1
|
Gilli F, Ceccarelli A. Magnetic resonance imaging approaches for studying mouse models of multiple sclerosis: A mini review. J Neurosci Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gilli
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon New Hampshire USA
| | - Antonia Ceccarelli
- Department of Neurology EpiCURA Centre Hospitalier Ath Belgium
- Hearthrhythmanagement, UZB Brussels Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Transcriptome Profiling in the Hippocampi of Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314829. [PMID: 36499161 PMCID: PMC9738199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), approximates the key histopathological, clinical, and immunological features of MS. Hippocampal dysfunction in MS and EAE causes varying degrees of cognitive and emotional impairments and synaptic abnormalities. However, the molecular alterations underlying hippocampal dysfunctions in MS and EAE are still under investigation. The purpose of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hippocampus of mice with EAE in order to ascertain potential genes associated with hippocampal dysfunction. Gene expression in the hippocampus was analyzed by RNA-sequencing and validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Gene expression analysis revealed 1202 DEGs; 1023 were upregulated and 179 were downregulated in the hippocampus of mice with EAE (p-value < 0.05 and fold change >1.5). Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the upregulated genes in the hippocampi of mice with EAE were associated with immune system processes, defense responses, immune responses, and regulation of immune responses, whereas the downregulated genes were related to learning or memory, behavior, and nervous system processes in the GO biological process. The expressions of hub genes from the search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins (STRING) analysis were validated by RT-qPCR. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis showed that the upregulated genes in the hippocampus were associated with inflammatory responses: interferon-γ responses, allograft rejection, interferon-α responses, IL6_JAK_STAT3 signaling, inflammatory responses, complement, IL2_STAT5 signaling, TNF-α signaling via NF-κB, and apoptosis, whereas the downregulated genes were related to synaptic plasticity, dendritic development, and development of dendritic spine. This study characterized the transcriptome pattern in the hippocampi of mice with EAE and signaling pathways underpinning hippocampal dysfunction. However, further investigation is needed to determine the applicability of these findings from this rodent model to patients with MS. Collectively, these results indicate directions for further research to understand the mechanisms behind hippocampal dysfunction in EAE.
Collapse
|
3
|
Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms Among the Turkish Population are Associated with Multiple Sclerosis. Balkan J Med Genet 2022; 25:41-50. [PMID: 36880035 PMCID: PMC9985364 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2022-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease characterized by demyelination and axonal degeneration affecting the central nervous system. Among the genetic factors suggested to be associated with this disease are polymorphisms to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene. We tested the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene are associated with MS. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship of MS with the VDR gene Fok-I, Bsm-I and Taq-I polymorphisms among the Turkish population. This study contains 271 MS patients and 203 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was isolated from the samples and the VDR gene Fok-I, Bsm-I and Taq-I polymorphism regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were digested, and the genotypes were determined based on size of digested PCR products. Our results demonstrate associations between MS and the distribution of the VDR gene Fok-I T/T polymorphism genotype in a dominant model, VDR gene Fok-I T allele frequency, distribution of VDR gene Taq-I C/C polymorphism genotype in a dominant model and VDR gene Taq-I C allele frequency (Pearson test, p<0.05). However, there was no association between MS and the VDR gene Bsm-I polymorphisms for the genotype distribution (Pearson test, p>0.05) or allele frequency (Pearson test, p>0.05). Fok-I and Taq-I VDR gene polymorphisms are significantly associated with MS in dominant, homozygote and heterozygote inheritance models among the Turkish population.
Collapse
|
4
|
Einstein O, Katz A, Ben-Hur T. Physical exercise therapy for autoimmune neuroinflammation: Application of knowledge from animal models to patient care. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2022; 21:103033. [PMID: 34995760 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise (PE) impacts various autoimmune diseases. Accordingly, clinical trials demonstrated the safety of PE in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and indicated beneficial outcomes. There is also an increasing body of research on the beneficial effects of exercise on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS, and various mechanisms underlying these effects were suggested. However, despite the documented favorable impact of PE on our health, we still lack a thorough understanding of its effects on autoimmune neuroinflammation and specific guidelines of PE therapy for MS patients are lacking. To that end, current findings on the impact of PE on autoimmune neuroinflammation, both in human MS and animal models are reviewed. The concept of personalized PE therapy for autoimmune neuroinflammation is discussed, and future research for providing biological rationale for clinical trials to pave the road for precise PE therapy in MS patients is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ofira Einstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Abram Katz
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamir Ben-Hur
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Neuroprotective Effect of Glatiramer Acetate on Neurofilament Light Chain Leakage and Glutamate Excess in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413419. [PMID: 34948217 PMCID: PMC8707261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal and neuronal pathologies are a central constituent of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), induced by the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35–55 peptide. In this study, we investigated neurodegenerative manifestations in chronic MOG 35–55 induced EAE and the effect of glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment on these manifestations. We report that the neuronal loss seen in this model is not attributed to apoptotic neuronal cell death. In EAE-affected mice, axonal damage prevails from the early disease phase, as revealed by analysis of neurofilament light (NFL) leakage into the sera along the disease duration, as well as by immunohistological examination. Elevation of interstitial glutamate concentrations measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) implies that glutamate excess plays a role in the damage processes inflicted by this disease. GA applied as a therapeutic regimen to mice with apparent clinical symptoms significantly reduces the pathological manifestations, namely apoptotic cell death, NFL leakage, histological tissue damage, and glutamate excess, thus corroborating the neuroprotective consequences of this treatment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chu T, Shields LB, Zeng W, Zhang YP, Wang Y, Barnes GN, Shields CB, Cai J. Dynamic glial response and crosstalk in demyelination-remyelination and neurodegeneration processes. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1359-1368. [PMID: 33318418 PMCID: PMC8284258 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. It is characterized by blood-brain barrier dysfunction throughout the course of multiple sclerosis, followed by the entry of immune cells and activation of local microglia and astrocytes. Glial cells (microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte lineage cells) are known as the important mediators of neuroinflammation, all of which play major roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Network communications between glial cells affect the activities of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and influence the demyelination-remyelination process. A finely balanced glial response may create a favorable lesion environment for efficient remyelination and neuroregeneration. This review focuses on glial response and neurodegeneration based on the findings from multiple sclerosis and major rodent demyelination models. In particular, glial interaction and molecular crosstalk are discussed to provide insights into the potential cell- and molecule-specific therapeutic targets to improve remyelination and neuroregeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Chu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lisa B.E. Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wenxin Zeng
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yuanyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Gregory N. Barnes
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Christopher B. Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boscia F, Elkjaer ML, Illes Z, Kukley M. Altered Expression of Ion Channels in White Matter Lesions of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: What Do We Know About Their Function? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:685703. [PMID: 34276310 PMCID: PMC8282214 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.685703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), knowledge about contribution of individual ion channels to axonal impairment and remyelination failure in progressive MS remains incomplete. Ion channel families play a fundamental role in maintaining white matter (WM) integrity and in regulating WM activities in axons, interstitial neurons, glia, and vascular cells. Recently, transcriptomic studies have considerably increased insight into the gene expression changes that occur in diverse WM lesions and the gene expression fingerprint of specific WM cells associated with secondary progressive MS. Here, we review the ion channel genes encoding K+, Ca2+, Na+, and Cl- channels; ryanodine receptors; TRP channels; and others that are significantly and uniquely dysregulated in active, chronic active, inactive, remyelinating WM lesions, and normal-appearing WM of secondary progressive MS brain, based on recently published bulk and single-nuclei RNA-sequencing datasets. We discuss the current state of knowledge about the corresponding ion channels and their implication in the MS brain or in experimental models of MS. This comprehensive review suggests that the intense upregulation of voltage-gated Na+ channel genes in WM lesions with ongoing tissue damage may reflect the imbalance of Na+ homeostasis that is observed in progressive MS brain, while the upregulation of a large number of voltage-gated K+ channel genes may be linked to a protective response to limit neuronal excitability. In addition, the altered chloride homeostasis, revealed by the significant downregulation of voltage-gated Cl- channels in MS lesions, may contribute to an altered inhibitory neurotransmission and increased excitability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Boscia
