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Korte P, Unzner A, Damm T, Berger S, Krischke M, Mueller MJ. High triacylglycerol turnover is required for efficient opening of stomata during heat stress in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36976526 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress triggers the accumulation of triacylglycerols in Arabidopsis leaves, which increases basal thermotolerance. However, how triacylglycerol synthesis is linked to thermotolerance remains unclear and the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. It has been shown that triacylglycerol and starch degradation are required to provide energy for stomatal opening induced by blue light at dawn. To investigate whether triacylglycerol turnover is involved in heat-induced stomatal opening during the day, we performed feeding experiments with labeled fatty acids. Heat stress strongly induced both triacylglycerol synthesis and degradation to channel fatty acids destined for peroxisomal ß-oxidation through the triacylglycerol pool. Analysis of mutants defective in triacylglycerol synthesis or peroxisomal fatty acid uptake revealed that triacylglycerol turnover and fatty acid catabolism are required for heat-induced stomatal opening in illuminated leaves. We show that triacylglycerol turnover is continuous (1.2 mol% per min) in illuminated leaves even at 22°C. The ß-oxidation of triacylglycerol-derived fatty acids generates C2 carbon units that are channeled into the tricarboxylic acid pathway in the light. In addition, carbohydrate catabolism is required to provide oxaloacetate as an acceptor for peroxisomal acetyl-CoA and maintain the tricarboxylic acid pathway for energy and amino acid production during the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Korte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Unzner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Damm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Berger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Krischke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Mueller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Shen Y, Shen Y, Liu Y, Bai Y, Liang M, Zhang X, Chen Z. Characterization and functional analysis of AhGPAT9 gene involved in lipid synthesis in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1144306. [PMID: 36844041 PMCID: PMC9950565 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1144306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
GPAT enzymes (glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.15) catalyze the initial and rate-limiting step of plant glycerolipid biosynthesis for membrane homeostasis and lipid accumulation, yet little research has been done on peanuts. By reverse genetics and bioinformatics analyses, we have characterized an AhGPAT9 isozyme, of which the homologous product is isolated from cultivated peanut. QRT-PCR assay revealed a spatio-temporal expression pattern that the transcripts of AhGPAT9 accumulating in various peanut tissues are highly expressed during seed development, followed by leaves. Green fluorescent protein tagging of AhGPAT9 confirmed its subcellular accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Compared with the wild type control, overexpressed AhGPAT9 delayed the bolting stage of transgenic Arabidopsis, reduced the number of siliques, and increased the seed weight as well as seed area, suggesting the possibility of participating in plant growth and development. Meanwhile, the mean seed oil content from five overexpression lines increased by about 18.73%. The two lines with the largest increases in seed oil content showed a decrease in palmitic acid (C16:0) and eicosenic acid (C20:1) by 17.35% and 8.33%, respectively, and an increase in linolenic acid (C18:3) and eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3) by 14.91% and 15.94%, respectively. In addition, overexpressed AhGPAT9 had no significant effect on leaf lipid content of transgenic plants. Taken together, these results suggest that AhGPAT9 is critical for the biosynthesis of storage lipids, which contributes to the goal of modifying peanut seeds for improved oil content and fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Man Liang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhide Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Yin Y, Raboanatahiry N, Chen K, Chen X, Tian T, Jia J, He H, He J, Guo Z, Yu L, Li M. Class A lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase 2 from Camelina sativa promotes very long-chain fatty acids accumulation in phospholipid and triacylglycerol. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1141-1158. [PMID: 36209492 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are important industrial raw materials and can be produced by genetically modified oil plants. For a long time, class A lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) was considered unable to promote the accumulation of VLCFA in oil crops. The bottlenecks that the transgenic high VLCFA lines have an oil content penalty and the low amount of VLCFA in phosphatidylcholine remains intractable. In the present study, a class A LPAT2 from Camelina sativa (CsaLPAT2) promoting VLCFAs accumulation in phospholipid was found. Overexpression of CsaLPAT2 alone in Arabidopsis seeds significantly increased the VLCFA content in triacylglycerol, including C20:0, C20:2, C20:3, C22:0, and C22:1. The proportion of phosphatidic acid molecules containing VLCFAs in transgenic seeds reached up to 45%, which was 2.8-fold greater than that in wild type. The proportion of phosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol molecules containing VLCFAs also increased significantly. Seed size in CsaLPAT2 transgenic lines showed a slight increase without an oil content penalty. The total phospholipid content in the seed of the CsaLPAT2 transgenic line was significantly increased. Furthermore, the function of class A LPAT in promoting the accumulation of VLCFAs is conserved in the representative oil crops of Brassicaceae, such as C. sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, and Brassica oleracea. The findings of this study provide a promising gene resource for the production of VLCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtai Yin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Nadia Raboanatahiry
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hongsheng He
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianjie He
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenyi Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Maoteng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Mihálik D, Lančaričová A, Mrkvová M, Kaňuková Š, Moravčíková J, Glasa M, Šubr Z, Predajňa L, Hančinský R, Grešíková S, Havrlentová M, Hauptvogel P, Kraic J. Diacylglycerol Acetyltransferase Gene Isolated from Euonymus europaeus L. Altered Lipid Metabolism in Transgenic Plant towards the Production of Acetylated Triacylglycerols. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090205. [PMID: 32947896 PMCID: PMC7554731 DOI: 10.3390/life10090205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Euonymus species from the Celastraceae family are considered as a source of unusual genes modifying the oil content and fatty acid composition of vegetable oils. Due to the possession of genes encoding enzyme diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (DAcT), Euonymus plants can synthesize and accumulate acetylated triacyglycerols. The gene from Euonymus europaeus (EeDAcT) encoding the DAcT was identified, isolated, characterized, and modified for cloning and genetic transformation of plants. This gene has a unique nucleotide sequence and amino acid composition, different from orthologous genes from other Euonymus species. Nucleotide sequence of original EeDAcT gene was modified, cloned into transformation vector, and introduced into tobacco plants. Overexpression of EeDAcT gene was confirmed, and transgenic host plants produced and accumulated acetylated triacylglycerols (TAGs) in immature seeds. Individual transgenic plants showed difference in amounts of synthesized acetylTAGs and also in fatty acid composition of acetylTAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mihálik
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 92168 Piešt’any, Slovakia; (D.M.); (A.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Andrea Lančaričová
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 92168 Piešt’any, Slovakia; (D.M.); (A.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
| | - Michaela Mrkvová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Šarlota Kaňuková
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Jana Moravčíková
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Miroslav Glasa
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.Š.); (L.P.)
| | - Zdeno Šubr
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.Š.); (L.P.)
| | - Lukáš Predajňa
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.Š.); (L.P.)
