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Vaglio-Garro A, Halasz A, Nováková E, Gasser AS, Zavadskis S, Weidinger A, Kozlov AV. Interplay between Energy Supply and Glutamate Toxicity in the Primary Cortical Culture. Biomolecules 2024; 14:543. [PMID: 38785950 PMCID: PMC11118065 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Limited substrate availability because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has made the brain develop specific molecular mechanisms to survive, using lactate synthesized by astrocytes as a source of energy in neurons. To understand if lactate improves cellular viability and susceptibility to glutamate toxicity, primary cortical cells were incubated in glucose- or lactate-containing media and toxic concentrations of glutamate for 24 h. Cell death was determined by immunostaining and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Mitochondrial membrane potential and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured using Tetramethylrhodamine, methyl ester (TMRM) and 4-Amino-5-Methylamino-2',7'-Difluorofluorescein Diacetate (DAF-FM) live staining, respectively. LDH activity was quantified in single cells in the presence of lactate (LDH substrate) and oxamate (LDH inhibitor). Nuclei of cells were stained with DAPI and neurons with MAP2. Based on the distance between neurons and glial cells, they were classified as linked (<10 µm) and non-linked (>10 µm) neurons. Lactate increased cell death rate and the mean value of endogenous NO levels compared to glucose incubations. Mitochondrial membrane potential was lower in the cells cultured with lactate, but this effect was reversed when glutamate was added to the lactate medium. LDH activity was higher in linked neurons compared to non-linked neurons, supporting the hypothesis of the existence of the lactate shuttle between astrocytes and at least a portion of neurons. In conclusion, glucose or lactate can equally preserve primary cortical neurons, but those neurons having a low level of LDH activity and incubated with lactate cannot cover high energetic demand solely with lactate and become more susceptible to glutamate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Vaglio-Garro
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (A.H.); (E.N.); (A.S.G.); (S.Z.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Halasz
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (A.H.); (E.N.); (A.S.G.); (S.Z.); (A.W.)
| | - Ema Nováková
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (A.H.); (E.N.); (A.S.G.); (S.Z.); (A.W.)
| | - Andreas Sebastian Gasser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (A.H.); (E.N.); (A.S.G.); (S.Z.); (A.W.)
| | - Sergejs Zavadskis
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (A.H.); (E.N.); (A.S.G.); (S.Z.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Weidinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (A.H.); (E.N.); (A.S.G.); (S.Z.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey V. Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (A.V.-G.); (A.H.); (E.N.); (A.S.G.); (S.Z.); (A.W.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Akcay G, Luttge R. Microenvironments Matter: Advances in Brain-on-Chip. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:551. [PMID: 37232912 PMCID: PMC10216565 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To highlight the particular needs with respect to modeling the unique and complex organization of the human brain structure, we reviewed the state-of-the-art in devising brain models with engineered instructive microenvironments. To acquire a better perspective on the brain's working mechanisms, we first summarize the importance of regional stiffness gradients in brain tissue, varying per layer and the cellular diversities of the layers. Through this, one can acquire an understanding of the essential parameters in emulating the brain in vitro. In addition to the brain's organizational architecture, we addressed also how the mechanical properties have an impact on neuronal cell responses. In this respect, advanced in vitro platforms emerged and profoundly changed the methods of brain modeling efforts from the past, mainly focusing on animal or cell line research. The main challenges in imitating features of the brain in a dish are with regard to composition and functionality. In neurobiological research, there are now methods that aim to cope with such challenges by the self-assembly of human-derived pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), i.e., brainoids. Alternatively, these brainoids can be used stand-alone or in conjunction with Brain-on-Chip (BoC) platform technology, 3D-printed gels, and other types of engineered guidance features. Currently, advanced in vitro methods have made a giant leap forward regarding cost-effectiveness, ease-of-use, and availability. We bring these recent developments together into one review. We believe our conclusions will give a novel perspective towards advancing instructive microenvironments for BoCs and the understanding of the brain's cellular functions either in modeling healthy or diseased states of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulden Akcay
- Neuro-Nanoscale Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering/Microsystems, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Luttge
- Neuro-Nanoscale Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering/Microsystems, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
- Eindhoven Artificial Intelligence Systems Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Penning A, Tosoni G, Abiega O, Bielefeld P, Gasperini C, De Pietri Tonelli D, Fitzsimons CP, Salta E. Adult Neural Stem Cell Regulation by Small Non-coding RNAs: Physiological Significance and Pathological Implications. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:781434. [PMID: 35058752 PMCID: PMC8764185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.781434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult neurogenic niches are complex multicellular systems, receiving regulatory input from a multitude of intracellular, juxtacrine, and paracrine signals and biological pathways. Within the niches, adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) generate astrocytic and neuronal progeny, with the latter predominating in physiological conditions. The new neurons generated from this neurogenic process are functionally linked to memory, cognition, and mood regulation, while much less is known about the functional contribution of aNSC-derived newborn astrocytes and adult-born oligodendrocytes. Accumulating evidence suggests that the deregulation of aNSCs and their progeny can impact, or can be impacted by, aging and several brain pathologies, including neurodevelopmental and mood disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and also by insults, such as epileptic seizures, stroke, or traumatic brain injury. Hence, understanding the regulatory underpinnings of aNSC activation, differentiation, and fate commitment could help identify novel therapeutic avenues for a series of pathological conditions. Over the last two decades, small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of NSC fate determination in the adult neurogenic niches. In this review, we synthesize prior knowledge on how sncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), may impact NSC fate determination in the adult brain and we critically assess the functional significance of these events. We discuss the concepts that emerge from these examples and how they could be used to provide a framework for considering aNSC (de)regulation in the pathogenesis and treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Penning
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Giorgia Tosoni
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oihane Abiega
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pascal Bielefeld
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caterina Gasperini
- Neurobiology of miRNAs Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Carlos P. Fitzsimons
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Carlos Fitzsimons Evgenia Salta
| | - Evgenia Salta
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Carlos Fitzsimons Evgenia Salta
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Kiran P, Debnath SK, Neekhra S, Pawar V, Khan A, Dias F, Pallod S, Srivastava R. Designing nanoformulation for the nose-to-brain delivery in Parkinson's disease: Advancements and barrier. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1768. [PMID: 34825510 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, which results in the loss of motor activity. In the management of PD, the primary aim is to increase the dopamine content in the brain either by delivering the precursors of dopamine or by inhibiting the molecules responsible for dopamine degradation. Due to the low bioavailability, a higher dosage of drugs needs to be administered repeatedly for achieving the desired therapeutic effect. This repeated high dose not only increases the severe side effects but also produces tolerance in the body. Often, direct administration of drugs fails to ameliorate the symptoms as the unmodified drugs cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nanotherapeutic is at the forefront of the alternative treatment against the central nervous system (CNS) disorders due to the ability to circumvents the BBB. Here, all the available treatments for PD have been discussed with their limitation. The current trends of nanotherapeutics for PD have been explored. Suitability and formulation prospects for nasal delivery have been analyzed in detail to explore new research scope. The most effective approach is the nose-to-brain delivery for targeting drugs directly to the brain. This delivery bypasses the BBB and concentrates more drugs at the target site. Thus, developments of nose-to-brain delivery of nanoformulations explicit the new scope to manage PD better. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kiran
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Debnath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Suditi Neekhra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Vaishali Pawar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Amreen Khan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Faith Dias
