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Ostojic J, Kozic D, Ostojic S, Ilic ADJ, Galic V, Matijasevic J, Dragicevic D, Barak O, Boban J. Decreased Cerebral Creatine and N-Acetyl Aspartate Concentrations after Severe COVID-19 Infection: A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4128. [PMID: 39064167 PMCID: PMC11277668 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate brain metabolism using MR spectroscopy (MRS) after recovery from Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and to test the impact of disease severity on brain metabolites. Methods: We performed MRS on 81 individuals (45 males, 36 females, aged 40-60), who had normal MRI findings and had recovered from COVID-19, classifying them into mild (17), moderate (36), and severe (28) groups based on disease severity during the acute phase. The study employed two-dimensional spectroscopic imaging above the corpus callosum, focusing on choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and N-acetylaspartate (NAA). We analyzed Cho/Cr and NAA/Cr ratios as well as absolute concentrations using water as an internal reference. Results: Results indicated that the Cho/Cr ratio was higher with increasing disease severity, while absolute Cho and NAA/Cr ratios showed no significant differences across the groups. Notably, absolute Cr and NAA levels were significantly lower in patients with severe disease. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the severity of COVID-19 during the acute phase is associated with significant changes in brain metabolism, marked by an increase in Cho/Cr ratios and a reduction in Cr and NAA levels, reflecting substantial metabolic alterations post-recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ostojic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Dusko Kozic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Sergej Ostojic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra DJ Ilic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Vladimir Galic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jovan Matijasevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Dusan Dragicevic
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Diagnostic Imaging Center, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia;
| | - Otto Barak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jasmina Boban
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
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Guo Z, Sun S, Xiao S, Chen G, Chen P, Yang Z, Tang X, Huang L, Wang Y. COVID-19 is associated with changes in brain function and structure: A multimodal meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105792. [PMID: 38969310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The actual role of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in brain damage has been increasingly reported, necessitating a meta-analysis to collate and summarize the inconsistent findings from functional imaging and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies. A comprehensive voxel-wise meta-analysis of the whole brain was conducted to identify alterations in functional activity and gray matter volume (GMV) between COVID-19 patients and healthy controls (HCs) by using Seed-based d Mapping software. We included 15 functional imaging studies (484 patients with COVID-19, 534 HCs) and 9 VBM studies (449 patients with COVID-19, 388 HCs) in the analysis. Overall, patients with COVID-19 exhibited decreased functional activity in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) (extending to the right middle and inferior temporal gyrus, insula, and temporal pole [TP]), left insula, right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (extending to the right olfactory cortex), and left cerebellum compared to HCs. For VBM, patients with COVID-19, relative to HCs, showed decreased GMV in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex (extending to the bilateral OFC), and left cerebellum, and increased GMV in the bilateral amygdala (extending to the bilateral hippocampus, STG, TP, MTG, and right striatum). Moreover, overlapping analysis revealed that patients with COVID-19 exhibited both decreased functional activity and increased GMV in the right TP (extending to the right STG). The multimodal meta-analysis suggests that brain changes of function and structure in the temporal lobe, OFC and cerebellum, and functional or structural alterations in the insula and the limbic system in COVID-19. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of brain alterations in COVID-19. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This first large-scale multimodal meta-analysis collates existing neuroimaging studies and provides voxel-wise functional and structural whole-brain abnormalities in COVID-19. Findings of this meta-analysis provide valuable insights into the dynamic brain changes (from infection to recovery) and offer further explanations for the pathophysiological basis of brain alterations in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Guo
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shilin Sun
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanmao Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zibin Yang
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Du Y, Li C, Zhao W, Li J, Zhao L, Guo H, Jiang Y, Liu WV, Zeng S, Zhang H, Guo H, Ouyang X, Liu J. Multimodal neuroimaging exploration of the mechanisms of sleep quality deterioration after SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection. BMC Med 2024; 22:271. [PMID: 38926881 PMCID: PMC11210028 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the neurological alterations induced by Omicron infection, to compare brain changes in chronic insomnia with those in exacerbated chronic insomnia in Omicron patients, and to examine individuals without insomnia alongside those with new-onset insomnia. METHODS In this study, a total of 135 participants were recruited between January 11 and May 4, 2023, including 26 patients with chronic insomnia without exacerbation, 24 patients with chronic insomnia with exacerbation, 40 patients with no sleep disorder, and 30 patients with new-onset insomnia after infection with Omicron (a total of 120 participants with different sleep statuses after infection), as well as 15 healthy controls who were never infected with Omicron. Neuropsychiatric data, clinical symptoms, and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging data were collected. The gray matter thickness and T1, T2, proton density, and perivascular space values were analyzed. Associations between changes in multimodal magnetic resonance imaging findings and neuropsychiatric data were evaluated with correlation analyses. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, gray matter thickness changes were similar in the patients who have and do not have a history of chronic insomnia groups after infection, including an increase in cortical thickness near the parietal lobe and a reduction in cortical thickness in the frontal, occipital, and medial brain regions. Analyses showed a reduced gray matter thickness in patients with chronic insomnia compared with those with an aggravation of chronic insomnia post-Omicron infection, and a reduction was found in the right medial orbitofrontal region (mean [SD], 2.38 [0.17] vs. 2.67 [0.29] mm; P < 0.001). In the subgroups of Omicron patients experiencing sleep deterioration, patients with a history of chronic insomnia whose insomnia symptoms worsened after infection displayed heightened medial orbitofrontal cortical thickness and increased proton density values in various brain regions. Conversely, patients with good sleep quality who experienced a new onset of insomnia after infection exhibited reduced cortical thickness in pericalcarine regions and decreased proton density values. In new-onset insomnia patients post-Omicron infection, the thickness in the right pericalcarine was negatively correlated with the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (r = - 0.538, P = 0.002, PFDR = 0.004) and Self-rating Depression Scale (r = - 0.406, P = 0.026, PFDR = 0.026) scores. CONCLUSIONS These findings help us understand the pathophysiological mechanisms involved when Omicron invades the nervous system and induces various forms of insomnia after infection. In the future, we will continue to pay attention to the dynamic changes in the brain related to insomnia caused by Omicron infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyao Du
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Department of Radiology Quality Control Center, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jinyue Li
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - Huili Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - Yingjia Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | | | - Song Zeng
- MR Product, GE Healthcare, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- MR Research Collaboration, Siemens Healthineers, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Hu Guo
- MR Application, Siemens Healthineers, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xuan Ouyang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
- Department of Radiology Quality Control Center, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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Yan Y, Cho AN. Human Brain In Vitro Model for Pathogen Infection-Related Neurodegeneration Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6522. [PMID: 38928228 PMCID: PMC11204318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in stem cell biology and tissue engineering have revolutionized the field of neurodegeneration research by enabling the development of sophisticated in vitro human brain models. These models, including 2D monolayer cultures, 3D organoids, organ-on-chips, and bioengineered 3D tissue models, aim to recapitulate the cellular diversity, structural organization, and functional properties of the native human brain. This review highlights how these in vitro brain models have been used to investigate the effects of various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites infection, particularly in the human brain cand their subsequent impacts on neurodegenerative diseases. Traditional studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of different 2D brain cell types to infection, elucidated the mechanisms underlying pathogen-induced neuroinflammation, and identified potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, current methodological improvement brought the technology of 3D models to overcome the challenges of 2D cells, such as the limited cellular diversity, incomplete microenvironment, and lack of morphological structures by highlighting the need for further technological advancements. This review underscored the significance of in vitro human brain cell from 2D monolayer to bioengineered 3D tissue model for elucidating the intricate dynamics for pathogen infection modeling. These in vitro human brain cell enabled researchers to unravel human specific mechanisms underlying various pathogen infections such as SARS-CoV-2 to alter blood-brain-barrier function and Toxoplasma gondii impacting neural cell morphology and its function. Ultimately, these in vitro human brain models hold promise as personalized platforms for development of drug compound, gene therapy, and vaccine. Overall, we discussed the recent progress in in vitro human brain models, their applications in studying pathogen infection-related neurodegeneration, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Yan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia;
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Ann-Na Cho
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia;
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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Ohbuchi M, Shibuta M, Tetsuka K, Sasaki-Iwaoka H, Oishi M, Shimizu F, Nagasaka Y. Modeling of Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Dysfunction and Immune Cell Migration Using Human BBB-on-a-Chip for Drug Discovery Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6496. [PMID: 38928202 PMCID: PMC11204321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is a key feature in neuroimmunological and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we developed a microfluidic human BBB-on-a-chip to model barrier dysfunction and immune cell migration using immortalized TY10 brain endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes. It was found that immortalized TY10 brain endothelial cells developed a microvascular structure under flow. Pericytes were localized on the basal side surrounding the TY10 microvascular structure, showing an in vivo-like structure. Barrier integrity increased under co-culture with pericytes. In addition, both ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and anti-Claudin-5 (CLDN5) neutralizing antibody caused a decrease in the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). EDTA caused the leakage of 20 kDa dextran, suggesting different effects on the BBB based on the mechanism of action, whereas anti-CLDN5 antibody did not cause leakage. In the tri-culture model, human T cells migrated through endothelial vessels towards basal C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12). The live-imaging analysis confirmed the extravasation of fluorescence-labelled T cells in a CXCL12-concentration- and time-dependent manner. Our BBB model had an in vivo-like structure and successfully represented barrier dysfunction and transendothelial T cell migration. In addition, our study suggests that the inhibition of CLDN5 attenuates the BBB in humans. This platform has various potential uses in relation to the BBB in both drug discovery research and in elucidating the mechanisms of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ohbuchi
- Applied Research & Operations, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba 305-8585, Ibaraki, Japan; (M.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.-I.); (M.O.); (Y.N.)
| | - Mayu Shibuta
- Applied Research & Operations, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba 305-8585, Ibaraki, Japan; (M.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.-I.); (M.O.); (Y.N.)
| | - Kazuhiro Tetsuka
- Applied Research & Operations, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba 305-8585, Ibaraki, Japan; (M.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.-I.); (M.O.); (Y.N.)
| | - Haruna Sasaki-Iwaoka
- Applied Research & Operations, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba 305-8585, Ibaraki, Japan; (M.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.-I.); (M.O.); (Y.N.)
| | - Masayo Oishi
- Applied Research & Operations, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba 305-8585, Ibaraki, Japan; (M.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.-I.); (M.O.); (Y.N.)