| | - Richard Hančinský
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Simona Grešíková
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Michaela Havrlentová
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 92168 Piešt’any, Slovakia; (D.M.); (A.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Pavol Hauptvogel
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 92168 Piešt’any, Slovakia; (D.M.); (A.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
| | - Ján Kraic
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 92168 Piešt’any, Slovakia; (D.M.); (A.L.); (M.H.); (P.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (Š.K.); (J.M.); (M.G.); (R.H.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang J, Zhou P, Shi X, Yang N, Yan L, Zhao Q, Yang C, Guan Y. Primary metabolite contents are correlated with seed protein and oil traits in near-isogenic lines of soybean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) through the alternative Δ8-desaturase pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:333-342. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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7
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Xu Y, Caldo KMP, Pal-Nath D, Ozga J, Lemieux MJ, Weselake RJ, Chen G. Properties and Biotechnological Applications of Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol Acyltransferase and Phospholipid:diacylglycerol Acyltransferase from Terrestrial Plants and Microalgae. Lipids 2018; 53:663-688. [PMID: 30252128 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the major storage lipid in most terrestrial plants and microalgae, and has great nutritional and industrial value. Since the demand for vegetable oil is consistently increasing, numerous studies have been focused on improving the TAG content and modifying the fatty-acid compositions of plant seed oils. In addition, there is a strong research interest in establishing plant vegetative tissues and microalgae as platforms for lipid production. In higher plants and microalgae, TAG biosynthesis occurs via acyl-CoA-dependent or acyl-CoA-independent pathways. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the last and committed step in the acyl-CoA-dependent biosynthesis of TAG, which appears to represent a bottleneck in oil accumulation in some oilseed species. Membrane-bound and soluble forms of DGAT have been identified with very different amino-acid sequences and biochemical properties. Alternatively, TAG can be formed through acyl-CoA-independent pathways via the catalytic action of membrane-bound phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT). As the enzymes catalyzing the terminal steps of TAG formation, DGAT and PDAT play crucial roles in determining the flux of carbon into seed TAG and thus have been considered as the key targets for engineering oil production. Here, we summarize the most recent knowledge on DGAT and PDAT in higher plants and microalgae, with the emphasis on their physiological roles, structural features, and regulation. The development of various metabolic engineering strategies to enhance the TAG content and alter the fatty-acid composition of TAG is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Kristian Mark P Caldo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Dipasmita Pal-Nath
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Jocelyn Ozga
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
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Abstract
Studying seed oil metabolism. The seeds of higher plants represent valuable factories capable of converting photosynthetically derived sugars into a variety of storage compounds, including oils. Oils are the most energy-dense plant reserves and fatty acids composing these oils represent an excellent nutritional source. They supply humans with much of the calories and essential fatty acids required in their diet. These oils are then increasingly being utilized as renewable alternatives to petroleum for the chemical industry and for biofuels. Plant oils therefore represent a highly valuable agricultural commodity, the demand for which is increasing rapidly. Knowledge regarding seed oil production is extensively exploited in the frame of breeding programs and approaches of metabolic engineering for oilseed crop improvement. Complementary aspects of this research include (1) the study of carbon metabolism responsible for the conversion of photosynthetically derived sugars into precursors for fatty acid biosynthesis, (2) the identification and characterization of the enzymatic actors allowing the production of the wide set of fatty acid structures found in seed oils, and (3) the investigation of the complex biosynthetic pathways leading to the production of storage lipids (waxes, triacylglycerols). In this review, we outline the most recent developments in our understanding of the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms of seed oil production, focusing on fatty acids and oils that can have a significant impact on the emerging bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Baud
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.
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Substrate preferences of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase contribute to enrichment of flax seed oil with α-linolenic acid. Biochem J 2018. [PMID: 29523747 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Seed oil from flax (Linum usitatissimum) is enriched in α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3Δ9cis,12cis,15cis ), but the biochemical processes underlying the enrichment of flax seed oil with this polyunsaturated fatty acid are not fully elucidated. Here, a potential process involving the catalytic actions of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (LACS) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is proposed for ALA enrichment in triacylglycerol (TAG). LACS catalyzes the ATP-dependent activation of free fatty acid to form acyl-CoA, which in turn may serve as an acyl-donor in the DGAT-catalyzed reaction leading to TAG. To test this hypothesis, flax LACS and DGAT cDNAs were functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to probe their possible involvement in the enrichment of TAG with ALA. Among the identified flax LACSs, LuLACS8A exhibited significantly enhanced specificity for ALA over oleic acid (18:1Δ9cis ) or linoleic acid (18:2Δ9cis,12cis ). Enhanced α-linolenoyl-CoA specificity was also observed in the enzymatic assay of flax DGAT2 (LuDGAT2-3), which displayed ∼20 times increased preference toward α-linolenoyl-CoA over oleoyl-CoA. Moreover, when LuLACS8A and LuDGAT2-3 were co-expressed in yeast, both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the ALA-containing TAG enrichment process was operative between LuLACS8A- and LuDGAT2-3-catalyzed reactions. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that the cooperation between the reactions catalyzed by LACS8 and DGAT2 may represent a route to enrich ALA production in the flax seed oil.
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Bioactivity and biotechnological production of punicic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3537-3549. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Wang N, Ma J, Pei W, Wu M, Li H, Li X, Yu S, Zhang J, Yu J. A genome-wide analysis of the lysophosphatidate acyltransferase (LPAAT) gene family in cotton: organization, expression, sequence variation, and association with seed oil content and fiber quality. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:218. [PMID: 28249560 PMCID: PMC5333453 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) encoded by a multigene family is a rate-limiting enzyme in the Kennedy pathway in higher plants. Cotton is the most important natural fiber crop and one of the most important oilseed crops. However, little is known on genes coding for LPAATs involved in oil biosynthesis with regard to its genome organization, diversity, expression, natural genetic variation, and association with fiber development and oil content in cotton. RESULTS In this study, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis in four Gossypium species with genome sequences, i.e., tetraploid G. hirsutum- AD1 and G. barbadense- AD2 and its possible ancestral diploids G. raimondii- D5 and G. arboreum- A2, identified 13, 10, 8, and 9 LPAAT genes, respectively, that were divided into four subfamilies. RNA-seq analyses of the LPAAT genes in the widely grown G. hirsutum suggest their differential expression at the transcriptional level in developing cottonseeds and fibers. Although 10 LPAAT genes were co-localised with quantitative trait loci (QTL) for cottonseed oil or protein content within a 25-cM region, only one single strand conformation polymorphic (SSCP) marker developed from a synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the At-Gh13LPAAT5 gene was significantly correlated with cottonseed oil and protein contents in one of the three field tests. Moreover, transformed yeasts using the At-Gh13LPAAT5 gene with the two sequences for the SNP led to similar results, i.e., a 25-31% increase in palmitic acid and oleic acid, and a 16-29% increase in total triacylglycerol (TAG). CONCLUSIONS The results in this study demonstrated that the natural variation in the LPAAT genes to improving cottonseed oil content and fiber quality is limited; therefore, traditional cross breeding should not expect much progress in improving cottonseed oil content or fiber quality through a marker-assisted selection for the LPAAT genes. However, enhancing the expression of one of the LPAAT genes such as At-Gh13LPAAT5 can significantly increase the production of total TAG and other fatty acids, providing an incentive for further studies into the use of LPAAT genes to increase cottonseed oil content through biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuohan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jianjiang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wenfeng Pei
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Man Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Haijing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xingli Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Shuxun Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China. .,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Jinfa Zhang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 880033, USA.
