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Bochicchio V, Scandurra C, Dolce P, Scandurra A, Freda MF, Mezzalira S. Affective Regulation and Trait Anger Personalities: The Buffering Effect of the Companion Animal Bond. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2024; 14:2377-2389. [PMID: 39194951 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14080157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation involving anger can have severe consequences on the individual's psychosocial and emotional functioning. This study aimed to investigate the role that the companion animal bond and the personality dimension of trait anger play in explaining affective dysregulation. A cross-sectional online survey was administered to 365 participants. Using the PROCESS macro for SPSS, a moderated model was tested to analyze the hypothesis that affective dysregulation depends on trait anger and that the companion animal bond moderates the relationship between trait anger and affective dysregulation. The results showed that the effect of trait anger on affective dysregulation increases especially when the degree of bonding to an animal companion is low, suggesting that a strong bond to a companion animal may protect individuals with trait anger from the likelihood of experiencing affective regulation problems. The psychological, health-related, and educational implications of the current anthrozoological study include the potential of the human-animal bond in acting as a facilitator of adaptive affective regulation processes, which can reduce the levels of uncontrolled anger-related emotions and the subsequent risk of out-of-control behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiano Scandurra
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Dolce
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Selene Mezzalira
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy
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Freund A, Fuchshuber J, Silani G, Unterrainer HF. The relationship between attachment, primary emotions and positive/negative spirituality: a path analysis. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1375850. [PMID: 38989127 PMCID: PMC11233724 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1375850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study investigates what may influence individuals to experience their religiosity/spirituality as either subjectively positive [religious or spiritual (r/s) wellbeing] or as negative (r/s struggles). Drawing on existing literature attachment insecurity and the seven primary emotions as outlined by Jaak Panksepp in Affective Neuroscience are identified as likely influences. Methods The final sample consisted of 340 participants (age: M = 36, SD = 14.2; 68.5% = female), among which 65% self-identified as religious/spiritual. A path analysis was conducted to test a proposed mediation model in which the expected effects of primary emotions (B-ANPS) on r/s wellbeing (MI-RSWB) and r/s struggles (RSSS) were mediated through attachment insecurity (ECR-RD8). Results The data indicated that attachment insecurity fully mediated the relationships between the primary emotions SADNESS and LUST with r/s struggles. Furthermore, the primary emotions FEAR and ANGER displayed small direct effects on both r/s struggles and r/s wellbeing. Overall, the model, which demonstrated excellent model fit, was able to explain 30% of the variance of r/s struggles, 24% of attachment insecurity and 5% of r/s wellbeing. Conclusions The findings suggest that primary emotions such as SADNESS and LUST substantially explain r/s struggles and that these relationships seem to be mediated through attachment. Moreover, r/s struggles seem to be qualitatively distinct from r/s wellbeing. Finally, a moderate link between LUST and attachment suggests that sexuality plays a significant role in (adult) attachment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Freund
- Institute of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fuchshuber
- Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Giorgia Silani
- Institute of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Human-Friedrich Unterrainer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- CIAR: Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
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Fuchshuber J, Andres D, Prandstätter T, Roithmeier L, Schmautz B, Schwerdtfeger A, Unterrainer HF. Influence of anxious attachment on the relationship between primary emotions and substance-related addictive behaviors. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1380539. [PMID: 38952738 PMCID: PMC11215174 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1380539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To date there is no universally accepted model that describes the development of substance related addictive behavior. In order to address this gap, the study sought to examine whether the association between primary emotions and the inclination toward addictive behavior is mediated by an anxious attachment style. Methods The total sample consisted of 900 German speaking non-clinical adults (age: M = 27; SD = 9.60; 71.6% female). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to examine the connection between the primary emotions (SADNESS and ANGER), and the latent variables attachment anxiety and symptoms of addictive behavior. Results Substance use symptomatology was correlated with higher attachment anxiety (r = 0.15), SADNESS (r = 0.15), and ANGER (r = 0.11). The effect of SADNESS on addictive behavior is mediated by attachment anxiety (p < 0.01) whereas ANGER had a direct effect on addictive behavior (p < 0.01). The final SEM explains 4% of the variance of addictive behaviors and 22% of attachment anxiety. Conclusion Our findings suggest that both SADNESS and ANGER, along with attachment anxiety, are dispositions that contribute to the risk of engaging in addictive behavior. However, while ANGER directly influences addictive behavior, SADNESS acts through its impact on attachment anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Fuchshuber
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Deborah Andres
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Lisa Roithmeier
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beate Schmautz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Human-Friedrich Unterrainer
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
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Roithmeier L, Fuchshuber J, Prandstätter T, Andres D, Schmautz B, Schwerdtfeger A, Unterrainer HF. Does adult attachment mediate the relationship between primary emotion traits and eating disorder symptoms? Front Psychol 2024; 15:1372756. [PMID: 38756495 PMCID: PMC11098276 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1372756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Primary emotion traits and attachment patterns, have been linked to various mental disorders. This study aims to shed more light on the less studied relationship with eating disorder (ED) symptoms. Methods A total of 921 non-clinical subjects (69.9% females) were assessed for primary emotions traits (B-ANPS-GL), attachment insecurity (ECR-RD8), and eating disorder pathology (EDE-Q8). A theoretically derived model was evaluated by means of a path analysis with attachment anxiety as assumed mediator variable. Results Global problematic eating behavior showed negative correlations with the positive emotions PLAY, CARE, and LUST (r = -0.10 to -0.24), positive correlations with the negative primary emotions ANGER, FEAR, and SADNESS (r = 0.12-0.27), as well as with attachment anxiety (r = 0.22, all p < 0.01). Path analyses revealed direct effects between eating behavior pathology with LUST (β = -0.07 to -0.15) and FEAR (β = 0.12-0.19; all p < 0.05). The association of SADNESS and Weight (β = 0.05) and Shape Concern (β = 0.06, p < 0.001) was fully mediated by attachment anxiety. Overall, the path model explained 17% of the variance for attachment anxiety and 6% of the Restraint, 13% for Eating, 10% for Weight and 14% for Shape Concern Subscales. Discussion The findings shed light on the multifactorial relationship between affective traits, attachment security, and eating disorder pathology. In line with previous research, the results emphasize the role of attachment and affective functioning in ED symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Roithmeier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fuchshuber
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Deborah Andres
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Schmautz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Human-Friedrich Unterrainer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
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Chu Z, Wang X, Cheng Y, Yuan L, Jin M, Lu Y, Shen Z, Xu X. Subcortical neural mechanisms of childhood trauma impacts on personality traits. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 94:103966. [PMID: 38364748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.103966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the relationships between childhood trauma (CT), personality traits, and subcortical structures. 171 healthy individuals completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and underwent 3D T1-weighted MRI scans. Linear regression analyses indicated the complex relationship between CT, personality traits, and subcortical gray matter volume (GMV). Mediation analyses revealed that the right hippocampal GMV partially mediated the effects of CT on neuroticism. These findings suggest that CT affects the development of the Big Five personality traits, and alterations in subcortical structures are closely related to this process. Altered GMV in the right hippocampus may be a key neural mechanism for CT-induced neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaosong Chu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Lijin Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Mengyun Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Zonglin Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Kunming 650032, China.
