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Gaston E, Ullén F, Wesseldijk LW, Mosing MA. Can flow proneness be protective against mental and cardiovascular health problems? A genetically informed prospective cohort study. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:144. [PMID: 38480692 PMCID: PMC10937942 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Flow is a phenomenon where one experiences optimal challenge, marked by an intense, effortless, and rewarding concentration on a task. Past research shows that flow proneness is associated with good mental and cardiovascular health. However, this research has been primarily cross-sectional, based on self-report data, and has not controlled for potential confounding effects of neuroticism. In a large, longitudinal twin sample (N = 9361), we used nationwide patient registry data to test whether flow proneness predicted registry-based diagnoses of depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, stress-related disorders, or cardiovascular diseases. We used survival analyses taking time to diagnosis into account to test if (a) there is a relationship between flow proneness and health diagnoses over time, (b) neuroticism confounds this relationship, and (c) the relationship remains present within discordant monozygotic twin pairs (N = 952), thereby controlling for genetic and shared environmental confounding. Individuals with higher flow proneness had a decreased risk of receiving diagnoses for depression (16%; CI [14%, 18%]), anxiety (16%; CI [13%, 18%]), schizophrenia (15%; CI [4%, 25%]), bipolar (12%; CI [6%, 18%]), stress-related (9%; CI [9%, 12%]), and cardiovascular disorders (4%; CI [1%, 8%]). When controlling for neuroticism, higher flow proneness still decreased the risk of depression (6%; CI [3%, 9%]) and anxiety diagnoses (5%; CI [1%, 8%]). Monozygotic twins who experienced more flow than their co-twin had a lower risk for depression (16%; CI [5%, 26%]) and anxiety (13%; CI [1%, 24%]), though only the association with depression remained significant when also controlling for neuroticism (13%; CI [1%, 24%]). Findings are in line with a causal protective role of flow experiences on depression and potentially anxiety and highlight that neuroticism and familial factors are notable confounding factors in observed associations between flow proneness and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gaston
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fredrik Ullén
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura W Wesseldijk
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miriam A Mosing
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Roché S, Kearns H, Brindle RC. Testing adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as a potential moderator of the association between current chronic stress and cardiovascular reactivity. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 193:112245. [PMID: 37730123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by mixed findings regarding the relationship between chronic stress and cardiovascular reactivity, the current study aimed to investigate whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) serve as a potential moderator of the association between current chronic stress and cardiovascular reactivity. Incidence of ACEs, levels of current chronic stress, and heart rate (HR) reactivity to a mental arithmetic stress task were measured in 111 participants (age = 20.83, 76 % female, 66 % White). ACEs were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and current chronic stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale. Moderation analyses were conducted with HR reactivity as the outcome and ACEs as the moderator. Results indicated that a greater amount of current chronic stress was significantly associated with relatively blunted HR reactivity (β = -0.25, p = 0.03) even after controlling for sociodemographic variables. Exposure to ACEs was not significantly related to HR reactivity, (all p ≥ 0.66), and there was no significant interaction between current chronic stress and ACE exposure in predicting HR reactivity, (all p ≥ 0.44). These results show that current chronic stress is associated with relatively blunted HR reactivity and that exposure to ACEs does not moderate the relationship between chronic stress and cardiac stress reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Roché
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, USA
| | - Hannah Kearns
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Washington and Lee University, USA
| | - Ryan C Brindle
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, USA.
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3
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Magnúsdóttir BB, Gylfason HF, Jóhannsdóttir KR. Blunted Cardiovascular Reactivity Predicts Worse Performance in Working Memory Tasks. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040649. [PMID: 37190615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
When we experience psychological challenges in the environment, our heart rate usually rises to make us more able to solve the task, but there is an individual difference in cardiovascular reactivity (CVR). Extreme CVR to environmental demands has been associated with worse health outcomes, with blunted CVR (little or no rise in heart rate) related to maladaptive behavior, including depression. The blunted CVR has been explained by motivational disengagement, which involves giving up on a task when facing obstacles. Disengagement is thought to be a habitual response that people might not be aware of, and, therefore, objective measures such as test performance might serve as a good measure of engagement. In this study, 66 participants solved different cognitive tasks while their CVR was measured. The aim was to test the association between test performance and reactivity, measured with the difference in heart rate at baseline and the mean heart rate while solving the tasks. Our results show a significant association between reactivity scores and performance in all tests, of various difficulty, indicating that blunted cardiovascular reactivity predicts poorer cognitive performance. Furthermore, we find an association between reactivity in one test and the performance in the other tests, suggesting that disengagement from environmental demands can be more general and not depend on the task at hand. The results, therefore, support earlier research suggesting that blunted CVR is associated with worse cognitive performance, and extends the literature by indicating that disengagement could be a more general maladaptive response to the environment.
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Peterson H, Rejeski WJ, Fanning J, Porges SW, Heilman KJ, Laurienti PJ, Gauvin L. Differential Momentary Reports of Stress and Affect Associated With Alcohol Consumption in Middle-Aged Versus Younger Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:666-675. [PMID: 36852426 PMCID: PMC10089298 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2177967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Stress is a motivator to consume alcohol, a well-documented relapse risk, and is known to differentially affect biological and psychological processes as people age.Objectives: Because alcohol consumption is known to acutely decrease stress and increase affect, this study examined differences in ratings of stress and affect in middle-aged versus younger adults who regularly consume alcohol.Methods: A sample of younger (n = 17) and middle-aged (n = 18) drinkers was studied during a 3-day period of typical alcohol consumption. Resting levels of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were measured during a baseline study visit since RSA is a well-documented biomarker of stress and is known to decrease with age. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) survey ratings (n = 1,598) were modeled using hierarchical regression to assess differences in stress and affect throughout the day between the two age groups.Results: As anticipated, middle-aged participants had lower RSA than those who were younger. Although the middle-aged adults showed overall lower stress, generally they also experienced higher affect than the younger adults. Middle-aged adults experienced a significant reduction in stress following drinking while no such effect was observed in the younger adults.Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first investigation using EMA methodology to examine stress and affect between younger and middle-aged adults who habitually consume alcohol. These cross-sectional data suggest potential momentary stress relief to engaging with moderate alcohol consumption in a middle-aged population. Future work must address this important motivational process in curtailing maintenance of alcohol consumption and preventing escalation of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Peterson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA
- Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Wake Forest Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - W. Jack Rejeski
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Jason Fanning
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Stephen W. Porges
- Kinsey Institute Taumatic Stress Research Consortium, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Keri J. Heilman
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Paul J. Laurienti
- Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Wake Forest Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, USA
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wisnton-Salem, USA
| | - Lise Gauvin
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Canada
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Moses TE, Gray E, Mischel N, Greenwald MK. Effects of neuromodulation on cognitive and emotional responses to psychosocial stressors in healthy humans. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 22:100515. [PMID: 36691646 PMCID: PMC9860364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological and psychological stressors can exert wide-ranging effects on the human brain and behavior. Research has improved understanding of how the sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axes respond to stressors and the differential responses that occur depending on stressor type. Although the physiological function of SAM and HPA responses is to promote survival and safety, exaggerated psychobiological reactivity can occur in psychiatric disorders. Exaggerated reactivity may occur more for certain types of stressors, specifically, psychosocial stressors. Understanding stressor effects and how the body regulates these responses can provide insight into ways that psychobiological reactivity can be modulated. Non-invasive neuromodulation is one way that responding to stressors may be altered; research into these interventions may provide further insights into the brain circuits that modulate stress reactivity. This review focuses on the effects of acute psychosocial stressors and how neuromodulation might be effective in altering stress reactivity. Although considerable research into stress interventions focuses on treating pathology, it is imperative to first understand these mechanisms in non-clinical populations; therefore, this review will emphasize populations with no known pathology and consider how these results may translate to those with psychiatric pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark K. Greenwald
- Corresponding author. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Tolan Park Medical Building, 3901 Chrysler Service Drive, Suite 2A, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Real-World Intake of Dietary Sugars Is Associated with Reduced Cortisol Reactivity Following an Acute Physiological Stressor. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15010209. [PMID: 36615866 PMCID: PMC9823716 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing academic and clinical interest in understanding the nature of the relation between diet and response to stress exposure as a risk factor for mental illness. Cross-species evidence shows that conditions of chronic and acute stress increase the intake of, and preference for, caloric-dense palatable foods, a phenomenon thought to be explained by the mitigating effects of comfort foods on the activity of the stress-response network. It is largely unknown whether and how real-world dietary intake of saturated fat and sugars impacts stress responsivity in humans. Therefore, here we examined whether real-world dietary intake of saturated fat and sugars predicted salivary cortisol reactivity following an acute physiological stressor. Multilevel modelling of four salivary cortisol measures collected up to 65 min after the stressor on 54 participants (18-49 years old) were analyzed using a quadratic growth curve model. Sugar intake significantly predicted a weaker cortisol response following the Cold Pressor Test (CPT) controlling for BMI and gender, revealing an inhibitory effect of caloric-dense diets on cortisol reactivity to stress. As the consumption of sugar rose individuals had lower post-stressor cortisol levels, a smaller rate of increase in cortisol 20 and 35 min after the CPT, a lower cortisol peak, and an overall weaker quadratic effect. These observations add to a growing body of evidence reporting suppressive effects of high-energy foods on stress-associated glucocorticoids reactivity and are consistent with the comfort food hypothesis, where people are seen as motivated to eat palatable foods to alleviate the detrimental repercussions of stressor exposure.
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Canfer RJ, Chaudry S, Miller SC. Thermographic assessment of the immediate and short term-effects of blood flow restriction exercise on Achilles tendon skin temperature. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 49:171-177. [PMID: 33740582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the thermal patterning of the Achilles tendon following bodyweight resistance exercise with and without blood-flow restriction (BFR). DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twelve asymptomatic recreational runners (Age: 37 ± 10, Height: 169 ± 20, Mass: 73.8 ± 13.4). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Thermograms were taken pre and post exercise with and without a BFR cuff on separate legs. BFR cuff pressure was set at 80% maximal arterial occlusion pressure determined using doppler via the tibial artery. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess the effect of BFR and time post-exercise on skin-temperature (Tskin). RESULTS A lower Tskin was seen following BFR exercise at the tendon insertion (P = 0.002), but not at the free tendon (P = 0.234), or the musculotendinous junction (P = 0.933). A significant effect of time upon changes in Tskin was observed in both BFR and non-BFR groups (P = 0.002). No interaction of time and BFR were observed on changes in Tskin (P = 0.726). CONCLUSION Region specific changes in Tskin were found, with greater and longer reductions observed at the insertion of the Achilles following BFR exercise before returning to baseline. These findings could have implications for the programming of BFR exercise on tendon health. Future research should observe for differences between symptomatic and healthy tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Canfer
- UK MOD, Regional Rehabilitation Unit, RAF Honington, Bury St Edmunds, UK; Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University London, Mile End Hospital, London, UK
| | - S Chaudry
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University London, Mile End Hospital, London, UK.
| | - S C Miller
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University London, Mile End Hospital, London, UK.
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A systematic review of caregiver-child physiological synchrony across systems: Associations with behavior and child functioning. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 32:1754-1777. [PMID: 33427185 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has established a positive association between caregiver-child behavioral synchrony and child developmental functioning. Burgeoning research examining physiological synchrony has yet to elucidate its impact for children's developing self-regulation. The objectives of this systematic review were to: 1) determine whether there is evidence that caregiver-child physiological synchrony promotes positive child development, 2) examine developmental differences in physiological synchrony and its correlates, and 3) explore whether context, risk, and/or stress influence patterns of synchrony. Sixty-nine studies met the following criteria on PubMed and PsycINFO: 1) peer-reviewed empirical articles in English that 2) examine autonomic, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical, and/or central nervous system activity 3) for caregivers and children 4) in response to a task and 5) directly examine the association between caregiver and child physiology. Findings varied based on developmental period and current behavioral context. Functional differences may exist across physiological systems and contexts. Synchrony may have different developmental consequences for dyads with and without certain risk factors. Few studies examine physiological synchrony across multiple systems or contexts, nor do they measure child characteristics associated with synchrony. Statistical and methodological challenges impede interpretation. Findings generally support the idea that physiological synchrony may support children's developing self-regulation. Longitudinal research is needed to examine child developmental outcomes over time.
