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Soysal F, Unsal B, Isler SC, Akca G, Bakirarar B, Ozcan M. Evaluation of salivary stress markers and inflammatory cytokine levels in peri-implantitis patients. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:290. [PMID: 38691206 PMCID: PMC11062951 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Psychological stress has been identified in some observational studies as a potential factor that may modify and affect periodontal diseases, but there are no similar data for peri-implantitis. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)α inflammatory cytokines and the psychological stress-related markers, glucocorticoid receptor-α (GRα), and salivary α-amylase (sAA) gene expression levels in saliva samples obtained from healthy implants and peri-implantitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included a total of 50 systemically healthy subjects. Peri-implant clinical parameters were recorded and psychological stress level was evaluated with the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HAD) and state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) questionnaire forms. Following the evaluations, the patients were divided into 4 groups according their stress and clinical status (Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb). IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFNα, GRα, sAA gene expression levels in the saliva samples were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS In the group of peri-implantitis who had a high score in stress level assessment scales, significantly higher IL-1β, IL-6, sAA expression levels were observed (p < 0.001). The IL-10 gene expression levels were lower in the groups with a high score in the stress level assessment scales (p < 0.001). GRα gene was expressed at lower levels in the group of peri-implantitis who had a high score in stress level assessment scales but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.065). CONCLUSION The study findings suggest that psychological stress may increase the inflammation associated with peri-implantitis by affecting cytokine expression levels. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To prevent peri-implantitis or reduce its prevalence, it could be beneficial to evaluate stress levels and identify individuals experiencing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Soysal
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Berrin Unsal
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sila Cagri Isler
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gulcin Akca
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Batuhan Bakirarar
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozcan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Selçuk B, Aksu T, Dereli O, Adebali O. Downregulated NPAS4 in multiple brain regions is associated with major depressive disorder. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21596. [PMID: 38062059 PMCID: PMC10703936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a commonly observed psychiatric disorder that affects more than 2% of the world population with a rising trend. However, disease-associated pathways and biomarkers are yet to be fully comprehended. In this study, we analyzed previously generated RNA-seq data across seven different brain regions from three distinct studies to identify differentially and co-expressed genes for patients with MDD. Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis revealed that NPAS4 is the only gene downregulated in three different brain regions. Furthermore, co-expressing gene modules responsible for glutamatergic signaling are negatively enriched in these regions. We used the results of both DGE and co-expression analyses to construct a novel MDD-associated pathway. In our model, we propose that disruption in glutamatergic signaling-related pathways might be associated with the downregulation of NPAS4 and many other immediate-early genes (IEGs) that control synaptic plasticity. In addition to DGE analysis, we identified the relative importance of KEGG pathways in discriminating MDD phenotype using a machine learning-based approach. We anticipate that our study will open doors to developing better therapeutic approaches targeting glutamatergic receptors in the treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Selçuk
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuana Aksu
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Dereli
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ogün Adebali
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
- TÜBİTAK Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences, 41470, Gebze, Turkey.
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3
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Jiang SZ, Zhang HY, Eiden LE. PACAP Controls Endocrine and Behavioral Stress Responses via Separate Brain Circuits. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:673-685. [PMID: 37881538 PMCID: PMC10593940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neuropeptide PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) is a master regulator of central and peripheral stress responses, yet it is not clear how PACAP projections throughout the brain execute endocrine and behavioral stress responses. Methods We used AAV (adeno-associated virus) neuronal tracing, an acute restraint stress (ARS) paradigm, and intersectional genetics, in C57BL/6 mice, to identify PACAP-containing circuits controlling stress-induced behavior and endocrine activation. Results PACAP deletion from forebrain excitatory neurons, including a projection directly from medial prefrontal cortex to hypothalamus, impairs c-fos activation and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) messenger RNA elevation in the paraventricular nucleus after 2 hours of restraint, without affecting ARS-induced hypophagia, or c-fos elevation in nonhypothalamic brain. Elimination of PACAP within projections from lateral parabrachial nucleus to extended amygdala, on the other hand, attenuates ARS-induced hypophagia, along with extended amygdala fos induction, without affecting ARS-induced CRH messenger RNA elevation in the paraventricular nucleus. PACAP projections to extended amygdala terminate at protein kinase C delta type (PKCδ) neurons in both the central amygdala and the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Silencing of PKCδ neurons in the central amygdala, but not in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, attenuates ARS-induced hypophagia. Experiments were carried out in mice of both sexes with n ≥ 3 per group. Conclusions A frontocortical descending PACAP projection controls paraventricular nucleus CRH messenger RNA production to maintain hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and regulate the endocrine response to stress. An ascending PACAPergic projection from the external lateral parabrachial nucleus to PKCδ neurons in the central amygdala regulates behavioral responses to stress. Defining two separate limbs of the acute stress response provides broader insight into the specific brain circuitry engaged by the psychogenic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Zhihong Jiang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
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4
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Jaehne EJ, Kent JN, Lam N, Schonfeld L, Spiers JG, Begni V, De Rosa F, Riva MA, van den Buuse M. Chronic running-wheel exercise from adolescence leads to increased anxiety and depression-like phenotypes in adulthood in rats: Effects on stress markers and interaction with BDNF Val66Met genotype. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22347. [PMID: 36567651 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has been shown to be beneficial in reducing symptoms of affective disorders and to increase the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with reduced activity-dependent BDNF release and increased risk for anxiety and depression. Male and female Val66Met rats were given access to running wheels from 3 weeks of age and compared to sedentary controls. Anxiety- and depression-like behaviors were measured in adulthood using the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF), and forced swim test (FST). Expression of BDNF and a number of stress-related genes, the glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1), serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (Sgk1), and FK506 binding protein 51 (Fkbp5) in the hippocampus were also measured. Rats given access to running wheels developed high levels of voluntary exercise, decreased open-arm time on the EPM and center-field time in the OF, reduced overall exploratory activity in the open field, and increased immobility time in the FST with no differences between genotypes. Chronic exercise induced a significant increase in Bdnf mRNA and BDNF protein levels in the hippocampus with some of these effects being genotype specific. Exercise decreased the expression of Nr3c1 and Sgk1, but increased the expression of Fkbp5. These results suggest that chronic running-wheel exercise from adolescence increased anxiety and depression-like phenotypes in adulthood, independent of BDNF Val66Met genotype. Further studies are required to confirm that increased indices of anxiety-like behavior are independent from reduced overall locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jaehne
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica N Kent
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nikki Lam
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lina Schonfeld
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jereme G Spiers
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Veronica Begni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico De Rosa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco A Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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5
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Sewell F, Waterson I, Jones D, Tricklebank MD, Ragan I. Preclinical screening for antidepressant activity - shifting focus away from the Forced Swim Test to the use of translational biomarkers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 125:105002. [PMID: 34245825 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the world's predominant mental health problem and a leading cause of disability. Neuropharmacological research has not yet advanced treatments to sufficiently meet clinical need, largely due to the failure of animal models to predict clinical efficacy. The forced swim test (FST) has been extensively used in the field of antidepressant research but has been under scrutiny due to its perceived severity to animals. Any use of animals in experiments and testing must have a scientific or regulatory purpose and researchers need to ensure that there is no scientifically valid alternative. However, regulatory requirements have been incorrectly cited as a reason to support the use of the FST. More research is required on tests that do not involve stressing animals as replacements for the FST. Non-behavioural neurochemical measures might provide a means to advance neuropharmacological developments while reducing animal suffering. For example, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Sewell
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK.