| | - Jiwen Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
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Singer SD, Chen G, Mietkiewska E, Tomasi P, Jayawardhane K, Dyer JM, Weselake RJ. Arabidopsis GPAT9 contributes to synthesis of intracellular glycerolipids but not surface lipids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4627-38. [PMID: 27325892 PMCID: PMC4973736 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE (GPAT) genes encode enzymes involved in glycerolipid biosynthesis in plants. Ten GPAT homologues have been identified in Arabidopsis. GPATs 4-8 have been shown to be involved in the production of extracellular lipid barrier polyesters. Recently, GPAT9 was reported to be essential for triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis in developing Arabidopsis seeds. The enzymatic properties and possible functions of GPAT9 in surface lipid, polar lipid and TAG biosynthesis in non-seed organs, however, have not been investigated. Here we show that Arabidopsis GPAT9 exhibits sn-1 acyltransferase activity with high specificity for acyl-coenzyme A, thus providing further evidence that this GPAT is involved in storage lipid biosynthesis. We also confirm a role for GPAT9 in seed oil biosynthesis and further demonstrate that GPAT9 contributes to the biosynthesis of both polar lipids and TAG in developing leaves, as well as lipid droplet production in developing pollen grains. Conversely, alteration of constitutive GPAT9 expression had no obvious effects on surface lipid biosynthesis. Taken together, these studies expand our understanding of GPAT9 function to include modulation of several different intracellular glycerolipid pools in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D Singer
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Mietkiewska
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Pernell Tomasi
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| | - Kethmi Jayawardhane
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - John M Dyer
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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Branham SE, Wright SJ, Reba A, Linder CR. Genome-Wide Association Study of Arabidopsis thaliana Identifies Determinants of Natural Variation in Seed Oil Composition. J Hered 2016; 107:248-56. [PMID: 26704140 PMCID: PMC4885229 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The renewable source of highly reduced carbon provided by plant triacylglycerols (TAGs) fills an ever increasing demand for food, biodiesel, and industrial chemicals. Each of these uses requires different compositions of fatty acid proportions in seed oils. Identifying the genes responsible for variation in seed oil composition in nature provides targets for bioengineering fatty acid proportions optimized for various industrial and nutrition goals. Here, we characterized the seed oil composition of 391 world-wide, wild accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana, and performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the 9 major fatty acids in the seed oil and 4 composite measures of the fatty acids. Four to 19 regions of interest were associated with the seed oil composition traits. Thirty-four of the genes in these regions are involved in lipid metabolism or transport, with 14 specific to fatty acid synthesis or breakdown. Eight of the genes encode transcription factors. We have identified genes significantly associated with variation in fatty acid proportions that can be used as a resource across the Brassicaceae. Two-thirds of the regions identified contain candidate genes that have never been implicated in lipid metabolism and represent potential new targets for bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Branham
- From the US Vegetable Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC 29414 (Branham); Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 (Wright); Integrative Biology Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 (Branham, Reba, and Linder).
| | - Sara J Wright
- From the US Vegetable Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC 29414 (Branham); Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 (Wright); Integrative Biology Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 (Branham, Reba, and Linder)
| | - Aaron Reba
- From the US Vegetable Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC 29414 (Branham); Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 (Wright); Integrative Biology Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 (Branham, Reba, and Linder)
| | - C Randal Linder
- From the US Vegetable Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC 29414 (Branham); Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 (Wright); Integrative Biology Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 (Branham, Reba, and Linder)
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14
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Wang J, Luttrell J, Zhang N, Khan S, Shi N, Wang MX, Kang JQ, Wang Z, Xu D. Exploring Human Diseases and Biological Mechanisms by Protein Structure Prediction and Modeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 939:39-61. [PMID: 27807743 PMCID: PMC6829626 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1503-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein structure prediction and modeling provide a tool for understanding protein functions by computationally constructing protein structures from amino acid sequences and analyzing them. With help from protein prediction tools and web servers, users can obtain the three-dimensional protein structure models and gain knowledge of functions from the proteins. In this chapter, we will provide several examples of such studies. As an example, structure modeling methods were used to investigate the relation between mutation-caused misfolding of protein and human diseases including epilepsy and leukemia. Protein structure prediction and modeling were also applied in nucleotide-gated channels and their interaction interfaces to investigate their roles in brain and heart cells. In molecular mechanism studies of plants, rice salinity tolerance mechanism was studied via structure modeling on crucial proteins identified by systems biology analysis; trait-associated protein-protein interactions were modeled, which sheds some light on the roles of mutations in soybean oil/protein content. In the age of precision medicine, we believe protein structure prediction and modeling will play more and more important roles in investigating biomedical mechanism of diseases and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juexin Wang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Joseph Luttrell
- School of Computing, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Saad Khan
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - NianQing Shi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Room 8418, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael X Wang
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jing-Qiong Kang
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Computing, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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15
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Wang J, Joshi T, Valliyodan B, Shi H, Liang Y, Nguyen HT, Zhang J, Xu D. A Bayesian model for detection of high-order interactions among genetic variants in genome-wide association studies. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1011. [PMID: 26607428 PMCID: PMC4660815 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A central question for disease studies and crop improvements is how genetics variants drive phenotypes. Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) provides a powerful tool for characterizing the genotype-phenotype relationships in complex traits and diseases. Epistasis (gene-gene interaction), including high-order interaction among more than two genes, often plays important roles in complex traits and diseases, but current GWAS analysis usually just focuses on additive effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The lack of effective computational modelling of high-order functional interactions often leads to significant under-utilization of GWAS data. RESULTS We have developed a novel Bayesian computational method with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) search, and implemented the method as a Bayesian High-order Interaction Toolkit (BHIT) for detecting epistatic interactions among SNPs. BHIT first builds a Bayesian model on both continuous data and discrete data, which is capable of detecting high-order interactions in SNPs related to case--control or quantitative phenotypes. We also developed a pipeline that enables users to apply BHIT on different species in different use cases. CONCLUSIONS Using both simulation data and soybean nutritional seed composition studies on oil content and protein content, BHIT effectively detected some high-order interactions associated with phenotypes, and it outperformed a number of other available tools. BHIT is freely available for academic users at http://digbio.missouri.edu/BHIT/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juexin Wang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- Department of Computer Science, Informatics Institute, and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Computer Science, Informatics Institute, and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Babu Valliyodan
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology (NCSB), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Haiying Shi
