1
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Lékó AH, Gregory-Flores A, Marchette RCN, Gomez JL, Vendruscolo JCM, Repunte-Canonigo V, Choung V, Deschaine SL, Whiting KE, Jackson SN, Cornejo MP, Perello M, You ZB, Eckhaus M, Rasineni K, Janda KD, Zorman B, Sumazin P, Koob GF, Michaelides M, Sanna PP, Vendruscolo LF, Leggio L. Genetic or pharmacological GHSR blockade has sexually dimorphic effects in rodents on a high-fat diet. Commun Biol 2024; 7:632. [PMID: 38796563 PMCID: PMC11127961 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The stomach-derived hormone ghrelin regulates essential physiological functions. The ghrelin receptor (GHSR) has ligand-independent actions; therefore, GHSR gene deletion may be a reasonable approach to investigate the role of this system in feeding behaviors and diet-induced obesity (DIO). Here, we investigate the effects of a long-term (12-month) high-fat (HFD) versus regular diet on obesity-related measures in global GHSR-KO and wild-type (WT) Wistar male and female rats. Our main findings are that the GHSR gene deletion protects against DIO and decreases food intake during HFD in male but not in female rats. GHSR gene deletion increases thermogenesis and brain glucose uptake in male rats and modifies the effects of HFD on brain glucose metabolism in a sex-specific manner, as assessed with small animal positron emission tomography. We use RNA-sequencing to show that GHSR-KO rats have upregulated expression of genes responsible for fat oxidation in brown adipose tissue. Central administration of a novel GHSR inverse agonist, PF-5190457, attenuates ghrelin-induced food intake, but only in male, not in female mice. HFD-induced binge-like eating is reduced by inverse agonism in both sexes. Our results support GHSR as a promising target for new pharmacotherapies for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- András H Lékó
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adriana Gregory-Flores
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renata C N Marchette
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan L Gomez
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janaina C M Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vez Repunte-Canonigo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vicky Choung
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sara L Deschaine
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly E Whiting
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shelley N Jackson
- Translational Analytical Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Paula Cornejo
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mario Perello
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Zhi-Bing You
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Eckhaus
- Pathology Service, Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barry Zorman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pavel Sumazin
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pietro P Sanna
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Stress and Addiction Neuroscience Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Translational Analytical Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
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2
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Tufvesson-Alm M, Zhang Q, Aranäs C, Blid Sköldheden S, Edvardsson CE, Jerlhag E. Decoding the influence of central LEAP2 on food intake and its effect on accumbal dopamine release. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 236:102615. [PMID: 38641041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The gut-brain peptide ghrelin and its receptor are established as a regulator of hunger and reward-processing. However, the recently recognized ghrelin receptor inverse agonist, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), is less characterized. The present study aimed to elucidate LEAP2s central effect on reward-related behaviors through feeding and its mechanism. LEAP2 was administrated centrally in mice and effectively reduced feeding and intake of palatable foods. Strikingly, LEAP2s effect on feeding was correlated to the preference of the palatable food. Further, LEAP2 reduced the rewarding memory of high preference foods, and attenuated the accumbal dopamine release associated with palatable food exposure and eating. Interestingly, LEAP2 was widely expressed in the brain, and particularly in reward-related brain areas such as the laterodorsal tegmental area (LDTg). This expression was markedly altered when allowed free access to palatable foods. Accordingly, infusion of LEAP2 into LDTg was sufficient to transiently reduce acute palatable food intake. Taken together, the present results show that central LEAP2 has a profound effect on dopaminergic reward signaling associated with food and affects several aspects of feeding. The present study highlights LEAP2s effect on reward, which may have applications for obesity and other reward-related psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Tufvesson-Alm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 13A, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 13A, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Cajsa Aranäs
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 13A, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Blid Sköldheden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 13A, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Christian E Edvardsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 13A, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 13A, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden.