| | - Ian Waterson
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), 10 South Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4PU, UK
| | - David Jones
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), 10 South Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4PU, UK
| | - Mark David Tricklebank
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Ragan
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK
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6
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Tricklebank MD, Robbins TW, Simmons C, Wong EHF. Time to re-engage psychiatric drug discovery by strengthening confidence in preclinical psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1417-1436. [PMID: 33694032 PMCID: PMC7945970 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is urgent need for new medications for psychiatric disorders. Mental illness is expected to become the leading cause of disability worldwide by 2030. Yet, the last two decades have seen the pharmaceutical industry withdraw from psychiatric drug discovery after costly late-stage trial failures in which clinical efficacy predicted pre-clinically has not materialised, leading to a crisis in confidence in preclinical psychopharmacology. METHODS Based on a review of the relevant literature, we formulated some principles for improving investment in translational neuroscience aimed at psychiatric drug discovery. RESULTS We propose the following 8 principles that could be used, in various combinations, to enhance CNS drug discovery: (1) consider incorporating the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach; (2) engage the power of translational and systems neuroscience approaches; (3) use disease-relevant experimental perturbations; (4) identify molecular targets via genomic analysis and patient-derived pluripotent stem cells; (5) embrace holistic neuroscience: a partnership with psychoneuroimmunology; (6) use translational measures of neuronal activation; (7) validate the reproducibility of findings by independent collaboration; and (8) learn and reflect. We provide recent examples of promising animal-to-human translation of drug discovery projects and highlight some that present re-purposing opportunities. CONCLUSIONS We hope that this review will re-awaken the pharma industry and mental health advocates to the opportunities for improving psychiatric pharmacotherapy and so restore confidence and justify re-investment in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark David Tricklebank
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, CB23EB, Cambridge, UK
| | - Camilla Simmons
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Erik H. F. Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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7
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Camacho MB, Vijitbenjaronk WD, Anastasio TJ. Computational Analysis of Therapeutic Neuroadaptation to Chronic Antidepressant in a Model of the Monoaminergic Neurotransmitter and Stress Hormone Systems. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1215. [PMID: 31708770 PMCID: PMC6823241 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical practice of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) augmentation relies heavily on trial-and-error. Unfortunately, the drug combinations prescribed today fail to provide relief for many depressed patients. In order to identify potentially more effective treatments, we developed a computational model of the monoaminergic neurotransmitter and stress-steroid systems that neuroadapts to chronic administration of combinations of antidepressant drugs and hormones by adjusting the strengths of its transmitter-system components (TSCs). We used the model to screen 60 chronically administered drug/hormone pairs and triples, and identified as potentially therapeutic those combinations that raised the monoamines (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) but lowered cortisol following neuroadaptation in the model. We also evaluated the contributions of individual and pairs of TSCs to therapeutic neuroadaptation with chronic SSRI using sensitivity, correlation, and linear temporal-logic analyses. All three approaches revealed that therapeutic neuroadaptation to chronic SSRI is an overdetermined process that depends on multiple TSCs, providing a potential explanation for the clinical finding that no single antidepressant regimen alleviates depressive symptoms in all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam B Camacho
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Program, Medical Scholars Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Warut D Vijitbenjaronk
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Thomas J Anastasio
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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8
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Lisboa SF, Niraula A, Resstel LB, Guimaraes FS, Godbout JP, Sheridan JF. Repeated social defeat-induced neuroinflammation, anxiety-like behavior and resistance to fear extinction were attenuated by the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1924-1933. [PMID: 29786066 PMCID: PMC6046035 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress contributes to the development of psychiatric disorders. Repeated social defeat (RSD) is a murine stressor that causes a release of inflammatory monocytes into circulation. Moreover, RSD-induced anxiety-like behavior is dependent on the recruitment of these monocytes to the brain. Activation of the endocannabinoid (ECB) system may modulate both neuroendocrine and inflammatory responses mediated by stress. Therefore, we hypothesized that a cannabinoid receptor agonist would attenuate RSD-induced inflammation, anxiety, and stress sensitization. To test this hypothesis, mice received an injection of the synthetic cannabinoid1/2 receptor agonist, WIN55,212-2 (WIN; 1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) daily for six consecutive days, 30 min before each exposure to RSD. Anxiety-like behavior, immune activation, neuroinflammation, and microglial reactivity were determined 14 h after RSD. RSD-induced anxiety-like behavior in the open field and in the EPM was reversed by WIN55,212-2. Moreover, WIN55,212-2 reduced the accumulation of inflammatory monocytes in circulation and brain after RSD and attenuated RSD-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in microglia/macrophages. Increased ex vivo reactivity of microglia/monocytes to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) after RSD was also attenuated by WIN55,212-2. Next, fear expression, extinction, and recall were evaluated 24 and 48 h, respectively, after contextual fear conditioning, which took place 7 days after RSD. Here, RSD caused prolonged fear expression and impaired fear extinction recall, which was associated with increased IL-1β mRNA in the brain. Moreover, these stress-induced effects were reversed by WIN55,212-2. In conclusion, activation of cannabinoid receptors limited the immune and neuroinflammatory responses to RSD and reversed the short-term and long-term behavioral deficits associated with RSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Francesca Lisboa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049900, Brazil. .,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049900, Brazil.
| | - Anzela Niraula
- 0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Division of Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Leonardo Barbosa Resstel
- 0000 0004 1937 0722grid.11899.38Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049900 Brazil ,0000 0004 1937 0722grid.11899.38Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049900 Brazil
| | - Francisco Silveira Guimaraes
- 0000 0004 1937 0722grid.11899.38Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049900 Brazil ,0000 0004 1937 0722grid.11899.38Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049900 Brazil
| | - Jonathan P. Godbout
- 0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Division of Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - John F. Sheridan
- 0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Division of Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Tomitaka S, Kawasaki Y, Ide K, Akutagawa M, Yamada H, Ono Y, Furukawa TA. Distributional patterns of item responses and total scores on the PHQ-9 in the general population: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:108. [PMID: 29685128 PMCID: PMC5913886 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, item responses and total scores on depression screening scales have been reported to have characteristic distributions in the general population. The distributional pattern of responses to the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in the general population has not been well studied. Thus, we carried out a pattern analysis of the PHQ-9 item responses and total scores in US adults. METHODS Data (5372 individuals) were drawn from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the United States. The item responses and total score distributions of the PHQ-9 data were investigated with graphical analysis and exponential regression model. RESULTS Lines of item responses showed the same pattern among the nine items, characterized by crossing at a single point between "not at all" and "several days" and a parallel pattern from "several days" to "nearly every day" on a log-normal scale. The total score distribution of the PHQ-9 exhibited an exponential pattern, except for at the lower end of the distribution. CONCLUSIONS The present results support that the item responses and total scores on the PHQ-9 in the general population show the same characteristic patterns, consistent with the previous studies using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Tomitaka
- Department of Mental Health, Panasonic Health Center, Landic building 3F, Nishishinbashi 3-8-3, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan. .,Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan. .,Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- 0000 0004 0632 2959grid.411321.4Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1, Cho-ku, Chiba-shi, 260-8677 Japan
| | - Kazuki Ide
- 0000 0000 9209 9298grid.469280.1Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan ,0000 0004 0372 2033grid.258799.8Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan ,0000 0004 0372 2033grid.258799.8Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Maiko Akutagawa
- 0000 0000 9209 9298grid.469280.1Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- 0000 0000 9209 9298grid.469280.1Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yutaka Ono
- Center for the Development of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Training, Shirogane-cho 1-13, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0816 Japan
| | - Toshiaki A. Furukawa
- 0000 0004 0372 2033grid.258799.8Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
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Camacho MB, Anastasio TJ. Computational Model of Antidepressant Response Heterogeneity as Multi-pathway Neuroadaptation. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:925. [PMID: 29375372 PMCID: PMC5770730 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current hypotheses cannot fully explain the clinically observed heterogeneity in antidepressant response. The therapeutic latency of antidepressants suggests that therapeutic outcomes are achieved not by the acute effects of the drugs, but rather by the homeostatic changes that occur as the brain adapts to their chronic administration. We present a computational model that represents the known interactions between the monoaminergic neurotransmitter-producing brain regions and associated non-monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems, and use the model to explore the possible ways in which the brain can homeostatically adjust to chronic antidepressant administration. The model also represents the neuron-specific neurotransmitter receptors that are known to adjust their strengths (expressions or sensitivities) in response to chronic antidepressant administration, and neuroadaptation in the model occurs through sequential adjustments in these receptor strengths. The main result is that the model can reach similar levels of adaptation to chronic administration of the same antidepressant drug or combination along many different pathways, arriving correspondingly at many different receptor strength configurations, but not all of those adapted configurations are also associated with therapeutic elevations in monoamine levels. When expressed as the percentage of adapted configurations that are also associated with elevations in one or more of the monoamines, our modeling results largely agree with the percentage efficacy rates of antidepressants and antidepressant combinations observed in clinical trials. Our neuroadaptation model provides an explanation for the clinical reports of heterogeneous outcomes among patients chronically administered the same antidepressant drug regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam B Camacho
