. On the other hand, the use of some nanoparticles also seems to contribute to the development of DR symptoms (e.g. retinal neovascularization), which are also discussed in light of an efficient management of this ocular chronic disease.
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Silver and gold nanoparticles exposure to in vitro cultured retina--studies on nanoparticle internalization, apoptosis, oxidative stress, glial- and microglial activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105359. [PMID: 25144684 PMCID: PMC4140780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex network of neuronal cells in the retina makes it a potential target of neuronal toxicity – a risk factor for visual loss. With growing use of nanoparticles (NPs) in commercial and medical applications, including ophthalmology, there is a need for reliable models for early prediction of NP toxicity in the eye and retina. Metal NPs, such as gold and silver, gain much of attention in the ophthalmology community due to their potential to cross the barriers of the eye. Here, NP uptake and signs of toxicity were investigated after exposure to 20 and 80 nm Ag- and AuNPs, using an in vitro tissue culture model of the mouse retina. The model offers long-term preservation of retinal cell types, numbers and morphology and is a controlled system for delivery of NPs, using serum-free defined culture medium. AgNO3-treatment was used as control for toxicity caused by silver ions. These end-points were studied; gross morphological organization, glial activity, microglial activity, level of apoptosis and oxidative stress, which are all well described as signs of insult to neural tissue. TEM analysis demonstrated cellular- and nuclear uptake of all NP types in all neuronal layers of the retina. Htx-eosin staining showed morphological disruption of the normal complex layered retinal structure, vacuole formation and pyknotic cells after exposure to all Ag- and AuNPs. Significantly higher numbers of apoptotic cells as well as an increased number of oxidative stressed cells demonstrated NP-related neuronal toxicity. NPs also caused increased glial staining and microglial cell activation, typical hallmarks of neural tissue insult. This study demonstrates that low concentrations of 20 and 80 nm sized Ag- and AuNPs have adverse effects on the retina, using an organotypic retina culture model. Our results motivate careful assessment of candidate NP, metallic or-non-metallic, to be used in neural systems for therapeutic approaches.
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