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Louise Elkjaer
- Neurology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Neurology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Kukley
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Frondelli MJ, Levison SW. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Is Required for Subventricular Zone Astrocyte Progenitor Proliferation and for Prokineticin-2 Production after a Closed Head Injury in Mice. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:285-302. [PMID: 34223558 PMCID: PMC8244521 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis is one of the hallmarks of brain injury, and after a mild injury activated astrocytes subserve neuroprotective and pro-regenerative functions. We previously found that the astroglial response to closed head injury (CHI) was blunted in mice that were haplodeficient in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF); therefore, the goal of these studies was to determine if the delayed astrogliosis was due to decreased recruitment of subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitors. CHI's were performed on post-natal day 20 on LIF heterozygous (Het) and wild-type (WT) mice. At 48 h post-CHI, astrocyte progenitor proliferation within the SVZ increased ∼250% in WT mice but was reduced by ∼200% in LIF Het mice compared with sham controls. Using neurospheres to model the SVZ, LIF increased the percentage of proliferating astrocyte progenitors by 2-fold compared with controls but had no effect on neural stem cell proliferation. To rule out the involvement of other cytokines, 105 cytokines were analyzed using a multi-plex array and with targeted validation on injured LIF Het versus WT neocortex. Of the cytokines analyzed, only prokineticin-2 (ProK2) required LIF signaling. Correspondingly, LIF-treated neurospheres expressed higher levels of ProK2, the ProK1 and ProK2 receptors (ProKR1 and ProKR2). Using in situ hybridization, ProK2 messenger RNA (mRNA) was most abundant in neocortical neurons and highly expressed within the SVZ. However, in contrast to LIF, ProK2 decreased astrocyte progenitor proliferation 2-fold. Altogether, these data demonstrate that LIF is necessary for astrocyte progenitor proliferation after injury and reveal a new role for LIF as an essential regulator of the neurotrophic factor ProK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J. Frondelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven W. Levison
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Psenicka MW, Smith BC, Tinkey RA, Williams JL. Connecting Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Are Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells a Nexus of Disease? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:654284. [PMID: 34234647 PMCID: PMC8255483 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.654284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology in neurodegenerative diseases is often accompanied by inflammation. It is well-known that many cells within the central nervous system (CNS) also contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation, which can promote neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is both an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease in which there is a complex interplay between resident CNS cells to mediate myelin and axonal damage, and this communication network can vary depending on the subtype and chronicity of disease. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cell of the CNS, and their precursors, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), are often thought of as the targets of autoimmune pathology during MS and in several animal models of MS; however, there is emerging evidence that OPCs actively contribute to inflammation that directly and indirectly contributes to neurodegeneration. Here we discuss several contributors to MS disease progression starting with lesion pathology and murine models amenable to studying particular aspects of disease. We then review how OPCs themselves can play an active role in promoting neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and how other resident CNS cells including microglia, astrocytes, and neurons can impact OPC function. Further, we outline the very complex and pleiotropic role(s) of several inflammatory cytokines and other secreted factors classically described as solely deleterious during MS and its animal models, but in fact, have many neuroprotective functions and promote a return to homeostasis, in part via modulation of OPC function. Finally, since MS affects patients from the onset of disease throughout their lifespan, we discuss the impact of aging on OPC function and CNS recovery. It is becoming clear that OPCs are not simply a bystander during MS progression and uncovering the active roles they play during different stages of disease will help uncover potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W. Psenicka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brandon C. Smith
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rachel A. Tinkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sy M, Brandt AU, Lee SU, Newton BL, Pawling J, Golzar A, Rahman AMA, Yu Z, Cooper G, Scheel M, Paul F, Dennis JW, Demetriou M. N-acetylglucosamine drives myelination by triggering oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17413-17424. [PMID: 33453988 PMCID: PMC7762951 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelination plays an important role in cognitive development and in demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), where failure of remyelination promotes permanent neuro-axonal damage. Modification of cell surface receptors with branched N-glycans coordinates cell growth and differentiation by controlling glycoprotein clustering, signaling, and endocytosis. GlcNAc is a rate-limiting metabolite for N-glycan branching. Here we report that GlcNAc and N-glycan branching trigger oligodendrogenesis from precursor cells by inhibiting platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α cell endocytosis. Supplying oral GlcNAc to lactating mice drives primary myelination in newborn pups via secretion in breast milk, whereas genetically blocking N-glycan branching markedly inhibits primary myelination. In adult mice with toxin (cuprizone)-induced demyelination, oral GlcNAc prevents neuro-axonal damage by driving myelin repair. In MS patients, endogenous serum GlcNAc levels inversely correlated with imaging measures of demyelination and microstructural damage. Our data identify N-glycan branching and GlcNAc as critical regulators of primary myelination and myelin repair and suggest that oral GlcNAc may be neuroprotective in demyelinating diseases like MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sy
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sung-Uk Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Barbara L Newton
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Judy Pawling
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Autreen Golzar
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Anas M A Rahman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhaoxia Yu
- Department of Statistics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Graham Cooper
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Einstein Center for Neurosciences, Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Scheel
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - James W Dennis
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Demetriou
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pouzol L, Baumlin N, Sassi A, Tunis M, Marrie J, Vezzali E, Farine H, Mentzel U, Martinic MM. ACT-1004-1239, a first-in-class CXCR7 antagonist with both immunomodulatory and promyelinating effects for the treatment of inflammatory demyelinating diseases. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21431. [PMID: 33595155 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002465r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current strategies for the treatment of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are based on anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory drugs. Those drugs have the potential to reduce the frequency of new lesions but do not directly promote remyelination in the damaged central nervous system (CNS). Targeting CXCR7 (ACKR3) has been postulated as a potential therapeutic approach in demyelinating diseases, leading to both immunomodulation by reducing leukocyte infiltrates and promyelination by enhancing myelin repair. ACT-1004-1239 is a potent, selective, insurmountable, and orally available first-in-class CXCR7 receptor antagonist. The effect of ACT-1004-1239 was evaluated in the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse models. In addition, ACT-1004-1239 was assessed in a rat oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation assay in vitro. In the MOG-induced EAE model, ACT-1004-1239 treatment (10-100 mg/kg, twice daily, orally) showed a significant dose-dependent reduction in disease clinical scores, resulting in increased survival. At the highest dose tested (100 mg/kg, twice daily), ACT-1004-1239 delayed disease onset and significantly reduced immune cell infiltrates into the CNS and plasma neurofilament light chain concentration. Treatment with ACT-1004-1239 dose-dependently increased plasma CXCL12 concentration, which correlated with a reduction of the cumulative disease score. Furthermore, in the cuprizone model, ACT-1004-1239 treatment significantly increased the number of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes and enhanced myelination in vivo. In vitro, ACT-1004-1239 promoted the maturation of OPCs into myelinating oligodendrocytes. These results provide evidence that ACT-1004-1239 both reduces neuroinflammation and enhances myelin repair substantiating the rationale to explore its therapeutic potential in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Sassi
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Tunis
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Julia Marrie
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Hervé Farine
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Unni S, Deshmukh P, Krishnappa G, Kommu P, Padmanabhan B. Structural insights into the multiple binding modes of Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) and its analogs to the Kelch domain of Keap1. FEBS J 2020; 288:1599-1613. [PMID: 32672401 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription function has been implicated in the protection of neurodegenerative diseases. The cytoplasmic protein, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), negatively regulates Nrf2. The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway is a potential therapeutic target for tackling free-radical damage. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is currently an approved drug for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Recent studies showed that DMF modifies the reactive cysteines in the BTB domain of Keap1 and thus activates Nrf2 transcription function. Intriguingly, our crystal structure studies revealed that DMF also binds to the β-propeller domain (Keap1-DC) of Keap1. The crystal structure of the complex, refined to 1.54 Å resolution, revealed unexpected features: DMF binds (a) to the Nrf2-binding site (bottom region of Keap1-DC, site 1) with moderate interaction, and (b) to the top region of Keap1-DC, near to the blade II (site 2). The specificity of the binding 'site 2' was found to be unique to blade II of the β-propeller domain. The newly identified 'site 2' region in Keap1-DC may have a different functional role to regulate Nrf2. Moreover, the crystal structures of Keap1-DC in complex with the DMF analogs, including monoethyl fumarate, fumarate, and itaconate, also exhibited similar binding modes with Keap1-DC. Binding studies confirmed that DMF binds, in a nanomolar range, to the Keap1-DC region as well as the BTB domain of Keap1. Furthermore, the competitive binding assay in the presence of the Nrf2 peptide affirmed the direct binding of DMF at the Nrf2-binding region of Keap1-DC. Overall, our studies suggest that the drug molecule, DMF, binds at multiple sites of Keap1 and thus potentially activates Nrf2 function through covalent as well as the noncovalent mode of action, to combat oxidative stress. DATABASE: Structural data are available in RCSB-protein data bank database(s) under the accession numbers 6LRZ, 7C60, and 7C5E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Unni