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Neuroscience Program, Medical Scholars Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Thomas J Anastasio
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Tomitaka S, Kawasaki Y, Ide K, Akutagawa M, Yamada H, Furukawa TA. Exponential distribution of total depressive symptom scores in relation to exponential latent trait and item threshold distributions: a simulation study. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:614. [PMID: 29169379 PMCID: PMC5701434 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Total depressive symptom scores in the general population have been reported to follow an exponential distribution except at the lowest end of the range of scores. To verify the hypothesis that total depressive symptom scores follow the distribution of the latent trait, we performed a simulation study of depressive symptom scoring modeled after the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). To simulate the scoring of ordinal scale items in CIS-R, two sets of random numbers were generated, one expressing the degree of the latent trait of depressive symptoms and another expressing the threshold for each item. Random latent trait numbers greater than those of item thresholds indicated the presence of specific symptoms. Results When exponential distribution was set to the latent trait’s random numbers and each item’s threshold had a certain degree of standard deviation, simulated total depressive symptom scores showed a linear pattern except at the lowest end of scores with a log-normal scale. Our results suggest that total depressive symptom scores follow the distribution of the latent trait of depressive symptoms due to the property of ordinal scales, which is characterized by individual differences in the threshold of each item. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-017-2937-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Tomitaka
- Department of Mental Health, Panasonic Health Center, Landic Building 3F, Nishishinbashi 3-8-3, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan. .,Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan. .,Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1, Cho-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ide
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.,Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Maiko Akutagawa
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Toshiaki A Furukawa
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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12
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Mice lacking interleukin-18 gene display behavioral changes in animal models of psychiatric disorders: Possible involvement of immunological mechanisms. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 314:58-66. [PMID: 29195684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests pro-inflammatory cytokines might play an important role in the neurobiology of schizophrenia and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines and it is widely expressed in brain regions involved in emotional regulation. Since IL-18 involvement in the neurobiology of mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, remains unknown, this work aimed at investigating the behavior of IL-18 null mice (KO) in different preclinical models: 1. the prepulse inhibition test (PPI), which provides an operational measure of sensorimotor gating and schizophrenic-like phenotypes; 2. amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, a model predictive of antipsychotic activity; 3. resident-intruder test, a model predictive of aggressive behavior. Furthermore, the animals were submitted to models used to assess depressive- and anxiety-like behavior. IL-18KO mice showed impaired baseline PPI response, which was attenuated by d-amphetamine at a dose that did not modify PPI response in wild-type (WT) mice, suggesting a hypodopaminergic prefrontal cortex function in those mice. d-Amphetamine, however, induced hyperlocomotion in IL-18KO mice compared to their WT counterparts, suggesting hyperdopaminergic activity in the midbrain. Moreover, IL-18KO mice presented increased basal levels of IL-1β levels in the hippocampus and TNF-α in the prefrontal cortex, suggesting an overcompensation of IL-18 absence by increased levels of other proinflammatory cytokines. Although no alteration was observed in the forced swimming or in the elevated plus maze tests in naïve IL-18KO mice, these mice presented anxiogenic-like behavior after exposure to repeated forced swimming stress. In conclusion, deletion of the IL-18 gene resembled features similar to symptoms observed in schizophrenia (positive and cognitive symptoms, aggressive behavior), in addition to increased susceptibility to stress. The IL-18KO model, therefore, could provide new insights into how changes in brain immunological homeostasis induce behavioral changes related to psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia.
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Mazarati AM, Lewis ML, Pittman QJ. Neurobehavioral comorbidities of epilepsy: Role of inflammation. Epilepsia 2017; 58 Suppl 3:48-56. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey M. Mazarati
- Neurology Division; Department of Pediatrics; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California U.S.A
| | - Megan L. Lewis
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Quentin J. Pittman
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
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Pagonabarraga J, Kulisevsky J. Apathy in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:657-678. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mugica F, Nebot À, Bagherpour S, Baladón L, Serrano-Blanco A. A model for continuous monitoring of patients with major depression in short and long term periods. Technol Health Care 2016; 25:487-511. [PMID: 28009344 DOI: 10.3233/thc-161289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Major depressive disorder causes more human suffering than any other disease affecting humankind. It has a high prevalence and it is predicted that it will be among the three leading causes of disease burden by 2030. The prevalence of depression, all of its social and personal costs, and its recurrent characteristics, put heavy constraints on the ability of the public healthcare system to provide sufficient support for patients with depression. In this research, a model for continuous monitoring and tracking of depression in both short-term and long-term periods is presented. This model is based on a new qualitative reasoning approach. METHOD This paper describes the patient assessment unit of a major depression monitoring system that has three modules: a patient progress module, based on a qualitative reasoning model; an analysis module, based on expert knowledge and a rules-based system; and the communication module. These modules base their reasoning mainly on data of the patient's mood and life events that are obtained from the patient's responses to specific questionnaires (PHQ-9, M.I.N.I. and Brugha). The patient assessment unit provides synthetic and useful information for both patients and physicians, keeps them informed of the progress of patients, and alerts them in the case of necessity. RESULTS A set of hypothetical patients has been defined based on clinically possible cases in order to perform a complete scenario evaluation. The results that have been verified by psychiatrists suggest the utility of the platform. CONCLUSION The proposed major depression monitoring system takes advantage of current technologies and facilitates more frequent follow-up of the progress of patients during their home stay after being diagnosed with depression by a psychiatrist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Mugica
- Computer Science Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngela Nebot
- Computer Science Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Solmaz Bagherpour
- Computer Science Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Baladón
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi del Llobregat, Spain
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Ivanova E, Burns RJ, Deschênes SS, Knäuper B, Schmitz N. A Longitudinal Investigation of Anxiety and Depressive Symptomatology and Exercise Behaviour Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Can J Diabetes 2016; 41:73-81. [PMID: 27697449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence suggests that symptoms of depression and anxiety predict lower exercise behaviour and, inversely, that less exercise predicts higher symptomatology. The present longitudinal study examined this reciprocal association in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We predicted that symptoms of anxiety or depression would intensify over time as a consequence of lower exercise frequency and, similarly, that exercise frequency would decrease as a consequence of greater symptoms of anxiety or depression. METHODS We studied 1691 adults with type 2 diabetes who provided baseline measures in 2011 and 2 subsequent annual assessments (Follow-up 1 and Follow-up 2). Symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, respectively. A single item assessed exercise frequency in the past month (in days). RESULTS Separate 3-wave cross-lagged path models for symptoms of anxiety and depression tested the reciprocal associations. Contrary to our hypotheses, the reciprocal associations were not supported and, by extension, the predicted secondary associations were not tested. In sum, only depressive symptoms negatively predicted subsequent exercise frequency (Follow-up 1 and Follow-up 2). CONCLUSIONS Symptoms of depression were prospectively associated with lower exercise frequency, which is consistent with evidence from population-based studies that identify depressive symptoms as a barrier to exercise participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ivanova
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel J Burns
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonya S Deschênes
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bärbel Knäuper
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Norbert Schmitz
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Eastwood JG, Kemp LA, Jalaludin BB. Realist theory construction for a mixed method multilevel study of neighbourhood context and postnatal depression. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1081. [PMID: 27468381 PMCID: PMC4945545 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently described a protocol for a study that aims to build a theory of neighbourhood context and postnatal depression. That protocol proposed a critical realist Explanatory Theory Building Method comprising of an: (1) emergent phase, (2) construction phase, and (3) confirmatory phase. A concurrent triangulated mixed method multilevel cross-sectional study design was described. The protocol also described in detail the Theory Construction Phase which will be presented here. METHODS The Theory Construction Phase will include: (1) defining stratified levels; (2) analytic resolution; (3) abductive reasoning; (4) comparative analysis (triangulation); (5) retroduction; (6) postulate and proposition development; (7) comparison and assessment of theories; and (8) conceptual frameworks and model development. THEORY CONSTRUCTION The stratified levels of analysis in this study were predominantly social and psychological. The abductive analysis used the theoretical frames of: Stress Process; Social Isolation; Social Exclusion; Social Services; Social Capital, Acculturation Theory and Global-economic level mechanisms. Realist propositions are presented for each analysis of triangulated data. Inference to best explanation is used to assess and compare theories. A conceptual framework of maternal depression, stress and context is presented that includes examples of mechanisms at psychological, social, cultural and global-economic levels. Stress was identified as a necessary mechanism that has the tendency to cause several outcomes including depression, anxiety, and health harming behaviours. The conceptual framework subsequently included conditional mechanisms identified through the retroduction including the stressors of isolation and expectations and buffers of social support and trust. CONCLUSION The meta-theory of critical realism is used here to generate and construct social epidemiological theory using stratified ontology and both abductive and retroductive analysis. The findings will be applied to the development of a middle range theory and subsequent programme theory for local perinatal child and family interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Eastwood