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3
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Leggio L, Leko A, Gregory-Flores A, Marchette R, Gomez J, Vendruscolo J, Repunte-Canonigo V, Chuong V, Deschaine S, Whiting K, Jackson S, Cornejo M, Perello M, You ZB, Eckhaus M, Janda K, Zorman B, Sumazin P, Koob G, Michaelides M, Sanna PP, Vendruscolo L. Genetic or pharmacological GHSR blockade has sexually dimorphic effects in rodents on a high-fat diet. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3236045. [PMID: 37886546 PMCID: PMC10602167 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3236045/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The stomach-derived hormone ghrelin regulates essential physiological functions. The ghrelin receptor (GHSR) has ligand-independent actions, therefore, GHSR gene deletion may be a reasonable approach to investigate the role of this system in feeding behaviors and diet-induced obesity (DIO). Here we investigated the effects of a long-term (12 month) high-fat (HFD) versus regular diet on obesity-related measures in global GHSR-KO and wild type (WT) Wistar male and female rats. Our main findings were that the GHSR gene deletion protects against DIO and decreases food intake during HFD in male but not in female rats. GHSR gene deletion increased thermogenesis and brain glucose uptake in male rats and modified the effects of HFD on brain glucose metabolism in a sex-specific manner, as assessed with small animal positron emission tomography. RNA-sequencing was also used to show that GHSR-KO rats had upregulated expression of genes responsible for fat oxidation in brown adipose tissue. Central administration of a novel GHSR inverse agonist, PF-5190457, attenuated ghrelin-induced food intake, but only in male, not in female mice. HFD-induced binge-like eating was reduced by inverse agonism in both sexes. Our results support GHSR as a promising target for new pharmacotherapies for obesity.
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4
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Sadee W. Ligand-Free Signaling of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Genetics. Molecules 2023; 28:6375. [PMID: 37687205 PMCID: PMC10489045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are ubiquitous sensors and regulators of cellular functions. Each GPCR exists in complex aggregates with multiple resting and active conformations. Designed to detect weak stimuli, GPCRs can also activate spontaneously, resulting in basal ligand-free signaling. Agonists trigger a cascade of events leading to an activated agonist-receptor G-protein complex with high agonist affinity. However, the ensuing signaling process can further remodel the receptor complex to reduce agonist affinity, causing rapid ligand dissociation. The acutely activated ligand-free receptor can continue signaling, as proposed for rhodopsin and μ opioid receptors, resulting in robust receptor activation at low agonist occupancy with enhanced agonist potency. Continued receptor stimulation can further modify the receptor complex, regulating sustained ligand-free signaling-proposed to play a role in opioid dependence. Basal, acutely agonist-triggered, and sustained elevated ligand-free signaling could each have distinct functions, reflecting multi-state conformations of GPCRs. This review addresses basal and stimulus-activated ligand-free signaling, its regulation, genetic factors, and pharmacological implications, focusing on opioid and serotonin receptors, and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). The hypothesis is proposed that ligand-free signaling of 5-HT2A receptors mediate therapeutic effects of psychedelic drugs. Research avenues are suggested to close the gaps in our knowledge of ligand-free GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Sadee
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Aether Therapeutics Inc., Austin, TX 78756, USA
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5
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Han YC, Leaman DW, Shepherd BS. Ghrelin Modulates Differential Expression of Genes Relevant to Immune Activities and Antimicrobial Peptides in Primary Head Kidney Cells of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101683. [PMID: 37238114 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone/cytokine that regulates metabolic processes and plays essential roles in the immune system. To evaluate the immunomodulatory actions of ghrelin isoforms in rainbow trout (RT), an in vitro model was utilized with primary cells isolated from fish head kidney (HKD). These RT-HKD cells were treated with synthetic rainbow trout ghrelin and its truncated isoform, desVRQ-ghrelin, over time (0, 2, 4, and 24 h). Reverse transcriptase-coupled qPCR was used to measure the differential expression patterns of genes relevant to various immune processes and genes of antimicrobial peptides. Ghrelin isoform treatments resulted in functional perturbations that displayed overlapping and divergent patterns of gene expression. The differing actions between the two ghrelin isoforms on various assessed genes, and at differing time points, suggested that the two analogs may activate unique pathways, thereby eliciting distinct responses in fish immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chiang Han
- ORISE/ORAU/USDA-ARS, School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| | - Douglas W Leaman
- College of Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36117, USA
| | - Brian S Shepherd
- USDA-ARS, School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
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6