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology (NCSB), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Yanchun Liang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- Department of Computer Science, Informatics Institute, and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Henry T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology (NCSB), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Dong Xu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- Department of Computer Science, Informatics Institute, and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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16
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Chen G, Woodfield HK, Pan X, Harwood JL, Weselake RJ. Acyl-Trafficking During Plant Oil Accumulation. Lipids 2015; 50:1057-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kim HJ, Silva JE, Vu HS, Mockaitis K, Nam JW, Cahoon EB. Toward production of jet fuel functionality in oilseeds: identification of FatB acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases and evaluation of combinatorial expression strategies in Camelina seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4251-65. [PMID: 25969557 PMCID: PMC4493788 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Seeds of members of the genus Cuphea accumulate medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs; 8:0-14:0). MCFA- and palmitic acid- (16:0) rich vegetable oils have received attention for jet fuel production, given their similarity in chain length to Jet A fuel hydrocarbons. Studies were conducted to test genes, including those from Cuphea, for their ability to confer jet fuel-type fatty acid accumulation in seed oil of the emerging biofuel crop Camelina sativa. Transcriptomes from Cuphea viscosissima and Cuphea pulcherrima developing seeds that accumulate >90% of C8 and C10 fatty acids revealed three FatB cDNAs (CpuFatB3, CvFatB1, and CpuFatB4) expressed predominantly in seeds and structurally divergent from typical FatB thioesterases that release 16:0 from acyl carrier protein (ACP). Expression of CpuFatB3 and CvFatB1 resulted in Camelina oil with capric acid (10:0), and CpuFatB4 expression conferred myristic acid (14:0) production and increased 16:0. Co-expression of combinations of previously characterized Cuphea and California bay FatBs produced Camelina oils with mixtures of C8-C16 fatty acids, but amounts of each fatty acid were less than obtained by expression of individual FatB cDNAs. Increases in lauric acid (12:0) and 14:0, but not 10:0, in Camelina oil and at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols resulted from inclusion of a coconut lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase specialized for MCFAs. RNA interference (RNAi) suppression of Camelina β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II, however, reduced 12:0 in seeds expressing a 12:0-ACP-specific FatB. Camelina lines presented here provide platforms for additional metabolic engineering targeting fatty acid synthase and specialized acyltransferases for achieving oils with high levels of jet fuel-type fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jillian E Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Hieu Sy Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Keithanne Mockaitis
- Department of Biology, and Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jeong-Won Nam
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Tjellström H, Strawsine M, Ohlrogge JB. Tracking synthesis and turnover of triacylglycerol in leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1453-61. [PMID: 25609824 PMCID: PMC4339603 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG), typically represents <1% of leaf glycerolipids but can accumulate under stress and other conditions or if leaves are supplied with fatty acids, or in plants transformed with regulators or enzymes of lipid metabolism. To better understand the metabolism of TAG in leaves, pulse-chase radiolabelling experiments were designed to probe its synthesis and turnover. When Arabidopsis leaves were incubated with [(14)C]lauric acid (12:0), a major initial product was [(14)C]TAG. Thus, despite low steady-state levels, leaves possess substantial TAG biosynthetic capacity. The contributions of diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 to leaf TAG synthesis were examined by labelling of dgat1 and pdat1 mutants. The dgat1 mutant displayed a major (76%) reduction in [(14)C]TAG accumulation whereas pdat1 TAG labelling was only slightly reduced. Thus, DGAT1 has a principal role in TAG biosynthesis in young leaves. During a 4h chase period, radioactivity in TAG declined 70%, whereas the turnover of [(14)C]acyl chains of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and other polar lipids was much lower. Sixty percent of [(14)C]12:0 was directly incorporated into glycerolipids without modification, whereas 40% was elongated and desaturated to 16:0 and 18:1 by plastids. The unmodified [(14)C]12:0 and the plastid products of [(14)C]12:0 metabolism entered different pathways. Although plastid-modified (14)C-labelled products accumulated in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, PC, phosphatidylethanolamine, and diacylglcerol (DAG), there was almost no accumulation of [(14)C]16:0 and [(14)C]18:1 in TAG. Because DAG and acyl-CoA are direct precursors of TAG, the differential labelling of polar glycerolipids and TAG by [(14)C]12:0 and its plastid-modified products provides evidence for multiple subcellular pools of both acyl-CoA and DAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Tjellström
- Department of Plant Biology and Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Merissa Strawsine
- Department of Plant Biology and Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - John B Ohlrogge
- Department of Plant Biology and Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Marchive C, Nikovics K, To A, Lepiniec L, Baud S. Transcriptional regulation of fatty acid production in higher plants: Molecular bases and biotechnological outcomes. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Marchive
- INRA, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
| | - Krisztina Nikovics
- INRA, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
| | - Alexandra To
- INRA, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- INRA, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
| | - Sébastien Baud
- INRA, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
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20
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Yurchenko O, Singer SD, Nykiforuk CL, Gidda S, Mullen RT, Moloney MM, Weselake RJ. Production of a Brassica napus Low-Molecular Mass Acyl-Coenzyme A-Binding Protein in Arabidopsis Alters the Acyl-Coenzyme A Pool and Acyl Composition of Oil in Seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:550-560. [PMID: 24740000 PMCID: PMC4044837 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular mass (10 kD) cytosolic acyl-coenzyme A-binding protein (ACBP) has a substantial influence over fatty acid (FA) composition in oilseeds, possibly via an effect on the partitioning of acyl groups between elongation and desaturation pathways. Previously, we demonstrated that the expression of a Brassica napus ACBP (BnACBP) complementary DNA in the developing seeds of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in increased levels of polyunsaturated FAs at the expense of eicosenoic acid (20:1cisΔ11) and saturated FAs in seed oil. In this study, we investigated whether alterations in the FA composition of seed oil at maturity were correlated with changes in the acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) pool in developing seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis expressing BnACBP. Our results indicated that both the acyl-CoA pool and seed oil of transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing cytosolic BnACBP exhibited relative increases in linoleic acid (18:2cisΔ9,12; 17.9%-44.4% and 7%-13.2%, respectively) and decreases in 20:1cisΔ11 (38.7%-60.7% and 13.8%-16.3%, respectively). However, alterations in the FA composition of the acyl-CoA pool did not always correlate with those seen in the seed oil. In addition, we found that targeting of BnACBP to the endoplasmic reticulum resulted in FA compositional changes that were similar to those seen in lines expressing cytosolic BnACBP, with the most prominent exception being a relative reduction in α-linolenic acid (18:3cisΔ9,12,15) in both the acyl-CoA pool and seed oil of the former (48.4%-48.9% and 5.3%-10.4%, respectively). Overall, these data support the role of ACBP in acyl trafficking in developing seeds and validate its use as a biotechnological tool for modifying the FA composition of seed oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yurchenko
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5 (O.Y., S.D.S., R.J.W.);SemBioSys Genetics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T1Y 7L3 (C.L.N., M.M.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.G., R.T.M.)
| | - Stacy D Singer
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5 (O.Y., S.D.S., R.J.W.);SemBioSys Genetics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T1Y 7L3 (C.L.N., M.M.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.G., R.T.M.)
| | - Cory L Nykiforuk
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5 (O.Y., S.D.S., R.J.W.);SemBioSys Genetics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T1Y 7L3 (C.L.N., M.M.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.G., R.T.M.)
| | - Satinder Gidda
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5 (O.Y., S.D.S., R.J.W.);SemBioSys Genetics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T1Y 7L3 (C.L.N., M.M.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.G., R.T.M.)