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube 755-8505, Yamaguchi, Japan;
| | - Yasuhisa Nagasaka
- Applied Research & Operations, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba 305-8585, Ibaraki, Japan; (M.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.-I.); (M.O.); (Y.N.)
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BenDavid E, Ramezanian S, Lu Y, Rousseau J, Schroeder A, Lavertu M, Tremblay JP. Emerging Perspectives on Prime Editor Delivery to the Brain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:763. [PMID: 38931430 PMCID: PMC11206523 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Prime editing shows potential as a precision genome editing technology, as well as the potential to advance the development of next-generation nanomedicine for addressing neurological disorders. However, turning in prime editors (PEs), which are macromolecular complexes composed of CRISPR/Cas9 nickase fused with a reverse transcriptase and a prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA), to the brain remains a considerable challenge due to physiological obstacles, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This review article offers an up-to-date overview and perspective on the latest technologies and strategies for the precision delivery of PEs to the brain and passage through blood barriers. Furthermore, it delves into the scientific significance and possible therapeutic applications of prime editing in conditions related to neurological diseases. It is targeted at clinicians and clinical researchers working on advancing precision nanomedicine for neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli BenDavid
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada;
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Laboratory of Nanopharmacology and Pharmaceutical Nanoscience, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Sina Ramezanian
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yaoyao Lu
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Joël Rousseau
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Avi Schroeder
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| | - Marc Lavertu
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada;
| | - Jacques P. Tremblay
- Division of Human Genetics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Yin P, Wang X. Progresses in the establishment, evaluation, and application of in vitro blood-brain barrier models. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25359. [PMID: 38859680 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system (CNS), contributing to CNS protection and maintaining the brain homeostasis. Establishment of in vitro BBB models that are closer to the microenvironment of the human brain is helpful for evaluating the potential and efficiency of a drug penetrating BBB and thus the clinical application value of the drug. The in vitro BBB models not only provide great convenience for screening new drugs that can access to CNS but also help people to have a deeper study on the mechanism of substances entering and leaving the brain, which makes people have greater opportunities in the treatment of CNS diseases. Up to now, although much effort has been paid to the researches on the in vitro BBB models and many progresses have been achieved, no unified method has been described for establishing a BBB model and there is much work to do and many challenges to be faced with in the future. This review summarizes the research progresses in the establishment, evaluation, and application of in vitro BBB models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xianchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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8
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Mitsikostas DD, Caronna E, De Tommaso M, Deligianni CI, Ekizoglu E, Bolay H, Göbel CH, Kristoffersen ES, Lampl C, Moro E, Pozo‐Rosich P, Sellner J, Terwindt G, Irimia‐Sieira P. Headaches and facial pain attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination: a systematic review. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16251. [PMID: 38415282 PMCID: PMC11235838 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim was to provide insights to the characteristics of headache in the context of COVID-19 on behalf of the Headache Scientific Panel and the Neuro-COVID-19 Task Force of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) and the European Headache Federation (EHF). METHODS Following the Delphi method the Task Force identified six relevant questions and then conducted a systematic literature review to provide evidence-based answers and suggest specific diagnostic criteria. RESULTS No data for facial pain were identified in the literature search. (1) Headache incidence during acute COVID-19 varies considerably, with higher prevalence rates in prospective compared to retrospective studies (28.9%-74.6% vs. 6.5%-34.0%). (2) Acute COVID-19 headache is usually bilateral or holocranial and often moderate to severe with throbbing pain quality lasting 2-14 days after first signs of COVID-19; photo-phonophobia, nausea, anosmia and ageusia are common associated features; persistent headache shares similar clinical characteristics. (3) Acute COVID-19 headache is presumably caused by immune-mediated mechanisms that activate the trigeminovascular system. (4) Headache occurs in 13.3%-76.9% following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and occurs more often amongst women with a pre-existing primary headache; the risk of developing headache is higher with the adenoviral-vector-type vaccines than with other preparations. (5) Headache related to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is mostly bilateral, and throbbing, pressing, jolting or stabbing. (6) No studies have been conducted investigating the underlying mechanism of headache attributed to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. CONCLUSION The results of this joint EAN/EHF initiative provide a framework for a better understanding of headache in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edoardo Caronna
- Headache Unit, Neurology DepartmentHospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Department of MedicineVall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marina De Tommaso
- Neurophysiopathology Unit, DiBrain DepartmentAldo Moro UniversityBariItaly
| | | | - Esme Ekizoglu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of MedicineIstanbul University, IstanbulIstanbulTurkey
| | - Hayrunnisa Bolay
- Department of Neurology and Algology, NÖROMGazi University AnkaraAnkaraTurkey
| | - Carl H. Göbel
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Schleswig‐HolsteinLübeckGermany
| | - Espen Saxhaug Kristoffersen
- Department of NeurologyAkershus University HospitalLørenskogNorway
- NorHEAD, Norwegian Centre for Headache ResearchAkershus University HospitalLørenskogNorway
- Department of General Practice, HELSAMUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Christian Lampl
- Department of Neurology and Stroke UnitKonventhospital Barmherzige Brüder LinzLinzAustria
- Headache Medical Center LinzLinzAustria
| | - Elena Moro
- Division of Neurology, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble Alpes UniversityGrenobleFrance
| | - Patricia Pozo‐Rosich
- Headache Unit, Neurology DepartmentHospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Department of MedicineVall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of NeurologyLandesklinikum Mistelbach‐GänserndorfMistelbachAustria
| | - Gisela Terwindt
- Department of NeurologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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Saleki K, Aram C, Alijanizadeh P, Khanmirzaei MH, Vaziri Z, Ramzankhah M, Azadmehr A. Matrix metalloproteinase/Fas ligand (MMP/FasL) interaction dynamics in COVID-19: An in silico study and neuroimmune perspective. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30898. [PMID: 38803919 PMCID: PMC11128882 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The initiator of cytokine storm in Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is still unknown. We recently suggested a complex interaction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Fas ligand (FasL), and viral entry factors could be responsible for the cytokine outrage In COVID-19. We explored the molecular dynamics of FasL/MMP7-9 in COVID-19 conditions in silico and provide neuroimmune insights for future. Methods We enrolled and analyzed a clinical cohort of COVID-19 patients, and recorded their blood Na + levels and temperature at admission. A blood-like molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) box was then built. Four conditions were studied; MMP7/FasL (healthy), MMP7/FasL (COVID-19), MMP9-FasL (healthy), and MMP9/FasL (COVID-19). MDS was performed by GROningen MAchine for Chemical Simulation (GROMACS). We analyzed bonds, short-range energies, and free binding energies to draw conclusions on the interaction of MMP7/MMP9 and FasL to gain insights into COVID-19 immunopathology. Genevestigator was used study RNA-seq/microarray expression data of MMPs in the cells of immune and nervous systems. Finally, epitopes of MMP/FasL complexes were identified as drug targets by machine learning (ML) tools. Results MMP7-FasL (Healthy), MMP7-FasL (COVID-19), MMP9-FasL (Healthy), and MMP9-FasL (COVID-19) systems showed 0, 1, 4, and 2 salt bridges, indicating MMP9 had more salt bridges. Moreover, in both COVID-19 and normal conditions, the number of interacting residues and surface area was higher for MMP9 compared to MMP7 group. The COVID-19 MMP9-FasL group had more H-bonds compared to MMP7-FasL group (12 vs. 7). 15 epitopes for FasL-MMP9 and 10 epitopes for FasL-MMP7 were detected. Extended MD simulation for 100 ns confirmed stronger binding of MMP9 based on Molecular Mechanics Generalized Borne Surface analysis (MM-GBSA) and Coul and Leonard-Jones (LJ) short-range energies. Conclusions MMP9 interacts stronger than MMP7 with FasL, however, both molecules maintained strong interaction through the MDS. We suggested epitopes for MMP-FasL complexes as valuable therapeutic targets in COVID-19. These data could be utilized in future immune drug and protein design and repurposing efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Saleki
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of e-Learning, Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences(SBMU), Tehran, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- National Elite Foundation, Mazandaran Province Branch, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Cena Aram
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parsa Alijanizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Khanmirzaei
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Vaziri
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramzankhah
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abbas Azadmehr
- National Elite Foundation, Mazandaran Province Branch, Mazandaran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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10
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Duve K, Petakh P, Kamyshnyi O. COVID-19-associated encephalopathy: connection between neuroinflammation and microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1406874. [PMID: 38863751 PMCID: PMC11165208 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1406874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
While neurological complications of COVID-19, such as encephalopathy, are relatively rare, their potential significant impact on long-term morbidity is substantial, especially given the large number of infected patients. Two proposed hypotheses for the pathogenesis of this condition are hypoxia and the uncontrolled release of proinflammatory cytokines. The gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating immune homeostasis and overall gut health, including its effects on brain health through various pathways collectively termed the gut-brain axis. Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 patients exhibit gut dysbiosis, but how this dysbiosis can affect inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) remains unclear. In this context, we discuss how dysbiosis could contribute to neuroinflammation and provide recent data on the features of neuroinflammation in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khrystyna Duve
- Department of Neurology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
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11
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Chaves JCS, Milton LA, Stewart R, Senapati T, Rantanen LM, Wasielewska JM, Lee S, Hernández D, McInnes L, Quek H, Pébay A, Donnelly PS, White AR, Oikari LE. Differential Cytokine Responses of APOE3 and APOE4 Blood-brain Barrier Cell Types to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:22. [PMID: 38771543 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins have been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mice and affect the integrity of human BBB cell models. However, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins in relation to sporadic, late onset, Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk have not been extensively investigated. Here we characterized the individual and combined effects of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunits S1 RBD, S1 and S2 on BBB cell types (induced brain endothelial-like cells (iBECs) and astrocytes (iAstrocytes)) generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) harboring low (APOE3 carrier) or high (APOE4 carrier) relative Alzheimer's risk. We found that treatment with spike proteins did not alter iBEC integrity, although they induced the expression of several inflammatory cytokines. iAstrocytes exhibited a robust inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein treatment, with differences found in the levels of cytokine secretion between spike protein-treated APOE3 and APOE4 iAstrocytes. Finally, we tested the effects of potentially anti-inflammatory drugs during SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exposure in iAstrocytes, and discovered different responses between spike protein treated APOE4 iAstrocytes and APOE3 iAstrocytes, specifically in relation to IL-6, IL-8 and CCL2 secretion. Overall, our results indicate that APOE3 and APOE4 iAstrocytes respond differently to anti-inflammatory drug treatment during SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exposure with potential implications to therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C S Chaves
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Laura A Milton
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Romal Stewart
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | | | - Laura M Rantanen
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Joanna M Wasielewska
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Serine Lee
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Damián Hernández
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville (VIC), Australia
| | - Lachlan McInnes
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute for Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville (VIC), Australia
| | - Hazel Quek
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville (VIC), Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville (VIC), Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute for Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville (VIC), Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane (QLD), Australia
| | - Lotta E Oikari
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane (QLD), Australia.