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Yi T, Wang N, Huang J, Wang Y, Ren S, Hu Y, Xia J, Liao Y, Li X, Luo F, Ouyang Q, Li Y, Zheng Z, Xiao Q, Ren R, Yao Z, Tang X, Wang Y, Chen X, He C, Li H, Hu Z. A Sleep-Specific Midbrain Target for Sevoflurane Anesthesia. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300189. [PMID: 36961096 PMCID: PMC10214273 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sevoflurane has been the most widely used inhaled anesthetics with a favorable recovery profile; however, the precise mechanisms underlying its anesthetic action are still not completely understood. Here the authors show that sevoflurane activates a cluster of urocortin 1 (UCN1+ )/cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART+ ) neurons in the midbrain involved in its anesthesia. Furthermore, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is highly enriched in sevoflurane-activated UCN1+ /CART+ cells and is necessary for sleep induction. Blockade of GHSR abolishes the excitatory effect of sevoflurane on UCN1+ /CART+ neurons and attenuates its anesthetic effect. Collectively, their data suggest that anesthetic action of sevoflurane necessitates the GHSR activation in midbrain UCN1+ /CART+ neurons, which provides a novel target including the nucleus and receptor in the field of anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yi
- Department of AnesthesiologySecond Affiliated HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400037China
- Department of AnesthesiologyYongchuan HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing402160China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
- College of BioengineeringChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of AnesthesiologySecond Affiliated HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400037China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Shuancheng Ren
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yiwen Hu
- Department of AnesthesiologySecond Affiliated HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400037China
| | - Jianxia Xia
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yixiang Liao
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Fenlan Luo
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- School of PharmacyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of AnesthesiologySecond Affiliated HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400037China
| | - Ziyi Zheng
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Qin Xiao
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Rong Ren
- Sleep Medicine CenterDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineMental Health CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Zhongxiang Yao
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Xiangdong Tang
- Sleep Medicine CenterDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineMental Health CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Yanjiang Wang
- Department of NeurologyDaping HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research CenterCollaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Chao He
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of AnesthesiologySecond Affiliated HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400037China
| | - Zhian Hu
- Department of PhysiologyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
- College of BioengineeringChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and IntelligenceGuangyang Bay LaboratoryChongqing400064China
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7
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Engel JA, Pålsson E, Vallöf D, Jerlhag E. Ghrelin activates the mesolimbic dopamine system via nitric oxide associated mechanisms in the ventral tegmental area. Nitric Oxide 2023; 131:1-7. [PMID: 36513266 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Besides enhanced feeding, the orexigenic peptide ghrelin activates the mesolimbic dopamine system to cause reward as measured by locomotor stimulation, dopamine release in nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS), and conditioned place preference. Although the ventral tegmental area (VTA) appears to be a central brain region for this ghrelin-reward, the underlying mechanisms within this area are unknown. The findings that the gaseous neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO) modulate the ghrelin enhanced feeding, led us to hypothesize that ghrelin increases NO levels in the VTA, and thereby stimulates reward-related behaviors. We initially demonstrated that inhibition of NO synthesis blocked the ghrelin-induced activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. We then established that antagonism of downstream signaling of NO in the VTA, namely sGC, prevents the ability of ghrelin to stimulate the mesolimbic dopamine system. The association of ghrelin to NO was further strengthened by in vivo electrochemical recordings showing that ghrelin enhances the NO release in the VTA. Besides a GABAB -receptor agonist, known to reduce NO and cGMP, blocks the stimulatory properties of ghrelin. The present series of experiments reveal that ablated NO signaling, through pharmacologically inhibiting the production of NO and/or cGMP, prevents the ability of ghrelin to induced reward-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen A Engel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Pålsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neurochemistry and Psychiatry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Vallöf
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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8