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Ohrt TK, Perez M, Liew J, Hernández JC, Yu KY. The influence of temperament on stress-induced emotional eating in children. Obes Sci Pract 2020; 6:524-534. [PMID: 33082994 PMCID: PMC7556421 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress‐induced emotional eating is a risk factor for overweight and obesity. Previous research proposes both the human serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR) and child's reactive temperament are promising candidates to help explain individual differences in stress‐induced emotional eating and weight. Understanding the association between specific genotypes, reactive temperament factors, and stress‐induced emotional eating may inform the development of personalized and effective treatment for children who may be at risk for overweight and obesity. Objective The current study explored the conditional indirect effect of genetic and environmental susceptibility (i.e., the interaction between 5‐HTTLPR and reactive temperament) on weight (as measured by percent body fat) mediated by stress‐induced emotional eating. Method One hundred and forty‐seven children (4 to 6 years old; 50.3% female; 22.4% Hispanic), along with their primary caregiver, completed laboratory tasks and questionnaires that assessed the child's reactive temperament, stress‐induced emotional eating, and percent body fat. Results The interaction between 5‐HTTLPR and impulsivity as well as with negative affectivity significantly predicted percent body fat. The interaction between 5‐HTTLPR and impulsivity as well as with negative affectivity significantly predicted both total calorie consumption and rate of total calorie consumption. However, the mediation aspect of this statistical model was not supported. Conclusions Child reactive temperament is an important indicator of how children approach eating when stressed. Mental health providers may consider prescribing strategies to reduce emotional eating among children with the SL variant and moderate to high impulsivity as well as children with the LL variant and high negative affectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of PsychologyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Jeffrey Liew
- Department of Educational PsychologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | | | - Kimberly Yim Yu
- Department of PsychologyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
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Plieger T, Reuter M. Stress & executive functioning: A review considering moderating factors. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 173:107254. [PMID: 32485224 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of studies investigating the effects of stress on cognition has produced an inconsistent picture on whether - and under which conditions - stress has advantageous or disadvantageous effects on executive functions (EF). This review provides a short introduction to the concept of stress and its neurobiology, before discussing the need to consider moderating factors in the association between stress and EF. Three core domains are described and discussed in relation to the interplay between stress and cognition: the influence of different paradigms on physiological stress reactivity, individual differences in demographic and biological factors, and task-related features of cognitive tasks. Although some moderating variables such as the endocrine stress response have frequently been considered in single studies, no attempt of a holistic overview has been made so far. Therefore, we propose a more nuanced and systematic framework to study the effects of stress on executive functioning, comprising a holistic overview from the induction of stress, via biological mechanisms and interactions with individual differences, to the influence of stress on cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Plieger
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Martin Reuter
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
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Lackner HK, Moertl MG, Schmid-Zalaudek K, Lucovnik M, Weiss EM, Kolovetsiou-Kreiner V, Papousek I. History of Preeclampsia Adds to the Deleterious Effect of Chronic Stress on the Cardiac Ability to Flexibly Adapt to Challenge. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1237. [PMID: 30233410 PMCID: PMC6129979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-specific disorder, presents a major health problem during gestation, but is also associated with increased risk for cardiovascular complications in later life. We aimed to investigate whether chronic stress experience and preeclampsia may have additive adverse effects on the cardiac ability to flexibly adapt to challenge, that is, to mount an appropriately vigorous heart rate response to an acute psychological challenge, or whether they may perhaps have synergistic effects (e.g., mutual augmentation of effects). Blunted cardiac responding to challenge has been linked to poor health outcomes in the longer term. Women previously affected by preeclampsia and women after uncomplicated pregnancies were tested 15-17 weeks post-partum in a standardized stress-reactivity protocol, while cardiovascular variables were simultaneously recorded. Changes in heart rate and blood pressure in response to the stressor were analyzed with regard to the effects of history of preeclampsia and chronic stress experience. Findings indicated blunted cardiac responses in women with higher chronic stress experience (p = 0.020) and, independently from that, in women with a history of preeclampsia (p = 0.018), pointing to an additive nature of the effects of preeclampsia and chronic stress on impaired cardiovascular functioning. Consequently, if both are present, a history of preeclampsia may add to the already deleterious effects of the experience of chronic stress. The additive nature of the effects suggests that stress-reducing interventions, albeit they will not eliminate the heightened cardiovascular risk in patients with a history of preeclampsia, may improve their overall prognosis by avoiding further accumulation of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut K. Lackner
- Section of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Manfred G. Moertl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Karin Schmid-Zalaudek
- Section of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Miha Lucovnik
- Department of Perinatology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elisabeth M. Weiss
- Institute of Psychology, Biological Psychology Unit, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Ilona Papousek
- Institute of Psychology, Biological Psychology Unit, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Cardiovascular stress-response adaptation: Conceptual basis, empirical findings, and implications for disease processes. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 131:4-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Bourdon JL, Moore AA, Eastman M, Savage JE, Hazlett L, Vrana SR, Hettema JM, Roberson-Nay R. Resting Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Adolescents and Young Adults from a Genetically-Informed Perspective. Behav Genet 2018; 48:386-396. [PMID: 29995284 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-018-9915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is associated with cardiac morbidity, mortality, and negative psychopathology. Most research concerning genetic influences on HRV has focused on adult populations, with fewer studies investigating the developmental period of adolescence and emerging adulthood. The current study estimated the genetic and environmental contributions to resting HRV in a sample of twins using various HRV time domain metrics to assess autonomic function across two different time measurement intervals (2.5- and 10-min). Five metrics of resting HRV [mean interbeat interval (IBI), the standard deviation of normal IBIs (SDNN), root square mean of successive differences between IBIs (RMSSD), cardiac vagal index (CVI), and cardiac sympathetic index (CSI)] were assessed in 421 twin pairs aged 14-20 during a baseline electrocardiogram. This was done for four successive 2.5-min intervals as well as the overall 10-min interval. Heritability (h2) appeared consistent across intervals within each metric with the following estimates (collapsed across time intervals): mean IBI (h2 = 0.36-0.46), SDNN (h2 = 0.23-0.30), RMSSD (h2 = 0.36-0.39), CVI (h2 = 0.37-0.42), CSI (h2 = 0.33-0.46). Beyond additive genetic contributions, unique environment also was an important influence on HRV. Within each metric, a multivariate Cholesky decomposition further revealed evidence of genetic stability across the four successive 2.5-min intervals. The same models showed evidence for both genetic and environmental stability with some environmental attenuation and innovation. All measures of HRV were moderately heritable across time, with further analyses revealing consistent patterns of genetic and environmental influences over time. This study confirms that in an adolescent sample, the time interval used (2.5- vs. 10-min) to measure HRV time domain metrics does not affect the relative proportions of genetic and environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Bourdon
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St, Biotech One, Suite 101, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.
| | - Ashlee A Moore
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St, Biotech One, Suite 101, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Meridith Eastman
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St, Biotech One, Suite 101, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Jeanne E Savage
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St, Biotech One, Suite 101, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Laura Hazlett
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St, Biotech One, Suite 101, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Scott R Vrana
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - John M Hettema
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St, Biotech One, Suite 101, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Roxann Roberson-Nay
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St, Biotech One, Suite 101, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Carroll D, Ginty AT, Whittaker AC, Lovallo WR, de Rooij SR. The behavioural, cognitive, and neural corollaries of blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactions to acute psychological stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:74-86. [PMID: 28254428 PMCID: PMC6741350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent research shows that blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactions to acute psychological stress are associated with adverse behavioural and health outcomes: depression, obesity, bulimia, and addictions. These outcomes may reflect suboptimal functioning of the brain's fronto-limbic systems that are needed to regulate motivated behaviour in the face of challenge. In support of this, brain imaging data demonstrate fronto-limbic hypoactivation during acute stress exposure. Those demonstrating blunted reactions also show impairments of motivation, including lower cognitive ability, more rapid cognitive decline, and poorer performance on motivation-dependent tests of lung function. Persons exhibiting blunted stress reactivity display well established temperament characteristics, including neuroticism and impulsivity, characteristic of various behavioural disorders. Notably, the outcomes related to blunted stress reactivity are similar to those that define Reward Deficiency Syndrome. Accordingly, some individuals may be characterised by a broad failure in cardiovascular and cortisol responding to both stress and reward, reflecting fronto-limbic dysregulation. Finally, we proffer a model of blunted stress reactivity, its antecedents and sequelae, and identify future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Carroll
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Annie T Ginty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Anna C Whittaker
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - William R Lovallo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Susanne R de Rooij