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Mills-Finnerty C, Staggs H, Bittoni C, Wise N. Affective neuroscience: applications for sexual medicine research and clinical practice. Sex Med Rev 2024; 12:127-141. [PMID: 38281754 DOI: 10.1093/sxmrev/qead048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Affective neuroscience is the study of the brain substrates of emotional, embodied experiences. Affective neuroscience theory (ANT) is based on experimental evidence that all mammals are hardwired with 7 primary subcortical emotional operating systems, or "core emotions," that have overlapping but distinct circuits buried in the deep, ancient parts of the brain. Imbalances in the 7 core emotions can affect multiple aspects of the individual's psychosocial well-being (eg, depression, anxiety, substance abuse). Here, we propose that core emotions can also influence sexual function and, specifically, that imbalances in core emotions are the bridge connecting psychiatric symptoms (eg, anhedonia) to sexual dysfunction (eg, anorgasmia). OBJECTIVES In this targeted review and commentary, we outline potential connections between ANT and sexual medicine research and clinical practice. We summarize ANT by defining the 3-level BrainMind and core emotions; examining how they relate to personality, behavior, and mental health; and determining the implications for sexual health research and clinical practice. METHODS A targeted literature review was conducted. Case studies were adapted from client files and clinician interviews and then anonymized. RESULTS We propose a novel organizational schema for implementing affective balance therapies for sexual dysfunction, which integrate psychoeducational, somatic, and cognitive therapeutic approaches under the ANT framework. We provide 3 patient case studies (anorgasmia, hypersexuality, spinal cord injury) outlining the implementation of this approach and patient outcomes. CONCLUSION ANT has practical translational applications in sexual health research and clinical practice. By integrating our understanding of the role of core emotions in human sexuality, clinicians can better tailor treatments to address sexual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Mills-Finnerty
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Care, Palo Alto Veterans Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Halee Staggs
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Care, Palo Alto Veterans Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Celeste Bittoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Padova, Padova 2 35122, Italy
| | - Nan Wise
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
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Delval I, Fernández-Bolaños M, Izar P. Towards an Integrated Concept of Personality in Human and Nonhuman Animals. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2024; 58:271-302. [PMID: 37059965 PMCID: PMC10104772 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-023-09759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Every individual has an idiosyncratic way of feeling, thinking and behaving, which is relatively stable across time and situations. Usually known as Personality, today this phenomenon is recognized in many species, including arthropods, fish, avian or mammals. From an evolutionary perspective, research has shown that personality differences are manifest in distinctive forms of dealing with selective pressures, with consequences for fitness. Despite these facts, the study of personality in animals other than humans is relatively new. Only two decades ago, consistent behavioral individual differences were considered 'noise' around an optimal strategy for behavioral ecologists. Also, psychologists were not interested in animal personality as a consequence of the fear of anthropomorphization and the erroneous belief that humans are unique in nature. Fortunately, this misconception seems already overcome but there are still conceptual issues preventing a unified concept of personality. Throughout this review, we first explore the etymological origins of personality and other terminological issues. We further revise the historical course of the study of personality in humans and other animals, from the perspectives of Psychology and Behavioral Ecology, on the basis of the most used approach, the trait theory. We present the study of nonhuman primates as a paradigmatic example in between both frameworks. Finally, we discuss about the necessity of a unified science of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Delval
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo (IP-USP). Av. Prof. Mello Moraes 1721, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Fernández-Bolaños
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo (IP-USP). Av. Prof. Mello Moraes 1721, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo (IP-USP). Av. Prof. Mello Moraes 1721, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil
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Deak A, Inhof O, Nagy L, Csokasi K. Affective super-traits and/or individual patterns: a variable-centered and a person-centered approach of primary emotional aspects of personality. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4787. [PMID: 38413802 PMCID: PMC10899169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Theoretical approaches of personality structure are diverse. We examine the primary emotional aspects of personality as the correspondence of two mainstream constructs: the lexically-based Big Five (BIG5) and the biologically-based Affective Neuroscience Theory (ANT) within two approaches. In the variable-centered approach (VCA), our aim is to identify affective super-traits; while in the person-centered approach (PCA) to uncover latent profile patterns. 240 participants (177 women, 63 men) completed the 112-item affective neuroscience personality scales (ANPS), and the 44-item Big Five Inventory (BFI). We identified four super-traits: Negative emotions (FEAR, SADNESS, Emotional instability), Positive emotions and stimulation (SEEK, Extraversion), Affiliation and social bonds (reversed ANGER, CARE, Agreeableness), Self-regulation (PLAY, Conscientiousness. Based on the VCA, we conclude that the four super-traits represent two main affective tendencies (Positive emotions and approaching, Negative emotions and avoidance), interpersonal (Affiliation) and intrapersonal (Self-regulation) dynamics of personality. As a result of Latent Profile Analysis in the PCA, we explored three latent groups with different patterns of primary emotional traits based on their responsiveness (Highly emotional, Balanced, Low emotional). Our findings provide a holistic approach to emotional aspects of personality, and might have further implications for clinical psychology, neuroscience, and cross-cultural studies on emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Deak
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Pecs, 6 Ifjusag Street, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Inhof
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Pecs, 6 Ifjusag Street, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Pecs, 6 Ifjusag Street, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Csokasi
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Pecs, 6 Ifjusag Street, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
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Roithmeier L, Fuchshuber J, Andres D, Prandstätter T, Schmautz B, Schwerdtfeger A, Unterrainer HF. Originalbeiträge (Originals). Primäremotionen und Bindung bei psychischer Störung. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOSOMATISCHE MEDIZIN UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2024; 70:35-47. [PMID: 38229550 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2024.70.oa1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Primaryemotions and attachment in mental disorder Objectives: There is increasing evidence for associations between primary emotions and attachment with mental illness. This study illuminates the mediation relationship of these psychodynamic constructs in relation to psychiatric disorders. METHODS 921 subjects (69.9 % female) were examined, who completed the questionnaires Brief Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales including a LUST Scale, Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised 8, and ICD-10 Symptom Rating online. A path analysis was conducted to evaluate the mediation effects of attachment anxiety. RESULTS A disease-specific pattern of direct associations between primary emotions, attachment anxiety, and psychological impairment emerged (all p < .01). Attachment exerted mediating effects primarily for SADNESS (p < .01), and to a lesser extent for LUST and CARE (p > .01).The model provided variance resolution ranging from7%(eating disorders) to 47%(depression). CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the relevance of affective explanations regarding the development of psychological symptoms, as well as therapeutic implications.
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Kiive E, Kanarik M, Veidebaum T, Harro J. Neuropeptide Y gene variants and Agreeableness: interaction effect with the birth cohort and the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2024; 36:1-8. [PMID: 37070394 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2023.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful regulator of anxious states, including social anxiety, but evidence from human genetic studies is limited. Associations of common gene variants with behaviour have been described as subject to birth cohort effects, especially if the behaviour is socially motivated. This study aimed to examine the association of NPY rs16147 and rs5574 with personality traits in highly representative samples of two birth cohorts of young adults, the samples having been formed during a period of rapid societal transition. METHODS Both birth cohorts (original n = 1238) of the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study (ECPBHS) self-reported personality traits of the five-factor model at 25 years of age. RESULTS A significant interaction effect of the NPY rs16147 and rs5574 and birth cohort on Agreeableness was found. The T/T genotype of NPY rs16147 resulted in low Agreeableness in the older cohort (born 1983) and in high Agreeableness in the younger cohort (born 1989). The C/C genotype of NPY rs5574 was associated with higher Agreeableness in the younger but not in the older cohort. In the NPY rs16147 T/T homozygotes, the deviations from average in Agreeableness within the birth cohort were dependent on the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS The association between the NPY gene variants and a personality domain reflecting social desirability is subject to change qualitatively in times of rapid societal changes, serving as an example of the relationship between the plasticity genes and environment. The underlying mechanism may involve the development of the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kiive
- Division of Special Education, Department of Education, University of Tartu, Jakobi 5, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Kanarik
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42, 11619 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Schmautz B, Fuchshuber J, Andres D, Prandstätter T, Roithmeier L, Freund A, Schwerdtfeger A, Unterrainer HF. Is there an affective neuroscience of spirituality? The development and validation of the OCEANic feelings scale. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1329226. [PMID: 38304059 PMCID: PMC10828027 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1329226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Oceanic feelings represent a phenomenological structure of affective sensations that characteristically involve feelings of self-dissolution and feelings of unity and transcendence. This study presents the preliminary version of a self-report instrument to measure individual dispositions toward oceanic feelings in order to enable further research within the concept of primary emotions postulated by Jaak Panksepp. Methods A first version of the questionnaire was applied to a total sample of 926 German-speaking adults of the general population. After performing item analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) in a first study (N = 300), the questionnaire was shortened. In a second study (N = 626), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted and emerged scales were related to the already established instruments for the assessment of primary emotions (BANPS-GL) and Big Five personality traits (BFI-44). Results The OCEANic scale exhibited reliabilities ranging from Cronbach's α = 0.82 (positive) to α = 0.88 (negative) and plausible correlations with behavioral traits related to the seven affective neurobiological systems (ANGER, FEAR, CARE, SEEK, PLAY, SADNESS, and LUST) as well as with personality factors measured by the Big Five Inventory. For CFA, a bifactorial model with an overall factor demonstrated good fit: RMSEA = 0.00 (90% CI:0.00, 0.03); TLI = 1.00; CFI = 1.00; NFI = 0.99. Discussion The OCEANic scale enables the operationalization of oceanic feelings comprising two subscales and one total scale. The results indicate good reliability and acceptable factorial validity. Establishment and further validation of the OCEANic scale within future research will be needed to fully understand the role of oceanic feelings within the human affective life, especially the personality trait of spirituality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Schmautz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fuchshuber
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Deborah Andres
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Anton Freund