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane (QLD), Australia.
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12
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Lu RXZ, Zhao Y, Radisic M. The emerging role of heart-on-a-chip systems in delineating mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced cardiac dysfunction. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10581. [PMID: 38818123 PMCID: PMC11135153 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a major global health concern since its emergence in 2019, with over 680 million confirmed cases as of April 2023. While COVID-19 has been strongly associated with the development of cardiovascular complications, the specific mechanisms by which viral infection induces myocardial dysfunction remain largely controversial as studies have shown that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 can lead to heart failure both directly, by causing damage to the heart cells, and indirectly, by triggering an inflammatory response throughout the body. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of potential mechanisms that drive heart failure based on in vitro studies. We also discuss the significance of three-dimensional heart-on-a-chip technology in the context of the current and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Xing Ze Lu
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Toronto General Hospital Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Toronto General Hospital Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied ChemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Terence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular ResearchUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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13
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Das T, Luo S, Tang H, Fang J, Mao Y, Yen HH, Dash S, Shajahan A, Pepi L, Huang S, Jones VS, Xie S, Huang GF, Lu J, Anderson B, Zhang B, Azadi P, Huang RP. N-glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at Asn331 and Asn343 is involved in spike-ACE2 binding, virus entry, and regulation of IL-6. Microbiol Immunol 2024; 68:165-178. [PMID: 38444370 PMCID: PMC11273356 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an ongoing global public health crisis. The causative agent, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, enters host cells via molecular interactions between the viral spike protein and the host cell ACE2 surface protein. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is extensively decorated with up to 66 N-linked glycans. Glycosylation of viral proteins is known to function in immune evasion strategies but may also function in the molecular events of viral entry into host cells. Here, we show that N-glycosylation at Asn331 and Asn343 of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is required for it to bind to ACE2 and for the entry of pseudovirus harboring the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein into cells. Interestingly, high-content glycan binding screening data have shown that N-glycosylation of Asn331 and Asn343 of the RBD is important for binding to the specific glycan molecule G4GN (Galβ-1,4 GlcNAc), which is critical for spike-RBD-ACE2 binding. Furthermore, IL-6 was identified through antibody array analysis of conditioned media of the corresponding pseudovirus assay. Mutation of N-glycosylation of Asn331 and Asn343 sites of the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) significantly reduced the transcriptional upregulation of pro-inflammatory signaling molecule IL-6. In addition, IL-6 levels correlated with spike protein levels in COVID-19 patients' serum. These findings establish the importance of RBD glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, which can be exploited for the development of novel therapeutics for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Das
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Shuhong Luo
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
- RayBiotech Guangzhou Co. Ltd. Guangzhou, No. 79 Ruihe Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Tang
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
- RayBiotech Guangzhou Co. Ltd. Guangzhou, No. 79 Ruihe Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Fang
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
- RayBiotech Guangzhou Co. Ltd. Guangzhou, No. 79 Ruihe Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinging Mao
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Haw-Han Yen
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Dash
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology, New York. NY. 10065. USA
| | - Asif Shajahan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, 20788, USA
| | - Lauren Pepi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, 20788, USA
| | - Steven Huang
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Valerie S. Jones
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Shehuo Xie
- RayBiotech Guangzhou Co. Ltd. Guangzhou, No. 79 Ruihe Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gordon F. Huang
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Jinqiao Lu
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Blake Anderson
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Benyue Zhang
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ruo-Pan Huang
- RayBiotech Life Inc., 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
- RayBiotech Guangzhou Co. Ltd. Guangzhou, No. 79 Ruihe Road, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, China
- South China Biochip Research Center, Guangzhou, China 510630
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, China 510095
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14
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Cheyne I, Gopinath VS, Muppa N, Armas AE, Gil Agurto MS, Akula SA, Nagpal S, Yousaf MS, Haider A. The Neurological Implications of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e60376. [PMID: 38887342 PMCID: PMC11181960 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 revealed a huge number of problems as well as discoveries in medicine, notably, regarding the effects of the virus on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). This paper is a narrative review that takes a deep dive into the complex interactions between COVID-19 and the NS. Therefore, this paper explains the broad range of neurological manifestations and neurodegenerative diseases caused by the virus. It carefully considers the routes through which SARS-CoV-2 reaches the NS, including the olfactory system and of course, the hematogenous route, which are also covered when discussing the virus's direct and indirect mechanisms of neuropathogenesis. Besides neurological pathologies such as stroke, encephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, the focus area is also given to the challenges of making diagnosis, treatment, and management of these conditions during the pandemic. The review also examines the strategic and interventional approaches utilized to prevent these disorders, as well as the ACE2 receptors implicated in the mediation of neurological effects caused by COVID-19. This detailed overview, which combines research outputs with case data, is directed at tackling this pandemic challenge, with a view toward better patient care and outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ithamar Cheyne
- Critical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, POL
| | | | - Neeharika Muppa
- School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, GRD
| | - Angel Emanuel Armas
- Internal Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Sai Abhigna Akula
- Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, GRD
| | - Shubhangi Nagpal
- Internal Medicine, Guru Gobind Singh Government Hospital, New Delhi, IND
| | | | - Ali Haider
- Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Gujrat Campus, Gujrat, PAK
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15
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Korszun-Karbowniczak J, Krysiak ZJ, Saluk J, Niemcewicz M, Zdanowski R. The Progress in Molecular Transport and Therapeutic Development in Human Blood-Brain Barrier Models in Neurological Disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:34. [PMID: 38627312 PMCID: PMC11021242 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is responsible for maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS). Depending on its permeability, certain substances can penetrate the brain, while others are restricted in their passage. Therefore, the knowledge about BBB structure and function is essential for understanding physiological and pathological brain processes. Consequently, the functional models can serve as a key to help reveal this unknown. There are many in vitro models available to study molecular mechanisms that occur in the barrier. Brain endothelial cells grown in culture are commonly used to modeling the BBB. Current BBB platforms include: monolayer platforms, transwell, matrigel, spheroidal, and tissue-on-chip models. In this paper, the BBB structure, molecular characteristic, as well as its dysfunctions as a consequence of aging, neurodegeneration, or under hypoxia and neurotoxic conditions are presented. Furthermore, the current modelling strategies that can be used to study BBB for the purpose of further drugs development that may reach CNS are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Korszun-Karbowniczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine National Research Institute, 128 Szaserów Street, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
- BioMedChem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 21/23 Matejki Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Joanna Krysiak
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine National Research Institute, 128 Szaserów Street, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Saluk
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lodz, 68 Narutowicza Street, 90-136, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 68 Narutowicza Street, 90-136, Lodz, Poland
| | - Robert Zdanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine National Research Institute, 128 Szaserów Street, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Yamada S, Hashita T, Yanagida S, Sato H, Yasuhiko Y, Okabe K, Noda T, Nishida M, Matsunaga T, Kanda Y. SARS-CoV-2 causes dysfunction in human iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells potentially by modulating the Wnt signaling pathway. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:32. [PMID: 38584257 PMCID: PMC11000354 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is associated with various neurological symptoms, including nausea, dizziness, headache, encephalitis, and epileptic seizures. SARS-CoV-2 is considered to affect the central nervous system (CNS) by interacting with the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is defined by tight junctions that seal paracellular gaps between brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Although SARS-CoV-2 infection of BMECs has been reported, the detailed mechanism has not been fully elucidated. METHODS Using the original strain of SARS-CoV-2, the infection in BMECs was confirmed by a detection of intracellular RNA copy number and localization of viral particles. BMEC functions were evaluated by measuring transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), which evaluates the integrity of tight junction dynamics, and expression levels of proinflammatory genes. BMEC signaling pathway was examined by comprehensive RNA-seq analysis. RESULTS We observed that iPSC derived brain microvascular endothelial like cells (iPSC-BMELCs) were infected with SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in decreased TEER. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased expression levels of tight junction markers CLDN3 and CLDN11. SARS-CoV-2 infection also increased expression levels of proinflammatory genes, which are known to be elevated in patients with COVID-19. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 dysregulated the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in iPSC-BMELCs. Modulation of the Wnt signaling by CHIR99021 partially inhibited the infection and the subsequent inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes BBB dysfunction via Wnt signaling. Thus, iPSC-BMELCs are a useful in vitro model for elucidating COVID-19 neuropathology and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Yamada
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shota Yanagida
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sato
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukuto Yasuhiko
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kaori Okabe
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Noda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Brain Bioregulatory Science, The Jikei University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasunari Kanda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.