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Prashant Deshmukh
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Gopinatha Krishnappa
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Padmini Kommu
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Balasundaram Padmanabhan
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Safavi F, Thome R, Li Z, Zhang GX, Rostami A. Dimethyl fumarate suppresses granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-producing Th1 cells in CNS neuroinflammation. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/4/e729. [PMID: 32371548 PMCID: PMC7217662 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the immunomodulatory effect of dimethyl fumarate (DF) on granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production in CD4+ T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods We collected splenocytes and CD4+ T cells from C57BL/6 wild-type and interferon (IFN)-γ–deficient mice. For human PBMCs, venous blood was collected from healthy donors, and PBMCs were collected using the Percoll gradient method. Cells were cultured with anti-CD3/28 in the presence/absence of DF for 3 to 5 days. Cells were stained and analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytokines were measured by ELISA in cell supernatants. For in vivo experiments, EAE was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35–55 and mice were treated with oral DF or vehicle daily. Results DF acts directly on CD4+ T cells and suppresses GM-CSF–producing Th1 not Th17 or single GM-CSF+ T cells in EAE. In addition, GM-CSF suppression depends on the IFN-γ pathway. We also show that DF specifically suppresses Th1 and GM-CSF–producing Th1 cells in PBMCs from healthy donors. Conclusions We suggest that DF exclusively suppresses GM-CSF–producing Th1 cells in both animal and human CD4+ T cells through an IFN-γ–dependent pathway. These findings indicate that DF has a better therapeutic effect on patients with Th1-dominant immunophenotype. However, future longitudinal study to validate this finding in MS is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farinaz Safavi
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., R.T., Z.L., G.-X.Z., A.R.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA. Dr. Safavi is now at National Institute of Health, NINDS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rodolfo Thome
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., R.T., Z.L., G.-X.Z., A.R.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA. Dr. Safavi is now at National Institute of Health, NINDS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zichen Li
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., R.T., Z.L., G.-X.Z., A.R.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA. Dr. Safavi is now at National Institute of Health, NINDS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., R.T., Z.L., G.-X.Z., A.R.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA. Dr. Safavi is now at National Institute of Health, NINDS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., R.T., Z.L., G.-X.Z., A.R.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA. Dr. Safavi is now at National Institute of Health, NINDS, Bethesda, MD.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hsiao YP, Chen HT, Liang YC, Wang TE, Huang KH, Hsu CC, Liang HJ, Huang CH, Jan TR. Development of Nanosome-Encapsulated Honokiol for Intravenous Therapy Against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:17-29. [PMID: 32021162 PMCID: PMC6954093 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s214349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Honokiol has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. However, the poor aqueous solubility of honokiol limits its clinical application for systemic administration. Purpose This study aims to develop a novel formulation of nanosome-encapsulated honokiol (NHNK) for intravenous therapy against mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that mimics human multiple sclerosis. Methods Nanosomes and NHNK were prepared by using an ultra-high pressure homogenization (UHPH) method. Mice were treated with NHNK or empty nanosomes during the peak phase of EAE symptoms. Symptoms of EAE were monitored and samples of the spinal cord were obtained for histopathological examinations. Results The stock of NHNK containing honokiol in the nanosome formulation, which showed the structure of single phospholipid bilayer membranes, was well formulated with the particle size of 48.0 ± 0.1 nm and the encapsulation efficiency 58.1 ± 4.2%. Intravenous administration of NHNK ameliorated the severity of EAE accompanied by a significant reduction of demyelination and inflammation in the spinal cord. Furthermore, NHNK decreased the number of IL-6+, Iba-1+TNF +, Iba-1+IL-12 p40+, and CD3+IFN-γ+ cells infiltrating the spinal cord. Conclusion The UHPH method simplified the preparation of NHNK with uniformly distributed nanosize and high encapsulation efficiency. Intravenous administration of NHNK ameliorated the severity of EAE by suppressing the infiltration of activated microglia and Th1 cells into the spinal cord. Collectively, these results suggest that the formulation of NHNK is a prospective therapeutic approach for inflammatory CNS diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yai-Ping Hsiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Liang
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tse-En Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hung Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jen Liang
- Department of Food Science, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Rong Jan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sanabria-Castro A, Flores-Díaz M, Alape-Girón A. Biological models in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:491-508. [PMID: 31571267 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considering the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown, experimental models resembling specific aspects of this immune-mediated demyelinating human disease have been developed to increase the understanding of processes related to pathogenesis, disease evolution, evaluation of therapeutic interventions, and demyelination and remyelination mechanisms. Based on the nature of the investigation, biological models may include in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assessments. Even though these approaches have disclosed valuable information, every disease animal model has limitations and can only replicate specific features of MS. In vitro and ex vivo models generally do not reflect what occurs in the organism, and in vivo animal models are more likely used; nevertheless, they are able to reproduce only certain stages of the disease. In vivo MS disease animal models in mammals include: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, viral encephalomyelitis, and induced demyelination. This review examines and describes the most common biological disease animal models for the study of MS, their specific characteristics and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sanabria-Castro
- Research Unit, San Juan de Dios Hospital CCSS, San José, Costa Rica.,School of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Semkina AA, Alifirova VM, Titova MA, Maltseva AN, Abadzhyan MB. [Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:28-35. [PMID: 31156238 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20191192228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review presents data on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), its structure and functions, the effect on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis (MS). The correlation of BDNF level with clinical manifestations of MS and the changes of its level during disease-modifying therapy is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Semkina
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - M A Titova
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A N Maltseva
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shou J, Peng J, Zhao Z, Huang X, Li H, Li L, Gao X, Xing Y, Liu H. CCL26 and CCR3 are associated with the acute inflammatory response in the CNS in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 333:576967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
18
|
Roboon J, Hattori T, Ishii H, Takarada-Iemata M, Le TM, Shiraishi Y, Ozaki N, Yamamoto Y, Sugawara A, Okamoto H, Higashida H, Kitao Y, Hori O. Deletion of CD38 Suppresses Glial Activation and Neuroinflammation in a Mouse Model of Demyelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:258. [PMID: 31244614 PMCID: PMC6563778 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD38 is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic adenosine diphosphate-ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). We recently reported that this molecule regulates the maturation and differentiation of glial cells such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the developing brain. To analyze its role in the demyelinating situation, we employed cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination model in mice, which is characterized by oligodendrocyte-specific apoptosis, followed by the strong glial activation, demyelination, and repopulation of OLs. By using this model, we found that CD38 was upregulated in both astrocytes and microglia after CPZ administration. Experiments using wild-type and CD38 knockout (KO) mice, together with those using cultured glial cells, revealed that CD38 deficiency did not affect the initial decrease of the number of OLs, while it attenuated CPZ-induced demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Importantly, the clearance of the degraded myelin and oligodendrocyte repopulation were also reduced in CD38 KO mice. Further experiments revealed that these observations were associated with reduced levels of glial activation and inflammatory responses including phagocytosis, most likely through the enhanced level of NAD+ in CD38-deleted condition. Our results suggest that CD38 and NAD+ in the glial cells play a critical role in the demyelination and subsequent oligodendrocyte remodeling through the modulation of glial activity and neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jureepon Roboon
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Thuong Manh Le
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Shiraishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ozaki