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Perelló M, Dickson SL, Zigman JM, Leggio L. Toward a consensus nomenclature for ghrelin, its non-acylated form, liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 and growth hormone secretagogue receptor. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13224. [PMID: 36580314 PMCID: PMC10078427 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The stomach-derived octanoylated peptide ghrelin was discovered in 1999 and recognized as an endogenous agonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Subsequently, ghrelin has been shown to play key roles in controlling not only growth hormone secretion, but also a variety of other physiological functions including, but not limited to, food intake, reward-related behaviors, glucose homeostasis and gastrointestinal tract motility. Importantly, a non-acylated form of ghrelin, desacyl-ghrelin, can also be detected in biological samples. Desacyl-ghrelin, however, does not bind to GHSR at physiological levels, and its physiological role has remained less well-characterized than that of ghrelin. Ghrelin and desacyl-ghrelin are currently referred to in the literature using many different terms, highlighting the need for a consistent nomenclature. The variability of terms used to designate ghrelin can lead not only to confusion, but also to miscommunication, especially for those who are less familiar with the ghrelin literature. Thus, we conducted a survey among experts who have contributed to the ghrelin literature aiming to identify whether a consensus may be reached. Based on the results of this consensus, we propose using the terms "ghrelin" and "desacyl-ghrelin" to refer to the hormone itself and its non-acylated form, respectively. Based on the results of this consensus, we further propose using the terms "GHSR" for the receptor, and "LEAP2" for liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2, a recently recognized endogenous GHSR antagonist/inverse agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Perelló
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Jerlhag E. Animal studies reveal that the ghrelin pathway regulates alcohol-mediated responses. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1050973. [PMID: 36970276 PMCID: PMC10030715 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1050973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is often described as repeated phases of binge drinking, compulsive alcohol-taking, craving for alcohol during withdrawal, and drinking with an aim to a reduce the negative consequences. Although multifaceted, alcohol-induced reward is one aspect influencing the former three of these. The neurobiological mechanisms regulating AUD processes are complex and one of these systems is the gut-brain peptide ghrelin. The vast physiological properties of ghrelin are mediated via growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR, ghrelin receptor). Ghrelin is well known for its ability to control feeding, hunger, and metabolism. Moreover, ghrelin signaling appears central for alcohol-mediated responses; findings reviewed herein. In male rodents GHSR antagonism reduces alcohol consumption, prevents relapse drinking, and attenuates the motivation to consume alcohol. On the other hand, ghrelin increases the consumption of alcohol. This ghrelin-alcohol interaction is also verified to some extent in humans with high alcohol consumption. In addition, either pharmacological or genetic suppression of GHSR decreases several alcohol-related effects (behavioral or neurochemical). Indeed, this suppression blocks the alcohol-induced hyperlocomotion and dopamine release in nucleus accumbens as well as ablates the alcohol reward in the conditioned place preference model. Although not fully elucidated, this interaction appears to involve areas central for reward, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and brain nodes targeted by VTA projections. As reviewed briefly, the ghrelin pathway does not only modulate alcohol-mediated effects, it regulates reward-related behaviors induced by addictive drugs. Although personality traits like impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors are common in patients with AUD, the role of the ghrelin pathway thereof is unknown and remains to be studied. In summary, the ghrelin pathway regulates addiction processes like AUD and therefore the possibility that GHSR antagonism reduces alcohol or drug-taking should be explored in randomized clinical trials.
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10
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Chen RB, Wang QY, Wang YY, Wang YD, Liu JH, Liao ZZ, Xiao XH. Feeding-induced hepatokines and crosstalk with multi-organ: A novel therapeutic target for Type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1094458. [PMID: 36936164 PMCID: PMC10020511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1094458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, which can be caused by either an insulin deficit and/or insulin resistance, is the main symptom of Type 2 diabetes, a significant endocrine metabolic illness. Conventional medications, including insulin and oral antidiabetic medicines, can alleviate the signs of diabetes but cannot restore insulin release in a physiologically normal amount. The liver detects and reacts to shifts in the nutritional condition that occur under a wide variety of metabolic situations, making it an essential organ for maintaining energy homeostasis. It also performs a crucial function in glucolipid metabolism through the secretion of hepatokines. Emerging research shows that feeding induces hepatokines release, which regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. Notably, these feeding-induced hepatokines act on multiple organs to regulate glucolipotoxicity and thus influence the development of T2DM. In this review, we focus on describing how feeding-induced cross-talk between hepatokines, including Adropin, Manf, Leap2 and Pcsk9, and metabolic organs (e.g.brain, heart, pancreas, and adipose tissue) affects metabolic disorders, thus revealing a novel approach for both controlling and managing of Type 2 diabetes as a promising medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Bin Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qi-Yu Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Di Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe-Zhen Liao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
| | - Xin-Hua Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
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11