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Ponmozhi J, Dhinakaran S, Kocsis D, Iván K, Erdő F. Models for barrier understanding in health and disease in lab-on-a-chips. Tissue Barriers 2024; 12:2221632. [PMID: 37294075 PMCID: PMC11042069 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2023.2221632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of body homeostasis relies heavily on physiological barriers. Dysfunction of these barriers can lead to various pathological processes, including increased exposure to toxic materials and microorganisms. Various methods exist to investigate barrier function in vivo and in vitro. To investigate barrier function in a highly reproducible manner, ethically, and high throughput, researchers have turned to non-animal techniques and micro-scale technologies. In this comprehensive review, the authors summarize the current applications of organ-on-a-chip microfluidic devices in the study of physiological barriers. The review covers the blood-brain barrier, ocular barriers, dermal barrier, respiratory barriers, intestinal, hepatobiliary, and renal/bladder barriers under both healthy and pathological conditions. The article then briefly presents placental/vaginal, and tumour/multi-organ barriers in organ-on-a-chip devices. Finally, the review discusses Computational Fluid Dynamics in microfluidic systems that integrate biological barriers. This article provides a concise yet informative overview of the current state-of-the-art in barrier studies using microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ponmozhi
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IPS Academy-Institute of Engineering Science, Indore, India
| | - S. Dhinakaran
- The Centre for Fluid Dynamics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Dorottya Kocsis
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Iván
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Zheng S, Chen H, Xu W, Li H, Chen Z, Li J, Tao E. Case report: unprecedented case of infantile cerebral infarction following COVID-19 and favorable outcome. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1357307. [PMID: 38590518 PMCID: PMC10999532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was highly prevalent in China as of December 2022, causing a range of symptoms, predominantly affecting the respiratory tract. While SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is generally mild, severe cases, especially in infants, are rare. We present a case of a previously healthy 7-month-old infant who developed cerebral infarction and coagulation dysfunction three days after COVID-19 onset. Clinically, the infant had weakness in the left limbs and pinpoint bleeding spots. A cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed ischemic strokes in the right basal ganglia and thalamus. Laboratory tests indicated thrombocytopenia and coagulation dysfunction. Inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 were elevated, with increased CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocytes but decreased CD3- CD16+ CD56+ natural killer cells. Treatment included mannitol, dexamethasone, oral aspirin, and vitamins B1 and B6 for reducing intracranial pressure, antiinflammation, anticoagulation, and nerve support, respectively. During the recovery phase, rehabilitation therapy focused on strength training, fine motor skills, and massage therapy. The infant gradually improved and successfully recovered. While rare, such cases can lead to severe complications. These combined efforts were instrumental in achieving significant functional recovery in the patient, demonstrating that even in severe instances of pediatric cerebral infarction due to COVID-19, positive outcomes are attainable with early and comprehensive medical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Zheng
- Graduate School, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Children’s Rehabilitation, Wenling Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hairui Chen
- Department of Children’s Rehabilitation, Wenling Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- Department of Children’s Rehabilitation, Wenling Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongyu Chen
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Enfu Tao
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Wenling Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Greene C, Connolly R, Brennan D, Laffan A, O'Keeffe E, Zaporojan L, O'Callaghan J, Thomson B, Connolly E, Argue R, Meaney JFM, Martin-Loeches I, Long A, Cheallaigh CN, Conlon N, Doherty CP, Campbell M. Blood-brain barrier disruption and sustained systemic inflammation in individuals with long COVID-associated cognitive impairment. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:421-432. [PMID: 38388736 PMCID: PMC10917679 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Vascular disruption has been implicated in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis and may predispose to the neurological sequelae associated with long COVID, yet it is unclear how blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is affected in these conditions. Here we show that BBB disruption is evident during acute infection and in patients with long COVID with cognitive impairment, commonly referred to as brain fog. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, we show BBB disruption in patients with long COVID-associated brain fog. Transcriptomic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed dysregulation of the coagulation system and a dampened adaptive immune response in individuals with brain fog. Accordingly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed increased adhesion to human brain endothelial cells in vitro, while exposure of brain endothelial cells to serum from patients with long COVID induced expression of inflammatory markers. Together, our data suggest that sustained systemic inflammation and persistent localized BBB dysfunction is a key feature of long COVID-associated brain fog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Greene
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ruairi Connolly
- Department of Neurology, Health Care Centre, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan Brennan
- Department of Neurology, Health Care Centre, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Laffan
- Department of Neurology, Health Care Centre, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin O'Keeffe
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lilia Zaporojan
- Department of Neurology, Health Care Centre, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Bennett Thomson
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma Connolly
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ruth Argue
- Clinical Research Facility, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James F M Meaney
- Thomas Mitchell Centre for Advanced Medical Imaging (CAMI), St. James's Hospital & Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aideen Long
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cliona Ni Cheallaigh
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Immunology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Conlon
- Department of Immunology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- St James's Hospital, Tallaght University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin Allied Researchers (STTAR) Bioresource, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colin P Doherty
- Department of Neurology, Health Care Centre, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
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20
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Winant M, Engel H, Dubois P, Halenarova K, De Backer D. Reversal of rocuronium-induced fixed pupillary dilation by sugammadex in ICU patients with COVID-19. Br J Anaesth 2024; 132:627-629. [PMID: 38218692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Winant
- Intensive Care Unit, CHIREC Hospital Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Intensive Care Unit, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Harald Engel
- Intensive Care Unit, CHIREC Hospital Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Dubois
- Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katarina Halenarova
- Intensive Care Unit, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel De Backer
- Intensive Care Unit, CHIREC Hospital Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Rittmannsberger H, Barth M, Lamprecht B, Malik P, Yazdi-Zorn K. [Interaction of somatic findings and psychiatric symptoms in COVID-19. A scoping review]. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT OSTERREICHISCHER NERVENARZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2024; 38:1-23. [PMID: 38055146 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-023-00487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
An infection with SARS-CoV‑2 can affect the central nervous system, leading to neurological as well as psychiatric symptoms. In this respect, mechanisms of inflammation seem to be of much greater importance than the virus itself. This paper deals with the possible contributions of organic changes to psychiatric symptomatology and deals especially with delirium, cognitive symptoms, depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder and psychosis. Processes of neuroinflammation with infection of capillary endothelial cells and activation of microglia and astrocytes releasing high amounts of cytokines seem to be of key importance in all kinds of disturbances. They can lead to damage in grey and white matter, impairment of cerebral metabolism and loss of connectivity. Such neuroimmunological processes have been described as a organic basis for many psychiatric disorders, as affective disorders, psychoses and dementia. As the activation of the glia cells can persist for a long time after the offending agent has been cleared, this can contribute to long term sequalae of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Rittmannsberger
- Abteilung Psychiatrie und psychotherapeutische Medizin, Pyhrn-Eisenwurzen Klinikum Steyr, Steyr, Österreich.