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Human-Friedrich Unterrainer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mercante B, Uccula A, Secchi E, Puggioni G, Loi N, Enrico P, Deriu F. Hand-blink reflex modulation: The role of primary emotions and attachment dimensions. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14432. [PMID: 37670673 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The hand-blink reflex (HBR) is a subcortical response elicited by the electrical stimulation of the median nerve. HBR magnitude is enhanced when the stimulated hand is close to the face and is modulated by high-level structures according to the perceived threat magnitude. Psychological factors may contribute to threat evaluation and possibly to HBR amplitude modulation. In this study, we assessed distinctively emotional and relational aspects of personality and evaluated their associations with the HBR response, or lack thereof, in healthy subjects. Seventy-one volunteers filled the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y questionnaires and underwent HBR recording. We found that the HBR could be evoked only in 50.7% of all subjects (responders). Non-responders subjects showed higher scores in the avoidance dimension (p = .005), and lower scores in the care dimension (p = .008), compared with responders. In responders, regression analysis showed a negative association of HBR amplitude (difference in near vs. far responses) with anger dimension and a positive association with state anxiety (R2 = 0.239). A positive association also emerged with HBR latency and fear dimension (R2 = 0.419). We conclude that primary emotional and relational factors may play an important role in the modulation of brainstem circuits mediating the HBR response. Our results may also contribute to the question about the absence of the HBR in about half of the subjects since high-level cognitive processes seem to play an important role in the differentiation between responder and non-responder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beniamina Mercante
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Uccula
- Department of History, Human Sciences and Education, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Secchi
- Department of History, Human Sciences and Education, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Graziella Puggioni
- Department of History, Human Sciences and Education, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicola Loi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Enrico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Franca Deriu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders, AOU Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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13
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Janiri D, Moccia L, Montanari S, Simonetti A, Conte E, Chieffo D, Monti L, Kotzalidis GD, Janiri L, Sani G. Primary emotional systems, childhood trauma, and suicidal ideation in youths with bipolar disorders. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 146:106521. [PMID: 37931544 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorders (BD) in youths are strongly associated with suicidal ideation. Childhood trauma is a prominent environmental stressor associated with both BD diagnosis and suicide. Primary emotional systems are altered in adult BD and may contribute to suicide risk in youths. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate primary emotional systems distribution patterns and childhood trauma in youths' BD with and without suicidal ideation (BD-IS, BD-NIS). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We assessed 289 participants, 103 youths with DSM-5 BD and 186 healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Primary emotional systems were obtained with Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale (ANPS), and history of childhood trauma using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Suicidal ideation was assessed through the Columbia Suicide Scale for the Rating of Suicide Severity (C-SSRS). The associations with suicidal ideation were tested using two different multivariate models. RESULTS Over 48 % of participants reported lifetime suicidal ideation and differed on clinical variables from BD-NIS. According to the first model (Wilk's Lambda = 0.72, p < 0.0001), BD-IS scored higher on Panksepp's ANGER and lower on PLAY and CARE than BD-NIS. Both BD-SI and BD-NSI scored higher on ANGER and SEEK and lower on PLAY and CARE than HCs. BD-IS reported more emotional abuse than BD-NIS. They also reported more emotional, sexual, and physical abuse, and emotional neglect than HCs. Only ANGER (OR = 1.13, 95 % CI = 1.01-1.26, Wald = 5.72) and CTQ-Emotional abuse (OR = 1.26, 95 % C.I. = 1.04-1.52, Wald = 5.72) independently predicted suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the importance of assessing primary emotional systems and childhood trauma, in particular emotional abuse, in youths with BD at risk for suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfina Janiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Moccia
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Montanari
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Simonetti
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eliana Conte
- Early Intervention Unit, ASL Roma 3, 00152 Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Chieffo
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Monti
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Janiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sani
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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14
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Fuchshuber J, Prandstätter T, Andres D, Roithmeier L, Schmautz B, Freund A, Schwerdtfeger A, Unterrainer HF. The German version of the brief affective neuroscience personality scales including a LUST scale (BANPS-GL). Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1213156. [PMID: 37484921 PMCID: PMC10359993 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1213156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study presents the German version of the Brief Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (BANPS), which includes an additional subscale for the dimension LUST. The BANPS represents a shortened version of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS), a self-report instrument to assess individual dispositions toward primary emotional systems as proposed by Jaak Panksepp. Methods In a large sample (N = 926), the reliability and various facets of validity of the German translation of the BANPS were examined together with the newly included LUST scale. The BANPS-GL was related to the Big Five Inventory (BFI) and Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale (SSSS) and analyzed via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results Overall, the BANPS-GL exhibited reliabilities ranging from McDonald's ω = 0.70 (CARE) to α = 0.86 (SADNESS) and plausible correlations with external criteria. For CFA a correlated 7-factor model demonstrated good fit [TLI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.04 (90% CI: 0.04, 0.05); SRMR = 0.06]. A similar fit was demonstrated for a 2-higher-factor model [TLI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.05 (90% CI: 0.05, 0.06); SRMR = 0.07]. Conclusion In broad agreement with the results of the original English version, the BANPS-GL showed good reliability and acceptable factorial validity, and overall improved the psychometric properties of the original long form. Finally, the inclusion of the dimension LUST allows for a complete coverage of the primary emotion dispositions as originally conceptualized by Panksepp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Fuchshuber
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Deborah Andres
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Beate Schmautz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Freund
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Human-Friedrich Unterrainer
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Colonnello V, Leonardi G, Farinelli M, Russo PM. The relationship of psychological health and primary emotional traits in medical students. MEDICAL TEACHER 2023; 45:717-723. [PMID: 36488198 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2022.2152662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have called for attention to medical students' well-being. Building on the neuroevolutionary affective neuroscience perspective that views primary emotional systems as central to well-being and the foundation of personality, this study investigated the facets of medical students' psychological well-being that are challenged and the relationships between emotional traits, psychological well-being, and depression. METHODS In a single-center cross-sectional study, medical students' primary emotional traits (SEEKING, FEAR, ANGER, SADNESS, CARE, PLAY and Spirituality), psychological well-being dimensions (autonomy, environmental mastery, positive relations, self-acceptance, purpose in life, and personal growth), and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale; the Psychological Well-being Scale, which provides normative data; and the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS Compared with the normative data, the medical students perceived lower psychological autonomy, positive relations, and self-acceptance but higher purpose in life. The medical students' emotional traits were related to specific psychological well-being facets and depression. SEEKING and, inversely, FEAR were related to well-being across dimensions and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Our findings are the first to show a link between emotional traits and specific facets of psychological health in medical students. Thus, this study encourages medical teachers to set learning environments that target multiple facets of well-being that harness primary emotional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Colonnello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marina Farinelli
- Clinical Psychology Service, Villa Bellombra Rehabilitation Hospital, Colibrì Consortium, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo M Russo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Tobore TO. On the beauty of sadness: it's okay to say, I am sad, thank you. Commun Integr Biol 2023; 16:2211424. [PMID: 37197171 PMCID: PMC10184602 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2023.2211424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We live in times when our culture is obsessed with happiness. The value of almost every aspect of our lives is increasingly judged in terms of their contribution to our happiness. Happiness has become the ultimate goal by which values and priorities are constructed and the only thing for which any action in pursuit of does not require justification. In contrast, sadness is increasingly abnormalized and pathologized. In this paper, an effort is made to counteract the narrative that sadness, a critical aspect of human life is abnormal or a pathological condition. The evolutionary benefits of sadness and its place in human flourishing are discussed. A rebranding of sadness is proposed that emphasizes the free expression of sadness in everyday greetings to remove it from its current negative state and promote many of its benefits including post-traumatic growth and resilience.
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17
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Besika A. An everlasting love: The relationship of happiness and meaning. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1046503. [PMID: 36993898 PMCID: PMC10042445 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1046503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Happiness is of great importance to people. Although happiness constitutes a central theme in psychology, the absence of a unifying theory and inconsistent terminology undermine scientific progress. The present article goes beyond attempting to define “types of happiness” or its contributing factors and addresses the role of happiness (i.e., embodied positive emotional patterns) as a function of a dynamic multisystem (i.e., an individual) and its relationship to meaning (i.e., ongoing bidirectional cognitive processes). As a dynamic multisystem, a person strives for stability as they move in physical space, and during their development, across time (i.e., dynamic balance). A primary requirement for dynamic balance is maintaining consistency by connecting the cognitive system to behavior. In psychological terms, such a connection is facilitated by meaning. The model suggests that happiness serves as a marker of a person’s consistency and meaningful interpretations of their lived experience. The model points to a new research direction.
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18
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Del Giudice M. A general motivational architecture for human and animal personality. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:104967. [PMID: 36410556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To achieve integration in the study of personality, researchers need to model the motivational processes that give rise to stable individual differences in behavior, cognition, and emotion. The missing link in current approaches is a motivational architecture-a description of the core set of mechanisms that underlie motivation, plus a functional account of their operating logic and inter-relations. This paper presents the initial version of such an architecture, the General Architecture of Motivation (GAM). The GAM offers a common language for individual differences in humans and other animals, and a conceptual toolkit for building species-specific models of personality. The paper describes the main components of the GAM and their interplay, and examines the contribution of these components to the emergence of individual differences. The final section discusses how the GAM can be used to construct explicit functional models of personality, and presents a roadmap for future research.