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O’Reilly C, Lin L, Wang H, Fluckey J, Sun Y. Ablation of Ghrelin Receptor Mitigates the Metabolic Decline of Aging Skeletal Muscle. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081368. [PMID: 36011279 PMCID: PMC9407208 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The orexigenic hormone ghrelin has multifaceted roles in health and disease. We have reported that ablation of the ghrelin receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), protects against metabolic dysfunction of adipose tissues in aging. Our further observation interestingly revealed that GHS-R deficiency phenocopies the effects of myokine irisin. In this study, we aim to determine whether GHS-R affects the metabolic functions of aging skeletal muscle and whether GHS-R regulates the muscular functions via irisin. We first studied the expression of metabolic signature genes in gastrocnemius muscle of young, middle-aged and old mice. Then, old GHS-R knockout (Ghsr−/−) mice and their wild type counterparts were used to assess the impact of GHS-R ablation on the metabolic characteristics of gastrocnemius and soleus muscle. There was an increase of GHS-R expression in skeletal muscle during aging, inversely correlated with the decline of metabolic functions. Remarkedly the muscle of old GHS-R knockout (Ghsr−/−) mice exhibited a youthful metabolic profile and better maintenance of oxidative type 2 muscle fibers. Furthermore, old Ghsr−/− mice showed improved treadmill performance, supporting better functionality. Also intriguing to note was the fact that old GHS-R-ablated mice showed increased expression of the irisin precursor FNDC5 in the muscle and elevated plasma irisin levels in circulation, which supports a potential interrelationship between GHS-R and irisin. Overall, our work suggests that GHS-R has deleterious effects on the metabolism of aging muscle, which may be at least partially mediated by myokine irisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen O’Reilly
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Ligen Lin
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - James Fluckey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (Y.S.)
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12
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Mitre M, Saadipour K, Williams K, Khatri L, Froemke RC, Chao MV. Transactivation of TrkB Receptors by Oxytocin and Its G Protein-Coupled Receptor. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:891537. [PMID: 35721318 PMCID: PMC9201241 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.891537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) binds to the TrkB tyrosine kinase receptor, which dictates the sensitivity of neurons to BDNF. A unique feature of TrkB is the ability to be activated by small molecules in a process called transactivation. Here we report that the brain neuropeptide oxytocin increases BDNF TrkB activity in primary cortical neurons and in the mammalian neocortex during postnatal development. Oxytocin produces its effects through a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), however, the receptor signaling events that account for its actions have not been fully defined. We find oxytocin rapidly transactivates TrkB receptors in bath application of acute brain slices of 2-week-old mice and in primary cortical culture by increasing TrkB receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. The effects of oxytocin signaling could be distinguished from the related vasopressin receptor. The transactivation of TrkB receptors by oxytocin enhances the clustering of gephyrin, a scaffold protein responsible to coordinate inhibitory responses. Because oxytocin displays pro-social functions in maternal care, cognition, and social attachment, it is currently a focus of therapeutic strategies in autism spectrum disorders. Interestingly, oxytocin and BDNF are both implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, and cognition. These results imply that oxytocin may rely upon crosstalk with BDNF signaling to facilitate its actions through receptor transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Mitre
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Departments of Cell Biology, Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Khalil Saadipour
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin Williams
- Departments of Biology and Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Latika Khatri
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert C. Froemke
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Moses V. Chao
- Departments of Cell Biology, Neuroscience & Physiology, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Departments of Cell Biology, Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Moses V. Chao
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13
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Aguggia JP, Cornejo MP, Fernandez G, De Francesco PN, Mani BK, Cassano D, Cabral A, Valdivia S, García Romero G, Reynaldo M, Fehrentz JA, Zigman JM, Perello M. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor signaling in the supramammillary nucleus targets nitric oxide-producing neurons and controls recognition memory in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 139:105716. [PMID: 35290931 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a stomach-derived hormone that acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Recent evidence suggests that some of ghrelin's actions may be mediated via the supramammillary nucleus (SuM). Not only does ghrelin bind to cells within the mouse SuM, but ghrelin also activates SuM cells and intra-SuM ghrelin administration induces feeding in rats. In the current study, we aimed to further characterize ghrelin action in the SuM. We first investigated a mouse model expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the promoter of GHSR (GHSR-eGFP mice). We found that the SuM of GHSR-eGFP mice contains a significant amount of eGFP cells, some of which express neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Centrally-, but not systemically-, injected ghrelin reached the SuM, where it induced c-Fos expression. Furthermore, a 5-day 40% calorie restriction protocol, but not a 2-day fast, increased c-Fos expression in non-eGFP+ cells of the SuM of GHSR-eGFP mice, whereas c-Fos induction by calorie restriction was not observed in GHSR-deficient mice. Exposure of satiated mice to a binge-like eating protocol also increased c-Fos expression in non-eGFP+ cells of the SuM of GHSR-eGFP mice in a GHSR-dependent manner. Finally, intra-SuM-injected ghrelin did not acutely affect food intake, locomotor activity, behavioral arousal or spatial memory but increased recognition memory. Thus, we provide a compelling neuroanatomical characterization of GHSR SuM neurons and its behavioral implications in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta P Aguggia