| | - Martin Barth
- Abteilung Psychiatrie und psychotherapeutische Medizin, Pyhrn-Eisenwurzen Klinikum Steyr, Steyr, Österreich
| | - Bernd Lamprecht
- Med Campus III, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Kepler Universitätsklinikum GmbH, Linz, Österreich
- Medizinische Fakultät, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Linz, Österreich
| | - Peter Malik
- Abteilung Psychiatrie und psychotherapeutische Medizin, Pyhrn-Eisenwurzen Klinikum Steyr, Steyr, Österreich
| | - Kurosch Yazdi-Zorn
- Neuromed Campus, Klinik für Psychiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Suchtmedizin, Kepler Universitätsklinikum GmbH, Linz, Österreich
- Medizinische Fakultät, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Linz, Österreich
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22
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Stangis M, Adesse D, Sharma B, Castro E, Kumar K, Kumar N, Minevich M, Toborek M. The S1 subunits of SARS-CoV-2 variants differentially trigger the IL-6 signaling pathway in human brain endothelial cells and downstream impact on microglia activation. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2024; 3:7-15. [PMID: 38532784 PMCID: PMC10961483 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2023-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Cerebrovascular complications are prevalent in COVID-19 infection and post-COVID conditions; therefore, interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with cerebral microvascular cells became an emerging concern. Methods We examined the inflammatory responses of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), the main structural element of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), following exposure to the S1 subunit of the spike protein of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Specifically, we used the S1 subunit derived from the D614 variant of SARS-CoV-2, which started widely circulating in March of 2020, and from the Delta variant, which started widely circulating in early 2021. We then further examined the impact of the HBMEC secretome, produced in response to the S1 exposure, on microglial proinflammatory responses. Results Treatment with S1 derived from the D614 variant and from the Delta variant resulted in differential alterations of the IL-6 signaling pathway. Moreover, the HBMEC secretome obtained after exposure to the S1 subunit of the D614 variant activated STAT3 in microglial cells, indicating that proinflammatory signals from endothelial cells can propagate to other cells of the neurovascular unit. Overall, these results indicate the potential for different SARS-CoV-2 variants to induce unique cellular signatures and warrant individualized treatment strategies. The findings from this study also bring further awareness to proinflammatory responses involving brain microvasculature in COVID-19 and demonstrate how the surrounding microglia react to each unique variant derived response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stangis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ21040-360, Brazil
| | - Bhavya Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Eduardo Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Kush Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Neil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Masha Minevich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL33136, USA
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23
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Deli MA, Porkoláb G, Kincses A, Mészáros M, Szecskó A, Kocsis AE, Vigh JP, Valkai S, Veszelka S, Walter FR, Dér A. Lab-on-a-chip models of the blood-brain barrier: evolution, problems, perspectives. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1030-1063. [PMID: 38353254 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00996c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
A great progress has been made in the development and use of lab-on-a-chip devices to model and study the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the last decade. We present the main types of BBB-on-chip models and their use for the investigation of BBB physiology, drug and nanoparticle transport, toxicology and pathology. The selection of the appropriate cell types to be integrated into BBB-on-chip devices is discussed, as this greatly impacts the physiological relevance and translatability of findings. We identify knowledge gaps, neglected engineering and cell biological aspects and point out problems and contradictions in the literature of BBB-on-chip models, and suggest areas for further studies to progress this highly interdisciplinary field. BBB-on-chip models have an exceptional potential as predictive tools and alternatives of animal experiments in basic and preclinical research. To exploit the full potential of this technique expertise from materials science, bioengineering as well as stem cell and vascular/BBB biology is necessary. There is a need for better integration of these diverse disciplines that can only be achieved by setting clear parameters for characterizing both the chip and the BBB model parts technically and functionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária A Deli
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gergő Porkoláb
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Kincses
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Mária Mészáros
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Anikó Szecskó
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna E Kocsis
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Judit P Vigh
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Valkai
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Szilvia Veszelka
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - András Dér
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
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24
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Collins CP, Longo DL, Murphy WJ. The immunobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses: potential influences of cross-reactive memory responses and aging on efficacy and off-target effects. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345499. [PMID: 38469293 PMCID: PMC10925677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to both SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated vaccines have been highly variable within the general population. The increasing evidence of long-lasting symptoms after resolution of infection, called post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or "Long COVID," suggests that immune-mediated mechanisms are at play. Closely related endemic common human coronaviruses (hCoV) can induce pre-existing and potentially cross-reactive immunity, which can then affect primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as vaccination responses. The influence of pre-existing immunity from these hCoVs, as well as responses generated from original CoV2 strains or vaccines on the development of new high-affinity responses to CoV2 antigenic viral variants, needs to be better understood given the need for continuous vaccine adaptation and application in the population. Due in part to thymic involution, normal aging is associated with reduced naïve T cell compartments and impaired primary antigen responsiveness, resulting in a reliance on the pre-existing cross-reactive memory cell pool which may be of lower affinity, restricted in diversity, or of shorter duration. These effects can also be mediated by the presence of down-regulatory anti-idiotype responses which also increase in aging. Given the tremendous heterogeneity of clinical data, utilization of preclinical models offers the greatest ability to assess immune responses under a controlled setting. These models should now involve prior antigen/viral exposure combined with incorporation of modifying factors such as age on immune responses and effects. This will also allow for mechanistic dissection and understanding of the different immune pathways involved in both SARS-CoV-2 pathogen and potential vaccine responses over time and how pre-existing memory responses, including potential anti-idiotype responses, can affect efficacy as well as potential off-target effects in different tissues as well as modeling PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P. Collins
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of California (UC) Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dan L. Longo
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - William J. Murphy
- Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of California (UC) Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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25
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Wu X, Xiang M, Jing H, Wang C, Novakovic VA, Shi J. Damage to endothelial barriers and its contribution to long COVID. Angiogenesis 2024; 27:5-22. [PMID: 37103631 PMCID: PMC10134732 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-023-09878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The world continues to contend with COVID-19, fueled by the emergence of viral variants. At the same time, a subset of convalescent individuals continues to experience persistent and prolonged sequelae, known as long COVID. Clinical, autopsy, animal and in vitro studies all reveal endothelial injury in acute COVID-19 and convalescent patients. Endothelial dysfunction is now recognized as a central factor in COVID-19 progression and long COVID development. Different organs contain different types of endothelia, each with specific features, forming different endothelial barriers and executing different physiological functions. Endothelial injury results in contraction of cell margins (increased permeability), shedding of glycocalyx, extension of phosphatidylserine-rich filopods, and barrier damage. During acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, damaged endothelial cells promote diffuse microthrombi and destroy the endothelial (including blood-air, blood-brain, glomerular filtration and intestinal-blood) barriers, leading to multiple organ dysfunction. During the convalescence period, a subset of patients is unable to fully recover due to persistent endothelial dysfunction, contributing to long COVID. There is still an important knowledge gap between endothelial barrier damage in different organs and COVID-19 sequelae. In this article, we mainly focus on these endothelial barriers and their contribution to long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Mengqi Xiang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Haijiao Jing
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Chengyue Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Valerie A Novakovic
- Department of Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China.
- Department of Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, USA.
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26
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Pociūtė A, Kriaučiūnaitė K, Kaušylė A, Zablockienė B, Alčauskas T, Jelinskaitė A, Rudėnaitė A, Jančorienė L, Ročka S, Verkhratsky A, Pivoriūnas A. Plasma of COVID-19 Patients Does Not Alter Electrical Resistance of Human Endothelial Blood-Brain Barrier In Vitro. FUNCTION 2024; 5:zqae002. [PMID: 38486975 PMCID: PMC10935481 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 instigated the most serious global health crisis. Clinical presentation of COVID-19 frequently includes severe neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, it is presently unknown whether and to which extent pathological impairment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) contributes to the development of neuropathology during COVID-19 progression. In the present study, we used human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived brain endothelial cells (iBECs) to study the effects of blood plasma derived from COVID-19 patients on the BBB integrity in vitro. We also performed a comprehensive analysis of the cytokine and chemokine profiles in the plasma of COVID-19 patients, healthy and recovered individuals. We found significantly increased levels of interferon γ-induced protein 10 kDa, hepatocyte growth factor, and interleukin-18 in the plasma of COVID-19 patients. However, blood plasma from COVID-19 patients did not affect transendothelial electrical resistance in iBEC monolayers. Our results demonstrate that COVID-19-associated blood plasma inflammatory factors do not affect BBB paracellular pathway directly and suggest that pathological remodeling (if any) of BBB during COVID-19 may occur through indirect or yet unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Pociūtė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Kriaučiūnaitė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aida Kaušylė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Birutė Zablockienė
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tadas Alčauskas
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Augustė Jelinskaitė
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Akvilė Rudėnaitė
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ligita Jančorienė
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Ročka
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Center of Neurosurgery, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110052, China
| | - Augustas Pivoriūnas
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania
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27
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Fan Y, Liu X, Guan F, Hang X, He X, Jin J. Investigating the Potential Shared Molecular Mechanisms between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease via Transcriptomic Analysis. Viruses 2024; 16:100. [PMID: 38257800 PMCID: PMC10821526 DOI: 10.3390/v16010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 caused the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 may elevate the risk of cognitive impairment and even cause dementia in infected individuals; it may accelerate cognitive decline in elderly patients with dementia, possibly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. However, the mechanisms underlying the interplay between AD and COVID-19 are still unclear. To investigate the underlying mechanisms and associations between AD progression and SARS-CoV-2 infection, we conducted a series of bioinformatics research into SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, COVID-19 patients, AD patients, and SARS-CoV-2-infected AD patients. We identified the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in COVID-19 patients, AD patients, and SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, and these DEGs are enriched in certain pathways, such as immune responses and cytokine storms. We constructed the gene interaction network with the signaling transduction module in the center and identified IRF7, STAT1, STAT2, and OAS1 as the hub genes. We also checked the correlations between several key transcription factors and the SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 pathway-related genes. We observed that ACE2 expression is positively correlated with IRF7 expression in AD and coronavirus infections, and interestingly, IRF7 is significantly upregulated in response to different RNA virus infections. Further snRNA-seq analysis indicates that NRGN neurons or endothelial cells may be responsible for the increase in ACE2 and IRF7 expression after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The positive correlation between ACE2 and IRF7 expressions is confirmed in the hippocampal formation (HF) of SARS-CoV-2-infected AD patients. Our findings could contribute to the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between AD and COVID-19 and to the development of effective therapeutic strategies for AD patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Fan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaozhao Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ximiao He
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Uribe FR, González VPI, Kalergis AM, Soto JA, Bohmwald K. Understanding the Neurotrophic Virus Mechanisms and Their Potential Effect on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development. Brain Sci 2024; 14:59. [PMID: 38248274 PMCID: PMC10813552 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) pathologies are a public health concern, with viral infections one of their principal causes. These viruses are known as neurotropic pathogens, characterized by their ability to infiltrate the CNS and thus interact with various cell populations, inducing several diseases. The immune response elicited by neurotropic viruses in the CNS is commanded mainly by microglia, which, together with other local cells, can secrete inflammatory cytokines to fight the infection. The most relevant neurotropic viruses are adenovirus (AdV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), enterovirus (EV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and the newly discovered SARS-CoV-2. Several studies have associated a viral infection with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) manifestations. This article will review the knowledge about viral infections, CNS pathologies, and the immune response against them. Also, it allows us to understand the relevance of the different viral proteins in developing neuronal pathologies, SLE and NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R. Uribe
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Laboratorio de Inmunología Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (F.R.U.); (V.P.I.G.)
| | - Valentina P. I. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Laboratorio de Inmunología Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (F.R.U.); (V.P.I.G.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile;
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Laboratorio de Inmunología Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (F.R.U.); (V.P.I.G.)