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shubham Pallod
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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Liu X, Shen L, Han B, Yao H. Involvement of noncoding RNA in blood-brain barrier integrity in central nervous system disease. Noncoding RNA Res 2021; 6:130-138. [PMID: 34377876 PMCID: PMC8327137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the important role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the central nervous system (CNS), increasing studies have been carried out to determine how the structural and functional integrity of the BBB impacts the pathogenesis of CNS diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), and gliomas. Emerging studies have revealed that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) help to maintain the integrity and permeability of the BBB, thereby mediating CNS homeostasis. This review summarizes recent studies that focus on the effects of ncRNAs on the BBB in CNS diseases, including regulating the biological processes of inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis of cells, affecting the translational dysfunction of proteins and regulating tight junctions (TJs). A comprehensive and detailed understanding of the interaction between ncRNAs and the BBB will lay a solid foundation for the development of early diagnostic methods and effective treatments for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Shen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Han
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
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Kadry H, Noorani B, Cucullo L. A blood-brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:69. [PMID: 33208141 PMCID: PMC7672931 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier is playing a critical role in controlling the influx and efflux of biological substances essential for the brain’s metabolic activity as well as neuronal function. Thus, the functional and structural integrity of the BBB is pivotal to maintain the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. The different cells and structures contributing to developing this barrier are summarized along with the different functions that BBB plays at the brain–blood interface. We also explained the role of shear stress in maintaining BBB integrity. Furthermore, we elaborated on the clinical aspects that correlate between BBB disruption and different neurological and pathological conditions. Finally, we discussed several biomarkers that can help to assess the BBB permeability and integrity in-vitro or in-vivo and briefly explain their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Kadry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Dept. of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Office 415, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
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Revisiting the blood-brain barrier: A hard nut to crack in the transportation of drug molecules. Brain Res Bull 2020; 160:121-140. [PMID: 32315731 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Barriers are the hallmark of a healthy physiology, blood-brain barrier (BBB) being a tough nut to crack for most of the antigens and chemical substances. The presence of tight junctions plays a remarkable role in defending the brain from antigenic and pathogenic attacks. BBB constitutes a diverse assemblage of multiple physical and chemical barriers that judiciously restrict the flux of blood solutes into and out of the brain. Restrictions through the paracellular pathway and the tight junctions between intercellular clefts, together create well regulated metabolic and transport barricades, critical to brain pathophysiology. The brain being impermeable to many essential metabolites and nutrients regulates transportation via specialized transport systems across the endothelial abluminal and luminal membranes. The epithelial cells enveloping capillaries of the choroid plexus regulates the transport of complement, growth factors, hormones, microelements, peptides and trace elements into ventricles. Nerve terminals, microglia, and pericytes associated with the endothelium support barrier induction and function, ensuring an optimally stable ionic microenvironment that facilitates neurotransmission, orchestrated by multiple ion channels (Na+, K+ Mg2+, Ca2+) and transporters. Brain pathology which can develop due to genetic mutations or secondary to other cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative diseases can cause aberration in the microvasculature of CNS which is the uniqueness of BBB. This can also alter BBB permeation and result in BBB breakdown and other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. The concluding section outlines contemporary trends in drug discovery, focusing on molecular determinants of BBB permeation and novel drug-delivery systems, such as dendrimers, liposomes, nanoparticles, nanogels, etc.
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Relaño-Ginés A, Lehmann S, Crozet C. Cell-based therapy against prion diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 44:8-14. [PMID: 30472550 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite multiple efforts to find treatments, prion diseases are still incurable. The currently available therapeutic strategies are mostly based on compounds to inhibit pathological PrP (PrPSc) accumulation, and cellular PrP (PrPC) conversion into PrPSc. However, they cannot reverse the pathological changes already present in the brain. Cell-based therapeutic strategies could promote the repair of the pre-existing brain damage. The few available data come mostly from preclinical studies using neural stem cells, bone marrow-derived microglia and mesenchymal stem cells, as cell sources. Moreover, the benefits of cell-based therapeutic strategies could be linked not only to the replacement of damaged cells, but also to the secretion of trophic factors by the grafted cells that might modulate inflammation, cell death, or endogenous neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroa Relaño-Ginés
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies (IRMB), Neural Stem Cell, MSC and Neurodegenerative Diseases - U1183 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonet, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies (IRMB), Neural Stem Cell, MSC and Neurodegenerative Diseases - U1183 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonet, 34090 Montpellier, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, 191 Av. du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Crozet
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies (IRMB), Neural Stem Cell, MSC and Neurodegenerative Diseases - U1183 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France.
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9
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Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Transport of Nanobodies Across the Blood-Brain Barrier. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2018-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB) and a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier presents animmense challenge for effective delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system. Many potential drugs, which are effective at their site of action, have failed due to the lack of distribution in sufficient quantity to the central nervous system (CNS). In consequence, many diseases of the central nervous system remain undertreated. Antibodies, IgG for example, are difficult to deliver to the CNS due to their size (~155 kDa), physico-chemical properties and the presence of Fc receptor on the blood-brain barrier. Smaller antibodies, like the recently developed nanobodies, may overcome the obstacle of the BBB and enter into the CNS. The nanobodies are the smallest available antigen-binding fragments harbouring the full antigenbinding capacity of conventional antibodies. They represent a new generation of therapeutics with exceptional properties, such as: recognition of unique epitopes, target specificity, high affinity, high solubility, high stability and high expression yields in cost-effective recombinant production. Their ability to permeate across the BBBmakes thema promising alternative for central nervous system disease therapeutics. In this review, we have systematically presented different aspects of the BBB, drug delivery mechanisms employed to cross the BBB, and finally nanobodies — a potential therapeutic molecule against neuroinfections.
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11
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Uncovering stem cell differentiation factors for salivary gland regeneration by quantitative analysis of differential proteomes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169677. [PMID: 28158262 PMCID: PMC5291466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe xerostomia (dry mouth) compromises the quality of life in patients with Sjögren's syndrome or radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. A clinical management of xerostomia is often unsatisfactory as most interventions are palliative with limited efficacy. Following up our previous study demonstrating that mouse BM-MSCs are capable of differentiating into salivary epithelial cells in a co-culture system, we further explored the molecular basis that governs the MSC reprogramming by utilizing high-throughput iTRAQ-2D-LC-MS/MS-based proteomics. Our data revealed the novel induction of pancreas-specific transcription factor 1a (PTF1α), muscle, intestine and stomach expression-1 (MIST-1), and achaete-scute complex homolog 3 (ASCL3) in 7 day co-cultured MSCs but not in control MSCs. More importantly, a common notion of pancreatic-specific expression of PTF1 α was challenged for the first time by our verification of PTF1 α expression in the mouse salivary glands. Furthermore, a molecular network simulation of our selected putative MSC reprogramming factors demonstrated evidence for their perspective roles in salivary gland development. In conclusion, quantitative proteomics with extensive data analyses narrowed down a set of MSC reprograming factors potentially contributing to salivary gland regeneration. Identification of their differential/synergistic impact on MSC conversion warrants further investigation.