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Svensson T, Kitlinski M, Engström G, Melander O. A genetic risk score for CAD, psychological stress, and their interaction as predictors of CAD, fatal MI, non-fatal MI and cardiovascular death. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176029. [PMID: 28426714 PMCID: PMC5398707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psychological stress is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the mechanism by which stress is associated with CVD is not entirely understood. Although genetic factors are implied in both stress responsivity and cardiovascular reactivity, no studies to date have investigated their interactions with stress for cardiovascular end points. The objective was to elucidate the association and interactions between a genetic risk score (GRS), individual genetic variants and stress for three cardiovascular end points: coronary artery disease (CAD), fatal myocardial infarction (MI), non-fatal MI, and cardiovascular death. Methods and findings 18,559 participants from the Malmö Diet Cancer Study, a population-based prospective study, were included in the analyses. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used and adjusted for a large number of known predictors of cardiovascular end points. Mean follow-up time in years was 14.6 (CAD; n = 1938), 14.8 (fatal MI; n = 436), 14.8 (non-fatal MI; n = 1108), and 15.1 (cardiovascular death; n = 1071) respectively. GRS was significantly associated with increased risks of CAD (top quartile hazard ratio [HR], 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51–1.96), fatal MI (top quartile HR, 1.62; 95%CI, 1.23–2.15), non-fatal MI (top quartile HR, 1.55; 95%CI, 1.31–1.84), and cardiovascular death (top quartile HR, 1.29; 95%CI, 1.08–1.53). Stress was not independently associated with any end point and did not interact with GRS. Four individual genetic variants interacted unfavorably with stress for end points with mortality outcomes. Conclusion A GRS composed of 50 SNPs and predictive of CAD was found for the first time to also strongly predict fatal MI, non-fatal MI and cardiovascular death. A stress-sensitive component of the GRS was isolated on the basis of individual genetic variants that interacted unfavorably with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Svensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariusz Kitlinski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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16
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Meuret AE, Kroll J, Ritz T. Panic Disorder Comorbidity with Medical Conditions and Treatment Implications. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2017; 13:209-240. [PMID: 28375724 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Panic disorder (PD) is unique among the anxiety disorders in that panic symptoms are primarily of a physical nature. Consequently, comorbidity with medical illness is significant. This review examines the association between PD and medical illness. We identify shared pathophysiological and psychological correlates and illustrate how physiological activation in panic sufferers underlies their symptom experience in the context of the fight-or-flight response and beyond a situation-specific response pattern. We then review evidence for bodily symptom perception accuracy in PD. Prevalence of comorbidity for PD and medical illness is presented, with a focus on respiratory and cardiovascular illness, irritable bowel syndrome, and diabetes, followed by an outline for potential pathways of a bidirectional association. We conclude by illustrating commonalities in mediating mechanistic pathways and moderating risk factors across medical illnesses, and we discuss implications for diagnosis and treatment of both types of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia E Meuret
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275;
| | - Juliet Kroll
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275;
| | - Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275;
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17
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Savage JE, Sawyers C, Roberson-Nay R, Hettema JM. The genetics of anxiety-related negative valence system traits. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:156-177. [PMID: 27196537 PMCID: PMC5349709 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NIMH's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) domain of negative valence systems (NVS) captures constructs of negative affect such as fear and distress traditionally subsumed under the various internalizing disorders. Through its aims to capture dimensional measures that cut across diagnostic categories and are linked to underlying neurobiological systems, a large number of phenotypic constructs have been proposed as potential research targets. Since "genes" represent a central "unit of analysis" in the RDoC matrix, it is important for studies going forward to apply what is known about the genetics of these phenotypes as well as fill in the gaps of existing knowledge. This article reviews the extant genetic epidemiological data (twin studies, heritability) and molecular genetic association findings for a broad range of putative NVS phenotypic measures. We find that scant genetic epidemiological data is available for experimentally derived measures such as attentional bias, peripheral physiology, or brain-based measures of threat response. The molecular genetic basis of NVS phenotypes is in its infancy, since most studies have focused on a small number of candidate genes selected for putative association to anxiety disorders (ADs). Thus, more research is required to provide a firm understanding of the genetic aspects of anxiety-related NVS constructs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne E. Savage
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Chelsea Sawyers
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Roxann Roberson-Nay
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - John M. Hettema
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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18
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Williams RB, Bishop GD, Haberstick BC, Smolen A, Brummett BH, Siegler IC, Babyak MA, Zhang X, Tai ES, Lee JJM, Tan M, Teo YY, Cai S, Chan E, Halpern CT, Whitsel EA, Bauldry S, Harris KM. Population differences in associations of serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5HTTLPR) di- and triallelic genotypes with blood pressure and hypertension prevalence. Am Heart J 2017; 185:110-122. [PMID: 28267464 PMCID: PMC5473420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Based on prior research finding the 5HTTLPR L allele associated with increased cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stressors and increased risk of myocardial infarction, we hypothesized that the 5HTTLPR L allele will be associated with increased blood pressure (BP) and increased hypertension prevalence in 2 large nationally representative samples in the United States and Singapore. METHODS Logistic regression and linear models tested associations between triallelic (L'S', based on rs25531) 5HTTLPR genotypes and hypertension severity and mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) collected during the Wave IV survey of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health, N=11,815) in 2008-09 and during 2004-07 in 4196 Singaporeans. RESULTS In US Whites, L' allele carriers had higher SBP (0.9 mm Hg, 95% CI=0.26-1.56) and greater odds (OR=1.23, 95% CI=1.10-1.38) of more severe hypertension than those with S'S' genotypes. In African Americans, L' carriers had lower mean SBP (-1.27mm Hg, 95% CI=-2.53 to -0.01) and lower odds (OR = 0.78, 95% CI=0.65-0.94) of more severe hypertension than those with the S'S' genotype. In African Americans, those with L'L' genotypes had lower DBP (-1.13mm Hg, 95% CI=-2.09 to -0.16) than S' carriers. In Native Americans, L' carriers had lower SBP (-6.05mm Hg, 95% CI=-9.59 to -2.51) and lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.34, 95% CI=0.13-0.89) than those with the S'S' genotype. In Asian/Pacific Islanders those carrying the L' allele had lower DBP (-1.77mm Hg, 95% CI=-3.16 to -0.38) and lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.68, 95% CI=0.48-0.96) than those with S'S'. In the Singapore sample S' carriers had higher SBP (3.02mm Hg, 95% CI=0.54-5.51) and DBP (1.90mm Hg, 95% CI=0.49-3.31) than those with the L'L' genotype. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Whites carrying the L' allele, African Americans and Native Americans with the S'S' genotype, and Asians carrying the S' allele will be found to be at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease and may benefit from preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redford B Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - George D Bishop
- Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brett C Haberstick
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Smolen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Beverly H Brummett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ilene C Siegler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael A Babyak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Maudrene Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore
| | - Shiwei Cai
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carolyn Tucker Halpern
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shawn Bauldry
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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19
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Svensson T, Kitlinski M, Engström G, Melander O. Psychological stress and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in men and women with known atrial fibrillation genetic risk scores. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42613. [PMID: 28195211 PMCID: PMC5307347 DOI: 10.1038/srep42613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress has been reported as a possible trigger of atrial fibrillation (AF). No studies have investigated whether any association between stress and AF could be modified by genetic susceptibility to AF (AF-genetic risk score (AF-GRS)). 8765 men and 13,543 women from the Malmö Diet Cancer Study, a population-based cohort, were included in the analyses. A variable representing stress was constructed from questions measuring job strain, and from one question assessing non-occupational stress. Cox proportional hazards regression models were adjusted for known covariates of AF. Mean follow-up times and number of recorded incident AF were 14.2 years and 1116 events for men, and 15.1 years and 932 events for women. Among women, high stress was associated with AF in the age adjusted model (hazard ratio [HR], 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.47) but not following multivariable adjustment (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.95-1.39). Stress was not associated with incident AF in men. AF-GRS was significantly associated with incident AF for both genders. Stress did not interact significantly with genetic susceptibility to AF in men or women. Chronic stress is not associated with long-term incident hospital diagnosed AF. This association does not appear to be modified by genetic susceptibility to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Svensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mariusz Kitlinski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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20
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Social support and networks: cardiovascular responses following recall on immigration stress among Chinese Americans. J Immigr Minor Health 2016; 17:543-52. [PMID: 24288021 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-013-9955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Social support has been shown to act as a buffer for cardiovascular responses to stress. However, little is known about how social support and networks are related to cardiovascular responses to immigration stress recall. The current study evaluated the impact of structural and functional support on cardiovascular reaction following immigrant stress recall provocation as well as the moderation effect of interdependent self-construal among first-generation Chinese immigrants. One hundred fifty Chinese immigrants were recruited in the New York Chinatown area. Participants completed questionnaires assessing their levels of social support and networks, and interdependent self-construal. Following adaptation, participants recalled a recent post-immigration stress-provoking situation. Cardiovascular measures were taken during adaptation, stressor task, and recovery period. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed. Social network size and type, as well as perceived emotional support were positively predictive of systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity changes. Instrumental support seeking was a positive predictor of SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity. The moderation effect between instrumental support seeking and interdependent self-construal were significantly predictive of DBP reactivity and recovery, suggesting that perceptions about themselves in relation to others is a crucial factor for determining whether support seeking is beneficial or not. Social support was not a direct buffer on cardiovascular responses to stress among Chinese immigrants. Chinese values of interdependence and collectivism may partly explain the disconfirming results. Still, when interdependent self-construal was taken into account, Chinese immigrants who had less interdependent self-construal, but solicited more instrumental support, had faster adaptation to stress over the long term.