- />Community Paediatrics, Sydney Local Health District, Croydon Community Health Centre, 24 Liverpool Road, Croydon, NSW 2132 Australia
- />School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- />School of Women’s and Children’s Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- />Ingham Institute of Applied Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170 Australia
- />School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
- />School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Lynn A. Kemp
- />Ingham Institute of Applied Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170 Australia
- />School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560 Australia
| | - Bin B. Jalaludin
- />School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- />Ingham Institute of Applied Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170 Australia
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Stallones L, Beseler CL. Assessing the connection between organophosphate pesticide poisoning and mental health: A comparison of neuropsychological symptoms from clinical observations, animal models and epidemiological studies. Cortex 2016; 74:405-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Eastwood JG, Kemp LA, Jalaludin BB. Being alone and expectations lost: a critical realist study of maternal depression in South Western Sydney. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:700. [PMID: 26609502 PMCID: PMC4646882 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study reported here is part of a critical realist multilevel study. It seeks to identify and explain complex perinatal contextual social and psychosocial mechanisms that may influence the developmental origins of health and disease, with a focus on the role of postnatal depression. The aims of the greater study are to: (1) describe the phenomenon of postnatal depression in South Western Sydney; and (2) identify mechanisms that would add to our understanding of the psycho-social causes of maternal depression. This paper will move beyond our previous quantitative descriptions of individual-level predictors of depressive symptoms by seeking the views of local mothers and practitioners, to explain the mechanisms that might be involved. The study was set in South Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. An Explanatory Theory Building Method was used. The previously reported quantitative study was a non-linear principal component analysis and logistic regression study of 15,389 months delivering in 2002 and 2003. This intensive qualitative study used open coding of interviews, of seven practitioners and three naturally occurring mothers groups, to enable maximum emergence. The theoretical concepts identified were: attachment and nurturing, infant temperament, unplanned pregnancy and sole parenthood, support for mothers, access to services, stress, financial hardship, isolation and marginalisation, mothers' "loss of control" and "power", and expectations and dreams. Being alone and expectations lost emerged as possible triggers of stress and depression for mothers. These findings might also apply to others who have their dreams shattered during life's transitions. In these situations social and cultural context can either nurture and support or marginalise and isolate. The challenge for policy and practice is to support mothers and their partners during the transition to parenthood within a challenging social and material context.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Eastwood
- />Community Paediatrics, Sydney Local Health District, Croydon Community Health Centre, 24 Liverpool Road, Croydon, NSW 2132 Australia
- />School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- />School of Women’s and Children’s Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- />Ingham Institute of Applied Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170 Australia
- />School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
- />School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Lynn A. Kemp
- />Ingham Institute of Applied Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170 Australia
- />School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560 Australia
| | - Bin B. Jalaludin
- />School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- />Ingham Institute of Applied Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170 Australia
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Pagonabarraga J, Kulisevsky J, Strafella AP, Krack P. Apathy in Parkinson's disease: clinical features, neural substrates, diagnosis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:518-31. [PMID: 25895932 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Normal maintenance of human motivation depends on the integrity of subcortical structures that link the prefrontal cortex with the limbic system. Structural and functional disruption of different networks within these circuits alters the maintenance of spontaneous mental activity and the capacity of affected individuals to associate emotions with complex stimuli. The clinical manifestations of these changes include a continuum of abnormalities in goal-oriented behaviours known as apathy. Apathy is highly prevalent in Parkinson's disease (and across many neurodegenerative disorders) and can severely affect the quality of life of both patients and caregivers. Differentiation of apathy from depression, and discrimination of its cognitive, emotional, and auto-activation components could guide an individualised approach to the treatment of symptoms. The opportunity to manipulate dopaminergic treatment in Parkinson's disease allows researchers to study a continuous range of motivational states, from apathy to impulse control disorders. Parkinson's disease can thus be viewed as a model that provides insight into the neural substrates of apathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pagonabarraga
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Pau Hospital and Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red-Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Kulisevsky
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Pau Hospital and Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red-Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit, E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital and Research Institute, UHN, ON, Canada; Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Krack
- Movement Disorder Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU de Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France; INSERM, Unit 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France.
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Eastwood J, Kemp L, Jalaludin B. Explaining ecological clusters of maternal depression in South Western Sydney. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14:47. [PMID: 24460690 PMCID: PMC3909479 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the qualitative study reported here was to: 1) explain the observed clustering of postnatal depressive symptoms in South Western Sydney; and 2) identify group-level mechanisms that would add to our understanding of the social determinants of maternal depression. METHODS Critical realism provided the methodological underpinning for the study. The setting was four local government areas in South Western Sydney, Australia. Child and Family practitioners and mothers in naturally occurring mothers groups were interviewed. RESULTS Using an open coding approach to maximise emergence of patterns and relationships we have identified seven theoretical concepts that might explain the observed spatial clustering of maternal depression. The theoretical concepts identified were: Community-level social networks; Social Capital and Social Cohesion; "Depressed community"; Access to services at the group level; Ethnic segregation and diversity; Supportive social policy; and Big business. CONCLUSIONS We postulate that these regional structural, economic, social and cultural mechanisms partially explain the pattern of maternal depression observed in families and communities within South Western Sydney. We further observe that powerful global economic and political forces are having an impact on the local situation. The challenge for policy and practice is to support mothers and their families within this adverse regional and global-economic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Eastwood
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Community Paediatrics, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Locked Bag 7279, Liverpool BC, NSW 1871, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lynn Kemp
- Centre for Health Equity Training Research and Evaluation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Bin Jalaludin
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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α1-Adrenergic receptor subtypes in the central nervous system: insights from genetically engineered mouse models. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:1489-97. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Eastwood JG, Kemp LA, Jalaludin BB, Phung HN. Neighborhood adversity, ethnic diversity, and weak social cohesion and social networks predict high rates of maternal depressive symptoms: a critical realist ecological study in South Western Sydney, Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2013; 43:241-66. [PMID: 23821904 DOI: 10.2190/hs.43.2.d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study reported here is to explore ecological covariate and latent variable associations with perinatal depressive symptoms in South Western Sydney for the purpose of informing subsequent theory generation of perinatal context, depression, and the developmental origins of health and disease. Mothers (n = 15,389) delivering in 2002 and 2003 were assessed at two to three weeks after delivery for risk factors for depressive symptoms. The binary outcome variables were Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)> 9 and > 12. Aggregated EPDS > 9 was analyzed for 101 suburbs. Suburb-level variables were drawn from the 2001 Australian Census, New South Wales Crime Statistics, and aggregated individual-level risk factors. Analysis included exploratory factor analysis, univariate and multivariate likelihood, and Bayesian linear regression with conditional autoregressive components. The exploratory factor analysis identified six factors: neighborhood adversity, social cohesion, health behaviors, housing quality, social services, and support networks. Variables associated with neighborhood adversity, social cohesion, social networks, and ethnic diversity were consistently associated with aggregated depressive symptoms. The findings support the theoretical proposition that neighborhood adversity causes maternal psychological distress and depression within the context of social buffers including social networks, social cohesion, and social services.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Graeme Eastwood
- Department of Community Paediatrics, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool BC, New South Wales 1871, Australia.