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Rammensee S, Kang MS, Georgiou K, Kumar S, Schaffer DV. Dynamics of Mechanosensitive Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells 2016; 35:497-506. [PMID: 27573749 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell differentiation can be highly sensitive to mechanical inputs from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Identifying temporal windows during which lineage commitment responds to ECM stiffness, and the signals that mediate these decisions, would advance both mechanistic insights and translational efforts. To address these questions, we investigate adult neural stem cell (NSC) fate commitment using an oligonucleotide-crosslinked ECM platform that for the first time offers dynamic and reversible control of stiffness. "Stiffness pulse" studies in which the ECM was transiently or permanently softened or stiffened at specified initiation times and durations pinpoint a 24-hour window in which ECM stiffness maximally impacts neurogenic commitment. Overexpression of the transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP) within this window suppressed neurogenesis, and silencing YAP enhanced it. Moreover, ablating YAP-β-catenin interaction rescued neurogenesis. This work reveals that ECM stiffness dictates NSC lineage commitment by signaling via a YAP and β-catenin interaction during a defined temporal window. Stem Cells 2017;35:497-506.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rammensee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, , USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael S Kang
- UC Berkeley - UCSF Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katerina Georgiou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, , USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,UC Berkeley - UCSF Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, , USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,UC Berkeley - UCSF Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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13
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Xu Z, Zeng W, Sun J, Chen W, Zhang R, Yang Z, Yao Z, Wang L, Song L, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wang C, Gong L, Wu B, Wang T, Zheng J, Gao F. The quantification of blood-brain barrier disruption using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in aging rhesus monkeys with spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus. Neuroimage 2016; 158:480-487. [PMID: 27402601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvascular lesions of the body are one of the most serious complications that can affect patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective permeable barrier around the microvessels of the brain. This study investigated BBB disruption in diabetic rhesus monkeys using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). Multi-slice DCE-MRI was used to quantify BBB permeability. Five diabetic monkeys and six control monkeys underwent magnetic resonance brain imaging in 3 Tesla MRI system. Regions of the frontal cortex, the temporal cortex, the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and the hippocampus in the two groups were selected as regions of interest to calculate the value of the transport coefficient Ktrans using the extended Tofts model. Permeability in the diabetic monkeys was significantly increased as compared with permeability in the normal control monkeys. Histopathologically, zonula occludens protein-1 decreased, immunoglobulin G leaked out of the blood, and nuclear factor E2-related factor translocated from the cytoplasm to the nuclei. It is likely that diabetes contributed to the increased BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Xu
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Sichuan Primed Bio-Tech Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruzhi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zunyuan Yang
- Sichuan Primed Bio-Tech Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Zunwei Yao
- Sichuan Primed Bio-Tech Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yushu Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Gong
- Sichuan Primed Bio-Tech Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tinghua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Institute of Neurological Disease, Translation Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabao Gao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Lu C, Xia J, Bin W, Wu Y, Liu X, Zhang Y. Advances in diagnosis, treatments, and molecular mechanistic studies of traumatic brain injury. Biosci Trends 2016; 9:138-48. [PMID: 26166367 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2015.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a main cause of death and disability around the world especially in soldiers, children, and young men. Since its clinical diagnosis and treatment cannot predict its prognosis, novel diagnostic techniques need to be developed, insight into its molecular mechanisms needs to be gleaned, and alternative and complementary medicine (ACM) approaches to its treatment need to be developed. This review summarizes the new diagnostic methods used in clinical practice, such as imaging of structural abnormalities after TBI and measurement of prognosis-related biomarkers. This review also describes the cellular mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in terms of intracellular signaling pathways, the extracellular microenvironment, and stem cells. This review concludes by describing experimental and clinical studies of the use of traditional Chinese medicine as a form of ACM to treat TBI. This review helps to understand advances in the field of TBI diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Huaibei
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15
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Verma V, Samanthapudi K, Raviprakash R. Classic Studies on the Potential of Stem Cell Neuroregeneration. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE NEUROSCIENCES 2015; 25:123-141. [PMID: 26308908 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2015.1039904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The 1990s and 2000s were the beginning of an exciting time period for developmental neuroscience and neural stem cell research. By better understanding brain plasticity and the birth of new neurons in the adult brain, contrary to established dogma, hope for therapy from devastating neurological diseases was generated. The potential for stem cells to provide functional recovery in humans remains to be further tested and to further move into the clinical trial realm. The future certainly has great promise on stem cells to assist in alleviation of difficult-to-treat neurologic disorders. This article reviews classic studies of the 1990s and 2000s that paved the way for the advances of today, which can in turn lead to tomorrow's therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- a Department of Neuroscience , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | | | - Ratujit Raviprakash
- a Department of Neuroscience , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Wang Q, Yang L, Wang Y. Enhanced differentiation of neural stem cells to neurons and promotion of neurite outgrowth by oxygen-glucose deprivation. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 43:50-7. [PMID: 25912159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke has become the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Hypoxic or ischemic insults are crucial factors mediating the neural damage in the brain tissue of stroke patients. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been recognized as a promising tool for the treatment of ischemic stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases due to their inducible pluripotency. In this study, we aim to mimick the cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury in vitro using oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) strategy, and evaluate the effects of OGD on the NSC's neural differentiation, as well as the differentiated neurite outgrowth. Our data showed that NSCs under the short-term 2h OGD treatment are able to maintain cell viability and the capability to form neurospheres. Importantly, this moderate OGD treatment promotes NSC differentiation to neurons and enhances the performance of the mature neuronal networks, accompanying increased neurite outgrowth of differentiated neurons. However, long-term 6h and 8h OGD exposures in NSCs lead to decreased cell survival, reduced differentiation and diminished NSC-derived neurite outgrowth. The expressions of neuron-specific microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) and growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) are increased by short-term OGD treatments but suppressed by long-term OGD. Overall, our results demonstrate that short-term OGD exposure in vitro induces differentiation of NSCs while maintaining their proliferation and survival, providing valuable insights of adopting NSC-based therapy for ischemic stroke and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolarynology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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Batista CEM, Mariano ED, Marie SKN, Teixeira MJ, Morgalla M, Tatagiba M, Li J, Lepski G. Stem cells in neurology--current perspectives. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2014; 72:457-65. [PMID: 24964114 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Central nervous system (CNS) restoration is an important clinical challenge and stem cell transplantation has been considered a promising therapeutic option for many neurological diseases. OBJECTIVE The present review aims to briefly describe stem cell biology, as well as to outline the clinical application of stem cells in the treatment of diseases of the CNS. METHOD Literature review of animal and human clinical experimental trials, using the following key words: "stem cell", "neurogenesis", "Parkinson", "Huntington", "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis", "traumatic brain injury", "spinal cord injury", "ischemic stroke", and "demyelinating diseases". CONCLUSION Major recent advances in stem cell research have brought us several steps closer to their effective clinical application, which aims to develop efficient ways of regenerating the damaged CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Domingos Mariano
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Matthias Morgalla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcos Tatagiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Guilherme Lepski