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5 (O.Y., S.D.S., R.J.W.);SemBioSys Genetics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T1Y 7L3 (C.L.N., M.M.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.G., R.T.M.)
| | - Maurice M Moloney
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5 (O.Y., S.D.S., R.J.W.);SemBioSys Genetics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T1Y 7L3 (C.L.N., M.M.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.G., R.T.M.)
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5 (O.Y., S.D.S., R.J.W.);SemBioSys Genetics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T1Y 7L3 (C.L.N., M.M.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.G., R.T.M.)
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Dey P, Chakraborty M, Kamdar MR, Maiti MK. Functional characterization of two structurally novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 isozymes responsible for the enhanced production of stearate-rich storage lipid in Candida tropicalis SY005. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94472. [PMID: 24732323 PMCID: PMC3986092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity is an essential enzymatic step in the formation of neutral lipid i.e., triacylglycerol in all living cells capable of accumulating storage lipid. Previously, we characterized an oleaginous yeast Candida tropicalis SY005 that yields storage lipid up to 58% under a specific nitrogen-stress condition, when the DGAT-specific transcript is drastically up-regulated. Here we report the identification, differential expression and function of two DGAT2 gene homologues- CtDGAT2a and CtDGAT2b of this C. tropicalis. Two protein isoforms are unique with respect to the presence of five additional stretches of amino acids, besides possessing three highly conserved motifs known in other reported DGAT2 enzymes. Moreover, the CtDGAT2a and CtDGAT2b are characteristically different in amino acid sequences and predicted protein structures. The CtDGAT2b isozyme was found to be catalytically 12.5% more efficient than CtDGAT2a for triacylglycerol production in a heterologous yeast system i.e., Saccharomyces cerevisiae quadruple mutant strain H1246 that is inherently defective in neutral lipid biosynthesis. The CtDGAT2b activity rescued the growth of transformed S. cerevisiae mutant cells, which are usually non-viable in the medium containing free fatty acids by incorporating them into triacylglycerol, and displayed preferential specificity towards saturated acyl species as substrate. Furthermore, we document that the efficiency of triacylglycerol production by CtDGAT2b is differentially affected by deletion, insertion or replacement of amino acids in five regions exclusively present in two CtDGAT2 isozymes. Taken together, our study characterizes two structurally novel DGAT2 isozymes, which are accountable for the enhanced production of storage lipid enriched with saturated fatty acids inherently in C. tropicalis SY005 strain as well as in transformed S. cerevisiae neutral lipid-deficient mutant cells. These two genes certainly will be useful for further investigation on the novel structure-function relationship of DGAT repertoire, and also in metabolic engineering for the enhanced production of lipid feedstock in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabuddha Dey
- Advanced Laboratory for Plant Genetic Engineering, Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Monami Chakraborty
- Advanced Laboratory for Plant Genetic Engineering, Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Maulik R. Kamdar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mrinal K. Maiti
- Advanced Laboratory for Plant Genetic Engineering, Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- * E-mail:
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Mühlroth A, Li K, Røkke G, Winge P, Olsen Y, Hohmann-Marriott MF, Vadstein O, Bones AM. Pathways of lipid metabolism in marine algae, co-expression network, bottlenecks and candidate genes for enhanced production of EPA and DHA in species of Chromista. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4662-97. [PMID: 24284429 PMCID: PMC3853752 DOI: 10.3390/md11114662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) for human health has received more focus the last decades, and the global consumption of n-3 LC-PUFA has increased. Seafood, the natural n-3 LC-PUFA source, is harvested beyond a sustainable capacity, and it is therefore imperative to develop alternative n-3 LC-PUFA sources for both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Genera of algae such as Nannochloropsis, Schizochytrium, Isochrysis and Phaedactylum within the kingdom Chromista have received attention due to their ability to produce n-3 LC-PUFAs. Knowledge of LC-PUFA synthesis and its regulation in algae at the molecular level is fragmentary and represents a bottleneck for attempts to enhance the n-3 LC-PUFA levels for industrial production. In the present review, Phaeodactylum tricornutum has been used to exemplify the synthesis and compartmentalization of n-3 LC-PUFAs. Based on recent transcriptome data a co-expression network of 106 genes involved in lipid metabolism has been created. Together with recent molecular biological and metabolic studies, a model pathway for n-3 LC-PUFA synthesis in P. tricornutum has been proposed, and is compared to industrialized species of Chromista. Limitations of the n-3 LC-PUFA synthesis by enzymes such as thioesterases, elongases, acyl-CoA synthetases and acyltransferases are discussed and metabolic bottlenecks are hypothesized such as the supply of the acetyl-CoA and NADPH. A future industrialization will depend on optimization of chemical compositions and increased biomass production, which can be achieved by exploitation of the physiological potential, by selective breeding and by genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mühlroth
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (A.M.); (K.L.); (P.W.); (Y.O.)
| | - Keshuai Li
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (A.M.); (K.L.); (P.W.); (Y.O.)
| | - Gunvor Røkke
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (G.R.); (M.F.H.-M.); (O.V.)
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (A.M.); (K.L.); (P.W.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yngvar Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (A.M.); (K.L.); (P.W.); (Y.O.)
| | - Martin F. Hohmann-Marriott
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (G.R.); (M.F.H.-M.); (O.V.)
| | - Olav Vadstein
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (G.R.); (M.F.H.-M.); (O.V.)
| | - Atle M. Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (A.M.); (K.L.); (P.W.); (Y.O.)