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19
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Brienza L, Zennaro A, Vitolo E, Andò A. Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale (ANPS) and clinical implications: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2023; 320:178-195. [PMID: 36174784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Affective neuroscience (AN) theory assumes the existence of seven basic emotional systems (i.e., SEEKING, ANGER, FEAR, CARE, LUST, SADNESS, PLAY) that are common to all mammals and evolutionarily determined to be tools for survival and, in general, for fitness. Based on the AN approach, the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) questionnaire was developed to examine individual differences in the defined basic emotional systems. The current systematic review aims to examine the use of ANPS in clinical contexts attempting to define those behavioral elements associated with underlying stable personality traits. METHODS The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statements. PubMed and PsycInfo were used for research literature from March 2003 to November 2021. RESULTS Forty-four studies including ANPS were identified from 1763 studies reviewed. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. LIMITATIONS The review comprised some papers with incomplete psychological assessments (e.g., lack of other measures in addition to the ANPS) and missing information (e.g., on the [sub]samples), which may affect the generalizability of findings. CONCLUSION Specific endophenotypes and/or patterns of emotional/motivational systems were found for several mental disorders. Specifically, endophenotypes emerged for the Depressive and Autism Spectrum Disorders, Borderline and Avoidant Personality Disorders, type I and II Bipolar Disorders, and the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The endophenotypes can provide useful reflective elements for both psychodiagnosis and intervention. Overall, the current study may represent an attempt to contribute to the understanding of the basic emotional systems involved in the psychopathological manifestations identified by AN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrico Vitolo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Agata Andò
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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20
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Sindermann C, Kannen C, Montag C. Linking primary emotional traits to ideological attitudes and personal value types. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279885. [PMID: 36595556 PMCID: PMC9810181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating associations of both ideological attitudes and personal value types with the personality traits derived from the Affective Neuroscience Theory (ANT). For that, data of N = 626 (n = 403 men, n = 220 women, n = 3 identifying as neither a man nor a woman) participants of an online survey in the German language were analyzed. Relations of primary emotional traits derived from the ANT with Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), and personal value types, such as the higher-order value type dimensions "Conservation-Openness to Change" and "Self-Enhancement-Self-Transcendence", were examined by means of correlational analyses and structural equation modeling. Results revealed among others relations between low SEEKING, high ANGER and high RWA. Low CARE and high ANGER were associated with high SDO. Moreover, FEAR was related to the higher-order value type dimension ranging from Conservation to Openness to Change. ANGER was associated with the higher-order value type dimension ranging from Self-Enhancement to Self-Transcendence. The present results do not only expand knowledge on the personality traits associated with ideological attitudes and personal value types. Beyond this, considering the neuroanatomical, functional, and neurochemical correlates of the primary emotional traits SEEKING, ANGER, CARE, and FEAR, the present results may provide a roadmap for forthcoming studies aiming at examining biological correlates of ideological attitudes and personal value types, such as those works in the field of political neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Sindermann
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher Kannen
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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21
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Montag C, Solms M, Stelzel C, Davis KL. The future of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales: A reflection on seven pressing matters. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 5:e10. [PMID: 36258778 PMCID: PMC9549392 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2022.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) were designed to provide researchers in the mental sciences with an inventory to assess primary emotional systems according to Pankseppian Affective Neuroscience Theory (ANT). The original ANPS, providing researchers with such a tool, was published in 2003. In the present brief communication, about 20 years later, we reflect upon some pressing matters regarding the further development of the ANPS. We touch upon problems related to disentangling traits and states of the primary emotional systems with the currently available versions of the ANPS and upon its psychometric properties and its length. We reflect also on problems such as the large overlap between the SADNESS and FEAR dimensions, the disentangling of PANIC and GRIEF in the context of SADNESS, and the absence of a LUST scale. Lastly, we want to encourage scientists with the present brief communication to engage in further biological validation of the ANPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mark Solms
- Neuroscience Institute and Psychology Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape7701, South Africa
| | - Christine Stelzel
- General Psychology and Neurocognitive Psychology, International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Knežević G, Lazarević LB, Bosnjak M, Keller J. Proneness to psychotic-like experiences as a basic personality trait complementing the HEXACO model-A preregistered cross-national study. Personal Ment Health 2022; 16:244-262. [PMID: 35107864 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the study is to investigate the relationship between the HEXACO personality model and Disintegration-representing a broad spectrum of psychotic-like experiences and behavioral tendencies (Perceptual Distortions, General Executive/Cognitive Impairment, Enhanced Awareness, Paranoia, Mania, Flattened Affect, Apathy/Depression, Somatoform Dysregulation, and Magical Thinking) that are reconceptualized as a personality trait. In this preregistered study, we predicted that the Disintegration factor would separate from HEXACO. The replicability of the factorial structures of HEXACO and Disintegration subcomponents is investigated across the three national samples (UK, Germany, and Serbia), matched on key socio-demographic variables. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) is used to study the invariance of the hypothesized seven-factor structure (six HEXACO plus Disintegration). Support for the metric invariance of the seven-factor structure based on HEXACO and Disintegration subcomponents/facets across the three nations was found. The Disintegration factor lied outside the HEXACO personality space with each of its nine subcomponents. The Disintegration factor appeared to be among the most coherent and replicable of the seven across the samples and units of measurement (facets and items). A broad spectrum of psychotic-like experiences/behavioral tendencies relevant in understanding and explaining many aspects of everyday and long-term (mal)adaptations is not captured by the HEXACO model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Knežević
- Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Michael Bosnjak
- ZPID - Leibniz Institute for Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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23
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Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Depressive Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138062. [PMID: 35805734 PMCID: PMC9265663 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the interrelationships of Young’s early maladaptive schemas with indicators of specific neural emotional systems conceptualized in Panksepp’s theory in a group of people suffering from depressive disorders. Materials and methods: The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) v. 2.4. and J. Young’s Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3-PL) were used. Ninety (90) individuals aged 18–58, including 45 people treated for depression (DD group), were qualified to participate in the experiment. Results: The subjects in the DD group scored statistically significantly lower than the subjects from the control group (CG group) on the three ANPS scale domains, namely SEEKING, PLAY, and ANGER. The subjects with depressive symptoms scored significantly higher in the YSQ-S3-PL questionnaire on two domains of early maladaptive schemas, i.e., “Impaired autonomy and performance” and “Other-directedness”. Regression analysis results indicate that impairment of the emotional SEEKING system explains most of the variability in the following typical domains of depression: “Disconnection and rejection”, “Impaired autonomy and performance”, and “Other-directedness”. For score variability in the domain area of “Impaired limits”, the ANGER system was found to be most significant, and the FEAR system proved the same for “Overvigilance and Inhibition”. Conclusions: 1. Two domains of early maladaptive schemas are significant for the onset of depressive symptoms, namely “Impaired autonomy and performance” and “Other-directedness”, linked to difficulties in engaging in behaviors to meet one’s own needs. 2. Impairment of the neural emotional SEEKING system most significantly explains the variability in depression-typical areas of early maladaptive schemas.
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24
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Fink LK, Alexander PC, Janata P. The Groove Enhancement Machine (GEM): A Multi-Person Adaptive Metronome to Manipulate Sensorimotor Synchronization and Subjective Enjoyment. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:916551. [PMID: 35782041 PMCID: PMC9240653 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.916551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchronization of movement enhances cooperation and trust between people. However, the degree to which individuals can synchronize with each other depends on their ability to perceive the timing of others’ actions and produce movements accordingly. Here, we introduce an assistive device—a multi-person adaptive metronome—to facilitate synchronization abilities. The adaptive metronome is implemented on Arduino Uno circuit boards, allowing for negligible temporal latency between tapper input and adaptive sonic output. Across five experiments—two single-tapper, and three group (four tapper) experiments, we analyzed the effects of metronome adaptivity (percent correction based on the immediately preceding tap-metronome asynchrony) and auditory feedback on tapping performance and subjective ratings. In all experiments, tapper synchronization with the metronome was significantly enhanced with 25–50% adaptivity, compared to no adaptation. In group experiments with auditory feedback, synchrony remained enhanced even at 70–100% adaptivity; without feedback, synchrony at these high adaptivity levels returned to near baseline. Subjective ratings of being in the groove, in synchrony with the metronome, in synchrony with others, liking the task, and difficulty all reduced to one latent factor, which we termed enjoyment. This same factor structure replicated across all experiments. In predicting enjoyment, we found an interaction between auditory feedback and metronome adaptivity, with increased enjoyment at optimal levels of adaptivity only with auditory feedback and a severe decrease in enjoyment at higher levels of adaptivity, especially without feedback. Exploratory analyses relating person-level variables to tapping performance showed that musical sophistication and trait sadness contributed to the degree to which an individual differed in tapping stability from the group. Nonetheless, individuals and groups benefitted from adaptivity, regardless of their musical sophistication. Further, individuals who tapped less variably than the group (which only occurred ∼25% of the time) were more likely to feel “in the groove.” Overall, this work replicates previous single person adaptive metronome studies and extends them to group contexts, thereby contributing to our understanding of the temporal, auditory, psychological, and personal factors underlying interpersonal synchrony and subjective enjoyment during sensorimotor interaction. Further, it provides an open-source tool for studying such factors in a controlled way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Fink