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Klingener M, Chavali M, Singh J, McMillan N, Coomes A, Dempsey PJ, Chen EI, Aguirre A. N-cadherin promotes recruitment and migration of neural progenitor cells from the SVZ neural stem cell niche into demyelinated lesions. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9590-606. [PMID: 25031401 PMCID: PMC4099541 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3699-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Discrete cellular microenvironments regulate stem cell pools and their development, as well as function in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Although the signaling elements modulating neural progenitor cells (NPCs) of the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) niche are fairly well understood, the pathways activated following injury and the resulting outcomes, are less clear. In the present study, we used mouse models of demyelination and proteomics analysis to identify molecular cues present in the adult SVZ niche during injury, and analyzed their role on NPCs in the context of promoting myelin repair. Proteomic analysis of SVZ tissue from mice with experimental demyelination identified several proteins that are known to play roles in NPC proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Among the proteins found to be upregulated were members of the N-cadherin signaling pathway. During the onset of demyelination in the subcortical white matter (SCWM), activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in SVZ NPCs stimulates the interaction between N-cadherin and ADAM10. Upon cleavage and activation of N-cadherin signaling by ADAM10, NPCs undergo cytoskeletal rearrangement and polarization, leading to enhanced migration out of the SVZ into demyelinated lesions of the SCWM. Genetically disrupting either EGFR signaling or ADAM10 inhibits this pathway, preventing N-cadherin regulated NPC polarization and migration. Additionally, in vivo experiments using N-cadherin gain- and loss-of-function approaches demonstrated that N-cadherin enhances the recruitment of SVZ NPCs into demyelinated lesions. Our data revealed that EGFR-dependent N-cadherin signaling physically initiated by ADAM10 cleavage is the response of the SVZ niche to promote repair of the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klingener
- State University of New York at Stony Brook University, Departments of Pharmacological Science and
| | - Manideep Chavali
- State University of New York at Stony Brook University, Departments of Pharmacological Science and Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Jagdeep Singh
- State University of New York at Stony Brook University, Departments of Pharmacological Science and
| | - Nadia McMillan
- State University of New York at Stony Brook University, Departments of Pharmacological Science and
| | - Alexandra Coomes
- State University of New York at Stony Brook University, Departments of Pharmacological Science and Stony Brook University Proteomics Center, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Peter J Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
| | - Emily I Chen
- State University of New York at Stony Brook University, Departments of Pharmacological Science and Stony Brook University Proteomics Center, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Adan Aguirre
- State University of New York at Stony Brook University, Departments of Pharmacological Science and
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19
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Fitzsimons CP, van Bodegraven E, Schouten M, Lardenoije R, Kompotis K, Kenis G, van den Hurk M, Boks MP, Biojone C, Joca S, Steinbusch HWM, Lunnon K, Mastroeni DF, Mill J, Lucassen PJ, Coleman PD, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF. Epigenetic regulation of adult neural stem cells: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:25. [PMID: 24964731 PMCID: PMC4080757 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence has demonstrated that several aspects of adult neural stem cells (NSCs), including their quiescence, proliferation, fate specification and differentiation, are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. These control the expression of specific sets of genes, often including those encoding for small non-coding RNAs, indicating a complex interplay between various epigenetic factors and cellular functions.Previous studies had indicated that in addition to the neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD), plasticity-related changes are observed in brain areas with ongoing neurogenesis, like the hippocampus and subventricular zone. Given the role of stem cells e.g. in hippocampal functions like cognition, and given their potential for brain repair, we here review the epigenetic mechanisms relevant for NSCs and AD etiology. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the epigenetic regulation of adult NSCs will advance our knowledge on the role of adult neurogenesis in degeneration and possibly regeneration in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, SciencePark 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma van Bodegraven
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, SciencePark 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn Schouten
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, SciencePark 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Lardenoije
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHENS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Kompotis
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHENS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHENS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark van den Hurk
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHENS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Biojone
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samia Joca
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Harry WM Steinbusch
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHENS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Katie Lunnon
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 4, Barrack Road, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Diego F Mastroeni
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 4, Barrack Road, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 4, Barrack Road, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, SciencePark 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul D Coleman
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, SciencePark 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel LA van den Hove
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHENS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart PF Rutten
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHENS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE There is increasing evidence that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the central nervous system (CNS) involves the NOX family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases. Controlled ROS generation appears necessary for optimal functioning of the CNS through fine-tuning of redox-sensitive signaling pathways, while overshooting ROS generation will lead to oxidative stress and CNS disease. RECENT ADVANCES NOX enzymes are not only restricted to microglia (i.e. brain phagocytes) but also expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and the neurovascular system. NOX enzymes are involved in CNS development, neural stem cell biology, and the function of mature neurons. While NOX2 appears to be a major source of pathological oxidative stress in the CNS, other NOX isoforms might also be of importance, for example, NOX4 in stroke. Globally speaking, there is now convincing evidence for a role of NOX enzymes in various neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and psychosis-related disorders. CRITICAL ISSUES The relative importance of specific ROS sources (e.g., NOX enzymes vs. mitochondria; NOX2 vs. NOX4) in different pathological processes needs further investigation. The absence of specific inhibitors limits the possibility to investigate specific therapeutic strategies. The uncritical use of non-specific inhibitors (e.g., apocynin, diphenylene iodonium) and poorly validated antibodies may lead to misleading conclusions. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Physiological and pathophysiological studies with cell-type-specific knock-out mice will be necessary to delineate the precise functions of NOX enzymes and their implications in pathomechanisms. The development of CNS-permeant, specific NOX inhibitors will be necessary to advance toward therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Nayernia
- 1 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Medical Faculty, Geneva University Hospitals, Centre Médical Universitaire , Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Yan Y, Shin S, Jha BS, Liu Q, Sheng J, Li F, Zhan M, Davis J, Bharti K, Zeng X, Rao M, Malik N, Vemuri MC. Efficient and rapid derivation of primitive neural stem cells and generation of brain subtype neurons from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:862-70. [PMID: 24113065 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells, are unique cell sources for disease modeling, drug discovery screens, and cell therapy applications. The first step in producing neural lineages from hPSCs is the generation of neural stem cells (NSCs). Current methods of NSC derivation involve the time-consuming, labor-intensive steps of an embryoid body generation or coculture with stromal cell lines that result in low-efficiency derivation of NSCs. In this study, we report a highly efficient serum-free pluripotent stem cell neural induction medium that can induce hPSCs into primitive NSCs (pNSCs) in 7 days, obviating the need for time-consuming, laborious embryoid body generation or rosette picking. The pNSCs expressed the neural stem cell markers Pax6, Sox1, Sox2, and Nestin; were negative for Oct4; could be expanded for multiple passages; and could be differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, in addition to the brain region-specific neuronal subtypes GABAergic, dopaminergic, and motor neurons. Global gene expression of the transcripts of pNSCs was comparable to that of rosette-derived and human fetal-derived NSCs. This work demonstrates an efficient method to generate expandable pNSCs, which can be further differentiated into central nervous system neurons and glia with temporal, spatial, and positional cues of brain regional heterogeneity. This method of pNSC derivation sets the stage for the scalable production of clinically relevant neural cells for cell therapy applications in good manufacturing practice conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Yan
- Primary and Stem Cell Culture Systems, Life Technologies, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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22
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Cho JM, Shin YJ, Park JM, Kim J, Lee MY. Characterization of nestin expression in astrocytes in the rat hippocampal CA1 region following transient forebrain ischemia. Anat Cell Biol 2013; 46:131-40. [PMID: 23869260 PMCID: PMC3713277 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that nestin facilitates cellular structural remodeling in vasculature-associated cells in response to ischemic injury. The current study was designed to investigate the potential role of post-ischemic nestin expression in parenchymal astrocytes. With this aim, we characterized ischemia-induced nestin expression in the CA1 hippocampal region, an area that undergoes a delayed neuronal death, followed by a lack of neuronal generation after transient forebrain ischemia. Virtually all of the nestin-positive cells in the ischemic CA1 hippocampus were reactive astrocytes. However, induction of nestin expression did not correlate simply with astrogliosis, but rather showed characteristic time- and strata-dependent expression patterns. Nestin induction in astrocytes of the pyramidal cell layer was rapid and transient, while a long-lasting induction of nestin was observed in astrocytes located in the CA1 dendritic subfields, such as the stratum oriens and radiatum, until at least day 28 after ischemia. There was no detectable expression in the stratum lacunosum moleculare despite the evident astroglial reaction. Almost all of the nestin-positive cells also expressed a transcription factor for neural/glial progenitors, i.e., Sox-2 or Sox-9, and some cells were also positive for Ki-67. However, all of the nestin-positive astrocytes expressed the calcium-binding protein S100β, which is known to be expressed in a distinct, post-mitotic astrocyte population. Thus, our data indicate that in the ischemic CA1 hippocampus, nestin expression was induced in astroglia that were becoming reactive, but not in a progenitor/stem cell population, suggesting that nestin may allow for the structural remodeling of these cells in response to ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Min Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Death Disease Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Chen J, Guo Y, Cheng W, Chen R, Liu T, Chen Z, Tan S. High glucose induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation of adult rat neural stem cells following in vitro ischemia. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:24. [PMID: 23452440 PMCID: PMC3599336 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Post-stroke hyperglycemia appears to be associated with poor outcome from stroke, greater mortality, and reduced functional recovery. Focal cerebral ischemia data support that neural stem cells (NSCs) play an important role in post-ischemic repair. Here we sought to evaluate the negative effects of hyperglycemia on the cellular biology of NSCs following anoxia, and to test whether high glucose affects NSC recovery from ischemic injury. Results In this study, we used immortalized adult neural stem cells lines and we induced in vitro ischemia by 6 h oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in an anaerobic incubator. Reperfusion was performed by returning cells to normoxic conditions and the cells were then incubated in experimental medium with various concentrations of glucose (17.5, 27.75, 41.75, and 83.75 mM) for 24 h. We found that high glucose (≥27.75 mM) exposure induced apoptosis of NSCs in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to OGD, using an Annexin V/PI apoptosis detection kit. The cell viability and proliferative activity of NSCs following OGD in vitro, evaluated with both a Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and a 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay, were inhibited by high glucose exposure. Cell cycle analysis showed that high glucose exposure increased the percentage of cells in G0/G1-phase, and reduced the percentage of cells in S-phase. Furthermore, high glucose exposure was found to significantly induce the activation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and suppress extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that high glucose induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of NSCs following OGD in vitro, which may be associated with the activation of JNK/p38 MAPK pathways and the delay of G1-S transition in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function Repair and Regeneration of Guangdong, Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Lavasani M, Lu A, Thompson SD, Robbins PD, Huard J, Niedernhofer LJ. Isolation of muscle-derived stem/progenitor cells based on adhesion characteristics to collagen-coated surfaces. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 976:53-65. [PMID: 23400434 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-317-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our lab developed and optimized a method, known as the modified pre-plate technique, to isolate stem/progenitor cells from skeletal muscle. This method separates different populations of myogenic cells based on their propensity to adhere to a collagen I-coated surface. Based on their surface markers and stem-like properties, including self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation, and ability to promote tissue regeneration, the last cell fraction or slowest to adhere to the collagen-coated surface (pre-plate 6; pp6) appears to be early, quiescent progenitor cells termed muscle-derived stem/progenitor cells (MDSPCs). The cell fractions preceding pp6 (pp1-5) are likely populations of more committed (differentiated) cells, including fibroblast- and myoblast-like cells. This technique may be used to isolate MDSPCs from skeletal muscle of humans or mice regardless of age, sex or disease state, although the yield of MDSPCs varies with age and health. MDSPCs can be used for regeneration of a variety of tissues including bone, articular cartilage, skeletal and cardiac muscle, and nerve. MDSPCs are currently being tested in clinical trials for treatment of urinary incontinence and myocardial infarction. MDSPCs from young mice have also been demonstrated to extend life span and healthspan in mouse models of accelerated aging through an apparent paracrine/endocrine mechanism. Here we detail methods for isolation and characterization of MDSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Lavasani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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25
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Moreno‐Estellés M, Díaz‐Moreno M, González‐Gómez P, Andreu Z, Mira H. Single and Dual Birthdating Procedures for Assessing the Response of Adult Neural Stem Cells to the Infusion of a Soluble Factor Using Halogenated Thymidine Analogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 2:Unit 2D.10. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d10s21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Moreno‐Estellés
- Unidad de Neurobiología Molecular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - María Díaz‐Moreno
- Unidad de Neurobiología Molecular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Pilar González‐Gómez
- Unidad de Neurobiología Molecular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Zoraida Andreu
- Unidad de Neurobiología Molecular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Helena Mira
- Unidad de Neurobiología Molecular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
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26
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De Filippis L, Binda E. Concise review: self-renewal in the central nervous system: neural stem cells from embryo to adult. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197809 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2011-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain has fostered a plethora of translational and preclinical studies to investigate future therapeutic approaches for the cure of neurodegenerative diseases. These studies are finally at the clinical stage, and some of them are already under way. The definition of a bona fide stem cell has long been the object of much debate focused on the establishment of standard and univocal criteria to distinguish between stem and progenitor cells. It is commonly accepted that NSCs have to fulfill two basic requirements, the capacity for long-term self-renewal and the potential for differentiation, which account for their physiological role, namely central nervous system tissue homeostasis. Strategies such as immortalization or reprogramming of somatic cells to the embryonic-like stage of pluripotency indicate the relevance of extensive self-renewal ability of NSCs either in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, the discovery of stem-like tumor cells in brain tumors, such as gliomas, accompanied by the isolation of these cells through the same paradigm used for related healthy cells, has provided further evidence of the key role that self-renewal plays in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In this review we provide an overview of the current understanding of the self-renewal capacity of nontransformed human NSCs, with or without immortalization or reprogramming, and of stem-like tumor cells, referring to both research and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia De Filippis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy.
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27
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Katz AM, Amankulor NM, Pitter K, Helmy K, Squatrito M, Holland EC. Astrocyte-specific expression patterns associated with the PDGF-induced glioma microenvironment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32453. [PMID: 22393407 PMCID: PMC3290579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment contains normal, non-neoplastic cells that may contribute to tumor growth and maintenance. Within PDGF-driven murine gliomas, tumor-associated astrocytes (TAAs) are a large component of the tumor microenvironment. The function of non-neoplastic astrocytes in the glioma microenvironment has not been fully elucidated; moreover, the differences between these astrocytes and normal astrocytes are unknown. We therefore sought to identify genes and pathways that are increased in TAAs relative to normal astrocytes and also to determine whether expression of these genes correlates with glioma behavior. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We compared the gene expression profiles of TAAs to normal astrocytes and found the Antigen Presentation Pathway to be significantly increased in TAAs. We then identified a gene signature for glioblastoma (GBM) TAAs and validated the expression of some of those genes within the tumor. We also show that TAAs are derived from the non-tumor, stromal environment, in contrast to the Olig2+ tumor cells that constitute the neoplastic elements in our model. Finally, we validate this GBM TAA signature in patients and show that a TAA-derived gene signature predicts survival specifically in the human proneural subtype of glioma. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data identifies unique gene expression patterns between populations of TAAs and suggests potential roles for stromal astrocytes within the glioma microenvironment. We show that certain stromal astrocytes in the tumor microenvironment express a GBM-specific gene signature and that the majority of these stromal astrocyte genes can predict survival in the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Katz
- Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nduka M. Amankulor
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology and Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ken Pitter
- Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Karim Helmy
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Massimo Squatrito
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Holland
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology and Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Biology of stem cells: the role of microenvironments. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 741:135-51. [PMID: 22457108 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2098-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
From the discovery of the first line of human embryonic stem cells, thousands of studies have been published concerning adult stem cells and their possible alleged therapeutic potential. However, very little real progress has been made in the application of cell therapy to patients. We can conclude that there remains a great deal for us to learn about the biology of stem cells, and especially, the mechanisms that regulate their differentiation and use under conditions of biosafety. In this chapter, we are going to review some of the mechanisms that seem to control the biology of stem cells, in particular the microenvironments, also called niches, where they house and which exert a strong influence over them. The regulation, survival, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells is ultimately determined by a combination of factors intrinsic to the stem cells themselves and extrinsic signals received from the microenvironment. A better understanding of the cellular components of microenvironments and their cellular and molecular interactions with the other components of the niche, including the stem cells themselves, will be key to make progress in this field.