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Lehmann ML, Mustafa T, Eiden AM, Herkenham M, Eiden LE. PACAP-deficient mice show attenuated corticosterone secretion and fail to develop depressive behavior during chronic social defeat stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:702-15. [PMID: 23062748 PMCID: PMC3652373 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) regulates activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the adrenal gland in response to various stressors. We previously found that in response to acute psychological stress (restraint), elevated corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) as well as elevated plasma corticosterone (CORT) were profoundly attenuated in PACAP-deficient mice. To determine whether HPA axis responses and stress-induced depressive-like behaviors in a chronic stress paradigm are affected by PACAP deficiency, we subjected mice to 14 days of social defeat stress. Defeat-exposed PACAP-/- mice showed a marked attenuation of stress-induced increases in serum CORT levels, cellular PVN ΔFosB immunostaining, and depressive-like behaviors (social interaction and forced swim tests) compared to wild-type control mice. The PACAP-/- mice showed reduced PVN FosB-positive cell numbers, but relatively elevated cell counts in several forebrain areas including the medial prefrontal cortex, after social stress. PACAP appears to be specific for mediating HPA activation only in psychological stress because marked elevations in plasma CORT after a systemic stressor (lipopolysaccharide administration) occurred regardless of genotype. We conclude that chronically elevated CORT is a key component of depressive effects of social defeat, and that attenuation of the CORT response at the level of the PVN, as well as extrahypothalamic forebrain regions, in PACAP-deficient mice protects from development of depressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Lehmann
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tomris Mustafa
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian M. Eiden
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miles Herkenham
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding author at: Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Building 49, Room 5A-38, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Tel.: +1 301 496 4110; fax: +1 301 402 1748. (L.E. Eiden)
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Kattenstroth JC, Kalisch T, Holt S, Tegenthoff M, Dinse HR. Six months of dance intervention enhances postural, sensorimotor, and cognitive performance in elderly without affecting cardio-respiratory functions. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:5. [PMID: 23447455 PMCID: PMC3581819 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During aging, sensorimotor, cognitive and physical performance decline, but can improve by training and exercise indicating that age-related changes are treatable. Dancing is increasingly used as an intervention because it combines many diverse features making it a promising neuroplasticity-inducing tool. We here investigated the effects of a 6-month dance class (1 h/week) on a group of healthy elderly individuals compared to a matched control group (CG). We performed a broad assessment covering cognition, intelligence, attention, reaction time, motor, tactile, and postural performance, as well as subjective well-being and cardio-respiratory performance. After 6 months, in the CG no changes, or further degradation of performance was found. In the dance group, beneficial effects were found for dance-related parameters such as posture and reaction times, but also for cognitive, tactile, motor performance, and subjective well-being. These effects developed without alterations in the cardio-respiratory performance. Correlation of baseline performance with the improvement following intervention revealed that those individuals, who benefitted most from the intervention, were those who showed the lowest performance prior to the intervention. Our findings corroborate previous observations that dancing evokes widespread positive effects. The pre-post design used in the present study implies that the efficacy of dance is most likely not based on a selection bias of particularly gifted individuals. The lack of changes of cardio-respiratory fitness indicates that even moderate levels of physical activity can in combination with rich sensorimotor, cognitive, social, and emotional challenges act to ameliorate a wide spectrum of age-related decline.
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The absence of P2X7 receptors (P2rx7) on non-haematopoietic cells leads to selective alteration in mood-related behaviour with dysregulated gene expression and stress reactivity in mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:213-33. [PMID: 22243662 PMCID: PMC3666310 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711001933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore how genetic deletion and pharmacological antagonism of the P2X7 receptor (P2rx7) alter mood-related behaviour, gene expression and stress reactivity in the brain. The forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (AH) tests were used in wild-type (P2rx7(+/+)) and P2rx7-deficient (P2rx7(-/-)) mice. Biogenic amine levels were analysed in the amygdala and striatum, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone levels were measured in the plasma and pituitary after restraint stress. Chimeric mice were generated by bone marrow transplantation. A whole genome microarray analysis with real-time polymerase chain reaction validation was performed on the amygdala. In the absence of P2rx7s decreased behavioural despair in the FST, reduced immobility in the TST and attenuated amphetamine-induced hyperactivity were detected. Basal norepinephrine levels were elevated in the amygdala, whereas stress-induced ACTH and corticosterone responses were alleviated in P2rx7(-/-) mice. Sub-acute treatment with the selective P2rx7 antagonist, Brilliant Blue G, reproduced the effect of genetic deletion in the TST and AH test in P2rx7(+/+) but not P2rx7(-/-) mice. No change in behavioural phenotype was observed in chimeras lacking the P2rx7 in their haematopoietic compartment. Whole genome microarray analysis indicated a widespread up- and down-regulation of genes crucial for synaptic function and neuroplasticity by genetic deletion. Here, we present evidence that the absence of P2rx7s on non-haematopoietic cells leads to a mood-stabilizing phenotype in several behavioural models and suggest a therapeutic potential of P2rx7 antagonists for the treatment of mood disorders.
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Sah A, Schmuckermair C, Sartori SB, Gaburro S, Kandasamy M, Irschick R, Klimaschewski L, Landgraf R, Aigner L, Singewald N. Anxiety- rather than depression-like behavior is associated with adult neurogenesis in a female mouse model of higher trait anxiety- and comorbid depression-like behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e171. [PMID: 23047242 PMCID: PMC3565824 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has been implicated in affective disorders and the action of antidepressants (ADs) although the functional significance of this association is still unclear. The use of animal models closely mimicking human comorbid affective and anxiety disorders seen in the majority of patients should provide relevant novel information. Here, we used a unique genetic mouse model displaying higher trait anxiety (HAB) and comorbid depression-like behavior. We demonstrate that HABs have a lower rate of hippocampal neurogenesis and impaired functional integration of newly born neurons as compared with their normal anxiety/depression-like behavior (NAB) controls. In HABs, chronic treatment with the AD fluoxetine alleviated their higher depression-like behavior and protected them from relapse for 3 but not 7 weeks after discontinuation of the treatment without affecting neurogenesis. Similar to what has been observed in depressed patients, fluoxetine treatment induced anxiogenic-like effects during the early treatment phase in NABs along with a reduction in neurogenesis. On the other hand, treatment with AD drugs with a particularly strong anxiolytic component, namely the neurokinin-1-receptor-antagonist L-822 429 or tianeptine, increased the reduced rate of neurogenesis in HABs up to NAB levels. In addition, challenge-induced hypoactivation of dentate gyrus (DG) neurons in HABs was normalized by all three drugs. Overall, these data suggest that AD-like effects in a psychopathological mouse model are commonly associated with modulation of DG hypoactivity but not neurogenesis, suggesting normalization of hippocampal hypoactivity as a neurobiological marker indicating successful remission. Finally, rather than to higher depression-related behavior, neurogenesis seems to be linked to pathological anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse, Munich,Germany
| | - C Schmuckermair
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S B Sartori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Gaburro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Kandasamy
- Institut für Molekulare Regenerative Medizin, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Strubergasse, Salzburg, Austria
| | - R Irschick
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Landgraf
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse, Munich,Germany
| | - L Aigner
- Institut für Molekulare Regenerative Medizin, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Strubergasse, Salzburg, Austria,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse, Salzburg, Austria
| | - N Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 3rd floor, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. E-mail:
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Cui J, Jiang L, Xiang H. Ginsenoside Rb3 exerts antidepressant-like effects in several animal models. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:697-713. [PMID: 21948936 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111415735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Total ginsenosides have been shown to have therapeutic actions as antidepressants. We report a major active ingredient of total ginsenosides, the ginsenoside Rb3 (Rb3), which may have antidepressant-like effects. Using the forced swim test, tail suspension test, and learned helplessness procedure, we found that Rb3 had significant anti-immobility effects in mice in the forced swim and tail suspension tests and reduced the number of escape failures in the learned helplessness procedure. In a reserpine-induced syndrome model, Rb3 attenuated hypothermia, palpebral ptosis, and akinesia. In the chronic mild stress model, chronic Rb3 administration reversed the decrease in locomotor activity, novelty-suppressed feeding, and sucrose preference. Furthermore, neurochemical tests were performed to support our hypothesis that biochemical variations (i.e. brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the monoamine neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, and norepinephrine) are involved in Rb3's antidepressant-like effects. Finally, we found, using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, that the action potential transmission in neurons within the somatosensory cortex was excited by Rb3 perfusion and blocked with Panax notoginseng total saponins extracted from leaves. This study provides evidence for the mechanism of action of the antidepressant-like effects of Rb3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Cui
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Long-term behavioral and NMDA receptor effects of young-adult corticosterone treatment in BDNF heterozygous mice. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:722-31. [PMID: 22426399 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia, are most likely caused by an interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors, including stress during development. The neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in this illness as BDNF levels are decreased in the brain of patients with schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to assess the combined effect of reduced BDNF levels and postnatal stress, simulated by chronic young-adult treatment with the stress hormone, corticosterone. From 6 weeks of age, female and male BDNF heterozygous mice and their wild-type controls were chronically treated with corticosterone in their drinking water for 3 weeks. At 11 weeks of age, male, but not female BDNF heterozygous mice treated with corticosterone exhibited a profound memory deficit in the Y-maze. There were no differences between the groups in baseline prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of sensorimotor gating, or its disruption by treatment with MK-801. However, an increase in startle caused by MK-801 treatment was absent in male, but not female BDNF heterozygous mice, irrespective of corticosterone treatment. Analysis of protein levels of the NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, NR2B and NR2C, showed a marked increase of NR2B levels in the dorsal hippocampus of male BDNF heterozygous mice treated with corticosterone. In the ventral hippocampus, significantly reduced levels of NR2A, NR2B and NR2C were observed in male BDNF heterozygous mice. The NMDA receptor effects in hippocampal sub-regions could be related to the spatial memory deficits and the loss of the effect of MK-801 on startle in these mice, respectively. No significant changes in NMDA receptor subunit levels were observed in any of the female groups. Similarly, no significant changes in levels of BDNF or its receptor, TrkB, were found other than the expected reduced levels of BDNF in heterozygous mice. In conclusion, the data show differential interactive effects of reduced levels of BDNF expression and corticosterone treatment on spatial memory and startle in male and female mice, accompanied by significant, but region-specific changes in NMDA receptor subunit levels in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. These results could be important for our understanding of the interaction of neurodevelopmental stress and BDNF deficiency in cognitive and anxiety-related symptoms of psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia.