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma, Santiago 8910060, Chile
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29
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Meinhardt J, Streit S, Dittmayer C, Manitius RV, Radbruch H, Heppner FL. The neurobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:30-42. [PMID: 38049610 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, over 694 million people have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, with an estimated 55-60% of those infected developing COVID-19. Since the beginning of the pandemic in December 2019, different variants of concern have appeared and continue to occur. With the emergence of different variants, an increasing rate of vaccination and previous infections, the acute neurological symptomatology of COVID-19 changed. Moreover, 10-45% of individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection experience symptoms even 3 months after disease onset, a condition that has been defined as 'post-COVID-19' by the World Health Organization and that occurs independently of the virus variant. The pathomechanisms of COVID-19-related neurological complaints have become clearer during the past 3 years. To date, there is no overt - that is, truly convincing - evidence for SARS-CoV-2 particles in the brain. In this Review, we put special emphasis on discussing the methodological difficulties of viral detection in CNS tissue and discuss immune-based (systemic and central) effects contributing to COVID-19-related CNS affection. We sequentially review the reported changes to CNS cells in COVID-19, starting with the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier - as systemic factors from the periphery appear to primarily influence barriers and conduits - before we describe changes in brain parenchymal cells, including microglia, astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes as well as cerebral lymphocytes. These findings are critical to understanding CNS affection in acute COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 in order to translate these findings into treatment options, which are still very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Meinhardt
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Streit
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Dittmayer
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina V Manitius
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank L Heppner
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Badawi AH, Mohamad NA, Stanslas J, Kirby BP, Neela VK, Ramasamy R, Basri H. In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Models for Neuroinfectious Diseases: A Narrative Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1344-1373. [PMID: 38073104 PMCID: PMC11092920 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231207114346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex, dynamic, and adaptable barrier between the peripheral blood system and the central nervous system. While this barrier protects the brain and spinal cord from inflammation and infection, it prevents most drugs from reaching the brain tissue. With the expanding interest in the pathophysiology of BBB, the development of in vitro BBB models has dramatically evolved. However, due to the lack of a standard model, a range of experimental protocols, BBB-phenotype markers, and permeability flux markers was utilized to construct in vitro BBB models. Several neuroinfectious diseases are associated with BBB dysfunction. To conduct neuroinfectious disease research effectively, there stems a need to design representative in vitro human BBB models that mimic the BBB's functional and molecular properties. The highest necessity is for an in vitro standardised BBB model that accurately represents all the complexities of an intact brain barrier. Thus, this in-depth review aims to describe the optimization and validation parameters for building BBB models and to discuss previous research on neuroinfectious diseases that have utilized in vitro BBB models. The findings in this review may serve as a basis for more efficient optimisation, validation, and maintenance of a structurally- and functionally intact BBB model, particularly for future studies on neuroinfectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hussein Badawi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Afiqah Mohamad
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Foundation Studies, Lincoln University College, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Johnson Stanslas
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Brian Patrick Kirby
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vasantha Kumari Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajesh Ramasamy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hamidon Basri
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Perico L, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. SARS-CoV-2 and the spike protein in endotheliopathy. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:53-67. [PMID: 37393180 PMCID: PMC10258582 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, primarily affects the epithelial compartment in the upper and lower airways. There is evidence that the microvasculature in both the pulmonary and extrapulmonary systems is a major target of SARS-CoV-2. Consistent with this, vascular dysfunction and thrombosis are the most severe complications in COVID-19. The proinflammatory milieu triggered by the hyperactivation of the immune system by SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested to be the main trigger for endothelial dysfunction during COVID-19. More recently, a rapidly growing number of reports have indicated that SARS-CoV-2 can interact directly with endothelial cells through the spike protein, leading to multiple instances of endothelial dysfunction. Here, we describe all the available findings showing the direct effect of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on endothelial cells and offer mechanistic insights into the molecular basis of vascular dysfunction in severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Perico
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Bergamo, Italy
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32
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McQuaid C, Montagne A. SARS-CoV-2 and vascular dysfunction: a growing role for pericytes. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2591-2593. [PMID: 36063106 PMCID: PMC9494379 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Conor McQuaid
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Axel Montagne
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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33
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Wang S, Wang L, Wang J, Zhu M. Causal relationships between susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in European population: a bidirectional Mendelian randomized study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1305650. [PMID: 38111568 PMCID: PMC10726038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurological disorders can be caused by viral infections. The association between viral infections and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) has been well-documented for a long time, and this connection has recently come to attention with the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the precise nature of the causal connection between NMOSD and COVID-19 infection remains uncertain. Methods To investigate the causal relationship between COVID-19 and NMOSD, we utilized a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. This analysis was based on the most extensive and recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) that included SARS-CoV-2 infection data (122616 cases and 2475240 controls), hospitalized COVID-19 data (32519 cases and 2062805 controls), and data on severe respiratory confirmed COVID-19 cases (13769 cases and 1072442 controls). Additionally, we incorporated a GWAS meta-analysis comprising 132 cases of AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD (NMO-IgG+), 83 cases of AQP4-IgG-seronegative NMOSD (NMO-IgG-), and 1244 controls. Results The findings of our study indicate that the risk of developing NMO-IgG+ is elevated when there is a genetic predisposition to SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR = 5.512, 95% CI = 1.403-21.657, P = 0.014). Furthermore, patients with genetically predicted NMOSD did not exhibit any heightened susceptibility to SARS-CoV2 infection, COVID-19 hospitalization, or severity. Conclusion our study using Mendelian randomization (MR) revealed, for the first time, that the presence of genetically predicted SARS-CoV2 infection was identified as a contributing factor for NMO-IgG+ relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianglong Wang
- First Operating Room, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingqin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wang H, Li N, Deng Y. Microfluidic Brain-on-a-Chip: From Key Technology to System Integration and Application. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304427. [PMID: 37653590 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
As an ideal in vitro model, brain-on-chip (BoC) is an important tool to comprehensively elucidate brain characteristics. However, the in vitro model for the definition scope of BoC has not been universally recognized. In this review, BoC is divided into brain cells-on-a- chip, brain slices-on-a-chip, and brain organoids-on-a-chip according to the type of culture on the chip. Although these three microfluidic BoCs are constructed in different ways, they all use microfluidic chips as carrier tools. This method can better meet the needs of maintaining high culture activity on a chip for a long time. Moreover, BoC has successfully integrated cell biology, the biological material platform technology of microenvironment on a chip, manufacturing technology, online detection technology on a chip, and so on, enabling the chip to present structural diversity and high compatibility to meet different experimental needs and expand the scope of applications. Here, the relevant core technologies, challenges, and future development trends of BoC are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongqian Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Nuomin Li
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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35
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Li M, Yuan Y, Zou T, Hou Z, Jin L, Wang B. Development trends of human organoid-based COVID-19 research based on bibliometric analysis. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13496. [PMID: 37218396 PMCID: PMC10693193 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed a catastrophic threat to human health worldwide. Human stem cell-derived organoids serve as a promising platform for exploring SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several review articles have summarized the application of human organoids in COVID-19, but the research status and development trend of this field have seldom been systematically and comprehensively studied. In this review, we use bibliometric analysis method to identify the characteristics of organoid-based COVID-19 research. First, an annual trend of publications and citations, the most contributing countries or regions and organizations, co-citation analysis of references and sources and research hotspots are determined. Next, systematical summaries of organoid applications in investigating the pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccine development and drug discovery, are provided. Lastly, the current challenges and future considerations of this field are discussed. The present study will provide an objective angle to identify the current trend and give novel insights for directing the future development of human organoid applications in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Yuhan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Zongkun Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/School of Biology and Engineering (School of Modern Industry for Health and Medicine)Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Liang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
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36
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Wang P, Wang Y, Qin J. Multi-organ microphysiological system: A new paradigm for COVID-19 research. ORGANS-ON-A-CHIP 2023; 5:100029. [PMID: 37206997 PMCID: PMC10181865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ooc.2023.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a systemic disease with a broad spectrum of manifestations in multiple organs. Till now, it remains unclear whether these multi-organ dysfunctions arise from direct viral infection, or indirect injuries. There is an urgent need to evaluate the impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human bodies and explore the pathogenesis of extrapulmonary organ injuries at a systemic level. Multi-organ microphysiological systems, which can model whole-body physiology with engineered tissues and physiological communications between different organs, serve as powerful platforms to model COVID-19 in a multi-organ manner. In this perspective, we summarize the recent advancement in multi-organ microphysiological system-based researches, discuss the remaining challenges, and proposed some prospects in the application of multi-organ model system for COVID-19 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jianhua Qin
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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37
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Liu L, Zhou C, Jiang H, Wei H, Zhou Y, Zhou C, Ji X. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of Coronavirus disease 2019-associated stroke. Front Med 2023; 17:1047-1067. [PMID: 38165535 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has triggered a huge impact on healthcare, socioeconomics, and other aspects of the world over the past three years. An increasing number of studies have identified a complex relationship between COVID-19 and stroke, although active measures are being implemented to prevent disease transmission. Severe COVID-19 may be associated with an increased risk of stroke and increase the rates of disability and mortality, posing a serious challenge to acute stroke diagnosis, treatment, and care. This review aims to provide an update on the influence of COVID-19 itself or vaccines on stroke, including arterial stroke (ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke) and venous stroke (cerebral venous thrombosis). Additionally, the neurovascular mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the clinical characteristics of stroke in the COVID-19 setting are presented. Evidence on vaccinations, potential therapeutic approaches, and effective strategies for stroke management has been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100032, China
- Neurology and Intracranial Hypertension and Cerebral Venous Disease Center, National Health Commission of China, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Chenxia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100032, China
- Neurology and Intracranial Hypertension and Cerebral Venous Disease Center, National Health Commission of China, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Huimin Wei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Xunming Ji
- Neurology and Intracranial Hypertension and Cerebral Venous Disease Center, National Health Commission of China, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100032, China.