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Mimeault M, Batra SK. Great promise of tissue-resident adult stem/progenitor cells in transplantation and cancer therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 741:171-86. [PMID: 22457110 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2098-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in tissue-resident adult stem/progenitor cell research has inspired great interest because these immature cells from your own body can act as potential, easily accessible cell sources for cell transplantation in regenerative medicine and cancer therapies. The use of adult stem/progenitor cells endowed with a high self-renewal ability and multilineage differentiation potential, which are able to regenerate all the mature cells in the tissues from their origin, offers great promise in replacing non-functioning or lost cells and regenerating diseased and damaged tissues. The presence of a small subpopulation of adult stem/progenitor cells in most tissues and organs provides the possibility of stimulating their in vivo differentiation, or of using their ex vivo expanded progenies for cell-replacement and gene therapies with multiple applications in humans without a high-risk of graft rejection and major side effects. Among the diseases that could be treated by adult stem cell-based therapies are hematopoietic and immune disorders, multiple degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, Types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus as well as skin, eye, liver, lung, tooth and cardiovascular disorders. In addition, a combination of the current cancer treatments with an adjuvant treatment consisting of an autologous or allogeneic adult stem/progenitor cell transplantation also represents a promising strategy for treating and even curing diverse aggressive, metastatic, recurrent and lethal cancers. In this chapter, we reviewed the most recent advancements on the characterization of phenotypic and functional properties of adult stem/progenitor cell types found in bone marrow, heart, brain and other tissues and discussed their therapeutic implications in the stem cell-based transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Mimeault
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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Bakhru S, Nain AS, Highley C, Wang J, Campbell P, Amon C, Zappe S. Direct and cell signaling-based, geometry-induced neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:1207-14. [PMID: 22057544 DOI: 10.1039/c1ib00098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) are multipotent precursors inhabiting the subventricular and hippocampal subgranular regions of the adult mammalian brain, able to self-renew and differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, the three primary neural cell types of the adult brain. NSC fate is influenced by the physical and chemical microenvironment experienced by the cell, both in vitro and in vivo. Towards characterizing the influence of topographical, geometric cues on NSC fate, we fabricated highly aligned, single- and double-layer polystyrene nanofiber meshes. Seeding of NSCs on laminin-coated fibers induces polarized NSC morphology and cellular elongation in the directions of fiber alignment, with cells extending membranous processes over hundreds of microns along the fiber surfaces. Additionally, these aligned fiber substrates promote neuronal lineage specification of NSCs with an efficiency of 82.3 ± 11.1% within days of seeding. Moreover, not only do cells on fibers yield neurons, but also neighboring cells in close proximity to those differentiating on aligned fibers, with an efficiency of 72.8 ± 9.7%. This neighboring, cell-induced differentiation occurs without cell-cell contact over millimetres away from the fibers, suggesting a paracrine signaling effect not previously reported for NSCs undergoing neurogenesis. In contrast, NSCs farther away from these fiber substrates nearly uniformly yield glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Bakhru
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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31
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Alvarez-Palazuelos LE, Robles-Cervantes MS, Castillo-Velazquez G, Rivas-Souza M, Guzman-Muniz J, Moy-Lopez N, Gonzalez-Castaneda RE, Luquin S, Gonzalez-Perez O. Regulation of neural stem cell in the human SVZ by trophic and morphogenic factors. CURRENT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION THERAPY 2011; 6:320-326. [PMID: 22053150 PMCID: PMC3204663 DOI: 10.2174/157436211797483958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ), lining the lateral ventricular system, is the largest germinal region in mammals. In there, neural stem cells express markers related to astoglial lineage that give rise to new neurons and oligodendrocytes in vivo. In the adult human brain, in vitro evidence has also shown that astrocytic cells isolated from the SVZ can generate new neurons and oligodendrocytes. These proliferative cells are strongly controlled by a number of signals and molecules that modulate, activate or repress the cell division, renewal, proliferation and fate of neural stem cells. In this review, we summarize the cellular composition of the adult human SVZ (hSVZ) and discuss the increasing evidence showing that some trophic modulators strongly control the function of neural stem cells in the SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel Castillo-Velazquez
- Department of Neurosurgery. Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugia "Manuel Velasco Suárez" México, DF
| | - Mario Rivas-Souza
- Forensic medicine. Instituto Jalisciense de Ciencias Forenses, Guadalajara, Jalisco
| | - Jorge Guzman-Muniz
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara
| | - Norma Moy-Lopez
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara
| | | | - Sonia Luquin
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara
| | - Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara ; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Col, México
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Mimeault M, Batra SK. Complex oncogenic signaling networks regulate brain tumor-initiating cells and their progenies: pivotal roles of wild-type EGFR, EGFRvIII mutant and hedgehog cascades and novel multitargeted therapies. Brain Pathol 2011; 21:479-500. [PMID: 21615592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex signaling cross-talks between different growth factor cascades orchestrate the primary brain cancer development. Among the frequent deregulated oncogenic pathways, the ligand-activated wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), constitutively activated EGFRvIII mutant and sonic hedgehog pathways have attracted much attention because of their pivotal roles in pediatric medulloblastomas and adult glioblastoma multiformes (GBM) brain tumors. The enhanced expression levels and activation of EGFR, EGFRvIII mutant and hedgehog signaling elements can provide key roles for the sustained growth, migration and local invasion of brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) and their progenies, resistance to current therapies and disease relapse. These tumorigenic cascades also can cooperate with Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/PDGF receptors (PDGFRs), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) for the acquisition of a more malignant behavior and survival advantages by brain tumor cells during disease progression. Therefore, the simultaneous targeting of these oncogenic signaling components including wild-type EGFR, EGFRvIII mutant and hedgehog pathways may constitute a potential therapeutic approach of great clinical interest to eradicate BTICs and improve the efficacy of current clinical treatments by radiation and/or chemotherapy against aggressive and recurrent medulloblastomas and GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Mimeault
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Eppley Cancer Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb. 68198-5870, USA.
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Gonzalez-Perez O, Alvarez-Buylla A. Oligodendrogenesis in the subventricular zone and the role of epidermal growth factor. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2011; 67:147-56. [PMID: 21236296 PMCID: PMC3109119 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases are characterized by an extensive loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths from axolemma. These neurological disorders are a common cause of disability in young adults, but so far, there is no effective treatment against them. It has been suggested that neural stem cells (NSCs) may play an important role in brain repair therapies. NSCs in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ), also known as Type-B cells, are multipotential cells that can self-renew and give rise to neurons and glia. Recent findings have shown that cells derived from SVZ Type-B cells actively respond to epidermal-growth-factor (EGF) stimulation becoming highly migratory and proliferative. Interestingly, a subpopulation of these EGF-activated cells expresses markers of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). When EGF administration is removed, SVZ-derived OPCs differentiate into myelinating and pre-myelinating oligodendrocytes in the white matter tracts of corpus callosum, fimbria fornix and striatum. In the presence of a demyelinating lesion, OPCs derived from EGF-stimulated SVZ progenitors contribute to myelin repair. Given their high migratory potential and their ability to differentiate into myelin-forming cells, SVZ NSCs represent an important endogenous source of OPCs for preserving the oligodendrocyte population in the white matter and for the repair of demyelinating injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico.
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34
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Levenson CW, Morris D. Zinc and neurogenesis: making new neurons from development to adulthood. Adv Nutr 2011; 2:96-100. [PMID: 22332038 PMCID: PMC3065768 DOI: 10.3945/an.110.000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, cell survival, and migration in the central nervous system are all important steps in the normal process of neurogenesis. These mechanisms are highly active during gestational and early neonatal brain development. Additionally, in select regions of the brain, stem cells give rise to new neurons throughout the human lifespan. Recent work has revealed key roles for the essential trace element zinc in the control of both developmental and adult neurogenesis. Given the prevalence of zinc deficiency, these findings have implications for brain development, cognition, and the regulation of mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy W. Levenson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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35
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Lazarov O, Mattson MP, Peterson DA, Pimplikar SW, van Praag H. When neurogenesis encounters aging and disease. Trends Neurosci 2010; 33:569-79. [PMID: 20961627 PMCID: PMC2981641 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we consider the evidence that a reduction in neurogenesis underlies aging-related cognitive deficits and impairments in disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The molecular and cellular alterations associated with impaired neurogenesis in the aging brain are discussed. Dysfunction of presenilin-1, misprocessing of amyloid precursor protein and toxic effects of hyperphosphorylated tau and β-amyloid probably contribute to impaired neurogenesis in AD. Because factors such as exercise, environmental enrichment and dietary energy restriction enhance neurogenesis, and protect against age-related cognitive decline and AD, knowledge of the underlying neurogenic signaling pathways could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for preserving brain function. In addition, manipulation of endogenous neural stem cells and stem cell transplantation, as stand-alone or adjunct treatments, seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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36