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akira Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Higashida
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitao
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim J, Ahn M, Choi Y, Ekanayake P, Park CM, Moon C, Jung K, Tanaka A, Matsuda H, Shin T. Gene Expression Profile of Olfactory Transduction Signaling in an Animal Model of Human Multiple Sclerosis. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:74-84. [PMID: 30853826 PMCID: PMC6401553 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction occurs in multiple sclerosis in humans, as well as in an animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The aim of this study was to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in olfactory bulb of EAE-affected mice by next generation sequencing, with a particular focus on changes in olfaction-related signals. EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and adjuvant. Inflammatory lesions were identified in the olfactory bulbs as well as in the spinal cord of immunized mice. Analysis of DEGs in the olfactory bulb of EAE-affected mice revealed that 44 genes were upregulated (and which were primarily related to inflammatory mediators), while 519 genes were downregulated; among the latter, olfactory marker protein and stomatin-like 3, which have been linked to olfactory signal transduction, were significantly downregulated (log2 [fold change] >1 and p-value <0.05). These findings suggest that inflammation in the olfactory bulb of EAE-affected mice is associated with the downregulation of some olfactory signal transduction genes, particularly olfactory marker protein and stomatin-like 3, which may lead to olfactory dysfunction in an animal model of human multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Yuna Choi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Poornima Ekanayake
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Chul Min Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Meza-Romero R, Benedek G, Gerstner G, Kent G, Nguyen H, Offner H, Vandenbark AA. Increased CD74 binding and EAE treatment efficacy of a modified DRα1 molecular construct. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:153-164. [PMID: 30353480 PMCID: PMC6364671 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a strong inflammatory component that affects more than 2 million people worldwide (and at least 400,000 in the United States). In MS, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT) enhance the inflammatory event as a result of their interaction with their cognate receptor CD74. Therefore, the search for new agents aimed at blocking this interaction is critical for therapeutic purposes and will be of paramount importance for the treatment of MS. DRα1-MOG-35-55 constructs have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) a mouse model for MS. This effect is directly correlated with the binding to its cell surface receptor, CD74, apparently preventing or blocking the binding of two inflammatory factors, MIF and D-DT. Here we report that a single amino acid substitution (L50Q) in the DRα1 domain of the human and mouse DRα1-MOG-35-55 constructs (notated as DRhQ and DRmQ, respectively) possessed increased affinity for CD74, a greater capacity to block MIF binding, the ability to inhibit pERK1/2 signaling and increased therapeutic activity in mice with EAE. These data suggest that binding affinity for CD74 could serve as an in vitro indicator of biological potency of DRhQ and thus support its possible clinical utility as an effective therapy for MS and perhaps other diseases in which there is an inflammatory reaction driven by MIF and D-DT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Meza-Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research, Research Service R&D31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology UHS-46, Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, Research Service R&D31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology UHS-46, Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Tissue Typing and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Grant Gerstner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Research Service R&D31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gail Kent
- Neuroimmunology Research, Research Service R&D31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ha Nguyen
- Neuroimmunology Research, Research Service R&D31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Research Service R&D31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, Research Service R&D31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Neurology UHS-46, Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vandenbark AA, Meza-Romero R, Benedek G, Offner H. A novel neurotherapeutic for multiple sclerosis, ischemic injury, methamphetamine addiction, and traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:14. [PMID: 30683115 PMCID: PMC6346590 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular, autoimmune, and traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) all have in common an initial acute inflammatory response mediated by influx across the blood-brain barrier of activated mononuclear cells followed by chronic and often progressive disability. Although some anti-inflammatory therapies can reduce cellular infiltration into the initial lesions, there are essentially no effective treatments for the progressive phase. We here review the successful treatment of animal models for four separate neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative CNS conditions using a single partial MHC class II construct called DRa1-hMOG-35-55 or its newest iteration, DRa1(L50Q)-hMOG-35-55 (DRhQ) that can be administered without a need for class II tissue type matching due to the conserved DRα1 moiety of the drug. These constructs antagonize the cognate TCR and bind with high affinity to their cell-bound CD74 receptor on macrophages and dendritic cells, thereby competitively inhibiting downstream signaling and pro-inflammatory effects of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homolog, d-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT=MIF-2) that bind to identical residues of CD74 leading to progressive disease. These effects suggest the existence of a common pathogenic mechanism involving a chemokine-driven influx of activated monocytes into the CNS tissue that can be reversed by parenteral injection of the DRa1-MOG-35-55 constructs that also induce anti-inflammatory macrophages and microglia within the CNS. Due to their ability to block this common pathway, these novel drugs appear to be prime candidates for therapy of a wide range of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative CNS conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Roberto Meza-Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gil Benedek
- Present Address: Tissue Typing and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Keleku-Lukwete N, Suzuki M, Yamamoto M. An Overview of the Advantages of KEAP1-NRF2 System Activation During Inflammatory Disease Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1746-1755. [PMID: 28899203 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation can be defined as a protective immune response against harmful exogenous and endogenous stimuli. Nevertheless, prolonged or autoimmune inflammatory responses are likely to cause pathological states that are associated with a production of inflammation-associated molecules along with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (KEAP1-NRF2) signaling provides a cell protection mechanism against oxidative insults when endogenous stress defense mechanisms are imbalanced. Understanding the roles of the KEAP1-NRF2 system in inflammation caused by various types of stimuli may aid in the development of new therapies. Recent Advances: There have been tremendous advances in understanding the mechanism by which the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway abrogates inflammation. In addition to the well-established ROS-dependent pathway, recent studies have provided evidence of the direct repression of the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, such as IL1b and IL6 (encoding Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-6, respectively). Further, the expanding functions of NRF2 have elicited interest in the development of therapeutic modalities for inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis and sickle cell disease. Critical Issues and Future Directions: Despite progress in the understanding of molecular mechanisms supporting the roles that NRF2 plays during inflammation, the relationship between NRF2 and other transcription factors and mediators of inflammation still remains ambiguous. Further studies are required to address the effects of functional polymorphisms in KEAP1 and NRF2 that modify susceptibility to specific disease-related inflammation. Comprehensive analyses in the future should explore tissue- or cell-type specific NRF2 activation to elaborate effects of NRF2 induction. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Keleku-Lukwete
- 1 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Mikiko Suzuki
- 2 Center for Radioisotope Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- 1 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Visualization of the Breakdown of the Axonal Transport Machinery: a Comparative Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Approach. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3984-3998. [PMID: 30238390 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Axonal damage is a major factor contributing to disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. On the histological level, acute axonal injury is most frequently analyzed by anti-amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry. To what extent this method truly detects axonal injury, and whether other proteins and organelles are as well subjected to axonal transport deficits in demyelinated tissues is not known. The aim of this study was to correlate ultrastructural morphology with the immunohistochemical appearance of acute axonal injury in a model of toxin-induced oligodendrocyte degeneration. C57BL/6J mice were intoxicated with 0.25% cuprizone to induce demyelination. The corpus callosum was investigated by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (i.e., 3D EM), immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Brain tissues of progressive MS patients were included to test the relevance of our findings in mice for MS. Volumes of axonal swellings, determined by 3D EM, were comparable to volumes of axonal spheroids, determined by anti-APP immunofluorescence stains. Axonal swellings were present at myelinated and non-myelinated axonal internodes. Densities of amyloid precursor protein (APP)+ spheroids were highest during active demyelination. Besides APP, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and mitochondrial proteins accumulated at sites of axonal spheroids. Such accumulations were found as well in lesions of progressive MS patients. In this correlative ultrastructural-immunohistochemical study, we provide strong evidence that breakdown of the axonal transport machinery results in focal accumulations of mitochondria and different synaptic proteins. We provide new marker proteins to visualize acute axonal injury, which helps to further understand the complex nature of axonal damage in progressive MS.