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Beopoulos A, Verbeke J, Bordes F, Guicherd M, Bressy M, Marty A, Nicaud JM. Metabolic engineering for ricinoleic acid production in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:251-62. [PMID: 24136468 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although there are numerous oleochemical applications for ricinoleic acid (RA) and its derivatives, their production is limited and subject to various safety legislations. In an effort to produce RA from alternative sources, we constructed a genetically modified strain of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. This strain is unable to perform β-oxidation and is invalidated for the native triacylglycerol (TAG) acyltransferases (Dga1p, Dga2p, and Lro1p) and the ∆12 desaturase (Fad2p). We also expressed the Ricinus communis ∆12 hydroxylase (RcFAH12) under the control of the TEF constitutive promoter in this strain. However, RA constituted only 7% of the total lipids produced by this modified strain. By contrast, expression of the Claviceps purpurea hydroxylase CpFAH12 in this background resulted in a strain able to accumulate RA to 29% of total lipids, and expression of an additional copy of CpFAH12 drove RA accumulation up to 35% of total lipids. The co-expression of the C. purpurea or R. communis type II diacylglycerol acyltransferase (RcDGAT2 or CpDGAT2) had negative effects on RA accumulation in this yeast, with RA levels dropping to below 14% of total lipids. Overexpression of the native Y. lipolytica PDAT acyltransferase (Lro1p) restored both TAG accumulation and RA levels. Thus, we describe the consequences of rerouting lipid metabolism in this yeast so as to develop a cell factory for RA production. The engineered strain is capable of accumulating RA to 43% of its total lipids and over 60 mg/g of cell dry weight; this is the most efficient production of RA described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beopoulos
- INRA, UMR1319, Micalis, 78352, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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24
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Mañas-Fernández A, Arroyo-Caro JM, Alonso DL, García-Maroto F. Cloning and molecular characterization of a class A lysophosphatidate acyltransferase gene (EpLPAT2) fromEchium(Boraginaceae). EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Mañas-Fernández
- Grupo de Biotecnología de Productos Naturales (BIO-279); Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario; Almería Spain
| | - José María Arroyo-Caro
- Grupo de Biotecnología de Productos Naturales (BIO-279); Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario; Almería Spain
| | - Diego López Alonso
- Grupo de Biotecnología de Productos Naturales (BIO-279); Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario; Almería Spain
| | - Federico García-Maroto
- Grupo de Biotecnología de Productos Naturales (BIO-279); Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario; Almería Spain
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25
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Bates PD, Stymne S, Ohlrogge J. Biochemical pathways in seed oil synthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:358-64. [PMID: 23529069 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oil produced in plant seeds is utilized as a major source of calories for human nutrition, as feedstocks for non-food uses such as soaps and polymers, and can serve as a high-energy biofuel. The biochemical pathways leading to oil (triacylglycerol) synthesis in seeds involve multiple subcellular organelles, requiring extensive lipid trafficking. Phosphatidylcholine plays a central role in these pathways as a substrate for acyl modifications and likely as a carrier for the trafficking of acyl groups between organelles and membrane subdomains. Although much has been clarified regarding the enzymes and pathways responsible for acyl-group flux, there are still major gaps in our understanding. These include the identity of several key enzymes, how flux between alternative pathways is controlled and the specialized cell biology leading to biogenesis of oil bodies that store up to 80% of carbon in seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Bates
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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26
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Vanhercke T, Wood CC, Stymne S, Singh SP, Green AG. Metabolic engineering of plant oils and waxes for use as industrial feedstocks. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013. [PMID: 23190163 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Society has come to rely heavily on mineral oil for both energy and petrochemical needs. Plant lipids are uniquely suited to serve as a renewable source of high-value fatty acids for use as chemical feedstocks and as a substitute for current petrochemicals. Despite the broad variety of acyl structures encountered in nature and the cloning of many genes involved in their biosynthesis, attempts at engineering economic levels of specialty industrial fatty acids in major oilseed crops have so far met with only limited success. Much of the progress has been hampered by an incomplete knowledge of the fatty acid biosynthesis and accumulation pathways. This review covers new insights based on metabolic flux and reverse engineering studies that have changed our view of plant oil synthesis from a mostly linear process to instead an intricate network with acyl fluxes differing between plant species. These insights are leading to new strategies for high-level production of industrial fatty acids and waxes. Furthermore, progress in increasing the levels of oil and wax structures in storage and vegetative tissues has the potential to yield novel lipid production platforms. The challenge and opportunity for the next decade will be to marry these technologies when engineering current and new crops for the sustainable production of oil and wax feedstocks.
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27
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Arroyo-Caro JM, Chileh T, Kazachkov M, Zou J, Alonso DL, García-Maroto F. The multigene family of lysophosphatidate acyltransferase (LPAT)-related enzymes in Ricinus communis: cloning and molecular characterization of two LPAT genes that are expressed in castor seeds. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 199-200:29-40. [PMID: 23265316 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The multigene family encoding proteins related to lysophosphatidyl-acyltransferases (LPATs) has been analyzed in the castor plant Ricinus communis. Among them, two genes designated RcLPAT2 and RcLPATB, encoding proteins with LPAT activity and expressed in the developing seed, have been cloned and characterized in some detail. RcLPAT2 groups with well characterized members of the so-called A-class LPATs and it shows a generalized expression pattern in the plant and along seed development. Enzymatic assays of RcLPAT2 indicate a preference for ricinoleoyl-CoA over other fatty acid thioesters when ricinoleoyl-LPA is used as the acyl acceptor, while oleoyl-CoA is the preferred substrate when oleoyl-LPA is employed. RcLPATB groups with B-class LPAT enzymes described as seed specific and selective for unusual fatty acids. However, RcLPATB exhibit a broad specificity on the acyl-CoAs, with saturated fatty acids (12:0-16:0) being the preferred substrates. RcLPATB is upregulated coinciding with seed triacylglycerol accumulation, but its expression is not restricted to the seed. These results are discussed in the light of a possible role for LPAT isoenzymes in the channelling of ricinoleic acid into castor bean triacylglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Arroyo-Caro
- Grupo de Biotecnología de Productos Naturales (BIO-279), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
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28
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Li X, van Loo EN, Gruber J, Fan J, Guan R, Frentzen M, Stymne S, Zhu LH. Development of ultra-high erucic acid oil in the industrial oil crop Crambe abyssinica. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:862-70. [PMID: 22642539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Erucic acid (22 : 1) is a major feedstock for the oleochemical industry. In this study, a gene stacking strategy was employed to develop transgenic Crambe abyssinica lines with increased 22 : 1 levels. Through integration of the LdLPAAT, BnFAE1 and CaFAD2-RNAi genes into the crambe genome, confirmed by Southern blot and qRT-PCR, the average levels of 18 : 1, 18 : 2 and 18 : 3 were markedly decreased and that of 22 : 1 was increased from 60% in the wild type to 73% in the best transgenic line of T4 generation. In single seeds of the same line, the 22 : 1 level could reach 76.9%, an increase of 28.0% over the wild type. The trierucin amount was positively correlated to 22 : 1 in the transgenic lines. Unlike high erucic rapeseed, the wild-type crambe contains 22 : 1 in the seed phosphatidylcholine and in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols (5% and 8%, respectively). The transgenic line with high 22 : 1 had decreased 22 : 1 level in phosphatidylcholine, and this was negatively correlated with the 22 : 1 level at the sn-2 position of TAG. The significances of this study include (i) achieving an unprecedented level of 22 : 1 in an oil crop; (ii) disclosing mechanisms in the channelling of a triacylglycerol-specific unusual fatty acid in oil seeds; (iii) indicating potential limiting factors involved in the erucic acid biosynthesis and paving the way for further increase of this acid and (iv) development of an added value genetically modified oil crop having no risk of gene flow into feed and food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Li
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
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29
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Liu Q, Siloto RMP, Lehner R, Stone SJ, Weselake RJ. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: molecular biology, biochemistry and biotechnology. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:350-77. [PMID: 22705711 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TG) is a storage lipid which serves as an energy reservoir and a source of signalling molecules and substrates for membrane biogenesis. TG is essential for many physiological processes and its metabolism is widely conserved in nature. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the final step in the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate pathway leading to TG. DGAT activity resides mainly in two distinct membrane bound polypeptides, known as DGAT1 and DGAT2 which have been identified in numerous organisms. In addition, a few other enzymes also hold DGAT activity, including the DGAT-related acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferases (MGAT). Progress on understanding structure/function in DGATs has been limited by the lack of detailed three-dimensional structural information due to the hydrophobic properties of theses enzymes and difficulties associated with purification. This review examines several aspects of DGAT and MGAT genes and enzymes, including current knowledge on their gene structure, expression pattern, biochemical properties, membrane topology, functional motifs and subcellular localization. Recent progress in probing structural and functional aspects of DGAT1 and DGAT2, using a combination of molecular and biochemical techniques, is emphasized. Biotechnological applications involving DGAT enzymes ranging from obesity therapeutics to oilseed engineering are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 2P5.