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21
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Subclinical Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Relationships with Blood Pressure, Hostility, and Sleep. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2016; 2016:4720941. [PMID: 27403340 PMCID: PMC4925987 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4720941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among subclinical PTSD symptoms, blood pressure, and several variables linked to both frank PTSD and the basic psychobiological adaptation to stress. The authors recruited a sample of 91 healthy, young men and women between 18 and 35 years. We examined links among subclinical posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, blood pressure, sleep quality, and hostility. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were associated with poorer sleep quality and higher hostility scores in both women and men. In men, PTSD symptoms were also associated with elevated resting diastolic blood pressure, and sex was an important moderator of that relationship. Moreover, sleep quality and hostility are substantive mediators of the relationship between diastolic blood pressure and PTSD. Behavioral interventions designed to increase sleep quality and restructure hostile attitudes could potentially serve as preventive interventions for PTSD and the underlying cardiovascular comorbidities in young adults.
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22
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Haworth CMA, Nelson SK, Layous K, Carter K, Jacobs Bao K, Lyubomirsky S, Plomin R. Stability and Change in Genetic and Environmental Influences on Well-Being in Response to an Intervention. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155538. [PMID: 27227410 PMCID: PMC4881940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and environmental influences on complex traits can change in response to developmental and environmental contexts. Here we explore the impact of a positive activity intervention on the genetic and environmental influences on well-being and mental health in a sample of 750 adolescent twins. Twins completed a 10-week online well-being intervention, consisting of kindness and gratitude tasks and matched control activities. The results showed significant improvements both in well-being and in internalizing symptoms in response to the intervention activities. We used multivariate twin analyses of repeated measures, tracking stability and change in genetic and environmental influences, to assess the impact of this environmental intervention on these variance components. The heritability of well-being remained high both before and after the intervention, and the same genetic effects were important at each stage, even as well-being increased. The overall magnitude of environmental influences was also stable across the intervention; however, different non-shared environmental influences emerged during the intervention. Our study highlights the value of exploring the innovations in non-shared environmental influences that could provide clues to the mechanisms behind improvements in well-being. The findings also emphasize that even traits strongly influenced by genetics, like well-being, are subject to change in response to environmental interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. A. Haworth
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Experimental Psychology & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - S. Katherine Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Sewanee: The University of the South, Sewanee, United States of America
| | - Kristin Layous
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Carter
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Jacobs Bao
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, United States of America
| | - Sonja Lyubomirsky
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, United States of America
| | - Robert Plomin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Ciriello J, Caverson MM. Effect of estrogen on vagal afferent projections to the brainstem in the female. Brain Res 2016; 1636:21-42. [PMID: 26835561 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 17β-estradiol (E) on the distribution and density of brainstem projections of small or large diameter primary vagal afferents were investigated in Wistar rats using transganglionic transport of wheat germ agglutinin- (WGA; preferentially transported by non-myelinated afferent C-fibers; 2%), or cholera toxin B-subunit- (CTB, 5%; preferentially transported by large myelinated afferent A-fibers) conjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in combination with the tetramethylbenzidine method in age matched ovariectomized (OVX) only or OVX and treated with E (OVX+E; 30 pg/ml plasma) females for 12 weeks. Additionally, these projections were compared to aged matched males. Unilateral microinjection of WGA-HRP into the nodose ganglion resulted in dense anterograde labeling bilaterally, with an ipsilateral predominance in several subnuclei of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and in area postrema that was greatest in OVX+E animals compared to OVX only and males. Moderately dense anterograde labeling was also observed in paratrigeminal nucleus (PAT) of the OVX+E animals. CTB-HRP produced less dense anterograde labeling in the NTS complex, but had a wider distribution within the brainstem including the area postrema, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, PAT, the nucleus ambiguus complex and ventrolateral medulla in all groups. The distribution of CTB-HRP anterograde labeling was densest in OVX+E, less dense in OVX only females and least dense in male rats. Little, if any, labeling was found within PAT in males using either WGA-or CTB-HRP. Taken together, these data suggest that small, non-myelinated (WGA-labeled) and large myelinated (CTB-labeled) diameter vagal afferents projecting to brainstem autonomic areas are differentially affected by circulating levels of estrogen. These effects of estrogen on connectivity may contribute to the sex differences observed in central autonomic mechanisms between gender, and in females with and without estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ciriello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada.