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Khansari PS, Sperlagh B. Inflammation in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2012; 20:103-7. [PMID: 22361843 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-012-0124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, compelling evidence suggests that inflammation plays a critical role in the pathology of a vast number of neurological diseases such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression and schizophrenia. Despite emerging evidence in human and animal models alike, modulating inflammatory responses have yet to be proven as an effective treatment to prevent or delay the progression of these diseases. The primary focus of this special edition is to highlight some of our current findings on the complexities of targeting neuroinflammation as a novel therapy, and its role in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parto S Khansari
- California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA.
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Fournier NM, Duman RS. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in adult hippocampal neurogenesis: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Behav Brain Res 2012; 227:440-9. [PMID: 21536078 PMCID: PMC3176958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that the adult brain has the capacity to generate new neurons throughout life. Although the functional significance of adult neurogenesis still remains to be established, increasing evidence has implicated compromised hippocampal neurogenesis as a possible contributor in the development of major depressive disorder. Antidepressants increase hippocampal neurogenesis and there is evidence in rodent models that the therapeutic efficacy of these agents is attributable, in part, to this neurogenic effect. As such, considerable interest has been directed at identifying molecular signals, including neurotrophic factors and related signaling pathways that are associated with antidepressant action and could operate as key modulators in the regulation of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. One interesting candidate is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is known to possess strong neurogenic effects. In this review, we will discuss the involvement of VEGF signaling in the etiology and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. Fournier
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT., 06508
| | - Ronald S. Duman
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT., 06508
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32
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Elger CE, Hoppe C. What is Depression in Epilepsy? Front Neurol 2011; 2:79. [PMID: 22162974 PMCID: PMC3232452 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Elger
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Centre Bonn, Germany
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Thompson VB, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. Convergent mechanisms in etiologically-diverse dystonias. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:1387-403. [PMID: 22136648 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.641533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dystonia is a neurological disorder associated with twisting motions and abnormal postures, which compromise normal movements and can be both painful and debilitating. It can affect a single body part (focal), several contiguous regions (segmental), or the entire body (generalized), and can arise as a result of numerous causes, both genetic and acquired. Despite the diversity of causes and manifestations, shared clinical features suggest that common mechanisms of pathogenesis may underlie many dystonias. AREAS COVERED Shared themes in etiologically-diverse dystonias exist at several biological levels. At the cellular level, abnormalities in the dopaminergic system, mitochondrial function and calcium regulation are often present. At the anatomical level, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are frequently implicated. Global CNS dysfunction, specifically aberrant neuronal plasticity, inhibition and sensorimotor integration, are also observed in a number of dystonias. Using clinical data and data from animal models, this article seeks to highlight shared pathways that may be critical in understanding mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutic strategies in dystonia. EXPERT OPINION Identifying shared features of pathogenesis can provide insight into the biological processes that underlie etiologically diverse dystonias, and can suggest novel targets for therapeutic intervention that may be effective in a broad group of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Thompson
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Woodruff Memorial Research Building, Suite 6000, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Lin HP, Lin HY, Lin WL, Huang ACW. Effects of stress, depression, and their interaction on heart rate, skin conductance, finger temperature, and respiratory rate: sympathetic-parasympathetic hypothesis of stress and depression. J Clin Psychol 2011; 67:1080-91. [PMID: 21905026 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We examined effects of stress, depression, and their interaction on sympathetic-parasympathetic responses, including percentage heart rate (PHR), percentage skin conductance (PSC), percentage finger temperature (PTEMP), and percentage respiratory rate (PRESPR). Participants were categorized into normal, low-risk, and high-risk depression groups under stress or no-stress by measuring psychophysiological responses. Stress increased PHR and PSC and decreased PTEMP. Depression negatively correlated with PHR and PTEMP. PSC and PTEMP were significantly dependent on and positively correlated with depression. PTEMP was significantly affected by the stress and depression interaction. Stress affects sympathetic, rather than parasympathetic, activity. Depression and the interaction between stress and depression initially associated with the sympathetic division and are then correlated with parasympathetic activity. A sympathetic-parasympathetic hypothesis and its clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Pei Lin
- Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Taiwan
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Bishop SL, Lahvis GP. The autism diagnosis in translation: shared affect in children and mouse models of ASD. Autism Res 2011; 4:317-35. [PMID: 21882361 PMCID: PMC3684385 DOI: 10.1002/aur.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of molecular biomarkers that can be used to diagnose ASD, current diagnostic tools depend upon clinical assessments of behavior. Research efforts with human subjects have successfully utilized standardized diagnostic instruments, which include clinician interviews with parents and direct observation of the children themselves [Risi et al., 2006]. However, because clinical instruments are semi-structured and rely heavily on dynamic social processes and clinical skill, scores from these measures do not necessarily lend themselves directly to experimental investigations into the causes of ASD. Studies of the neurobiology of autism require experimental animal models. Mice are particularly useful for elucidating genetic and toxicological contributions to impairments in social function [Halladay et al., 2009]. Behavioral tests have been developed that are relevant to autism [Crawley, 2004, 2007], including measures of repetitive behaviors [Lewis, Tanimura, Lee, & Bodfish, 2007; Moy et al., 2008], social behavior [Brodkin, 2007; Lijam et al., 1997; Moretti, Bouwknecht, Teague, Paylor, & Zoghbi, 2005], and vocal communication [D'Amato et al., 2005; Panksepp et al., 2007; Scattoni et al., 2008]. Advances also include development of high-throughput measures of mouse sociability that can be used to reliably compare inbred mouse strains [Moy et al., 2008; Nadler et al., 2004], as well as measures of social reward [Panksepp & Lahvis, 2007] and empathy [Chen, Panksepp, & Lahvis, 2009; Langford et al., 2006]. With continued generation of mouse gene-targeted mice that are directly relevant to genetic linkages in ASD, there remains an urgent need to utilize a full suite of mouse behavioral tests that allows for a comprehensive assessment of the spectrum of social difficulties relevant to ASD. Using impairments in shared affect as an example, this paper explores potential avenues for collaboration between clinical and basic scientists, within an amply considered translational framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somer L. Bishop
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229 Phone: (513) 636-3849 Fax: 513-636-1360
| | - Garet P. Lahvis
- Oregon Health and Science University 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Mail Code L470 Portland, OR 97239 Phone: (503) 346 0820 Fax: (503) 494 6877
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Alcaro A, Panksepp J. The SEEKING mind: Primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1805-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Differences between effects of psychological versus pharmacological treatments on functional and morphological brain alterations in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 36:626-44. [PMID: 21963442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent mental disorders, anxiety and mood disorders, are associated with both functional and morphological brain changes that commonly involve the 'fear network' including the (medial) prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Patients suffering from anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder often show excessive amygdala and reduced prefrontal cortex functioning. It is, however, still unclear whether these brain abnormalities disappear or diminish following effective treatment. This review aims to compare the effects of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy on functional and morphological brain measures in these disorders. Sixty-three studies were included, 30 investigating psychotherapy effects and 33 investigating pharmacotherapy effects. Despite methodological differences, results suggest a functional normalization of the 'fear network'. Pharmacotherapy particularly decreases over-activity of limbic structures (bottom-up effect) while psychotherapy tends to increase activity and recruitment of frontal areas (top-down effect), especially the anterior cingulate cortex. Additionally, pharmacotherapy, but not psychotherapy, has been associated with morphological changes, depending on the disorder. These findings suggest that both types of treatments normalize (functional) brain abnormalities each in specific ways.