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Music, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Max Planck – NYU Center for Language, Music, and Emotion (CLaME), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lauren K. Fink,
| | - Prescott C. Alexander
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Petr Janata
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Petr Janata,
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Moraes YL, Valentova JV, Varella MAC. The Evolution of Playfulness, Play and Play-Like Phenomena in Relation to Sexual Selection. Front Psychol 2022; 13:925842. [PMID: 35756316 PMCID: PMC9226980 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.925842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
By conceptualizing Sexual Selection, Darwin showed a way to analyze intra-specific individual differences within an evolutionary perspective. Interestingly, Sexual Selection is often used to investigate the origins of sports, arts, humor, religion and other phenomena that, in several languages, are simply called "play." Despite their manifested differences, these phenomena rely on shared psychological processes, including playfulness. Further, in such behaviors there is usually considerable individual variability, including sex differences, and positive relationship with mating success. However, Sexual Selection is rarely applied in the study of play, with exception to what is concerned as infant training behavior for adult sex roles. We offer an integrated grounding of playful phenomena aligning evolutionary propositions based on sexual selection, which might stimulate further exploration of playfulness within evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Luksevicius Moraes
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fuchshuber J, Jauk E, Hiebler-Ragger M, Unterrainer HF. The Affective Neuroscience of Sexuality: Development of a LUST Scale. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:853706. [PMID: 35295884 PMCID: PMC8918489 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.853706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundIn recent years, there have been many studies using the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) to investigate individual differences in primary emotion traits. However, in contrast to other primary emotion traits proposed by Jaak Panksepp and colleagues, there is a considerable lack of research on the LUST (L) dimension – defined as an individual’s capacity to attain sexual desire and satisfaction – a circumstance mainly caused by its exclusion from the ANPS. Therefore, this study aims to take a first step toward the development of a standardized self-rate measurement for the L-disposition. For this purpose, two versions of the L-scales (L-12 and L-5) were developed and evaluated regarding reliability and aspects of validity.Materials and MethodsAfter a pilot study (N = 204; female: 81%) with an initial 20-item pool item reductions were conducted. This led to the construction of a 12-item (L-12) version and a 5-item version (L-5), which were assessed in a second sample consisting of 371 German-speaking healthy adults (58.50% female) aged 18–69 years (M = 28; SD = 9.75). Aspects of external validity were assessed by investigation of correlations with the ANPS, psychiatric symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory-18), attachment security (Adult Attachment Scales) and personality functioning (Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics Structure Questionnaire). To evaluate structural validity, both L-scales were investigated via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).ResultsCronbach’s α indicated excellent internal consistency regarding L-12 (α = 0.90), while L-5 showed acceptable reliability (α = 0.82). CFA of a bifactor model of the L-12 indicated excellent model fit. Moreover, an excellent model fit was observed regarding a single factor model of L-5. For both scales small to moderate positive correlations were observed with SEEKING, PLAY, and secure attachment, while they exhibited small to moderate negative correlations with SADNESS, insecure attachment, lower personality functioning, and increased psychiatric symptom load.ConclusionBoth newly developed scales exhibit satisfying psychometric properties, indicating high reliability, good structural validity and plausible correlations with external criteria. Hence, this study poses an important step toward the operationalization of the LUST concept. However, more research is needed in particular with respect to the scale’s external validity and its applicability in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Fuchshuber
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- *Correspondence: Jürgen Fuchshuber,
| | - Emanuel Jauk
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- University Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michaela Hiebler-Ragger
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Human Friedrich Unterrainer
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Friedrich Unterrainer,
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Thaw A, Herba CM, Orri M, Paquin S, Séguin JR, Berthoz S, Kim‐Cohen J, Tremblay RE, Côté S. Parental affective personality and children's self‐reported internalising and externalising behaviour. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Thaw
- Department of Psychology Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal Canada
- Research Centre of the Sainte‐Justine University Hospital Montreal Canada
| | - Catherine M. Herba
- Department of Psychology Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal Canada
- Research Centre of the Sainte‐Justine University Hospital Montreal Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology University of Montreal Montreal Canada
| | - Massimiliano Orri
- Department of Psychiatry Douglas Mental Health University Institute McGill University Montreal Canada
| | - Stéphane Paquin
- Department of Psychology Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jean R. Séguin
- Research Centre of the Sainte‐Justine University Hospital Montreal Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology University of Montreal Montreal Canada
| | - Sylvie Berthoz
- Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
- Department of Adolescent and Young Adult Psychiatry Institut Mutualiste Montsouris Paris France
| | - Julia Kim‐Cohen
- Department of Psychology University of Illinois at Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Richard E. Tremblay
- Research Centre of the Sainte‐Justine University Hospital Montreal Canada
- School of Public Health Physiotherapy and Sports Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology University of Montreal Montreal Canada
| | - Sylvana Côté
- Research Centre of the Sainte‐Justine University Hospital Montreal Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine University of Montreal Montreal Canada
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Sanwald S, Widenhorn-Müller K, Montag C, Kiefer M. Primary emotions as predictors for fear of COVID-19 in former inpatients with Major Depressive Disorder and healthy control participants. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:94. [PMID: 35135505 PMCID: PMC8822792 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are reports of an increase in depressive symptoms and fear during the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular in patients with depression. This study investigates factors related to fear of COVID-19 in former inpatients suffering from depression and healthy controls by assessing variables typically associated with depression and anxiety disorders, i.e. stressful life events (SLEs), the primary emotions SADNESS, PLAY and SEEKING as well as dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies with respect to suppression and reappraisal. METHODS Data of n = 44 former inpatients suffering from depression and n = 49 healthy controls were collected. The study had a longitudinal design with two measurement points. Before the pandemic, SLEs, primary emotions, emotion regulation and depression severity were assessed. During the pandemic, COVID-19 associated stressors and life events, emotion regulation, depression severity and fear of COVID-19 were assessed. RESULTS Fear of COVID-19 and depression severity during the pandemic were significantly higher in former inpatients than in healthy controls. Depression diagnosis, SLEs and depression severity before the pandemic were significant positive predictors of fear of COVID-19. The primary emotion PLAY was a significant negative predictor of fear of COVID-19. Depression severity did not change significantly in healthy controls. CONCLUSION The results show that risk factors for depression might be risk factors for high fear of COVID-19. In addition, a playful personality could help preventing mental stress in pandemic situations. Thus, positivity based interventions could counteract elevated fear scores during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sanwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Katharina Widenhorn-Müller
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Christian Montag
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Kiefer
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Prefrontal-limbic-striatum dysconnectivity associated with negative emotional endophenotypes in bipolar disorder during depressive episodes. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:422-430. [PMID: 34507222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prefrontal-limbic-subcortical network has been suggested as an important circuitry in the pathophysiology underlying bipolar disorder during depressive episodes (BDD). However, the relationships between disrupted prefrontal-limbic-subcortical connection and the emotional endophenotypes in BDD patients remain largely unclear. METHODS Forty-three BDD patients and 63 matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. The altered clusters were first identified by using a spatial pairwise clustering method and then were extracted as regions of interest to calculate the functional connectivity (FC). Group comparisons were conducted to identify the abnormal FCs. Classification analysis was employed to examine whether the altered FCs could distinguish BDD from HCs. The relationships between FC alterations and the emotional endophenotypes as measured by the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) were further detected in BDD. RESULTS Compared with HCs, BDD patients showed abnormal FCs in the prefrontal-limbic-striatum circuit. Importantly, the altered FCs yielded 84.91% accuracy (p< 1/5000) with 93.65% sensitivity and 72.09% specificity in differentiating between BDD and HCs. Moreover, the decreased FCs in the prefrontal-striatum and prefrontal-limbic systems were positively correlated with negative emotional endophenotypes of Sadness and Fear scores. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrated that prefrontal-limbic-striatum disconnection may be identified as a potential effective biomarker for BDD, which could help further explain the neurobiological mechanisms underlying BDD.
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Burenkova OV, Podturkin AA. Objective Assessment of Temperament in Temperamentally Vulnerable Children: Role in the Studies on Their Stress Levels. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2021; 2020:97-115. [PMID: 32324326 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Under conditions of suboptimal parental care, children with specific temperamental features have been shown to be especially vulnerable to the effects of stress. Most studies of temperamentally vulnerable children have been conducted using parental questionnaires, which are unfortunately not completely objective. An alternative approach, the use of objective methods for assessing temperament in childhood, can and should be used to study the impact of poor parenting quality on children's stress levels, an important factor in child development. Although studies using such objective methods exist, they are quite rare. A PubMed search identified twelve articles reviewed here. Existing data indicate that, in general, higher basal cortisol and cortisol stress response are associated with "reactive" temperament: shyness, fearfulness, behavioral inhibition, and negative affectivity. Furthermore, child temperament interacts with the quality of parental care to predict cortisol levels in early childhood. Accordingly, in the context of inadequate parental care, temperamentally vulnerable children with "reactive" temperaments are particularly at risk for negative effects of stress. Studies of stress-by-parental-care-interactions are essential for preventing long-term mental problems and problems with physical health that could occur in temperamentally vulnerable children who receive suboptimal parental care.