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Mohyeldin A, Garzón-Muvdi T, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. Oxygen in stem cell biology: a critical component of the stem cell niche. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 7:150-61. [PMID: 20682444 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1107] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The defining hallmark of stem cells is their ability to self-renew and maintain multipotency. This capacity depends on the balance of complex signals in their microenvironment. Low oxygen tensions (hypoxia) maintain undifferentiated states of embryonic, hematopoietic, mesenchymal, and neural stem cell phenotypes and also influence proliferation and cell-fate commitment. Recent evidence has identified a broader spectrum of stem cells influenced by hypoxia that includes cancer stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. These findings have important implications on our understanding of development, disease, and tissue-engineering practices and furthermore elucidate an added dimension of stem cell control within the niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohyeldin
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Brain Tumor Stem Cell Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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37
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Polo-Hernández E, De Castro F, García-García AG, Tabernero A, Medina JM. Oleic acid synthesized in the periventricular zone promotes axonogenesis in the striatum during brain development. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1756-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Richardson RM, Singh A, Sun D, Fillmore HL, Dietrich DW, Bullock MR. Stem cell biology in traumatic brain injury: effects of injury and strategies for repair. J Neurosurg 2010; 112:1125-38. [PMID: 19499984 DOI: 10.3171/2009.4.jns081087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 350,000 individuals in the US are affected annually by severe and moderate traumatic brain injuries (TBI) that may result in long-term disability. This rate of injury has produced approximately 3.3 million disabled survivors in the US alone. There is currently no specific treatment available for TBI other than supportive care, but aggressive prehospital resuscitation, rapid triage, and intensive care have reduced mortality rates. With the recent demonstration that neurogenesis occurs in all mammals (including man) throughout adult life, albeit at a low rate, the concept of replacing neurons lost after TBI is now becoming a reality. Experimental rodent models have shown that neurogenesis is accelerated after TBI, especially in juveniles. Two approaches have been followed in these rodent models to test possible therapeutic approaches that could enhance neuronal replacement in humans after TBI. The first has been to define and quantify the phenomenon of de novo hippocampal and cortical neurogenesis after TBI and find ways to enhance this (for example by exogenous trophic factor administration). A second approach has been the transplantation of different types of neural progenitor cells after TBI. In this review the authors discuss some of the processes that follow after acute TBI including the changes in the brain microenvironment and the role of trophic factor dynamics with regard to the effects on endogenous neurogenesis and gliagenesis. The authors also discuss strategies to clinically harness the factors influencing these processes and repair strategies using exogenous neural progenitor cell transplantation. Each strategy is discussed with an emphasis on highlighting the progress and limiting factors relevant to the development of clinical trials of cellular replacement therapy for severe TBI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mark Richardson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
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39
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Chen YC, Lee DC, Tsai TY, Hsiao CY, Liu JW, Kao CY, Lin HK, Chen HC, Palathinkal TJ, Pong WF, Tai NH, Lin IN, Chiu IM. Induction and regulation of differentiation in neural stem cells on ultra-nanocrystalline diamond films. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5575-87. [PMID: 20427083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) with neural stem cells (NSCs) has been studied in order to evaluate its potential as a biomaterial. Hydrogen-terminated UNCD (H-UNCD) films were compared with standard grade polystyrene in terms of their impact on the differentiation of NSCs. When NSCs were cultured on these substrates in medium supplemented with low concentration of serum and without any differentiating factors, H-UNCD films spontaneously induced neuronal differentiation on NSCs. By direct suppression of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signaling-regulated kinase1/2 (MAPK/Erk1/2) signaling pathway in NSCs using U0126, known to inhibit the activation of Erk1/2, we demonstrated that the enhancement of Erk1/2 pathway is one of the effects of H-UNCD-induced NSCs differentiation. Moreover, functional-blocking antibody directed against integrin beta1 subunit inhibited neuronal differentiation on H-UNCD films. This result demonstrated the involvement of integrin beta1 in H-UNCD-mediated neuronal differentiation. Mechanistic studies revealed the cell adhesion to H-UNCD films associated with focal adhesion kinase (Fak) and initiated MAPK/Erk1/2 signaling. Our study demonstrated that H-UNCD films-mediated NSCs differentiation involves fibronectin-integrin beta1 and Fak-MAPK/Erk signaling pathways in the absence of differentiation factors. These observations raise the potential for the use of UNCD as a biomaterial for central nervous system transplantation and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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40
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Choi JS, Shin YJ, Lee JY, Choi JY, Cha JH, Chun MH, Lee MY. Enhanced expression of SOCS-2 in the rat hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia. J Neurotrauma 2010; 26:2097-106. [PMID: 19469688 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling-2 (SOCS-2) has recently been identified as an important regulator involved in neuronal differentiation and maturation. However, the role of SOCS-2 in ischemia-induced hippocampal neurogenesis remains to be clarified. Here we investigated the spatiotemporal expression of SOCS-2 in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia, and particular attention was paid to changes in the dentate gyrus. SOCS-2 mRNA was constitutively expressed in hippocampal neurons and astrocytes in control animals. However, its upregulation occurred specifically in reactive astrocytes in the hippocampus proper, in particular the CA1 and dentate hilar regions, at day 3 after reperfusion, and was sustained for more than 2 weeks. In addition to the CA1 and hilar regions, SOCS-2 was transiently increased in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus on days 3-7 after reperfusion. This correlated with the post-ischemic upregulation of SOCS-2 in the CA1 or dentate gyrus subfield, including the SGZ detected by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The majority of the SOCS-2-expressing cells in the SGZ were co-labeled with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and a subpopulation of GFAP/SOCS-2 double-labeled cells in the SGZ co-expressed the neural progenitor marker nestin, or the proliferation marker proliferating cellular nuclear antigen. In addition, a subset of SOCS-2-labeled cells in the SGZ expressed the immature neuronal marker polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule. These data suggest that SOCS-2 may be involved in glial reactions, and possibly adult hippocampal neurogenesis during ischemic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Sun Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Mazumdar J, Dondeti V, Simon MC. Hypoxia-inducible factors in stem cells and cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:4319-28. [PMID: 19900215 PMCID: PMC2874971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular properties are influenced by complex factors inherent to their microenvironments. While oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) occurs in tumours because of rapid cell proliferation and aberrant blood vessel formation, embryonic cells develop in a naturally occurring hypoxic environment. Cells respond to hypoxia by stabilizing hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which are traditionally viewed to function by altering cellular metabolism and blood vessel architecture. Recently, HIFs have been shown to modulate specific stem cell effectors, such as Notch, Wnt and Oct4 that control stem cell proliferation, differentiation and pluripotency. Direct molecular links have also been established between HIFs and critical cell signalling pathways such as cMyc and p53. These novel links suggest a new role for HIFs in stem cell and tumour regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolly Mazumdar
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vijay Dondeti
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
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Madhavan L, Collier TJ. A synergistic approach for neural repair: cell transplantation and induction of endogenous precursor cell activity. Neuropharmacology 2009; 58:835-44. [PMID: 19853620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell research offers enormous potential for treating many diseases of the nervous system. At present, therapeutic strategies in stem cell research segregate into two approaches: cell transplantation or endogenous cell stimulation. Realistically, future cell therapies will most likely involve a combination of these two approaches, a theme of our current research. Here, we propose that there exists a 'synergy' between exogenous (transplanted) and endogenous stem cell actions that can be utilized to achieve therapeutic ends. Elucidating mechanisms underlying this exogenous-endogenous stem cell synergism may lead to the development of optimal cell therapies for neural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Madhavan
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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43