| | - Monica M Caverson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
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24
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Lee LO, Gatz M, Pedersen NL, Prescott CA. Anxiety trajectories in the second half of life: Genetic and environmental contributions over age. Psychol Aging 2016; 31:101-13. [PMID: 26751006 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinically significant anxiety symptoms are prevalent among the elderly, yet knowledge about the longitudinal course of anxiety symptoms in later life remains scarce. The goals of this study were to (a) characterize age trajectories of state anxiety symptoms in the second half of life, and (b) estimate genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in the age trajectory of state anxiety. This study was based on data from 1,482 participants in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging who were aged 50 and older at their first occasion (512 complete twin pairs, 458 singletons) and had up to 6 measurement occasions spanning 11 years. Consistent with life span developmental theories of age-related emotional change, anxiety symptom levels declined during the transition from midlife to the mid-60s, followed by a mild increase that gradually plateaued in the 80s. There were substantial individual differences in the age trajectory of anxiety. After accounting for effects of sex, cohort, mode of testing, and proximity to death, this longitudinal variation was partitioned into biometric sources. Nonshared environmental variance was highest in the late 60s and declined thereafter, whereas genetic variance increased at an accelerated pace from approximately age 60 onward. There was no evidence for effects of rearing or other shared environment on anxiety symptoms in later life. These findings highlight how the etiology of anxiety symptoms changes from midlife to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewina O Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Boston University
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
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25
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many psychosocial factors have been associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), including hostility, anger, and depression. We tested the hypothesis that these factors may have their basis in emotion regulation abilities. Our aim was to determine whether poor emotional control predicted long-term risk of CHD. METHODS This Swedish national study includes 46,393 men who were conscripted for military service in 1969 and 1970. The men were aged 18 to 20 years at the time of conscription. Psychologists used a brief semistructured interview to retrospectively assess the conscripts' level of emotional control in childhood and adolescence. The outcome measure was a first fatal or nonfatal event of CHD. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for poor and adequate versus good emotional control. RESULTS After 38 years of follow-up (1971-2009), 2456 incident cases of CHD had occurred. Poor emotional control increased the risk of CHD (HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.18-1.45), adjusting for childhood socioeconomic position, anxiety, depression, and parental history of CHD. Further adjustment for life-style-related factors, for example, smoking and body mass index, attenuated the HR to 1.08 (95% CI = 0.97-1.21). In stratified analyses, the fully adjusted association between poor emotional control with CHD remained significantly elevated among men with a parental history of CHD (HR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.11-2.01, p interaction = .037). CONCLUSIONS In the overall study population, poor emotional control had no direct effect on CHD beyond life-style-related factors. However, in men with a parental history of CHD, poor emotional control in adolescence remained significantly predictive of long-term CHD risk even when adjusting for life-style-related factors.
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26
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Granville Smith I, Parker G, Rourke P, Cvejic E, Vollmer-Conna U. Acute coronary syndrome and depression: A review of shared pathophysiological pathways. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2015. [PMID: 26219293 DOI: 10.1177/0004867415597304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence for shared pathophysiological pathways in acute coronary syndrome and major depression and to conceptualise the dynamic interplay of biological systems and signalling pathways that link acute coronary syndrome and depression within a framework of neuro-visceral integration. METHODS Relevant articles were sourced via a search of published literature from MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed using a variety of search terms relating to biological connections between acute coronary syndrome and depression. Additional articles from bibliographies of retrieved papers were assessed and included where relevant. RESULTS Despite considerable research efforts, a clear understanding of the biological processes connecting acute coronary syndrome and depression has not been achieved. Shared abnormalities are evident across the immune, platelet/endothelial and autonomic/stress-response systems. From the available evidence, it seems unlikely that a single explanatory model could account for the complex interactions of biological pathways driving the pathophysiology of these disorders and their comorbidity. CONCLUSION A broader conceptual framework of mind-body or neuro-visceral integration that can incorporate the existence of several causative scenarios may be more useful in directing future research and treatment approaches for acute coronary syndrome-associated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Granville Smith
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gordon Parker
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Poppy Rourke
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erin Cvejic
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Uté Vollmer-Conna
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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The 5-HTTLPR genotype modulates heart rate variability and its adjustment by pharmacological panic challenge in healthy men. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 50:51-8. [PMID: 24342768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal serotonin transporter (5-HTT) function and autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation has been proposed in panic disorder. However, in contrast to hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) functioning, ANS reactivity during panic response has yet not been investigated in humans with respect to the 5-HTT genotype. The present study assessed the influence of challenging by cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) on heart rate variability (HRV) measures, to monitor autonomic reactivity and its relationship to 5-HTT-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotypes. We hypothesized substantial effects of the 5-HTTLPR genotype on autonomic reactivity. We studied 30 healthy young men, 15 of each with the long/long (l/l) or short/short (s/s) genotype for the 5-HTTLPR. All participants received an intravenous application of 50 μg CCK-4. HRV measures were assessed in both groups at baseline and immediately after CCK-4 application. Our results indicated lower parasympathetic activity in s/s carriers during baseline, time and frequency domain measures. CCK-4 application significantly enhanced the sympathetic tone in both groups, leading to diminished group differences. A significant treatment by genotype effect indicated reduced autonomic reactivity to CCK-4 challenge in the s/s compared to l/l carriers. Our findings show enhanced sympathetic and/or diminished cardiac vagal activity under basal conditions and blunted autonomic reactivity in s/s vs. l/l carriers. Our study provides novel data supporting claims that the s/s genotype represents a genetic vulnerability factor associated with inadequate hyporeactivity to stress and extends current knowledge on the impact of the central serotonergic activity on the sympathoadrenal pathway.
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Kupper N, Pelle A, Denollet J. Association of Type D personality with the autonomic and hemodynamic response to the cold pressor test. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:1194-201. [PMID: 24016046 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms relating Type D personality to poor health are largely unknown, with autonomic nervous system function being a candidate. This study examined the physiologic response to cold stress. Undergraduates (N = 101, 84% female) underwent a cold pressor test. An electrocardiogram, impedance cardiogram, and blood pressure were recorded. Type D personality was assessed by self-report questionnaire. Type D was associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure reactivity. Exploratory analyses showed Type D men to respond with increased respiratory sinus arrhythmia (i.e., higher parasympathetic activity), and decreased pre-ejection period (i.e., larger sympathetic activity), while Type D women showed a reciprocal response pattern. In conclusion, Type D personality was associated with an exaggerated hemodynamic response to cold stress, which may contribute to an increased risk of hypertension in Type D individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kupper
- Department of Medical Psychology and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Wu T, Treiber FA, Snieder H. Genetic influence on blood pressure and underlying hemodynamics measured at rest and during stress. Psychosom Med 2013; 75:404-12. [PMID: 23576770 PMCID: PMC3672690 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e31828d3cb6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the genetic and environmental contributions to the individual differences in blood pressure (BP) levels and underlying hemodynamic characteristics at rest and during mental challenge tasks in a large twin cohort of youth. Including both European American and African American twins further allowed examination of potential ethnic differences. METHODS We studied cardiovascular reactivity to two stressors (car-driving simulation and a social stressor interview) in 308 European American and 223 African American twin pairs including monozygotic twin pairs and same-sex as well as opposite-sex dizygotic twin pairs (mean [standard deviation] age = 14.7 [3.1]). Variables included systolic and diastolic BP, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance. RESULTS Heritability indices for levels at rest and during stress were high (31%-73%) and comparable between ethnic groups. A common genetic factor accounted for both resting and stress levels explaining 23% to 58% of the total variance. The increases in heritability indices for BP and heart rate from rest to stress are mostly explained by newly emerging genetic influences on the added stress component. Indices for hemodynamic variables remained stable from rest to stress owing to a simultaneous decrease in genetic and environmental variances. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular measures obtained during rest and stress show substantial heritability that is comparable between individuals of African and European descent. Most of the variance in both resting and stress levels is explained by common genetic factors, although other genetic factors that only contribute to cardiovascular levels during stress are also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A Treiber
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Rebbeck TR, Weber AL, Spangler E, Zeigler-Johnson CM. What stresses men? Predictors of perceived stress in a population-based multi-ethnic cross sectional cohort. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:113. [PMID: 23388399 PMCID: PMC3627635 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perceived stress (PS) is a risk factor for a variety of diseases. However, relatively little is known about age- or ethnicity-specific differences in the effect of potential predictors of PS in men. Methods We used a population-based survey of 6,773 White, 1,681 Black, and 617 Hispanic men in Southeastern Pennsylvania to evaluate the relationship of self-reported PS and financial security, health status, social factors, and health behaviors. Interactions across levels of age and ethnicity were tested using logistic regression models adjusted for overall health status, education, and household poverty. Results High PS decreased significantly with age (p < 0.0001) and varied by ethnicity (p = 0.0001). Exposure to health-related and economic factors were more consistently associated with elevated PS in all ethnicities and ages, while social factors and health behaviors were less strongly or not at all associated with PS in most groups. Significant differences in the relationship of high PS by age and ethnicity were observed among men who are medically uninsured (p = 0.0002), reported missing a meal due to cost (p < 0.0001), or had spent a night in the hospital (p = 0.020). In contrast, not filling a prescription due to cost and diagnosed with a mental health condition were associated with high PS but did not differ by age and ethnicity subgroup. Conclusions These data suggest that some, but not all, factors associated with high PS differ by age and/or ethnicity. Research, clinical, or public health initiatives that involve social stressors should consider differences by age and ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rebbeck
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 217 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021, USA.