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31
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Martos Martínez Á, Molero Jurado MDM, Pérez-Fuentes MDC, Barragán Martín AB, Simón Márquez MDM, Gázquez Linares JJ. Role of Personality and Positive and Negative Affects in Coping Strategies of Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:682153. [PMID: 34539487 PMCID: PMC8446453 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurses are exposed to many highly stressful events. Individual variables, such as personality and affective state, have been related to vulnerability to maladaptive coping. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to analyze the relationships between the personality, positive and negative affects, and coping strategies of nurses and to establish the mediating role of affective state in the relationship between personality and coping. The sample was made up of 1,268 Spanish nurses aged 22-63 years who completed the Coping Strategies Inventory, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the 10-item Big Five Inventory. Descriptive analyses, correlations, and mediation models were estimated. The results showed relationships between the Big Five personality factors, positive and negative affects, and coping strategies. Negative affect was confirmed as a mediator between personality and less adaptive strategies and positive affect was confirmed on positive strategies. This study emphasizes the need to develop actions directed at teaching nurses adequate problem-solving strategies and training them in the ability to assign a different emotional value to complex situations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María del Carmen Pérez-Fuentes
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay
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32
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Mariani R, Renzi A, Di Monte C, Petrovska E, Di Trani M. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Primary Emotional Systems and Emotional Regulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115742. [PMID: 34071872 PMCID: PMC8198209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a unique challenge as a severe global crisis affecting physical and psychological health. The main purpose of this work is to study the impact of a traumatic event while also observing the human ability to adapt. One of the first theories to study the adaptive importance of the evolutionary lineage of the affective systems is referred to as BrainMind (Panksepp, 2010). This study aims to explore whether primary emotional systems (PES) and emotion regulation (ER) strategies show differences between the pre- and post- lockdown period; and if positive systems and specific emotion regulation pre-pandemic act as a protective or risk factor for mental and physical wellbeing. (2) Methods: 98 participants who had participated in a previous study before the pandemic were re-contacted to refill the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale (ANPS) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) after the outbreak of the pandemic with the addition of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90R). (3) Results: The results showed that the COVID-19 lockdown rules had an impact on Emotional Regulation and on a re-balancing of PES. Moreover, pre-pandemic expressive–suppressive ERQ strategies and ANPS SADNESS scores appeared as relevant risk factors, which predicted higher Global Severity Index (GSI) scores during lockdown. (4) Conclusions: The lockdown appears to have activated PLAY and CARE as protective systems, but has detuned the ability to positively reinterpret the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Mariani
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (C.D.M.); (M.D.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessia Renzi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (C.D.M.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Cinzia Di Monte
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (C.D.M.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Elena Petrovska
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530-0701, USA;
| | - Michela Di Trani
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (C.D.M.); (M.D.T.)
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Marengo D, Davis KL, Gradwohl GÖ, Montag C. A meta-analysis on individual differences in primary emotional systems and Big Five personality traits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7453. [PMID: 33811242 PMCID: PMC8018956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) were constructed as a self-report assessment to measure individual differences in Jaak Panksepp's cross-species primary emotional systems: SEEKING, PLAY, CARE (positive emotions) and FEAR, SADNESS, ANGER (negative emotions). Beginning with the first published work on the ANPS in 2003, individual differences on the ANPS measures of these six primary emotional systems have been consistently linked to Big Five personality traits. From a theoretical perspective, these primary emotional systems arising from subcortical regions, shed light on the nature of the Big Five personality traits from an evolutionary perspective, because each of these primary emotional systems represent a tool for survival endowing mammalian species with inherited behavioral programs to react appropriately to complex environments. The present work revisited 21 available samples where both ANPS and Big Five measures have been administered. Our meta-analytical analysis provides solid evidence that high SEEKING relates to high Openness to Experience, high PLAY to high Extraversion, high CARE/low ANGER to high Agreeableness and high FEAR/SADNESS/ANGER to high Neuroticism. This seems to be true regardless of the ANPS inventory chosen, although much more work is needed in this area. Associations between primary emotional systems and Conscientiousness were in the lower effect size area across all six primary emotions, thereby supporting the idea that Conscientiousness rather seems to be less directly related with the subcortical primary emotions and likely is the most cognitive/cortical personality construct out of the Big Five. In sum, the present work underlines the idea that individual differences in primary emotional systems represent evolutionarily ancient foundations of human personality, given their a) meaningful links to the prominent Big Five model and b) their origins lying in subcortical areas of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marengo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute for Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Masson C, van der Westhuizen D, Noel JP, Prevost A, van Honk J, Fotopoulou A, Solms M, Serino A. Testosterone administration in women increases the size of their peripersonal space. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1639-1649. [PMID: 33770219 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peripersonal space (PPS) is the space immediately surrounding the body, conceptualised as a sensory-motor interface between body and environment. PPS size differs between individuals and contexts, with intrapersonal traits and states, as well as social factors having a determining role on the size of PPS. Testosterone plays an important role in regulating social-motivational behaviour and is known to enhance dominance motivation in an implicit and unconscious manner. We investigated whether the dominance-enhancing effects of testosterone reflect as changes in the representation of PPS in a within-subjects testosterone administration study in women (N = 19). Participants performed a visuo-tactile integration task in a mixed-reality setup. Results indicated that the administration of testosterone caused a significant enlargement of participants' PPS, suggesting that testosterone caused participants to implicitly appropriate a larger space as their own. These findings suggest that the dominance-enhancing effects of testosterone reflect at the level of sensory-motor processing in PPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Paul Noel
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, USA
| | | | - Jack van Honk
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mark Solms
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrea Serino
- MySpace Lab, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Carre A, Shankland R, Flaudias V, Morvan Y, Lamboy B. Les psychologues dans le champ de la santé mentale : les perspectives en promotion de la santé mentale positive. PRAT PSYCHOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prps.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Montag C, Elhai JD, Davis KL. A comprehensive review of studies using the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales in the psychological and psychiatric sciences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:160-167. [PMID: 33609568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Jaak Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Theory (ANT) belongs to the most prominent emotion theories in the psychological and psychiatric sciences. ANT proposes the existence of seven primary emotional systems deeply anchored in the mammalian brain. These emotional/motivational systems have been shaped by evolutionary processes and function as tools for survival in mammalian species. The systems are called SEEKING, LUST, CARE, and PLAY, as well as ANGER, FEAR, and SADNESS. Panksepp carved out these emotional systems via means of deep brain stimulation, brain lesion and pharmacological manipulation studies. Davis et al. (2003) designed the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) against the background of findings from ANT. This self-report inventory is meant to enable researchers to assess individual differences in primary emotional systems. Seventeen years have passed since the first version of the ANPS has been published. Therefore, we now provide a comprehensive overview on studies using the ANPS including work from personality science, psychiatry and the neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, BW, 89081, Germany.
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States.
| | - Kenneth L Davis
- Pegasus International, Greensboro, NC, 27408, United States.
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Hiebler-Ragger M, Perchtold-Stefan CM, Unterrainer HF, Fuchshuber J, Koschutnig K, Nausner L, Kapfhammer HP, Papousek I, Weiss EM, Fink A. Lower cognitive reappraisal capacity is related to impairments in attachment and personality structure in poly-drug use: an fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:2187-2198. [PMID: 33222012 PMCID: PMC8413209 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Insecure attachment, impaired personality structure and impaired emotion regulation figure prominently in substance use disorders. While negative emotions can trigger drug-use and relapse, cognitive reappraisal may reduce emotional strain by promoting changes in perspective. In the present study, we explored behavioral and neural correlates of cognitive reappraisal in poly-drug use disorder by testing individuals' capability to generate cognitive reappraisals for aversive events (Reappraisal Inventiveness Test). 18 inpatients with poly-drug use disorder and 16 controls completed the Adult Attachment Scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Wonderlic Personnel Test, and the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis Structure Questionnaire, as well as two versions of the Reappraisal Inventiveness Test (during fMRI and outside the lab). Compared to controls, polydrug inpatients reported impaired personality structure, attachment and emotion regulation abilities. In the Reappraisal Inventiveness Test, poly-drug inpatients were less flexible and fluent in generating reappraisals for anger-eliciting situations. Corresponding to previous brain imaging evidence, cognitive reappraisal efforts of both groups were reflected in activation of left frontal regions, particularly left superior and middle frontal gyri and left supplemental motor areas. However, no group differences in neural activation patterns emerged. This suggests that despite cognitive reappraisal impairments on a behavioral level, neural reflections of these deficits in poly-drug use disorder might be more complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hiebler-Ragger
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria ,Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Simmeringer Hauptstraße 101, 1110 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - H. F. Unterrainer
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria ,Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Simmeringer Hauptstraße 101, 1110 Vienna, Austria ,Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Schenkenstraße 8-10, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - J. Fuchshuber
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria ,Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Simmeringer Hauptstraße 101, 1110 Vienna, Austria
| | - K. Koschutnig
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - L. Nausner
- Fachsektion Integrative Gestalttherapie, Österreichischer Arbeitskreis für Gruppentherapie und Gruppendynamik, Lenaugasse 3, 1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - H. P. Kapfhammer
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria ,Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 43, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - I. Papousek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - E. M. Weiss
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52f, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A. Fink
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Sindermann C, Sariyska R, Elhai JD, Montag C. Molecular genetics of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in Internet use disorders including first insights on a potential role of hypothalamus' oxytocin hormone. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 182:389-400. [PMID: 34266607 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819973-2.00026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This chapter covers the phenomenon of Internet use disorders (IUDs) and putative associations with different neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems. Genes coding for such messengers can be seen as an important starting point in the complicated quest to understand human behavior including new phenomena such as IUDs. Therefore, a special focus of this chapter will lie on individual differences in molecular genetic underpinnings of neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems and their associations with individual differences in tendencies towards IUDs. By shedding light on these associations, putative predisposing molecular genetic factors for the emergence and maintenance of IUDs can be carved out. Therefore, first an introduction to IUDs and a model that can guide research on putative associations of IUDs with different specific neurotransmitters and neuropeptides will be presented. Subsequently, twin studies on the heritability of IUDs are reviewed. Finally, studies on differences in molecular genetic predispositions and their associations with differences in IUDs will be presented and discussed, including targets related to the dopaminergic and serotonergic system as well as the hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin. The chapter closes with a conclusion about what is already known and what needs to be investigated in future studies to gain further insights into putative associations between molecular genetic markers and IUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rayna Sariyska
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Departments of Psychology and of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Reward sensitivity, affective neuroscience personality, symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and TPH2-703G/T (rs4570625) genotype. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2020; 32:247-256. [PMID: 32338242 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2020.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reward sensitivity is an increasingly used construct in psychiatry, yet its possible inner structure and relationship with other affective variables are not well known. METHODS A reward sensitivity measurement scale was constructed on the basis of large item pool collected from birth cohort representative samples (the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study; original n = 1238). Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale (ANPS) and the Adult Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale (ASRS) were administered in young adulthood. A variant (rs4570625) of the gene encoding tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) that is responsible for the synthesis of central serotonin was genotyped. RESULTS Reward sensitivity consisted of two orthogonal components, operationally defined as Openness to Rewards and Insatiability by Reward, that respectively characterise the striving towards multiple rewards and the strong pursuit and fixation to a particular reward. While SEEKING and PLAY (and to lower extent CARE) of the ANPS co-varied with Openness to Rewards, FEAR, SADNESS, and ANGER were related to Insatiability by Reward. The total score of ASRS was moderately correlated with Insatiability by Reward, while the association with Openness to Rewards was negligible. However, ASRS Inattention had some negative relationship with the Social Experience facet of Openness to Rewards. The T/T homozygotes for the TPH2 promoter polymorphism had lower Insatiability by Reward but not Openness to Rewards. CONCLUSIONS Behaviours sensitive to rewards are separable to the components of variability and fixation, and these components are differentially related to affective aspects of personality, attention, and hyperactivity as well as to TPH2 genotype.