Collapse
|
24
|
Salapa HE, Johnson C, Hutchinson C, Popescu BF, Levin MC. Dysfunctional RNA binding proteins and stress granules in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 324:149-156. [PMID: 30190085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the RNA binding protein (RBP) heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein A1 (hnRNP A1) has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, but its involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS) is largely unknown. In a neuronal cell line, interferon-γ caused hnRNP A1 nucleocytoplasmic mislocalization; colocalization of hnRNP A1 in stress granules (SGs); and inhibition of translation. Neurons in the brain of a MS patient showed pathogenic RBP dysfunction, including nuclear depletion of hnRNP A1, its mislocalization to the cytoplasm, and its colocalization in SGs. These data indicate a role for dysfunctional hnRNP A1 in the pathogenesis of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Salapa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Cameco Multiple Sclerosis Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Chloe Johnson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Catherine Hutchinson
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Cameco Multiple Sclerosis Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Bogdan F Popescu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Cameco Multiple Sclerosis Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michael C Levin
- Office of the Saskatchewan Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Cameco Multiple Sclerosis Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yuan XL, Zhao YP, Huang J, Liu JC, Mao WQ, Yin J, Peng BW, Liu WH, Han S, He XH. A Kv1.3 channel-specific blocker alleviates neurological impairment through inhibiting T-cell activation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:967-977. [PMID: 29577640 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological autoimmune disorder characterized by mistaken attacks of inflammatory cells against the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in demyelination and axonal damage. Kv1.3 channel blockers can inhibit T-cell activation and have been designed for MS therapy. However, little is known about the effects of Kv1.3 blockers on protecting myelin sheaths/axons in MS. This study aimed at investigating the neuroprotection efficacy of a selective Kv1.3 channel blocker ImKTx88 (ImK) in MS animal model. METHODS Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat model was established. The neuroprotective effect of ImK was assessed by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the antiinflammatory effect of ImK by suppressing T-cell activation was assessed by flow cytometry and ELISA in vitro. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that ImK administration ameliorated EAE clinical severity. Moreover, ImK increased oligodendrocytes survival, preserved axons, and myelin integrity and reduced the infiltration of activated T cells into the CNS. This protective effect of the peptide may be related to its suppression of autoantigen-specific T-cell activation via calcium influx inhibition. CONCLUSION ImK prevents neurological damage by suppressing T-cell activation, suggesting the applicability of this peptide in MS therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Peng Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Chen Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Qian Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bi-Wen Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Hong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vogelaar CF, Mandal S, Lerch S, Birkner K, Birkenstock J, Bühler U, Schnatz A, Raine CS, Bittner S, Vogt J, Kipnis J, Nitsch R, Zipp F. Fast direct neuronal signaling via the IL-4 receptor as therapeutic target in neuroinflammation. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:10/430/eaao2304. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Raphael I, Webb J, Gomez-Rivera F, Chase Huizar CA, Gupta R, Arulanandam BP, Wang Y, Haskins WE, Forsthuber TG. Serum Neuroinflammatory Disease-Induced Central Nervous System Proteins Predict Clinical Onset of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:812. [PMID: 28769926 PMCID: PMC5512177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients to develop biomarkers and laboratory tests to improve early diagnosis, predict clinical relapses, and optimize treatment responses. In healthy individuals, the transport of proteins across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is tightly regulated, whereas, in MS, central nervous system (CNS) inflammation results in damage to neuronal tissues, disruption of BBB integrity, and potential release of neuroinflammatory disease-induced CNS proteins (NDICPs) into CSF and serum. Therefore, changes in serum NDICP abundance could serve as biomarkers of MS. Here, we sought to determine if changes in serum NDICPs are detectable prior to clinical onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and, therefore, enable prediction of disease onset. Importantly, we show in longitudinal serum specimens from individual mice with EAE that pre-onset expression waves of synapsin-2, glutamine synthetase, enolase-2, and synaptotagmin-1 enable the prediction of clinical disease with high sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, we observed differences in serum NDICPs between active and passive immunization in EAE, suggesting hitherto not appreciated differences for disease induction mechanisms. Our studies provide the first evidence for enabling the prediction of clinical disease using serum NDICPs. The results provide proof-of-concept for the development of high-confidence serum NDICP expression waves and protein biomarker candidates for MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itay Raphael
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Johanna Webb
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Francisco Gomez-Rivera
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Carol A Chase Huizar
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Rishein Gupta
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Bernard P Arulanandam
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - William E Haskins
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Benedek G, Chaudhary P, Meza-Romero R, Calkins E, Kent G, Offner H, Bourdette D, Vandenbark AA. Sex-dependent treatment of chronic EAE with partial MHC class II constructs. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:100. [PMID: 28477623 PMCID: PMC5420407 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the main challenges in treating multiple sclerosis (MS) is reversing the effects of accumulated damage in the central nervous system (CNS) of progressive MS subjects. While most of the available drugs for MS subjects are anti-inflammatory and thus are limited to relapsing-remitting MS subjects, it is not clear to what extent their effects are capable of inducing axonal repair and remyelination in subjects with chronic MS. Methods A chronic model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was used to evaluate the potency of partial MHC (pMHC) class II constructs in treating progressive EAE. Results We demonstrated an estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-dependent increased dose requirement for effective treatment of female vs. male mice using pMHC. Such treatment using 100-μg doses of RTL342M or DRα1-mMOG-35-55 constructs significantly reversed clinical severity and showed a clear trend for inhibiting ongoing CNS damage, demyelination, and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the CNS in male mice. In contrast, WT female mice required larger 1-mg doses for effective treatment, although lower 100-μg doses were effective in ovariectomized or ERα-deficient mice with EAE. Conclusions These findings will assist in the design of future clinical trials using pMHC for treatment of progressive MS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0873-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Priya Chaudhary
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Roberto Meza-Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Evan Calkins
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gail Kent
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Neurology Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA. .,Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Research Service R&D31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fingolimod effects in neuroinflammation: Regulation of astroglial glutamate transporters? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171552. [PMID: 28273090 PMCID: PMC5342171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod is an oral sphingosine-1-phosphate-receptor modulator which reduces the recirculation of immune cells and may also directly target glial cells. Here we investigate effects of fingolimod on expression of astroglial glutamate transporters under pro-inflammatory conditions. In astrocyte cell culture, the addition of pro-inflammatory cytokines led to a significant downregulation of glutamate transporters glutamate transporter-1 (slc1a2/SLC1A2) and glutamate aspartate transporter (slc1a3/SLC1A3) expression on the mRNA or protein level. In this setting, the direct application of fingolimod-1 phosphate (F1P) on astrocytes did not change expression levels of slc1a2 and slc1a3 mRNA. The analysis of both transporters on the protein level by Western Blot and immunocytochemistry did also not reveal any effect of F1P. On a functional level, the addition of conditioned supernatants from F1P treated astrocytes to neuronal cell culture did not result in increased neurite growth. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a model of multiple sclerosis, fingolimod treatment reduced T cell and macrophages/microglia mediated inflammation and also diminished astrocyte activation. At the same time, fingolimod restored the reduced expression of slc1a2 and slc1a3 in the inflamed spinal cord on the mRNA level and of SLC1A2 and SLC1A3 on the protein level, presumably via indirect, anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These findings provide further evidence for a predominantly peripheral effect of the compound in neuroinflammation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Gudi V, Gai L, Herder V, Tejedor LS, Kipp M, Amor S, Sühs KW, Hansmann F, Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Stangel M, Skripuletz T. Synaptophysin Is a Reliable Marker for Axonal Damage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:109-125. [PMID: 28177496 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptophysin is an abundant membrane protein of synaptic vesicles. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of identifying synaptophysin accumulations (spheroids/ovoids/bulbs) in CNS white matter as an immunohistochemical marker of axonal damage in demyelinating and neuroinflammatory conditions. We studied the cuprizone toxicity and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection models of demyelination and analyzed CNS tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Synaptophysin colocalized with the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a well-known marker of axonal damage. In the cuprizone model, numerous pathological synaptophysin/APP-positive spheroids/ovoids were identified in the corpus callosum at the onset of demyelination; the extent of synaptophysin/APP-positive vesicle aggregates correlated with identified reactive microglia; during late and chronic demyelination, the majority of synaptophysin/APP-positive spheroids/ovoids resolved but a few remained, indicating persistent axonal damage; in the remyelination phase, scattered large synaptophysin/APP-positive bulbs persisted. In the TMEV model, only a few large- to medium-sized synaptophysin/APP-positive bulbs were found in demyelinated areas. In MS patient tissue samples, the bulbs appeared exclusively at the inflammatory edges of lesions. In conclusion, our data suggest that synaptophysin as a reliable marker of axonal damage in the CNS in inflammatory/demyelinating conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lijie Gai