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Smith DL, Barr DA, Kales SN. Extreme sacrifice: sudden cardiac death in the US Fire Service. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2013; 2:6. [PMID: 23849605 PMCID: PMC3710100 DOI: 10.1186/2046-7648-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Firefighting is a hazardous profession which has claimed on average the lives of 105 US firefighters per year for the past decade. The leading cause of line-of-duty mortality is sudden cardiac death, which accounts for approximately 45% of all firefighter duty-related fatalities. Strenuous physical activity, emotional stress, and environmental pollutants all strain the cardiovascular system, and each can increase the risk of sudden cardiac events in susceptible individuals. Sudden cardiac death is more likely to occur during or shortly after emergency duties such as fire suppression, despite the fact that these duties comprise a relatively small proportion of firefighters' annual duties. Additionally, cardiac events are more likely to occur in firefighters who possess an excess of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease along with underlying atherosclerosis and/or structural heart disease. In this review, we propose a theoretical model for the interaction between underlying cardiovascular disease in firefighters and the multifactorial physiological strain of firefighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Smith
- Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
- University of Illinois Fire Service Institute, 11 Gerty Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - David A Barr
- Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Stefanos N Kales
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Occupational Medicine, Cambridge Hospital, Macht Building Suite 427, 1493 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Heritability of ambulatory and beat-to-beat office blood pressure in large multigenerational Arab pedigrees: the 'Oman Family study'. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 15:753-8. [PMID: 22967944 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2012.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the heritability of ambulatory blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and beat-to-beat office BP and HR in an isolated, environmentally and genetically homogeneous Omani Arab population. METHODS Ambulatory BP measurements were recorded in 1,124 subjects with a mean age of 33.8 ± 16.2 years, using the auscultatory mode of the validated Schiller ambulatory BP Monitor. Beat-to-beat BP and HR were recorded by the Task Force Monitor. Heritability was estimated using quantitative genetic analysis. This was achieved by applying the maximum-likelihood-based variance decomposition method implemented in SOLAR software. RESULTS We detected statistically significant heritability estimates for office beat-to-beat, 24-hour, daytime, and sleep HR of 0.31, 0.21, 0.20, and 0.07, respectively. Heritability estimates in the above mentioned conditions for systolic BP (SBP)/diastolic BP (DBP)/mean BP (MBP)were all significant and estimated at 0.19/0.19/0.19, 0.30/0.44/0.41, 0.28/0.38/0.39, and 0.21/0.18/0.20,respectively. Heritability estimates for 24-hour and daytime ambulatory SBP, DBP, and MBP ranged from 0.28 to 0.44, and were higher than the heritability estimates for beat-to-beat recordings and sleep periods,which were estimated within a narrow range of 0.18-0.21. CONCLUSION In this cohort, because shared environments are common to all, the environmental influence that occurs is primarily due to the variation in non-shared environment that is unique to the individual. We demonstrated significant heritability estimates for both beat-to-beat office and ambulatory BP and HR recordings, but 24-hour and daytime ambulatory heritabilities are higher than those from beat-to-beat resting levels and ambulatory night-time recordings.
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Huang J, Chen S, Lu X, Zhao Q, Rao DC, Jaquish CE, Hixson JE, Chen J, Wang L, Cao J, Li J, Li H, He J, Liu DP, Gu D. Polymorphisms of ACE2 are associated with blood pressure response to cold pressor test: the GenSalt study. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25:937-42. [PMID: 22647782 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2012.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased blood pressure (BP) reactivity to cold pressor test (CPT) is a risk factor for hypertension. Genetic factors may influence the variation of BP response to CPT among individuals. We explored the association of genetic variants in the apelin system genes (APLN, APLNR and ACE2) and BP response to CPT in a Chinese population. METHODS A total of 1,998 Han Chinese participants from the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt Sensitivity completed a CPT. The percentage changes of BP right after the end of ice-water immersion were used as the measurement of BP responses to CPT. Twenty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected and genotyped, including both tag and potential functional SNPs of the APLN, APLNR, and ACE2 genes. A mixed-effect linear model was used to assess the association between SNPs and BP responses to CPT. RESULTS In women, three SNPs (rs1514283, rs4646176, and rs879922) of the ACE2 gene were significantly associated with the diastolic BP (DBP) response to CPT in the general and recessive genetic models after adjustment for multiple testing (all false discovery rate q < 0.05). There were no significant associations of polymorphisms in APLN and APLNR genes with BP responses to CPT. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified genetic variants in the ACE2 gene that were significantly associated with DBP responses to cold stress in the Chinese female population. Future studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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REFERENCES. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang L, Chen S, Zhao Q, Hixson JE, Rao DC, Jaquish CE, Huang J, Lu X, Chen J, Cao J, Li J, Li H, He J, Liu DP, Gu D. Association between genetic variants of the ADD1 and GNB3 genes and blood pressure response to the cold pressor test in a Chinese Han population: the GenSalt Study. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:805-10. [PMID: 22476228 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors influence blood pressure (BP) response to the cold pressor test (CPT), which is a phenotype related to hypertension risk. We examined the association between variants of the α-adducin (ADD1) and guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein) β-polypeptide 3 (GNB3) genes and BP response to the CPT. A total of 1998 Han Chinese participants from the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt Sensitivity completed the CPT. The area under the curve (AUC) above the baseline BP during the CPT was used to measure the BP response. Twelve single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ADD1 and GNB3 genes were selected and genotyped. Both single-marker and haplotype association analyses were conducted using linear mixed models. The rs17833172 and rs3775067 SNPs of the ADD1 gene and the rs4963516 SNP of the GNB3 gene were significantly associated with the BP response to CPT, even after adjusting for multiple testing. For the ADD1 gene, the AA genotype of SNP rs17833172 was associated with lower systolic BP (SBP) reactivity (P<0.0001) and faster BP recovery (P=0.0003). The TT genotype of rs3775067 was associated with slower SBP recovery (P=0.004). For the GNB3 gene, the C allele of SNP rs4963516 was associated with faster diastolic BP recovery (P=0.002) and smaller overall AUC (P=0.003). Haplotype analysis indicated that the CCGC haplotype of ADD1 constructed by rs1263359, rs3775067, rs4961 and rs4963 was significantly associated with the BP response to CPT. These data suggest that genetic variants of the ADD1 and GNB3 genes may have important roles in BP response to the CPT. Future studies aimed at replicating these novel findings are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiyuan Wang
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine and Division of Population Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