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100032, China.
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38
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Bullock TA, Galpayage Dona KNU, Hale JF, Morales P, Jagerovic N, Andrews AM, Ramirez SH. Activation of CB2R by synthetic CB2R agonist, PM289, improves brain endothelial barrier properties, decreases inflammatory response and enhances endothelial repair. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:387-400. [PMID: 38116176 PMCID: PMC10726734 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2023-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The Cannabinoid 2 Receptor (CB2R) has been found to provide immunological modulation in different cell types. More recently, detection of CB2R in the cerebral endothelium suggests a possible role in the resolution of inflammation at the level of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Here, the notion that CB2R upregulation in brain endothelial cells could be exploited to promote vascular protection and BBB integrity was evaluated. Targeting and activation of CB2R was accomplished by a novel and highly specific chromenopyrazole based CB2R agonist, PM289. This study demonstrates that CB2R upregulation is induced as early as 8 h in the cortical vasculature in an experimental mouse model of TBI. Unlike CB2R, CB1R was marginally detected and not significantly induced. In the human brain endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3 cells, similar induction of CB2R was observed upon stimulation with TNFα. Analysis of transendothelial electrical resistance shows that PM289 markedly prevented the barrier-leakiness induced by TNFα. The BBB is also responsible for maintaining an immunological barrier. The five-fold increase in ICAM1 expression in stimulated endothelial cells was significantly diminished due to CB2R activation. Utilizing wounding assays, results showed that wound repair could be accomplished in nearly half the time when the novel CB2R agonist is present compared to the untreated control. Lastly, mechanistically, the effects of CB2R may be explained by the observed inhibition of the p65 NFκB subunit. Overall, these studies support the notion that targeting and activating CB2R in the brain vasculature could aid in BBB and vascular protection in the context of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent A. Bullock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan F. Hale
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paula Morales
- Medicinal Chemistry Institute, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Medicinal Chemistry Institute, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Allison M. Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Servio H. Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Shriner’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Rahimi N, White MR, Amraei R, Lotfollahzadeh S, Xia C, Michalak M, Costello CE, Mühlberger E. Calreticulin Regulates SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Turnover and Modulates SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity. Cells 2023; 12:2694. [PMID: 38067122 PMCID: PMC10705507 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are major clinical hallmarks of acute and post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the mechanistic details of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity of endothelial cells remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein shares a similarity with the proline-rich binding ena/VASP homology (EVH1) domain and identified the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident calreticulin (CALR) as an S-RBD interacting protein. Our biochemical analysis showed that CALR, via its proline-rich (P) domain, interacts with S-RBD and modulates proteostasis of the S protein. Treatment of cells with the proteasomal inhibitor bortezomib increased the expression of the S protein independent of CALR, whereas the lysosomal/autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin 1A, which interferes with the acidification of lysosome, selectively augmented the S protein levels in a CALR-dependent manner. More importantly, the shRNA-mediated knockdown of CALR increased SARS-CoV-2 infection and impaired calcium homeostasis of human endothelial cells. This study provides new insight into the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, calcium hemostasis, and the role of CALR in the ER-lysosome-dependent proteolysis of the spike protein, which could be associated with cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Rahimi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Mitchell R. White
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.R.W.); (E.M.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Razie Amraei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Saran Lotfollahzadeh
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Chaoshuang Xia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.X.); (C.E.C.)
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada;
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.X.); (C.E.C.)
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (M.R.W.); (E.M.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Kwee BJ, Li X, Nguyen XX, Campagna C, Lam J, Sung KE. Modeling immunity in microphysiological systems. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2001-2019. [PMID: 38166397 PMCID: PMC10800123 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231215897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a need for better predictive models of the human immune system to evaluate safety and efficacy of immunomodulatory drugs and biologics for successful product development and regulatory approvals. Current in vitro models, which are often tested in two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture polystyrene, and preclinical animal models fail to fully recapitulate the function and physiology of the human immune system. Microphysiological systems (MPSs) that can model key microenvironment cues of the human immune system, as well as of specific organs and tissues, may be able to recapitulate specific features of the in vivo inflammatory response. This minireview provides an overview of MPS for modeling lymphatic tissues, immunity at tissue interfaces, inflammatory diseases, and the inflammatory tumor microenvironment in vitro and ex vivo. Broadly, these systems have utility in modeling how certain immunotherapies function in vivo, how dysfunctional immune responses can propagate diseases, and how our immune system can combat pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Kwee
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xinh-Xinh Nguyen
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Courtney Campagna
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Johnny Lam
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Kyung E Sung
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Jamil Al-Obaidi MM, Desa MNM. A review of the mechanisms of blood-brain barrier disruption during COVID-19 infection. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1687-1698. [PMID: 37462109 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are prevalent in mammals and birds, including humans and bats, and they often spread through airborne droplets. In humans, these droplets then interact with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), which are the main receptors for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It can infect several organs, including the brain. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is designed to maintain the homeostatic neural microenvironment of the brain, which is necessary for healthy neuronal activity, function, and stability. It prevents viruses from entering the brain parenchyma and does not easily allow chemicals to pass into the brain while assisting numerous compounds in exiting the brain. The purpose of this review was to examine how COVID-19 influences the BBB along with the mechanisms that indicate the BBB's deterioration. In addition, the cellular mechanism through which SARS-CoV-2 causes BBB destruction by binding to ACE2 was evaluated and addressed. The mechanisms of the immunological reaction that occurs during COVID-19 infection that may contribute to the breakdown of the BBB were also reviewed. It was discovered that the integrity of the tight junction (TJs), basement membrane, and adhesion molecules was damaged during COVID-19 infection, which led to the breakdown of the BBB. Therefore, understanding how the BBB is disrupted by COVID-19 infection will provide an indication of how the SARS-CoV-2 virus is able to reach the central nervous system (CNS). The findings of this research may help in the identification of treatment options for COVID-19 that can control and manage the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen M Jamil Al-Obaidi
- Biology Unit, Science Department, Rustaq College of Education, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Al-Rustaq, Oman
| | - Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Tsilioni I, Theoharides TC. Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Its Receptor Binding Domain Stimulate Release of Different Pro-Inflammatory Mediators via Activation of Distinct Receptors on Human Microglia Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6704-6714. [PMID: 37477768 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via its spike (S) protein binding to its surface receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on target cells and results in acute symptoms involving especially the lungs known as COVID-19. However, increasing evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection produces neuroinflammation associated with neurological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms persists well past the resolution of the infection, known as post-COVID-19 sequalae or long-COVID. The neuroimmune mechanism(s) involved in long-COVID have not been adequately characterized. In this study, we show that recombinant SARS-CoV-2 full-length S protein stimulates release of pro-inflammatory IL-1b, CXCL8, IL-6, and MMP-9 from cultured human microglia via TLR4 receptor activation. Instead, recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) stimulates release of TNF-α, IL-18, and S100B via ACE2 signaling. These results provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contributes to neuroinflammation through different mechanisms that may be involved in CNS pathologies associated with long-COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tsilioni
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite 304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite 304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, 33759, USA
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Zaa CA, Espitia C, Reyes-Barrera KL, An Z, Velasco-Velázquez MA. Neuroprotective Agents with Therapeutic Potential for COVID-19. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1585. [PMID: 38002267 PMCID: PMC10669388 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 patients can exhibit a wide range of clinical manifestations affecting various organs and systems. Neurological symptoms have been reported in COVID-19 patients, both during the acute phase of the illness and in cases of long-term COVID. Moderate symptoms include ageusia, anosmia, altered mental status, and cognitive impairment, and in more severe cases can manifest as ischemic cerebrovascular disease and encephalitis. In this narrative review, we delve into the reported neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19, as well as the underlying mechanisms contributing to them. These mechanisms include direct damage to neurons, inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein misfolding. We further investigate the potential of small molecules from natural products to offer neuroprotection in models of neurodegenerative diseases. Through our analysis, we discovered that flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and other natural compounds exhibit neuroprotective effects by modulating signaling pathways known to be impacted by COVID-19. Some of these compounds also directly target SARS-CoV-2 viral replication. Therefore, molecules of natural origin show promise as potential agents to prevent or mitigate nervous system damage in COVID-19 patients. Further research and the evaluation of different stages of the disease are warranted to explore their potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A. Zaa
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima 15081, Peru;
| | - Clara Espitia
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (C.E.); (K.L.R.-B.)
| | - Karen L. Reyes-Barrera
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (C.E.); (K.L.R.-B.)
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Marco A. Velasco-Velázquez
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Prieto-Villalobos J, Lucero CM, Rovegno M, Gómez GI, Retamal MA, Orellana JA. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 activates Cx43 hemichannels and disturbs intracellular Ca 2+ dynamics. Biol Res 2023; 56:56. [PMID: 37876016 PMCID: PMC10598968 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An aspect of high uncertainty is whether the SARS-CoV-2 per se or the systemic inflammation induced by viral infection directly affects cellular function and survival in different tissues. It has been postulated that tissue dysfunction and damage observed in COVID-19 patients may rely on the direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins. Previous evidence indicates that the human immunodeficiency virus and its envelope protein gp120 increase the activity of connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels with negative repercussions for cellular function and survival. Here, we evaluated whether the spike protein S1 of SARS-CoV-2 could impact the activity of Cx43 hemichannels. RESULTS We found that spike S1 time and dose-dependently increased the activity of Cx43 hemichannels in HeLa-Cx43 cells, as measured by dye uptake experiments. These responses were potentiated when the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was expressed in HeLa-Cx43 cells. Patch clamp experiments revealed that spike S1 increased unitary current events with conductances compatible with Cx43 hemichannels. In addition, Cx43 hemichannel opening evoked by spike S1 triggered the release of ATP and increased the [Ca2+]i dynamics elicited by ATP. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that Cx43 hemichannels could represent potential pharmacological targets for developing therapies to counteract SARS-CoV-2 infection and their long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Prieto-Villalobos
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia M Lucero
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Rovegno
- Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo I Gómez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Retamal
- Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cancer, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan A Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile.