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Salinas Tejedor
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kurt-Wolfram Sühs
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Role of the receptor Mas in macrophage-mediated inflammation in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14109-14114. [PMID: 27872279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612668113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an alternative renin-angiotensin system pathway has been described, which involves binding of angiotensin-(1-7) to its receptor Mas. The Mas axis may counterbalance angiotensin-II-mediated proinflammatory effects, likely by affecting macrophage function. Here we investigate the role of Mas in murine models of autoimmune neuroinflammation and atherosclerosis, which both involve macrophage-driven pathomechanisms. Mas signaling affected macrophage polarization, migration, and macrophage-mediated T-cell activation. Mas deficiency exacerbated the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and increased macrophage infiltration as well as proinflammatory gene expression in the spleen and spinal cord. Furthermore, Mas deficiency promoted atherosclerosis by affecting macrophage infiltration and migration and led to increased oxidative stress as well as impaired endothelial function in ApoE-deficient mice. In summary, we identified the Mas axis as an important factor in macrophage function during inflammation of the central nervous and vascular system in vivo. Modulating the Mas axis may constitute an interesting therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis and/or atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Höflich KM, Beyer C, Clarner T, Schmitz C, Nyamoya S, Kipp M, Hochstrasser T. Acute axonal damage in three different murine models of multiple sclerosis: A comparative approach. Brain Res 2016; 1650:125-133. [PMID: 27592741 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Axonal damage has been identified as a significant contributor to permanent clinical disability in multiple sclerosis. In the context of demyelinating disorders, this destructive event can be the result of inflammation, demyelination and/or the activation of innate defense cells such as microglia or monocytes. The relative contribution of each of these variables to acute axonal injury is, however, unknown. In the present study, we compared the extent of acute axonal damage in three different murine demyelination models using anti-amyloid precursor protein (APP) immunohistochemistry. T cell dependent (MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)) as well as T cell independent demyelination models (cuprizone- and lysolecithin-induced demyelination) were used. APP+ spheroids were present in all three experimental demyelination models. The number of APP+ spheroids was highest within LPC-induced lesions. Equal amounts were found in the spinal cord of MOG35-55-EAE animals and the corpus callosum of cuprizone-intoxicated animals. Moreover, we detected increased immunoreactivity of the pre-synaptic protein vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1) in demyelinated foci. VGluT1-staining revealed long stretched, ovoid-like axonal structures which co-localized with APP. In summary, we showed that acute axonal damage is evident under various experimental demyelination paradigms. Furthermore, disturbed axonal transport mechanisms, which are responsible for intra-axonal APP accumulation, do not only disturb APP, but also the transport of other synaptic proteins. These results indicate that, despite differences in their characteristics, all three models may serve as valid and suitable systems for investigating responsible mechanisms of axonal damage and potential protective strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Marie Höflich
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Clarner
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Stella Nyamoya
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Neuroanatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Hochstrasser
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Thalamus Degeneration and Inflammation in Two Distinct Multiple Sclerosis Animal Models. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:102-14. [PMID: 27491786 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a broad consensus that multiple sclerosis (MS) represents more than an inflammatory disease: it harbors several characteristic aspects of a classical neurodegenerative disorder, i.e., damage to axons, synapses, and nerve cell bodies. While several accepted paraclinical methods exist to monitor the inflammatory-driven aspects of the disease, techniques to monitor progression of early and late neurodegeneration are still in their infancy and have not been convincingly validated. It was speculated that the thalamus with its multiple reciprocal connections is sensitive to inflammatory processes occurring in different brain regions, thus acting as a "barometer" for diffuse brain parenchymal damage in MS. To what extent the thalamus is affected in commonly applied MS animal models is, however, not known. In this article we describe direct and indirect damage to the thalamus in two distinct MS animal models. In the cuprizone model, we observed primary oligodendrocyte stress which is followed by demyelination, microglia/astrocyte activation, and acute axonal damage. These degenerative cuprizone-induced lesions were found to be more severe in the lateral compared to the medial part of the thalamus. In MOG35-55-induced EAE, in contrast, most parts of the forebrain, including the thalamus were not directly involved in the autoimmune attack. However, important thalamic afferent fiber tracts, such as the spinothalamic tract were inflamed and demyelinated on the spinal cord level. Quantitative immunohistochemistry revealed that this spinal cord inflammatory-demyelination is associated with neuronal loss within the target region of the spinothalamic tract, namely the sensory ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. This study highlights the possibility of trans-neuronal degeneration as one mechanism of secondary neuronal damage in MS. Further studies are now warranted to investigate involved cell types and cellular mechanisms.
Collapse
|
35
|
Yandamuri SS, Lane TE. Imaging Axonal Degeneration and Repair in Preclinical Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:189. [PMID: 27242796 PMCID: PMC4871863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) disease characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage. Infiltration of activated lymphocytes and myeloid cells are thought to be primarily responsible for white matter damage and axonopathy. Over time, this neurologic damage manifests clinically as debilitating motor and cognitive symptoms. Existing MS therapies focus on symptom relief and delay of disease progression through reduction of neuroinflammation. However, long-term strategies to remyelinate, protect, or regenerate axons have remained elusive, posing a challenge to treating progressive forms of MS. Preclinical mouse models and techniques, such as immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and genomic and proteomic analysis have provided advances in our understanding of discrete time-points of pathology following disease induction. More recently, in vivo and in situ two-photon (2P) microscopy has made it possible to visualize continuous real-time cellular behavior and structural changes occurring within the CNS during neuropathology. Research utilizing 2P imaging to study axonopathy in neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease has focused on five areas: (1) axonal morphologic changes, (2) organelle transport and health, (3) relationship to inflammation, (4) neuronal excitotoxicity, and (5) regenerative therapies. 2P imaging may also be used to identify novel therapeutic targets via identification and clarification of dynamic cellular and molecular mechanisms of axonal regeneration and remyelination. Here, we review tools that have made 2P accessible for imaging neuropathologies and advances in our understanding of axonal degeneration and repair in preclinical models of demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Takagishi Y, Katanosaka K, Mizoguchi H, Murata Y. Disrupted axon-glia interactions at the paranode in myelinated nerves cause axonal degeneration and neuronal cell death in the aged Caspr mutant mouse shambling. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 43:34-46. [PMID: 27255813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that axonal degeneration is a disease mechanism in various neurodegenerative diseases and that the paranodes at the nodes of Ranvier may be the initial site of pathogenesis. We investigated the pathophysiology of the disease process in the central and peripheral nervous systems of a Caspr mutant mouse, shambling (shm), which is affected by disrupted paranodal structures and impaired nerve conduction of myelinated nerves. The shm mice manifest a progressive neurological phenotype as mice age. We found extensive axonal degeneration and a loss of neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system in aged shm mice. Axonal alteration of myelinated nerves was defined by abnormal distribution and expression of neurofilaments and derangements in the status of phosphorylated and non/de-phosphorylated neurofilaments. Autophagy-related structures were also accumulated in degenerated axons and neurons. In conclusion, our results suggest that disrupted axon-glia interactions at the paranode cause the cytoskeletal alteration in myelinated axons leading to neuronal cell death, and the process involves detrimental autophagy and aging as factors that promote the pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Takagishi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Kimiaki Katanosaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizoguchi
- Research Center for Next-Generation Drug Development, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Murata
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Goodus MT, Kerr NA, Talwar R, Buziashvili D, Fragale JEC, Pang KCH, Levison SW. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Haplodeficiency Desynchronizes Glial Reactivity and Exacerbates Damage and Functional Deficits after a Concussive Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1522-34. [PMID: 26541248 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactions of both astrocytes and microglia to central nervous system injury can be beneficial or detrimental to recovery. To gain insights into the functional importance of gliosis, we developed a new model of adolescent closed-head injury (CHI) and interrogated the behavioral, physiological, and cellular outcomes after a concussive CHI in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) haplodeficient mice. These mice were chosen because LIF is important for astrocyte and microglial activation. Behaviorally, the LIF haplodeficient animals were equally impaired 4 h after the injury, but in the subsequent 2 weeks, the LIF haplodeficient mice acquired more severe motor and sensory deficits, compared with wild type mice. The prolonged accumulation of neurological impairment was accompanied by desynchronization of the gliotic response, increased cell death, axonal degeneration, diminished callosal compound action potential, and hypomyelination. Our results clearly show that LIF is an essential injury-induced cytokine that is required to prevent the propagation of secondary neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Goodus
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Nadine A Kerr
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ruchika Talwar
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - David Buziashvili
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Jennifer E C Fragale