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Antidepressant-like action of intracerebral 6-fluoronorepinephrine, a selective full α-adrenoceptor agonist. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14:319-31. [PMID: 20459885 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the ability of 6-fluoronorepinephrine (6FNE), a full selective α-adrenoceptor agonist, to produce antidepressant-like effects in mice. The drug, administered in the 4th ventricle, produced marked anti-immobility effects at mid-dose range in the acute forced swim, tail suspension and repeated open-space forced swim tests with minimal effect on open-field motor activity and also reversed anhedonia following lipopolysaccharide administration. Its antidepressant effects were equal to or greater than that of an established systemic antidepressant, desmethylimipramine, given subacutely. Experiments with α-adrenoceptor antagonists indicated that the drug acts primarily via the α2-receptor in contrast to endogenous catecholamines which appear to control depressive behaviour primarily via the α1-receptor. Antidepressant activity declined at higher doses signifying a possible pro-depressant effect of one of the α-adrenoceptor subtypes. Compared to the selective α2-agonist, dexmedetomidine, 6FNE showed equivalent antidepressant action in the tail suspension test but appeared to have a greater efficacy or speed of action in the repeated open-space forced swim test which produces a more sustained depression. Studies of regional brain Fos expression induced during the antidepressant tests showed that 6FNE tended to inhibit neural activity in two stress-responsive regions (locus coeruleus and paraventricular hypothalamus) but to enhance activity in two areas involved in motivated behaviour (nucleus accumbens shell and lateral septal nucleus) producing a neural pattern consistent with antidepressant action. It is concluded that 6FNE elicits a rapid and effective antidepressant and anti-stress response that may compare favourably with available antidepressants.
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Wager-Smith K, Markou A. Depression: a repair response to stress-induced neuronal microdamage that can grade into a chronic neuroinflammatory condition? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:742-64. [PMID: 20883718 PMCID: PMC3777427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and disability, yet it is poorly understood. Here we review data supporting a novel theoretical model for the biology of depression. In this model, a stressful life event leads to microdamage in the brain. This damage triggers an injury repair response consisting of a neuroinflammatory phase to clear cellular debris and a spontaneous tissue regeneration phase involving neurotrophins and neurogenesis. During healing, released inflammatory mediators trigger sickness behavior and psychological pain via mechanisms similar to those that produce physical pain during wound healing. The depression remits if the neuronal injury repair process resolves successfully. Importantly, however, the acute psychological pain and neuroinflammation often transition to chronicity and develop into pathological depressive states. This hypothesis for depression explains substantially more data than alternative models, including why emerging data show that analgesic, anti-inflammatory, pro-neurogenic and pro-neurotrophic treatments have antidepressant effects. Thus, an acute depressive episode can be conceptualized as a normally self-limiting but highly error-prone process of recuperation from stress-triggered neuronal microdamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Wager-Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA.
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Kanarik M, Alttoa A, Matrov D, Kõiv K, Sharp T, Panksepp J, Harro J. Brain responses to chronic social defeat stress: effects on regional oxidative metabolism as a function of a hedonic trait, and gene expression in susceptible and resilient rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21:92-107. [PMID: 20656462 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic social defeat stress, a depression model in rats, reduced struggling in the forced swimming test dependent on a hedonic trait-stressed rats with high sucrose intake struggled less. Social defeat reduced brain regional energy metabolism, and this effect was also more pronounced in rats with high sucrose intake. A number of changes in gene expression were identified after social defeat stress, most notably the down-regulation of Gsk3b and Map1b. The majority of differences were between stress-susceptible and resilient rats. Conclusively, correlates of inter-individual differences in stress resilience can be identified both at gene expression and oxidative metabolism levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Kanarik
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tiigi 78, 50410 Tartu, Estonia
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Abstract
Most psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), are known to involve complex interactions between genetic and environmental influences that impact the development and severity of symptomatology. Health care practitioner competencies have been expanded to include application of genetic knowledge in mental health. Yet this information is difficult to decipher and apply. To assist with these challenges, this article synthesizes recent literature related to the genetics of MDD and illustrates the genetic pathways for major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty L Elder
- Wichita State University, School of Nursing, Wichita, Kansas, USA.
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Nojimoto FD, Mueller A, Hebeler-Barbosa F, Akinaga J, Lima V, Kiguti LRDA, Pupo AS. The tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine are weak antagonists of human and rat alpha1B-adrenoceptors. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:49-57. [PMID: 20363235 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although it is long known that the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine inhibit the noradrenaline transporter and alpha(1)-adrenoceptors with similar affinities, which may lead to self-cancelling actions, the selectivity of these drugs for alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes is unknown. The present study investigates the selectivity of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine for human recombinant and rat native alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes. The selectivity of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine was investigated in HEK-293 cells expressing each of the human alpha(1)-subtypes and in rat native receptors from the vas deferens (alpha(1A)), spleen (alpha(1B)) and aorta (alpha(1D)) through [(3)H]prazosin binding, and noradrenaline-induced intracellular Ca(2+) increases and contraction assays. Amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine showed considerably higher affinities for alpha(1A)- (approximately 25- to 80-fold) and alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors (approximately 10- to 25-fold) than for alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors in both contraction and [(3)H]prazosin binding assays with rat native and human receptors, respectively. In addition, amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine were substantially more potent in the inhibition of noradrenaline-induced intracellular Ca(2+) increases in HEK-293 cells expressing alpha(1A)- or a truncated version of alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors which traffics more efficiently towards the cell membrane than in cells expressing alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors. Amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine are much weaker antagonists of rat and human alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors than of alpha(1A)- and alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors. The differential affinities for these receptors indicate that the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtype which activation is most increased by the augmented noradrenaline availability resultant from the blockade of neuronal reuptake is the alpha(1B)-adrenoceptor. This may be important for the behavioural effects of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Nojimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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43
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Briffault X, Morvan Y, Roscoät ED. [National information campaigns on depression. A biopsychosocial anthropology?]. Encephale 2009; 36 Suppl 2:D124-32. [PMID: 20513455 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Information and prevention campaigns are privileged tools for public health institutions in their risk reduction policies concerning heath disorders and their consequences. Mental health in general, and depression in particular, have been the focus of several public campaigns in different countries for 20 years. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this paper is to analyse depression campaign messages, to highlight their underlying logics and to show some of their effects, in particular in relation to contextual conflicts between professionals that possibly emerge because of these campaigns. MATERIAL Previous depression campaign materials were analysed, and the recent French campaign launched in November 2007 was the subject of specific attention. RESULTS Common messages of the campaigns are centred on the prevention of emergence, recurrence, worsening and individual, social and economic consequences of depressive disorders. Depression is always presented as "a disease"; a position which differs from international classifications describing depression as "a disorder", a much less affirmative statement. This choice, which has important "performance" values is based upon several factors including the difficulty to "popularise" psychological technology, a consensus resulting from a political struggle between professionals, a reaction to the current norms of autonomy implying a new set of rights and responsibilities from and towards the people who are "sick", and the importance given to the reduction of stigmatisation from which the "mentally ill" suffer. From all of these aspects appears a logic of "dementalisation" corresponding to a "deficit" model, in which depression is presented as something external to the individual, and where treatment is supposed to "fix" the deficit. DISCUSSION The French campaign shares many of those fundamental characteristics: prevalence, seriousness of the disease's consequences, low level of services use, preference for biological monoaminergic theories, and environmental risk factors to explain the disease (an aetiology which is more bioenvironmental than really biopsychosocial), presentation of the main chemotherapeutics and psychological treatments, referring first to a general practitioner, importance of reducing stigmatisation, and presentation of depression as a disease. However, the French campaign differs from other campaigns in its use of an organising concept for the symptoms (slowing down) and a more precise description of the frontiers between normal and pathological functioning. Furthermore, beyond the usual biological and environmental elements, greater importance is given to the psychological mechanisms and to phenomena that are not only in the "real world", such as symbolic losses. Nevertheless, it does not explicitly recommend any psychotherapy "brand". CONCLUSION This "specificity" reflects the compromise found between the different French professional positions and the opposing paradigms that govern them. The campaign led by the French Institut national de prévention et d'éducation à la Santé (Inpes) on depression is a first step of prevention and heath promotion of mental health in France. The analyses presented in this paper highlight the present orientations in this domain, its underlying tensions and the importance of respecting and preserving the multiple aspects of this domain, which are many different ways to explore the complex object that is mental health. This paper also replaces those campaigns in the complexity of their logic and their context, in an attempt to provide elements for a dispassionate reflection for all of the actors concerned by these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Briffault
- INSERM U611, Cesames CNRS UMR 8136, université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, France
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Is subcortical-cortical midline activity in depression mediated by glutamate and GABA? A cross-species translational approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:592-605. [PMID: 19958790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder has recently been characterized by abnormal resting state hyperactivity in anterior midline regions. The neurochemical mechanisms underlying resting state hyperactivity remain unclear. Since animal studies provide an opportunity to investigate subcortical regions and neurochemical mechanisms in more detail, we used a cross-species translational approach comparing a meta-analysis of human data to animal data on the functional anatomy and neurochemical modulation of resting state activity in depression. Animal and human data converged in showing resting state hyperactivity in various ventral midline regions. These were also characterized by abnormal concentrations of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as by NMDA receptor up-regulation and AMPA and GABA receptor down-regulation. This cross-species translational investigation suggests that resting state hyperactivity in depression occurs in subcortical and cortical midline regions and is mediated by glutamate and GABA metabolism. This provides insight into the biochemical underpinnings of resting state activity in both depressed and healthy subjects.