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30
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Ruiz-López N, Sayanova O, Napier JA, Haslam RP. Metabolic engineering of the omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathway into transgenic plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2397-410. [PMID: 22291131 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (ω-3) very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 Δ5,8,11,14,17) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 Δ4,7,10,13,16,19) have been shown to have significant roles in human health. Currently the primary dietary source of these fatty acids are marine fish; however, the increasing demand for fish and fish oil (in particular the expansion of the aquaculture industry) is placing enormous pressure on diminishing marine stocks. Such overfishing and concerns related to pollution in the marine environment have directed research towards the development of a viable alternative sustainable source of VLC-PUFAs. As a result, the last decade has seen many genes encoding the primary VLC-PUFA biosynthetic activities identified and characterized. This has allowed the reconstitution of the VLC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway in oilseed crops, producing transgenic plants engineered to accumulate ω-3 VLC-PUFAs at levels approaching those found in native marine organisms. Moreover, as a result of these engineering activities, knowledge of the fundamental processes surrounding acyl exchange and lipid remodelling has progressed. The application of new technologies, for example lipidomics and next-generation sequencing, is providing a better understanding of seed oil biosynthesis and opportunities for increasing the production of unusual fatty acids. Certainly, it is now possible to modify the composition of plant oils successfully, and, in this review, the most recent developments in this field and the challenges of producing VLC-PUFAs in the seed oil of higher plants will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-López
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
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31
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Zheng Q, Li JQ, Kazachkov M, Liu K, Zou J. Identification of Brassica napus lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase genes through yeast functional screening. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 75:21-31. [PMID: 22212851 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT), which acylates lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to produce phosphatidylcholine (PC), is a key enzyme in the Lands cycle. There is evidence that acyl exchange involving LPCAT is a prevailing metabolic process during triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in seeds. In this study, by complementing the yeast lca1Δ mutant deficient in LPCAT activity with an Arabidopsis seedling cDNA library, it was found that the previously reported lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs), At1g12640 and At1g63050, were the only two acyltransferase genes that restored hyposensitivity of the lca1Δ mutant to lyso-platelet-activating factor (lyso-PAF). A developing seed cDNA library from Brassica napus L. cv Hero was constructed to further explore the heterologous yeast complementation approach. Three B. napusLPCAT homologs were identified, of which BnLPCAT1-1 and BnLPCAT1-2 are orthologous to ArabidopsisAtLPLAT1 (At1g12640) while BnLPCAT2 is an ortholog of AtLPLAT2 (At1g63050). The proteins encoded by BnLPCAT1-1 and BnLPCAT2 were chosen for further study. Enzymatic assays demonstrated that both proteins exhibited a substrate preference for LPCs and unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs. In addition to the enzymatic properties of plant lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases uncovered in this study, this report describes a useful technique that facilitates subsequent analyses into the role of LPCATs in PC turnover and seed oil biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizi Shan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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32
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Bates PD, Browse J. The significance of different diacylgycerol synthesis pathways on plant oil composition and bioengineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:147. [PMID: 22783267 PMCID: PMC3387579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of vegetable oils from different plants utilized for food, industrial feedstocks, and fuel is dependent on the fatty acid (FA) composition of triacylglycerol (TAG). Plants can use two main pathways to produce diacylglycerol (DAG), the immediate precursor molecule to TAG synthesis: (1) De novo DAG synthesis, and (2) conversion of the membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC) to DAG. The FA esterified to PC are also the substrate for FA modification (e.g., desaturation, hydroxylation, etc.), such that the FA composition of PC-derived DAG can be substantially different than that of de novo DAG. Since DAG provides two of the three FA in TAG, the relative flux of TAG synthesis from de novo DAG or PC-derived DAG can greatly affect the final oil FA composition. Here we review how the fluxes through these two alternate pathways of DAG/TAG synthesis are determined and present evidence that suggests which pathway is utilized in different plants. Additionally, we present examples of how the endogenous DAG synthesis pathway in a transgenic host plant can produce bottlenecks for engineering of plant oil FA composition, and discuss alternative strategies to overcome these bottlenecks to produce crop plants with designer vegetable oil compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D. Bates
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
| | - John Browse
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
- *Correspondence: John Browse, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Clark Hall, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA. e-mail:
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33
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Rezanka T, Lukavský J, Nedbalová L, Sigler K. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on the polyunsaturated triacylglycerol composition, including positional isomer distribution, in the alga Trachydiscus minutus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2342-2351. [PMID: 21911235 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The yellow-green alga Trachydiscus minutus (Eustigmatophyceae, Heterocontophyta) was cultivated in a standard medium and under nitrogen- and phosphorus-starvation and its triacylglycerols were analyzed by RP-HPLC/MS-APCI. The molecular species of triacylglycerols included a total of 74 triacylglycerols having at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid. Polyunsaturated triacylglycerols were identified for the first time in a yellow-green alga. N-starvation brought about a nearly 50% drop in TAGs containing EPA, and also decreased TAGs containing ARA, while P-starvation had a sizable effect on those TAGs that contain two or three arachidonic acids. In four TAGs containing PUFA, i.e. EEE, EEA, EAA and AAA, N-starvation caused a rapid fivefold increase in ARA content and the ratio of TAGs containing ARA, i.e. AEE to AAA increased tenfold relative to control. Regioisomeric characterization of triacylglycerols containing palmitic, arachidonic (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) showed that the proportion of positional isomers is affected by N- and P-starvation. N- and P-starvation also changed the ratio of symmetrical to asymmetrical TAGs. Positional isomers exhibited identical ratios of symmetrical and asymmetrical TAGs irrespective of the type of FAs. In control cultivation the major TAGs with a single PUFA were symmetrical ones (PEP or PAP) whose ratio to asymmetrical counterparts (PPE or PPA) was about 3:1, whereas N- and P-starvation yielded opposite ratios, 1:3-1:5. The control cultivation yielded ~90% asymmetrical TAGs with two PUFAs (i.e. PEE and PAA), whereas with N- and P-starvation the ratio of symmetrical to asymmetrical TAGs increased to 2:1 and 3:2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Kim HU, Lee KR, Go YS, Jung JH, Suh MC, Kim JB. Endoplasmic reticulum-located PDAT1-2 from castor bean enhances hydroxy fatty acid accumulation in transgenic plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:983-993. [PMID: 21659329 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy-octadeca-9-enoic acid) is a major unusual fatty acid in castor oil. This hydroxy