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey.,2 Veterans Affairs Medical Center , New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey
| | - Kevin C H Pang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey.,2 Veterans Affairs Medical Center , New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey
| | - Steven W Levison
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang X, Zheng X, Ma C, Zhao L. Role of TRIF Small Interference RNA (siRNA) in Chronic Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE). Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:2583-7. [PMID: 26324415 PMCID: PMC4562682 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease causing multifocal demyelination and axonal injuries in the central nervous system (CNS). Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-domain containing adaptor protein-inducing interferon beta (TRIF) is an important adaptor protein for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and can modulate the immune response via regulating cytokine secretion. This study investigated the potential function of TRIF in MS mice via small interference RNA (siRNA). MATERIAL AND METHODS Isolated mouse lymphocytes were processed using TRIF siRNA, followed by RT-PCR assay to quantify TRIF expression level. An experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was prepared in C57BL/6 mice immunized with MOG 35-55. TRIF siRNA or controlled siRNA were intravenously applied to evaluate the neurological function of animals. Serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 were observed. RESULTS Specific siRNA effectively decreased the TRIF expression in mouse dendritic cells and this siRNA improved the EAE severity and neurological scores. Further assays showed that both IFN-γ and IL-2 levels in the siRNA treatment group were significantly lower than in controls. CONCLUSIONS The expression of TRIF can be down-regulated by siRNA, thereby alleviating the severity of EAE via its inhibition of interleukin and cytokine release. This may provide new insights for future treatment of MS.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/immunology
- Animals
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Genetic Therapy
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interleukin-2/blood
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xichun Wang
- Department of Gerontological Neurology, Heilongjiang Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiufeng Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Heilongjiang Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Chong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Heilongjiang Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Department of Gerontological Neurology, Heilongjiang Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Transfer of myelin-reactive th17 cells impairs endogenous remyelination in the central nervous system of cuprizone-fed mice. J Neurosci 2015; 35:8626-39. [PMID: 26041928 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3817-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the CNS characterized by inflammation and neurodegeneration. Animal models that enable the study of remyelination in the context of ongoing inflammation are greatly needed for the development of novel therapies that target the pathological inhibitory cues inherent to the MS plaque microenvironment. We report the development of an innovative animal model combining cuprizone-mediated demyelination with transfer of myelin-reactive CD4(+) T cells. Characterization of this model reveals both Th1 and Th17 CD4(+) T cells infiltrate the CNS of cuprizone-fed mice, with infiltration of Th17 cells being more efficient. Infiltration correlates with impaired spontaneous remyelination as evidenced by myelin protein expression, immunostaining, and ultrastructural analysis. Electron microscopic analysis further reveals that demyelinated axons are preserved but reduced in caliber. Examination of the immune response contributing to impaired remyelination highlights a role for peripheral monocytes with an M1 phenotype. This study demonstrates the development of a novel animal model that recapitulates elements of the microenvironment of the MS plaque and reveals an important role for T cells and peripheral monocytes in impairing endogenous remyelination in vivo. This model could be useful for testing putative MS therapies designed to enhance remyelination in the setting of active inflammation, and may also facilitate modeling the pathophysiology of denuded axons, which has been a challenge in rodents because they typically remyelinate very quickly.
Collapse
|
40
|
Anatomical Distribution of Cuprizone-Induced Lesions in C57BL6 Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:166-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
41
|
Novkovic T, Shchyglo O, Gold R, Manahan-Vaughan D. Hippocampal function is compromised in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Neuroscience 2015; 309:100-12. [PMID: 25795599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease that is characterized by demyelination and axonal damage in the nervous system. One obvious consequence is a cumulative loss of muscle control. However, cognitive dysfunction affects roughly half of MS sufferers, sometimes already early in the disease course. Although long-term (remote) memory is typically unaffected, the ability to form new declarative memories becomes compromised. A major structure for the encoding of new declarative memories is the hippocampus. Encoding is believed to be mediated by synaptic plasticity in the form of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic strength. Here, in an animal model of MS we explored whether disease symptoms are accompanied by a loss of functional neuronal integrity, synaptic plasticity, or hippocampus-dependent learning ability. In mice that developed MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), passive properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons were unaffected, although the ability to fire action potentials became reduced in the late phase of EAE. LTP remained normal in the early phase of MOG35-55-induced EAE. However, in the late phase, LTP was impaired and LTP-related spatial memory was impaired. In contrast, LTD and hippocampus-dependent object recognition memory were unaffected. These data suggest that in an animal model of MS hippocampal function becomes compromised as the disease progresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Novkovic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - O Shchyglo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - R Gold
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Neurological University Clinic, St. Josef Hospital, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - D Manahan-Vaughan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hinman JD, Lee MD, Tung S, Vinters HV, Carmichael ST. Molecular disorganization of axons adjacent to human lacunar infarcts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 138:736-45. [PMID: 25614025 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral microvascular disease predominantly affects brain white matter and deep grey matter, resulting in ischaemic damage that ranges from lacunar infarcts to white matter hyperintensities seen on magnetic resonance imaging. These lesions are common and result in both clinical stroke syndromes and accumulate over time, resulting in cognitive deficits and dementia. Magnetic resonance imaging studies suggest that these lesions progress over time, accumulate adjacent to prior lesions and have a penumbral region susceptible to further injury. The pathological correlates of this adjacent injury in surviving myelinated axons have not been previously defined. In this study, we sought to determine the molecular organization of axons in tissue adjacent to lacunar infarcts and in the regions surrounding microinfarcts, by determining critical elements in axonal function: the morphology and length of node of Ranvier segments and adjacent paranodal segments. We examined post-mortem brain tissue from six patients with lacunar infarcts and tissue from two patients with autosomal dominant retinal vasculopathy and cerebral leukoencephalopathy (previously known as hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy and stroke) who accumulate progressive white matter ischaemic lesions in the form of lacunar and microinfarcts. In axons adjacent to lacunar infarcts yet extending up to 150% of the infarct diameter away, both nodal and paranodal length increase by ∼20% and 80%, respectively, reflecting a loss of normal cell-cell adhesion and signalling between axons and oligodendrocytes. Using premorbid magnetic resonance images, brain regions from patients with retinal vasculopathy and cerebral leukoencephalopathy that harboured periventricular white matter hyperintensities were selected and the molecular organization of axons was determined within these regions. As in regions adjacent to lacunar infarcts, nodal and paranodal length in white matter of these patients is increased. Myelin basic protein and neurofilament immunolabelling demonstrates that axons in these adjacent regions have preserved axonal cytoskeleton organization and are generally myelinated. This indicates that the loss of normal axonal microdomain architecture results from disrupted axoglial signalling in white matter adjacent to lacunar and microinfarcts. The loss of the normal molecular organization of nodes and paranodes is associated with axonal degeneration and may lead to impaired conduction velocity across surviving axons after stroke. These findings demonstrate that the degree of white matter injury associated with cerebral microvascular disease extends well beyond what can be identified using imaging techniques and that an improved understanding of the neurobiology in these regions can drive new therapeutic strategies for this disease entity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Hinman
- 1 Departments of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Monica D Lee
- 1 Departments of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Spencer Tung
- 2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Neuropathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Harry V Vinters
- 1 Departments of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA 2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Neuropathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- 1 Departments of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dang PT, Bui Q, D'Souza CS, Orian JM. Modelling MS: Chronic-Relapsing EAE in the NOD/Lt Mouse Strain. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 26:143-177. [PMID: 26126592 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Modelling complex disorders presents considerable challenges, and multiple sclerosis (MS) is no exception to this rule. The aetiology of MS is unknown, and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Moreover, the last two decades have witnessed a dramatic revision of the long-held view of MS as an inflammatory demyelinating white matter disease. Instead, it is now regarded as a global central nervous system (CNS) disorder with a neurodegenerative component. Currently, there is no animal model recapitulating MS immunopathogenesis. Available models are based on autoimmune-mediated demyelination, denoted experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) or virally or chemically induced demyelination. Of these, the EAE model has been the most commonly used. It has been extensively improved since its first description and now exists as a number of variants, including genetically modified and humanized versions. Nonetheless, EAE is a distinct disease, and each variant models only certain facets of MS. Whilst the search for more refined MS models must continue, it is important to further explore where mechanisms underlying EAE provide proof-of-principle for those driving MS pathogenesis. EAE variants generated with the myelin component myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) have emerged as the preferred ones, because in this particular variant disease is associated with both T- and B-cell effector mechanisms, together with demyelination. MOG-induced EAE in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain exhibits a chronic-relapsing EAE clinical profile and high disease incidence. We describe the generation of this variant, its contribution to the understanding of MS immune and pathogenetic mechanisms and potential for evaluation of candidate therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuc T Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Quyen Bui
- Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Claretta S D'Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Orian
- Department of Biochemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Skripuletz T, Manzel A, Gropengießer K, Schäfer N, Gudi V, Singh V, Salinas Tejedor L, Jörg S, Hammer A, Voss E, Vulinovic F, Degen D, Wolf R, Lee DH, Pul R, Moharregh-Khiabani D, Baumgärtner W, Gold R, Linker RA, Stangel M. Pivotal role of choline metabolites in remyelination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 138:398-413. [PMID: 25524711 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotective approaches for central nervous system regeneration have not been successful in clinical practice so far and compounds that enhance remyelination are still not available for patients with multiple sclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine potential regenerative effects of the substance cytidine-5'-diphospho (CDP)-choline in two different murine animal models of multiple sclerosis. The effects of exogenously applied CDP-choline were tested in murine myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In addition, the cuprizone-induced mouse model of de- and remyelination was used to specifically test the hypothesis that CDP-choline directly increases remyelination. We found that CDP-choline ameliorated the disease course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and exerted beneficial effects on myelin, oligodendrocytes and axons. After cuprizone-induced demyelination, CDP-choline effectively enhanced myelin regeneration and reversed motor coordination deficits. The increased remyelination arose from an increase in the numbers of proliferating oligodendrocyte precursor cells and oligodendrocytes. Further in vitro studies suggest that this process is regulated by protein kinase C. We thus identified a new mechanism to enhance central nervous system remyelination via the choline pathway. Due to its regenerative action combined with an excellent safety profile, CDP-choline could become a promising substance for patients with multiple sclerosis as an add-on therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skripuletz
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Arndt Manzel
- 2 Ruhr-University Bochum, International Graduate School of Neuroscience, 44801 Bochum, Germany 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Nora Schäfer
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vikramjeet Singh
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany 4 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Salinas Tejedor
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany 4 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jörg
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Hammer
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elke Voss
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Franca Vulinovic
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Diane Degen
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Wolf
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - De-Hyung Lee
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Refik Pul
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 4 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany 5 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- 6 Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany 4 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Slowik A, Schmidt T, Beyer C, Amor S, Clarner T, Kipp M. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 is neuroprotective after cuprizone-induced CNS demyelination. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:80-92. [PMID: 25220526 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Modulation of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor is an approved treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis because of its anti-inflammatory effect of retaining lymphocytes within the lymph nodes. Here, we evaluated the potential of an agonist at this receptor, FTY720 (fingolimod), to activate the promyelinating pathways within the brain to encourage remyelination and neuroprotection. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, we used the cuprizone model in male C57BL/6 mice and tested the promyelinating and neuroprotective effects of FTY720 after acute and chronic toxin-induced experimental demyelination. We used histological, immunohistochemical and gene expression methods. KEY RESULTS The midline of the corpus callosum was severely demyelinated after acute and chronic cuprizone-induced demyelination. Robust endogenous remyelination was evident after acute, but impaired after chronic, demyelination. FTY720 treatment modestly accelerated myelin recovery after acute but not chronic cuprizone exposure. Markers of gliosis (astrocyte and microglia activation) were not affected by FTY720 treatment. Remarkably, the accumulation of amyloid precursor protein-positive spheroids in axons was less distinct in FTY720-treated animals, indicating that this compound alleviated ongoing axonal damage. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We show that even during endogenous remyelination, axonal degeneration continued at a low level, accumulating over time. This continuous neurodegenerative process was ameliorated by FTY720 treatment. FTY720 preserved CNS integrity by direct interaction with brain resident cells, the actions of which are still to be defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pryor WM, Freeman KG, Larson RD, Edwards GL, White LJ. Chronic exercise confers neuroprotection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:697-706. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pryor
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute; Jupiter Florida
| | - Kimberly G. Freeman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia
| | - Rebecca D. Larson
- Department of Health and Exercise Science; University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma
| | - Gaylen L. Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia
| | - Lesley J. White
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Schwab N, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Wiendl H. Therapeutic uses of anti-α4-integrin (anti-VLA-4) antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Int Immunol 2014; 27:47-53. [PMID: 25326459 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder of putative autoimmune origin, where immune cells invade the central nervous system and cause damage by attacking the myelin sheath of nerve cells. The blockade of the integrin very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) with the monoclonal antibody natalizumab has become the most effective therapy against MS since its approval in 2004. It is assumed that the inhibition of VLA-4-mediated immune cell adhesion to the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) alleviates pathogenic processes of MS and, therefore, reduces disease severity and burden. Not all approaches to treat additional immune-mediated disorders (e.g. Rasmussen encephalitis and neuromyelitis optica) with natalizumab have been successful, but allowed researchers to gain additional insight into mechanisms of specific immune cell subsets' migration through the BBB in the human system. While the long-term efficacy and general tolerability of natalizumab in MS are clear, the over 400 cases of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been of great concern and methods of risk stratification in patients have become a major area of research. Modern risk stratification includes established factors such as treatment duration, previous immune-suppressive therapy, and anti-John Cunningham virus (JCV) antibody seropositivity, but also experimental factors such as anti-JCV antibody titers and levels of L-selectin. Today, anti-VLA-4 therapy is reserved for patients with highly active relapsing-remitting MS and patients are monitored closely for early signs of potential PML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Schwab
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lee DH, Rötger C, Appeldoorn CC, Reijerkerk A, Gladdines W, Gaillard PJ, Linker RA. Glutathione PEGylated liposomal methylprednisolone (2B3-201) attenuates CNS inflammation and degeneration in murine myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
49
|
Conditional ablation of astroglial CCL2 suppresses CNS accumulation of M1 macrophages and preserves axons in mice with MOG peptide EAE. J Neurosci 2014; 34:8175-85. [PMID: 24920622 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1137-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Current multiple sclerosis (MS) therapies only partially prevent chronically worsening neurological deficits, which are largely attributable to progressive loss of CNS axons. Prior studies of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG peptide), a model of MS, documented continued axon loss for months after acute CNS inflammatory infiltrates had subsided, and massive astroglial induction of CCL2 (MCP-1), a chemokine for CCR2(+) monocytes. We now report that conditional deletion of astroglial CCL2 significantly decreases CNS accumulation of classically activated (M1) monocyte-derived macrophages and microglial expression of M1 markers during the initial CNS inflammatory phase of MOG peptide EAE, reduces the acute and long-term severity of clinical deficits and slows the progression of spinal cord axon loss. In addition, lack of astroglial-derived CCL2 results in increased accumulation of Th17 cells within the CNS in these mice, but also in greater confinement of CD4(+) lymphocytes to CNS perivascular spaces. These findings suggest that therapies designed to inhibit astroglial CCL2-driven trafficking of monocyte-derived macrophages to the CNS during acute MS exacerbations have the potential to significantly reduce CNS axon loss and slow progression of neurological deficits.
Collapse
|
50
|
Manzel A, Domenig O, Ambrosius B, Kovacs A, Stegbauer J, Poglitsch M, Mueller DN, Gold R, Linker RA. Angiotensin IV is induced in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis but fails to influence the disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:533-43. [PMID: 24854706 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its corresponding animal models, over-activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been reported and pharmacological RAS blockade exerts beneficial effects. The RAS generates a number of bioactive angiotensins, thereby primarily regulating the body's sodium homeostasis and blood pressure. In this regard, angiotensin IV (AngIV), a metabolite of the RAS has been shown to modulate inflammatory responses. Here we studied potential implications of AngIV signalling in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide induced murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a close-to-MS animal model. Mass spectrometry revealed elevated plasma levels of AngIV in EAE. Expression of cognate AT4 receptors was detected in macrophages and T cells as major drivers of pathology in EAE. Yet, AngIV did not modulate macrophage or T cell functions in vitro or displayed detectable effects on neuroantigen specific immune responses in vivo. The data argue against a major contribution of AngIV signalling in the immunopathogenesis of MOG-EAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Manzel
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|