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Lazarov O, Marr RA. Neurogenesis and Alzheimer's disease: at the crossroads. Exp Neurol 2009; 223:267-81. [PMID: 19699201 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While a massive and progressive neuronal loss in specific areas such as the hippocampus and cortex unequivocally underlies cognitive deterioration and memory loss in Alzheimer's disease, noteworthy alterations take place in the neurogenic microenvironments, namely, the subgranule layer of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone. Compromised neurogenesis presumably takes place earlier than onset of hallmark lesions or neuronal loss, and may play a role in the initiation and progression of neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease. Neurogenesis in the adult brain is thought to play a role in numerous forms and aspects of learning and memory and contribute to the plasticity of the hippocampus and olfactory system. Misregulated or impaired neurogenesis on the other hand, may compromise plasticity and neuronal function in these areas and exacerbate neuronal vulnerability. Interestingly, increasing evidence suggests that molecular players in Alzheimer's disease, including PS1, APP and its metabolites, play a role in adult neurogenesis. In addition, recent studies suggest that alterations in tau phosphorylation are pronounced in neurogenic areas, and may interfere with the potential central role of tau proteins in neuronal maturation and differentiation. On the other hand, numerous neurogenic players, such as Notch-1, ErbB4 and L1 are substrates of alpha- beta- and gamma- secretase that play a major role in Alzheimer's disease. This review will discuss current knowledge concerning alterations of neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease with specific emphasis on the cross-talk between signaling molecules involved in both processes, and the ways by which familial Alzheimer's disease-linked dysfunction of these signaling molecules affect neurogenesis in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, 808 S Wood St. M/C 512, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Abbott NJ, Patabendige AAK, Dolman DEM, Yusof SR, Begley DJ. Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:13-25. [PMID: 19664713 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3153] [Impact Index Per Article: 210.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural signalling within the central nervous system (CNS) requires a highly controlled microenvironment. Cells at three key interfaces form barriers between the blood and the CNS: the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-CSF barrier and the arachnoid barrier. The BBB at the level of brain microvessel endothelium is the major site of blood-CNS exchange. The structure and function of the BBB is summarised, the physical barrier formed by the endothelial tight junctions, and the transport barrier resulting from membrane transporters and vesicular mechanisms. The roles of associated cells are outlined, especially the endfeet of astrocytic glial cells, and pericytes and microglia. The embryonic development of the BBB, and changes in pathology are described. The BBB is subject to short and long-term regulation, which may be disturbed in pathology. Any programme for drug discovery or delivery, to target or avoid the CNS, needs to consider the special features of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Joan Abbott
- King's College London, Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pharmaceutical Science Division, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Varghese M, Olstorn H, Berg-Johnsen J, Moe MC, Murrell W, Langmoen IA. Isolation of human multipotent neural progenitors from adult filum terminale. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:603-13. [PMID: 18652547 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been isolated from several CNS regions, including the spinal cord. However, the terminal end of the spinal cord, filum terminale, has been referred to as a fibrovascular tag without neurogenic potential and of no clinical significance. Recently, we were fortunate to acquire some samples of this tissue. We show for the first time that progenitor cells exhibiting the hallmarks of stem cells can be isolated from adult human filum terminale (FTNPs). More specifically, FTNPs self-renew and proliferate to form neurospheres, and exhibit tripotent differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Equally important, FTNPs develop the electrophysiological profile of neurons and glia. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings show beta-III-tubulin(+) neurons exhibiting overshooting action potentials, displaying both the fast inactivating TTX-sensitive sodium current as well as 4-AP and TEA sensitive potassium currents. To assess potency in vivo, FTNPs were transplanted into the posterior periventricular region of control or ischemic rat brains. Despite a vigorous immune response against the xenograft, FTNPs survived and were found not only in the graft area but had also migrated to the lesioned CA1 region. Notwithstanding the immune response, FTNPs differentiated into astrocytes, but no neuronal differentiation was observed in the transplant milieu tested. However, neuronal differentiation in vivo cannot be ruled out and assessment of the conditions necessary to promote neurogenesis in vivo requires more research. Significantly, no tumor formation or aberrant cell morphology was seen in or adjacent to the graft area. Thus, filum terminale provides a novel source of adult human neural progenitor cells that develop into functional neurons with possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Varghese
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Oh MC, Lim DA. Novel treatment strategies for malignant gliomas using neural stem cells. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:458-64. [PMID: 19560736 PMCID: PMC5084182 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in stem cell biology have refined our understanding of the origin and progression of cancer. Identification and characterization of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs), especially those in the adult human brain, have inspired new ideas for selectively targeting and destroying malignant gliomas. Gliomas consist of a heterogeneous population of cells, and some of these cells have characteristics of cancer stem cells. These brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) share certain characteristics with normal NSCs. It is still unclear, however, whether malignant gliomas in human patients originate from these aberrant BTSCs. Nonetheless, the cellular and molecular similarities between BTSCs and normal NSCs suggest a common research landscape underlying both normal and cancer stem cell biology, wherein findings of one field are relevant to the other. Furthermore, the natural tropism of NSCs to gliomas has generated the idea that modified NSCs can deliver modified genes to selectively destroy malignant brain tumor cells, and even BTSCs, while leaving healthy surrounding neurons intact. These studies and others on the basic biology of both BTSCs and NSCs will be crucial to expanding our treatment strategies for malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Oh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0112, USA.
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Wakeman DR, Hofmann MR, Redmond DE, Teng YD, Snyder EY. Long-term multilayer adherent network (MAN) expansion, maintenance, and characterization, chemical and genetic manipulation, and transplantation of human fetal forebrain neural stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 2:Unit2D.3. [PMID: 19455542 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d03s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSC/hNPC) have been targeted for application in a variety of research models and as prospective candidates for cell-based therapeutic modalities in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. To this end, the successful derivation, expansion, and sustained maintenance of undifferentiated hNSC/hNPC in vitro, as artificial expandable neurogenic micro-niches, promises a diversity of applications as well as future potential for a variety of experimental paradigms modeling early human neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and neurogenetic disorders, and could also serve as a platform for small-molecule drug screening in the CNS. Furthermore, hNPC transplants provide an alternative substrate for cellular regeneration and restoration of damaged tissue in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Human somatic neural stem/progenitor cells (NSC/NPC) have been derived from a variety of cadaveric sources and proven engraftable in a cytoarchitecturally appropriate manner into the developing and adult rodent and monkey brain while maintaining both functional and migratory capabilities in pathological models of disease. In the following unit, we describe a new procedure that we have successfully employed to maintain operationally defined human somatic NSC/NPC from developing fetal, pre-term post-natal, and adult cadaveric forebrain. Specifically, we outline the detailed methodology for in vitro expansion, long-term maintenance, manipulation, and transplantation of these multipotent precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Wakeman
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Choi JS, Shin YJ, Lee JY, Choi JY, Cha JH, Chun MH, Lee MY. Enhanced Expression of SOCS-2 in the Rat Hippocampus Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia. J Neurotrauma 2009. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008-0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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A model of ischemia-induced neuroblast activation in the adult subventricular zone. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5278. [PMID: 19390597 PMCID: PMC2669296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a rat brain organotypic culture model, in which tissue slices contain cortex-subventricular zone-striatum regions, to model neuroblast activity in response to in vitro ischemia. Neuroblast activation has been described in terms of two main parameters, proliferation and migration from the subventricular zone into the injured cortex. We observed distinct phases of neuroblast activation as is known to occur after in vivo ischemia. Thus, immediately after oxygen/glucose deprivation (6–24 hours), neuroblasts reduce their proliferative and migratory activity, whereas, at longer time points after the insult (2 to 5 days), they start to proliferate and migrate into the damaged cortex. Antagonism of ionotropic receptors for extracellular ATP during and after the insult unmasks an early activation of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone, which responded with a rapid and intense migration of neuroblasts into the damaged cortex (within 24 hours). The process is further enhanced by elevating the production of the chemoattractant SDf-1α and may also be boosted by blocking the activation of microglia. This organotypic model which we have developed is an excellent in vitro system to study neurogenesis after ischemia and other neurodegenerative diseases. Its application has revealed a SOS response to oxygen/glucose deprivation, which is inhibited by unfavorable conditions due to the ischemic environment. Finally, experimental quantifications have allowed us to elaborate a mathematical model to describe neuroblast activation and to develop a computer simulation which should have promising applications for the screening of drug candidates for novel therapies of ischemia-related pathologies.
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Id2 is required for specification of dopaminergic neurons during adult olfactory neurogenesis. J Neurosci 2009; 28:14074-86. [PMID: 19109490 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3188-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biology of adult neural stem cells has important implications for nervous system development and may contribute to our understanding of neurodegenerative disorders and their treatment. We have characterized the process of olfactory neurogenesis in adult mice lacking inhibitor of DNA binding 2(-/-) (Id2(-/-)). We found a diminished olfactory bulb containing reduced numbers of granular and periglomerular neurons with a distinct paucity of dopaminergic periglomerular neurons. While no deficiency of the stem cell compartment was detectable, migrating neuroblasts in Id2(-/-) mutant mice prematurely undergo astroglial differentiation within a disorganized rostral migratory stream. Further, when evaluated in vitro loss of Id2 results in decreased proliferation of neural progenitors and decreased expression of the Hes1 and Ascl1 (Mash1) transcription factors, known mediators of neuronal differentiation. These data support a novel role for sustained Id2 expression in migrating neural progenitors mediating olfactory dopaminergic neuronal differentiation in adult animals.
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