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Stüdle C, Nishihara H, Wischnewski S, Kulsvehagen L, Perriot S, Ishikawa H, Schroten H, Frank S, Deigendesch N, Du Pasquier R, Schirmer L, Pröbstel AK, Engelhardt B. SARS-CoV-2 infects epithelial cells of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier rather than endothelial cells or pericytes of the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:76. [PMID: 37875964 PMCID: PMC10598911 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection various neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms can appear, which may persist for several months post infection. However, cell type-specific routes of brain infection and underlying mechanisms resulting in neuroglial dysfunction are not well understood. METHODS Here, we investigated the susceptibility of cells constituting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) of the choroid plexus (ChP) to SARS-CoV-2 infection using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cellular models and a ChP papilloma-derived epithelial cell line as well as ChP tissue from COVID-19 patients, respectively. RESULTS We noted a differential infectibility of hiPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) depending on the differentiation method. Extended endothelial culture method (EECM)-BMECs characterized by a complete set of endothelial markers, good barrier properties and a mature immune phenotype were refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection and did not exhibit an activated phenotype after prolonged SARS-CoV-2 inoculation. In contrast, defined medium method (DMM)-BMECs, characterized by a mixed endothelial and epithelial phenotype and excellent barrier properties were productively infected by SARS-CoV-2 in an ACE2-dependent manner. hiPSC-derived brain pericyte-like cells (BPLCs) lacking ACE2 expression were not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, the human choroid plexus papilloma-derived epithelial cell line HIBCPP, modeling the BCSFB was productively infected by SARS-CoV-2 preferentially from the basolateral side, facing the blood compartment. Assessment of ChP tissue from COVID-19 patients by RNA in situ hybridization revealed SARS-CoV-2 transcripts in ChP epithelial and ChP stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the BCSFB of the ChP rather than the BBB is susceptible to direct SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, neuropsychiatric symptoms because of COVID-19 may rather be associated with dysfunction of the BCSFB than the BBB. Future studies should consider a role of the ChP in underlying neuropsychiatric symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Stüdle
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hideaki Nishihara
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Sven Wischnewski
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laila Kulsvehagen
- Departments of Neurology, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Perriot
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephan Frank
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaus Deigendesch
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Pröbstel
- Departments of Neurology, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Trevino TN, Fogel AB, Minshall R, Richner JM, Lutz SE. Caveolin-1 mediates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.563024. [PMID: 37905019 PMCID: PMC10614946 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.563024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte infiltration of the CNS can contribute to neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Brain endothelial cells regulate adhesion, activation, and diapedesis of T cells across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in inflammatory diseases. The integral membrane protein Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) critically regulates BBB permeability, but its influence on T cell CNS infiltration in respiratory viral infections is unknown. In this study, we sought to determine the role of Cav-1 at the BBB in neuroinflammation in a COVID-19 mouse model. We used mice genetically deficient in Cav-1 to test the role of this protein in T cell infiltration and cognitive impairment. We found that SARS-CoV-2 infection upregulated brain endothelial Cav-1. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection increased brain endothelial cell vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and CD3+ T cell infiltration of the hippocampus, a region important for short term learning and memory. Concordantly, we observed learning and memory deficits. Importantly, genetic deficiency in Cav-1 attenuated brain endothelial VCAM-1 expression and T cell infiltration in the hippocampus of mice with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, Cav-1 KO mice were protected from the learning and memory deficits caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results indicate the importance of BBB permeability in COVID-19 neuroinflammation and suggest potential therapeutic value of targeting Cav-1 to improve disease outcomes.
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Lau K, Porschen LT, Richter F, Gericke B. Microvascular blood-brain barrier alterations in isolated brain capillaries of mice over-expressing alpha-synuclein (Thy1-aSyn line 61). Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106298. [PMID: 37716515 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is suggested to play a critical role in the pathological mechanisms of Parkinson's disease (PD). PD-related pathology such as alpha-synuclein accumulation and inflammatory processes potentially affect the integrity of the BBB early in disease progression, which in turn may alter the crosstalk of the central and peripheral immune response. Importantly, BBB dysfunction could also affect drug response in PD. Here we analyzed microvascular changes in isolated brain capillaries and brain sections on a cellular and molecular level during disease progression in an established PD mouse model that overexpresses human wild-type alpha-synuclein (Thy1-aSyn, line 61). BBB alterations observed in Thy1-aSyn mice included reduced vessel density, reduced aquaporin-4 coverage, reduced P-glycoprotein expression, increased low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 expression, increased pS129-alpha-synuclein deposition, and increased adhesion protein and matrix metalloprotease expression together with alterations in tight junction proteins. Striatal capillaries presented with more dysregulated BBB integrity markers compared to cortical capillaries. These alterations of BBB integrity lead, however, not to an overt IgG leakage in brain parenchyma. Our data reveals intricate alterations in key proteins of BBB function together with histological evidence for altered structure of the brain vasculature. Thy1-aSyn mice represent a useful model to investigate therapeutic targeting of BBB alterations in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lisa T Porschen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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Plummer AM, Matos YL, Lin HC, Ryman SG, Birg A, Quinn DK, Parada AN, Vakhtin AA. Gut-brain pathogenesis of post-acute COVID-19 neurocognitive symptoms. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1232480. [PMID: 37841680 PMCID: PMC10568482 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1232480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately one third of non-hospitalized coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) patients report chronic symptoms after recovering from the acute stage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Some of the most persistent and common complaints of this post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) are cognitive in nature, described subjectively as "brain fog" and also objectively measured as deficits in executive function, working memory, attention, and processing speed. The mechanisms of these chronic cognitive sequelae are currently not understood. SARS-CoV-2 inflicts damage to cerebral blood vessels and the intestinal wall by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and also by evoking production of high levels of systemic cytokines, compromising the brain's neurovascular unit, degrading the intestinal barrier, and potentially increasing the permeability of both to harmful substances. Such substances are hypothesized to be produced in the gut by pathogenic microbiota that, given the profound effects COVID-19 has on the gastrointestinal system, may fourish as a result of intestinal post-COVID-19 dysbiosis. COVID-19 may therefore create a scenario in which neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory substances readily proliferate from the gut lumen and encounter a weakened neurovascular unit, gaining access to the brain and subsequently producing cognitive deficits. Here, we review this proposed PACS pathogenesis along the gut-brain axis, while also identifying specific methodologies that are currently available to experimentally measure each individual component of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Plummer
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Yvette L. Matos
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Henry C. Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Section of Gastroenterology, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sephira G. Ryman
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Nene and Jamie Koch Comprehensive Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Aleksandr Birg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Section of Gastroenterology, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Davin K. Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Alisha N. Parada
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Andrei A. Vakhtin
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Floryanzia SD, Nance E. Applications and Considerations for Microfluidic Systems To Model the Blood-Brain Barrier. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3617-3632. [PMID: 37582179 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
In a myriad of developmental and degenerative brain diseases, characteristic pathological biomarkers are often associated with cerebral blood flow and vasculature. However, the relationship between vascular dysfunction and markers of brain disease is not well-defined. Additionally, it is difficult to deliver effective therapeutics to the brain due to the highly regulated blood-brain barrier (BBB) at the microvasculature interface of the brain. This Review first covers the need for modeling the BBB and the challenges of modeling the BBB. In vitro models of the BBB enable the study of the relationship between vascular dysfunction, BBB function, and disease progression and can serve as a platform to screen therapeutics. In particular, microfluidic-based in vitro BBB models are useful for studying brain vasculature as they support cell culture within the presence of continuous perfusion, which mirrors the in vivo flow and associated stress conditions in the brain. Early microfluidic models of the BBB created the most simplistic models possible that still displayed some functional aspects of the in vivo BBB. Therefore, this Review also discusses the emerging unique ways in which microfluidics in tandem with recent advancements in cell culture, biomaterials, and in vitro modeling can be used to develop more complex and physiologically relevant models of the BBB. Finally, we discuss the current and future state-of-the-art application of microfluidic BBB models for drug development and disease modeling, and the ongoing areas of needed innovation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney D Floryanzia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Chou ML, Babamale AO, Walker TL, Cognasse F, Blum D, Burnouf T. Blood-brain crosstalk: the roles of neutrophils, platelets, and neutrophil extracellular traps in neuropathologies. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:764-779. [PMID: 37500363 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation, neurovascular dysfunction, and coagulopathy often occur concurrently in neuropathologies. Neutrophils and platelets have crucial synergistic roles in thromboinflammation and are increasingly suspected as effector cells contributing to the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the roles of platelet-neutrophil interactions in triggering complex pathophysiological events affecting the brain that may lead to the disruption of brain barriers, infiltration of toxic factors into the parenchyma, and amplification of neuroinflammation through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We highlight the clinical significance of thromboinflammation in neurological disorders and examine the contributions of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) derived from platelets and neutrophils. These DAMPs originate from both infectious and non-infectious risk factors and contribute to the activation of inflammasomes during brain disorders. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps in the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis and emphasize the potential of interventions targeting platelets and neutrophils to treat neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Li Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; INSERM UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris 75012, France
| | - Abdulkareem Olarewaju Babamale
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11266, Taiwan; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
| | - Tara L Walker
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France; University Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 LilNCog, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, Lille F-59000, France; NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10031, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan.
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