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He Z, Lu F, Sheng W, Han S, Pang Y, Chen Y, Tang Q, Yang Y, Luo W, Yu Y, Jia X, Li D, Xie A, Cui Q, Chen H. Abnormal functional connectivity as neural biological substrate of trait and state characteristics in major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 102:109949. [PMID: 32335266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder associated with functional dysconnectivity in emotion regulation system. State characteristics which measure the current presence of depressive symptoms, and trait characteristics which indicate the long-term vulnerability to depression are two important features of MDD. However, the relationships between trait and state characteristics of MDD and functional connectivity (FC) within the emotion regulation system still remain unclear. METHODS This study aims to examine the neural biological mechanisms of trait characteristics measured by the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale (ANPS) and state anhedonia measured by the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) in MDD. Sixty-three patients with MDD and 63 well-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. A spatial pairwise clustering and the network-based analysis approaches were adopted to identify the abnormal FC networks. Support vector regression was utilized to predict the trait and state characteristics based on abnormal FCs. RESULTS Four disrupted subnetworks mainly involving the prefrontal-limbic-striatum system were observed in MDD. Importantly, the abnormal FC between the left amygdala (AMYG)/hippocampus (HIP) and right AMYG/HIP could predict the SADNESS scores of ANPS (trait characteristics) in MDD. While the aberrant FC between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)/anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC) and AMYG/parahippocampal gyrus could predict the state anhedonia scores (state characteristics). CONCLUSIONS The present findings give first insights into the neural biological basis underlying the trait and state characteristics associated with functional dysconnectivity within the emotion regulation system in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongling He
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Fengmei Lu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shaoqiang Han
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yajing Pang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qin Tang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Wei Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yue Yu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiaohan Jia
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Di Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Ailing Xie
- School of Public Affairs and Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Cui
- School of Public Affairs and Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
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Wernicke J, Zhang Y, Felten A, Du J, Yao S, Kou J, Chen Y, Kendrick KM, Becker B, Reuter M, Montag C. Blood oxytocin levels are not associated with ADHD tendencies and emotionality in healthy adults. Neurosci Lett 2020; 738:135312. [PMID: 32827574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) regulates social and emotional behaviour. Core symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include social and emotional dysfunctions potentially associated with lower endogenous OT levels. A dimensional approach was employed to examine relationships between plasma OT levels, ADHD tendencies, and emotionality in a healthy adult sample. Moreover, we aimed at replication of results regarding ADHD tendencies and emotionality from our previous work. Subjects were N = 110 healthy Chinese males (Mage: 22.01 ± 2.02 years). Variables of interest were plasma OT levels, individual variations in ADHD tendencies assessed via the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Symptom Checklist (ASRS), and positive and negative emotionality assessed via primary emotional traits of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS). Hypotheses were tested by means of (partial) Spearman and Pearson correlations. Plasma OT levels were neither related to ADHD tendencies, nor to primary emotional traits. ADHD tendencies were significantly related to higher negative emotionality (correlation coefficients: r= .35 to r = .47) and lower positive emotionality (correlation coefficients: r= -.42 to r = -.36). The absence of associations between plasma OT levels and ADHD tendencies, primary emotional traits, and emotionality might be explained by the lack of robust associations between peripheral and central OT levels. Results regarding ADHD tendencies and emotionality replicate previous findings, emphasizing that (sub-clinically) elevated ADHD tendencies associate with dysregulated emotionality. Future studies examining the role of endogenous OT in ADHD should explore the generalizability of the present findings to women and patients with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wernicke
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Yingying Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Andrea Felten
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jun Du
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuxia Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Kou
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanshu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Martin Reuter
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Center for Economics & Neuroscience (CENs), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Sauls D, Zeigler-Hill V. Basic emotional systems and narcissistic personality features: What is the emotional core of narcissism? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Neumann CS. Structural equation modeling of the associations between amygdala activation, personality, and internalizing, externalizing symptoms of psychopathology. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 3:e8. [PMID: 32743337 PMCID: PMC7372165 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2020.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is an expanding literature on the theoretical and empirical connections between personality and psychopathology, and their shared neurobiological correlates. Recent cybernetic theories of personality and psychopathology, as well as affective neuroscience theory, provide grounding for understanding neurobiological-personality-psychopathology (NPP) associations. With the emergence of large sample datasets (e.g., Human Connectome Project) advanced quantitative modeling can be used to rigorously test dynamic statistical representations of NPP connections. Also, research suggests that these connections are influenced by sex, and large samples provide the opportunity to examine how NPP associations might be moderated by sex. The current study used a large sample from the Duke Neurogenetics Study (DNS) to examine how amygdala activation to facial expressions was linked with self-report of personality traits and clinical interviews of internalizing and externalizing symptoms of psychopathology. Structural equation modeling results revealed direct associations of amygdala activation with personality trait expression, as well as indirect associations (though personality) with symptoms of psychopathology. Moreover, the NPP links were moderated by sex. The current results are in line with research that identifies a broader role played by the amygdala in personality and provide potential insights for continued research in personality neuroscience and recent theories on the neurobiology of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Neumann
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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Pulver A, Kiive E, Kanarik M, Harro J. Association of orexin/hypocretin receptor gene (HCRTR1) with reward sensitivity, and interaction with gender. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147013. [PMID: 32652147 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins maintain wakefulness, increase appetite and participate in the coordination of stress response. We have recently provided evidence on the role of orexins in aggression, showing the association of the HCRTR1 genotype. (rs2271933 G > A; leading to amino acid substitution Ile408Val) with aggressiveness or breach of law in four independent cohorts. Aggressive behaviour can be reward driven and hence we have examined the association of HCRTR1 rs2271933 genotype with different aspects of reward sensitivity in the birth cohort representative Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study. HCRTR1 genotype was associated with reward sensitivity in a gender dependent manner. Male HCRTR1 A/A homozygotes had higher Openness to Rewards and the overall reward sensitivity score while, in contrast, female A/A homozygotes scored lower than G-allele carriers in Openness to Rewards. In the total sample, aggressiveness correlated positively with reward sensitivity, but this was on account of Insatiability by Reward. In contrast, the HCRTR1 A/A homozygotes had a positive association of aggressiveness and Openness to Rewards. Experience of stressful life events had a small but significant increasing effect on both aspects of reward sensitivity, and correlated in an anomalous way with reward sensitivity in the HCRTR1 A/A homozygotes. Conclusively, the higher aggressiveness of HCRTR1 A/A homozygotes appears based on a qualitative difference in sensitivity to rewards, in the form that suggests their lower ability to prevent responses to challenges being converted into overt aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Pulver
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Road 29, Astra Building, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Evelyn Kiive
- Division of Special Education, Department of Education, University of Tartu, Näituse 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Kanarik
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Road 29, Astra Building, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia; Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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Influence of Two Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTR) on Empathy: the Mediation Role of a Primary Emotion, CARE. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:252-261. [PMID: 32607757 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01644-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To feel other's pain would elicit empathy. Some theorists hypothesized that observing other's pain may activate the primary emotion of maternal care instinct, which may function as a precursor of empathy. The maternal care instinct and empathy share the same genetic background and neuroendocrine underpinnings. An extensive body of research has shown that maternal behaviors relate to the oxytocinergic system, which has a strong influence on empathy. These studies suggest that the maternal care instinct may mediate the effect of oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) on empathy. To provide evidence for this mediation, we used the subscale of CARE in Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) to measure the maternal care instinct and tested two OXTR single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs53576 and rs13316193, in 880 high school participants (588 females, 292 males; Mage = 16.51 years old, SD = 0.65). Results showed that the genotype of rs13316193 was indirectly associated with empathy via CARE, suggesting a mediating role of CARE in the pathway from OXTR to empathy. These findings may contribute to an understanding of how empathy emerges when one witnesses another person in pain.