The physiological reaction to psychological stress, involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical and sympatho-adrenomedullary axes, is well characterized, but its link to cardiovascular disease risk is not well understood. Epidemiological data show that chronic stress predicts the occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD). Employees who experience work-related stress and individuals who are socially isolated or lonely have an increased risk of a first CHD event. In addition, short-term emotional stress can act as a trigger of cardiac events among individuals with advanced atherosclerosis. A stress-specific coronary syndrome, known as transient left ventricular apical ballooning cardiomyopathy or stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy, also exists. Among patients with CHD, acute psychological stress has been shown to induce transient myocardial ischemia and long-term stress can increase the risk of recurrent CHD events and mortality. Applications of the 'stress concept' (the understanding of stress as a risk factor and the use of stress management) in the clinical settings have been relatively limited, although the importance of stress management is highlighted in European guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Mueller A, Strahler J, Armbruster D, Lesch KP, Brocke B, Kirschbaum C. Genetic contributions to acute autonomic stress responsiveness in children. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 83:302-8. [PMID: 22133998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hassan MO, Jaju D, Voruganti VS, Bayoumi RA, Albarwani S, Al-Yahyaee S, Aslani A, Snieder H, Lopez-Alvarenga JC, Al-Anqoudi ZM, Alizadeh BZ, Comuzzie AG. Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis of Hemodynamic Parameters Under Mental and Physical Stress in Extended Omani Arab Pedigrees: The Oman Family Study. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 14:257-67. [DOI: 10.1375/twin.14.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background:We performed a genome-wide scan in a homogeneous Arab population to identify genomic regions linked to blood pressure (BP) and its intermediate phenotypes during mental and physical stress tests.Methods:The Oman Family Study subjects (N= 1277) were recruited from five extended families of ~10 generations. Hemodynamic phenotypes were computed from beat-to-beat BP, electrocardiography and impedance cardiography. Multi-point linkage was performed for resting, mental (word conflict test, WCT) and cold pressor (CPT) stress and their reactivity scores (s), using variance components decomposition-based methods implemented in SOLAR.Results:Genome-wide scans for BP phenotypes identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with significant evidence of linkage on chromosomes 1 and 12 for WCT-linked cardiac output (LOD = 3.1) and systolic BP (LOD = 3.5). Evidence for suggestive linkage for WCT was found on chromosomes 3, 17 and 1 for heart rate (LOD = 2.3), DBP (LOD = 2.4) and left ventricular ejection time (LVET), respectively. For △WCT, suggestive QTLs were detected for CO on chr11 (LOD = 2.5), LVET on chr3 (LOD = 2.0) and EDI on chr9 (LOD = 2.1). For CPT, suggestive QTLs for HR and LVET shared the same region on chr22 (LOD 2.3 and 2.8, respectively) and on chr9 (LOD = 2.3) for SBP, chr7 (LOD = 2.4) for SV and chr19 (LOD = 2.6) for CO. For △CPT, CO and TPR top signals were detected on chr15 and 10 (LOD; 2.40, 2.08) respectively. Conclusion: Mental stress revealed the largest number of significant and suggestive loci for normal BP reported to date. The study of BP and its intermediate phenotypes under mental and physical stress may help reveal the genes involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
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Kelsey RM, Alpert BS, Dahmer MK, Krushkal J, Quasney MW. Alpha-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and cardiovascular reactivity to stress in Black adolescents and young adults. Psychophysiology 2011; 49:401-12. [PMID: 22091949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular reactivity to stress and α-adrenergic receptor (α-AR) function may contribute to the development of hypertension. As Black Americans have an increased risk of hypertension, we evaluated associations between α(1A) -AR (Arg492Cys), α(2A) -AR (-1291C/G), and α(2B) -AR (Ins/Del301-303) gene variants and cardiovascular reactivity in 500 normotensive Black youth. Heart rate, preejection period, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure were measured during cold and psychological stress. The Arg492Cys polymorphism in the α(1A) -AR gene was associated with heart rate reactivity to stress, but the association depended on sex. The -1291C/G promoter polymorphism in the α(2A) -AR gene was associated with vascular reactivity to stress; vasoconstriction increased as a linear function of the number of copies of the variant G allele. Thus, specific associations emerged between genetic variations in α-Ars and cardiovascular reactivity in young Blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Kelsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
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A transdisciplinary perspective of chronic stress in relation to psychopathology throughout life span development. Dev Psychopathol 2011; 23:725-76. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579411000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe allostatic load (AL) model represents an interdisciplinary approach to comprehensively conceptualize and quantify chronic stress in relation to pathologies throughout the life cycle. This article first reviews the AL model, followed by interactions among early adversity, genetics, environmental toxins, as well as distinctions among sex, gender, and sex hormones as integral antecedents of AL. We next explore perspectives on severe mental illness, dementia, and caregiving as unique human models of AL that merit future investigations in the field of developmental psychopathology. A complimenting transdisciplinary perspective is applied throughout, whereby we argue that the AL model goes beyond traditional stress–disease theories toward the advancement of person-centered research and practice that promote not only physical health but also mental health.
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Zaproudina N, Lipponen JA, Eskelinen P, Tarvainen MP, Karjalainen PA, Närhi M. Measurements of skin temperature responses to cold exposure of foot and face in healthy individuals: variability and influencing factors. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2011; 31:307-14. [PMID: 21672139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2011.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zaproudina
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland.
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Marin MF, Lord C, Andrews J, Juster RP, Sindi S, Arsenault-Lapierre G, Fiocco AJ, Lupien SJ. Chronic stress, cognitive functioning and mental health. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:583-95. [PMID: 21376129 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to discuss the evidence supporting the link between chronic stress, cognitive function and mental health. Over the years, the associations between these concepts have been investigated in different populations. This review summarizes the findings that have emerged from older populations as well as from populations suffering from pathological aging, namely Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Although older adults are an interesting population to study in terms of chronic stress, other stress-related diseases can occur throughout the lifespan. The second section covers some of these stress-related diseases that have recently received a great deal of attention, namely burnout, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Given that chronic stress contributes to the development of certain pathologies by accelerating and/or exacerbating pre-existing vulnerabilities that vary from one individual to the other, the final section summarizes data obtained on potential variables contributing to the association between chronic stress and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Marin
- Center for Studies on Human Stress, Fernand-Seguin Research Center, Louis-H. Lafontaine Hospital, Canada
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