fatty acid is useful in industrial materials. This unusual fatty acid accumulates in triacylglycerol (TAG) in the seeds of the castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), even though it is synthesized in phospholipids, which indicates that the castor plant has an editing enzyme, which functions as a phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) that is specific to ricinoleic acid. Transgenic plants containing fatty acid Δ12-hydroxylase encoded by the castor bean FAH12 gene produce a limited amount of hydroxy fatty acid, a maximum of around 17% of TAGs present in Arabidopsis seeds, and this unusual fatty acid remains in phospholipids of cell membranes in seeds. Identification of ricinoleate-specific PDAT from castor bean and manipulation of the phospholipid editing system in transgenic plants will enhance accumulation of the hydroxy fatty acid in transgenic seeds. The castor plant has three PDAT genes; PDAT1-1 and PDAT2 are homologs of PDAT, which are commonly found in plants; however, PDAT1-2 is newly grouped as a castor bean-specific gene. PDAT1-2 is expressed in developing seeds and localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, similar to FAH12, indicating its involvement in conversion of ricinoleic acid into TAG. PDAT1-2 significantly enhances accumulation of total hydroxy fatty acid up to 25%, with a significant increase in castor-like oil, 2-OH TAG, in seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis, which is an identification of the key gene for oilseed engineering in production of unusual fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Agricultural Bio-resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Petrie JR, Shrestha P, Belide S, Mansour MP, Liu Q, Horne J, Nichols PD, Singh SP. Transgenic production of arachidonic acid in oilseeds. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:139-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Liu Q, Siloto RMP, Snyder CL, Weselake RJ. Functional and topological analysis of yeast acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, an endoplasmic reticulum enzyme essential for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13115-26. [PMID: 21321129 PMCID: PMC3075658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.204412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20) is a membrane protein present mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum. It catalyzes the final and committed step in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol, which is the principal repository of fatty acids for energy utilization and membrane formation. Two distinct family members of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, known as DGAT1 and DGAT2, have been characterized in different organisms, including mammals, fungi, and plants. In this study, we characterized the functional role and topological orientation of signature motifs in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) DGAT2 using mutagenesis in conjunction with chemical modification. Our data provide evidence that both the N and C termini are oriented toward the cytosol and have different catalytic roles. A highly conserved motif, (129)YFP(131), and a hydrophilic segment exclusive to yeast DGAT2 reside in a long endoplasmic reticulum luminal loop following the first transmembrane domain and play an essential role in enzyme catalysis. In addition, the strongly conserved His(195) within the motif HPHG, which may play a role in the active site of DGAT2, is likely embedded in the membrane. These results indicate some similarities to the topology model of murine DGAT2 but also reveal striking differences suggesting that the topological organization of DGAT2 is not ubiquitously conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Rodrigo M. P. Siloto
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Crystal L. Snyder
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Randall J. Weselake
- From the Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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Lu C, Napier JA, Clemente TE, Cahoon EB. New frontiers in oilseed biotechnology: meeting the global demand for vegetable oils for food, feed, biofuel, and industrial applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 22:252-9. [PMID: 21144729 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vegetable oils have historically been a valued commodity for food use and to a lesser extent for non-edible applications such as detergents and lubricants. The increasing reliance on biodiesel as a transportation fuel has contributed to rising demand and higher prices for vegetable oils. Biotechnology offers a number of solutions to meet the growing need for affordable vegetable oils and vegetable oils with improved fatty acid compositions for food and industrial uses. New insights into oilseed metabolism and its transcriptional control are enabling biotechnological enhancement of oil content and quality. Alternative crop platforms and emerging technologies for metabolic engineering also hold promise for meeting global demand for vegetable oils and for enhancing nutritional, industrial, and biofuel properties of vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofu Lu
- Department of Plant Sciences, Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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38
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Khozin-Goldberg I, Cohen Z. Unraveling algal lipid metabolism: Recent advances in gene identification. Biochimie 2010; 93:91-100. [PMID: 20709142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are now the focus of intensive research due to their potential as a renewable feedstock for biodiesel. This research requires a thorough understanding of the biochemistry and genetics of these organisms' lipid-biosynthesis pathways. Genes encoding lipid-biosynthesis enzymes can now be identified in the genomes of various eukaryotic microalgae. However, an examination of the predicted proteins at the biochemical and molecular levels is mandatory to verify their function. The essential molecular and genetic tools are now available for a comprehensive characterization of genes coding for enzymes of the lipid-biosynthesis pathways in some algal species. This review mainly summarizes the novel information emerging from recently obtained algal gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990, Israel.
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39
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Weselake RJ, Taylor DC, Rahman MH, Shah S, Laroche A, McVetty PBE, Harwood JL. Increasing the flow of carbon into seed oil. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:866-878. [PMID: 19625012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The demand for vegetable oils for food, fuel (bio-diesel) and bio-product applications is increasing rapidly. In Canada alone, it is estimated that a 50 to 75% increase in canola oil production will be required to meet the demand for seed oil in the next 7-10years. Plant breeding and genetics have demonstrated that seed oil content is a quantitative trait based on a number of contributing factors including embryo genetic effects, cytoplasmic effects, maternal genetic effects, and genotype-environment interactions. Despite the involvement of numerous quantitative trait loci in determining seed oil content, genetic engineering to over-express/repress specific genes encoding enzymes and other proteins involved in the flow of carbon into seed oil has led to the development of transgenic lines with significant increases in seed oil content. Proteins encoded by these genes include enzymes catalyzing the production of building blocks for oil assembly, enzymes involved in oil assembly, enzymes regulating metabolic carbon partitioning between oil, carbohydrate and secondary metabolite fractions, and transcription factors which orchestrate metabolism at a more general level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J Weselake
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program; Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5.
| | - David C Taylor
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
| | - M Habibur Rahman
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program; Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Saleh Shah
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, Alberta, Canada T9C 1T4
| | - André Laroche
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - Peter B E McVetty
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - John L Harwood
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
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