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45
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Ross BM. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and anxiety disorders. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 81:309-12. [PMID: 19906519 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are a common group of psychiatric illnesses which have significant personal, family and societal costs. Current treatments have limited efficacy in many patients highlighting a need for new therapeutic approaches to be explored. Anxiety disorders exhibit marked comorbity with mood disorders suggesting the existence of mechanistic similarities. Such a notion is supported by observations that some conventional pharmacotherapies are both effective antidepressants and anxiolytics. As such, given that omega-3 PUFA supplementation may be effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder it is reasonable to propose that they may also possess anxiolytic properties. Experimental data in support of such a hypothesis is currently lacking although reduced abundance of omega-3 PUFA have been reported in patients with anxiety, while supplementation with omega-3 PUFA appears to inhibit activation of the HPA axis and can ameliorate some of the symptoms of anxiety. Clinical investigations carried out to date have, however, involved small numbers of participants. Larger trials using a variety of omega-3 PUFA species in clinically well-defined patients with anxiety will be required to demonstrate a therapeutic role for omega-3 PUFA in these disorders. Given the excellent side effect profile of omega-3 PUFA as well as their strong theoretical rationale, such future trials appear justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ross
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine and Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, 955 Oliver Road, Ontario, Canada P7B5E1.
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Picciotto MR, Brabant C, Einstein EB, Kamens HM, Neugebauer NM. Effects of galanin on monoaminergic systems and HPA axis: Potential mechanisms underlying the effects of galanin on addiction- and stress-related behaviors. Brain Res 2009; 1314:206-18. [PMID: 19699187 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Like a number of neuropeptides, galanin can alter neural activity in brain areas that are important for both stress-related behaviors and responses to drugs of abuse. Accordingly, drugs that target galanin receptors can alter behavioral responses to drugs of abuse and can modulate stress-related behaviors. Stress and drug-related behaviors are interrelated: stress can promote drug-seeking, and drug exposure and withdrawal can increase activity in brain circuits involved in the stress response. We review here what is known about the ability of galanin and galanin receptors to alter neuronal activity, and we discuss potential mechanisms that may underlie the effects of galanin on behaviors involved in responses to stress and addictive drugs. Understanding the mechanisms underlying galanin's effects on neuronal function in brain regions related to stress and addiction may be useful in developing novel therapeutics for the treatment of stress- and addiction-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Picciotto
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Haenisch B, Bilkei-Gorzo A, Caron MG, Bönisch H. Knockout of the norepinephrine transporter and pharmacologically diverse antidepressants prevent behavioral and brain neurotrophin alterations in two chronic stress models of depression. J Neurochem 2009; 111:403-16. [PMID: 19694905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diverse factors such as changes in neurotrophins and brain plasticity have been proposed to be involved in the actions of antidepressant drugs (ADs). However, in mouse models of depression based on chronic stress, it is still unclear whether simultaneous changes in behavior and neurotrophin expression occur and whether these changes can be corrected or prevented comparably by chronic administration of ADs or genetic manipulations that produce antidepressant-like effects such as the knockout of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) gene. Here we show that chronic restraint or social defeat stress induce comparable effects on behavior and changes in the expression of neurotrophins in depression-related brain regions. Chronic stress caused down-regulation of BDNF, nerve growth factor, and neurotrophin-3 in hippocampus and cerebral cortex and up-regulation of these targets in striatal regions. In wild-type mice, these effects could be prevented by concomitant chronic administration of five pharmacologically diverse ADs. In contrast, NET knock out (NETKO) mice were resistant to stress-induced depressive-like changes in behavior and brain neurotrophin expression. Thus, the resistance of the NETKO mice to the stress-induced depression-associated behaviors and biochemical changes highlight the importance of noradrenergic pathways in the maintenance of mood. In addition, these mice represent a useful model to study depression-resistant behaviors, and they might help to provide deeper insights into the identification of downstream targets involved in the mechanisms of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Haenisch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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[TNF and cytokines and pain: Beyond the tisular inflammation]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5 Suppl 2:1-4. [PMID: 21794649 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies support the participation of cytokines in the transmission of pain, especially in neuropathic pain. Results obtained both from different experimental pain models as well as studies from a clinical perspective implicate diverse cytokines, especially some of a proinflammatory nature, in the physiopathology of chronic pain. Selective pharmacologic manipulation of these pathways key molecules represents and constitutes a treatment opportunity and an answer to this painful pathology which currently has a difficult solution.
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Fenzl T, Flachskamm C, Rossbauer M, Deussing JM, Kimura M. Circadian rhythms of basal orexin levels in the hypothalamus are not influenced by an impaired corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 system. Behav Brain Res 2009; 203:143-5. [PMID: 19379774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Wake-promoting effects of orexins and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are well documented. Neuronal interactions between these two systems and anatomical data point to a reciprocal influence of these neuropeptides. We examined in how far an impaired CRH system may influence the circadian rhythm of extracellular orexin levels in mice. The basal levels of orexin were collected unilaterally from the lateral hypothalamus over 24 h in conditional CNS-specific CRH receptor type 1 (CRH-R1) knockout animals and control littermates. No significant differences were obtained between both groups suggesting that under basal conditions the circadian variation of hypothalamic orexin is not mediated by CRH, at least not via CRH-R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fenzl
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2, 80804 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
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50
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Gardiner J, Barton D, Overall R, Marc J. Neurotrophic support and oxidative stress: converging effects in the normal and diseased nervous system. Neuroscientist 2009; 15:47-61. [PMID: 19218230 DOI: 10.1177/1073858408325269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and loss of neurotrophic support play major roles in the development of various diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. In disorders of the central nervous system such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, oxidative stress appears inextricably linked to the loss of neurotrophic support. A similar situation is seen in the peripheral nervous system in diseases of olfaction, hearing, and vision. Neurotrophic factors act to up-regulate antioxidant enzymes and promote the expression of antioxidant proteins. On the other hand, oxidative stress can cause down-regulation of neurotrophic factors. We propose that normal functioning of the nervous systems involves a positive feedback loop between antioxidant processes and neurotrophic support. Breakdown of this feedback loop in disease states leads to increased oxidative stress and reduced neurotrophic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gardiner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
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