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Montag C, Sindermann C, Lester D, Davis KL. Linking individual differences in satisfaction with each of Maslow's needs to the Big Five personality traits and Panksepp's primary emotional systems. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04325. [PMID: 32743084 PMCID: PMC7387820 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is one of the most impactful theories in motivation psychology and personality science. Therefore, it is surprising that studies linking individual differences in a person's current satisfaction with each of Maslow's needs to the Big Five personality traits are rare. In the present study of 850 participants, associations between the Need Satisfaction Inventory and the Big Five personality traits were examined for the first time. In addition, the administration of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales provided an evolutionary framework for the present research. Individual differences in the Need Satisfaction Inventory were assessed, but participants were also asked about the current importance of each of Maslow's needs in their lives. This latter approach to viewing Maslow's needs (general rated importance of each need in the life of a person) showed strong deviations from Maslow's proposed order in the classic pyramid depicting the hierarchy of needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Sindermann
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Lester
- Stockton University, Galloway, NJ 08205-9441, USA
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Francesetti G, Alcaro A, Settanni M. Panic disorder: attack of fear or acute attack of solitude? Convergences between affective neuroscience and phenomenological-Gestalt perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 23:421. [PMID: 32913822 PMCID: PMC7451360 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2020.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is consensus among scientists in considering Panic Attack (PA) as an exaggerated fear response triggered by intense activation of the amygdala and related Fear brain network. Current guidelines for treatment (e.g. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, NICE, 2011), that are based on this view, do not achieve satisfactory results: one-third of all treated patients report persistent PAs and other Panic Disorder (PD) symptoms, and several meta-analyses report the high likelihood of relapse. Here we review findings from Affective Neuroscience and clinical insights from a phenomenological-Gestalt perspective, putting into question the link between PD and activation of the Fear brain network. We propose an alternative hypothesis about PD etiology: PD is mainly connected to the Panic system, that is activated in situations of separation from affective support and overexposure to the environment. In our view, PA can be understood as an acute attack of solitude which is not adequately recognized by the patient due to the intervention of a dissociative component that makes it impossible to integrate all neuro-physiological responses activated by the Panic/Separation brain system within a coherent emotional feeling. This perspective can explain many evidences that otherwise remain isolated elements without a comprehensive frame: i.e., the association with agoraphobia, the onset of PD during adolescence and young adult life, the need to be accompanied, the connection with air hunger and other respiratory anomalies, the efficacy of antidepressants and the lack of activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axe. We discuss future steps to test this hypothesis and the consequences for psychotherapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Francesetti
- International Institute for Gestalt Therapy and Psychopathology - IPsiG.,Department of Psychology, University of Turin
| | - Antonio Alcaro
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research, Italy
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Sanwald S, Montag C, Kiefer M. Depressive Emotionality Moderates the Influence of the BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism on Executive Functions and on Unconscious Semantic Priming. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:699-712. [PMID: 32002751 PMCID: PMC7152588 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Automatic semantic processing can be assessed using semantic priming paradigms. Individual differences in semantic priming have been associated with differences in executive functions. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met (substitution of valine (Val) to methionine (Met) at codon 66) polymorphism has been shown to be associated with executive functions as well as depression. Depression-associated variables such as depressed mood also moderated the relationship between BDNF Val66Met and executive functions in previous work. In this study, we therefore aimed at investigating whether BDNF Val66Met genotype modulates masked and unmasked semantic priming as well as executive functions and whether sadness is a moderator of these associations. We collected data of N = 155 participants measuring reaction times (RTs) as well as error rates (ERs) in masked and unmasked semantic priming paradigms using a lexical decision task. We assessed the primary emotion of SADNESS using the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale (ANPS) and working memory using digit span forward and backward tasks. Met+ carriers showed reduced RT priming and increased ER priming in the masked priming paradigm. Even though there was no direct association between BDNF Val66Met and executive functions, SADNESS significantly moderated the association between BDNF Val66Met and executive functions as well as masked RT priming. We suggest that Met+ individuals with low depressive tendencies have not only superior EF, but also a faster and more superficial processing style, compared with Val/Val homozygotes. However, in Met+ individuals, cognitive functioning exhibits a greater vulnerability to depressed emotionality compared with Val/Val homozygotes. Our study thus demonstrates how emotional and molecular genetic factors exert an interacting influence on higher-level cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sanwald
- Department of Psychiatry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Kiefer
- Department of Psychiatry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Les échelles neuroaffectives de personnalité : développement de l’outil et premières données cliniques. Eur Psychiatry 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
L’idée que certaines dimensions de la personnalité et du fonctionnement affectif prédisposent à l’émergence de comportements à risque pour la santé physique et/ou soient des facteurs de vulnérabilité pour différents troubles psychiatriques n’est pas nouvelle. Dans la lignée de ce courant, plusieurs instruments auto-rapportés de l’évaluation de la personnalité et/ou du fonctionnement socio-affectif ont été développés. Toutefois, la capacité de ces instruments à rendre compte des mécanismes neurobiologiques sous-jacents reste limitée, et le fait qu’ils constituent des reflets pertinents de mécanismes génétiques et cérébraux spécifiques est de plus en plus discuté [1]. Les échelles de personnalité développées par J. Panksepp et al. pallieraient cette limite. Plutôt que de se baser sur un lexique descriptif du ressenti émotionnel, leur construction repose sur les avancées dans le domaine des neurosciences affectives et l’identification des circuits cérébraux et neuromédiateurs impliqués dans la réaction et la régulation émotionnelle [2]. Ces « échelles neuroaffectives de personnalité » (Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales [ANPS]) permettraient l’évaluation d’endophénotypes émotionnels. Les ANPS rendraient compte du fonctionnement et de l’équilibre entre 6 systèmes émotionnels primaires (3 positifs : la maternance, la jovialité, l’exploration ; 3 négatifs : la peur, la colère et la tristesse). Leur élaboration, validation en langue française ainsi que les données de la littérature émergente en faveur de leur utilisation seront présentées. Les pistes proposées pour en améliorer les qualités psychométriques seront discutées ([3,4]).
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Arias JA, Williams C, Raghvani R, Aghajani M, Baez S, Belzung C, Booij L, Busatto G, Chiarella J, Fu CH, Ibanez A, Liddell BJ, Lowe L, Penninx BWJH, Rosa P, Kemp AH. The neuroscience of sadness: A multidisciplinary synthesis and collaborative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 111:199-228. [PMID: 32001274 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sadness is typically characterized by raised inner eyebrows, lowered corners of the mouth, reduced walking speed, and slumped posture. Ancient subcortical circuitry provides a neuroanatomical foundation, extending from dorsal periaqueductal grey to subgenual anterior cingulate, the latter of which is now a treatment target in disorders of sadness. Electrophysiological studies further emphasize a role for reduced left relative to right frontal asymmetry in sadness, underpinning interest in the transcranial stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as an antidepressant target. Neuroimaging studies - including meta-analyses - indicate that sadness is associated with reduced cortical activation, which may contribute to reduced parasympathetic inhibitory control over medullary cardioacceleratory circuits. Reduced cardiac control may - in part - contribute to epidemiological reports of reduced life expectancy in affective disorders, effects equivalent to heavy smoking. We suggest that the field may be moving toward a theoretical consensus, in which different models relating to basic emotion theory and psychological constructionism may be considered as complementary, working at different levels of the phylogenetic hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Arias
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics, Mathematical Analysis, and Operational Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Claire Williams
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Rashmi Raghvani
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Moji Aghajani
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, GGZ InGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University Montreal, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Julian Chiarella
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University Montreal, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cynthia Hy Fu
- School of Psychology, University of East London, United Kingdom; Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Autonoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia; Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ARC), New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Leroy Lowe
- Neuroqualia (NGO), Turo, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, GGZ InGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands
| | - Pedro Rosa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew H Kemp
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Discipline of Psychiatry, and School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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