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María P Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bharath K Mani
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniela Cassano
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Cabral
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Spring Valdivia
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe García Romero
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Reynaldo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Perelló M, Cornejo MP, De Francesco PN, Fernandez G, Gautron L, Valdivia LS. The controversial role of the vagus nerve in mediating ghrelin´s actions: gut feelings and beyond. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:228-239. [PMID: 35746965 PMCID: PMC9210457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a stomach-derived peptide hormone that acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and displays a plethora of neuroendocrine, metabolic, autonomic and behavioral actions. It has been proposed that some actions of ghrelin are exerted via the vagus nerve, which provides a bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and peripheral systems. The vagus nerve comprises sensory fibers, which originate from neurons of the nodose and jugular ganglia, and motor fibers, which originate from neurons of the medulla. Many anatomical studies have mapped GHSR expression in vagal sensory or motor neurons. Also, numerous functional studies investigated the role of the vagus nerve mediating specific actions of ghrelin. Here, we critically review the topic and discuss the available evidence supporting, or not, a role for the vagus nerve mediating some specific actions of ghrelin. We conclude that studies using rats have provided the most congruent evidence indicating that the vagus nerve mediates some actions of ghrelin on the digestive and cardiovascular systems, whereas studies in mice resulted in conflicting observations. Even considering exclusively studies performed in rats, the putative role of the vagus nerve in mediating the orexigenic and growth hormone (GH) secretagogue properties of ghrelin remains debated. In humans, studies are still insufficient to draw definitive conclusions regarding the role of the vagus nerve mediating most of the actions of ghrelin. Thus, the extent to which the vagus nerve mediates ghrelin actions, particularly in humans, is still uncertain and likely one of the most intriguing unsolved aspects of the field.
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15
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Gupta S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mitra A. Therapeutic potential of GHSR-1A antagonism in alcohol dependence, a review. Life Sci 2022; 291:120316. [PMID: 35016882 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1A (GHSR-1A) is a functional receptor of orexigenic peptide ghrelin and is highly expressed in mesolimbic dopaminergic systems that regulate incentive value of artificial reward in substance abuse. Interestingly, GHSR-1A has also shown ligand-independent constitutive activity. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the growing concerns worldwide as it involves complex neuro-psycho-endocrinological interactions. Positive correlation of acylated ghrelin and alcohol-induced human brain response in the right and left ventral striatum are evident. In the last decade, the beneficial effects of ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1A) antagonism to suppress artificial reward circuitries and induce self-control for alcohol consumption have drawn significant attention from researchers. In this updated review, we summarize the available recent preclinical, clinical, and experimental data to discuss functional, molecular actions of central ghrelin-GHSR-1A signaling in different craving levels for alcohol as well as to promote "GHSR-1A antagonism" as one of the potential therapies in early abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Triveni Devi Bhalotia College, Raniganj, Paschim Bardhaman 713 347, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanchari Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hombegowda Nagar, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Arkadeep Mitra
- Department of Zoology, City College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata 700 009, West Bengal, India.
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16
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Tufvesson-Alm M, Shevchouk OT, Jerlhag E. Insight into the role of the gut-brain axis in alcohol-related responses: Emphasis on GLP-1, amylin, and ghrelin. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1092828. [PMID: 36699502 PMCID: PMC9868418 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1092828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) contributes substantially to global morbidity and mortality. Given the heterogenicity of this brain disease, available pharmacological treatments only display efficacy in sub-set of individuals. The need for additional treatment options is thus substantial and is the goal of preclinical studies unraveling neurobiological mechanisms underlying AUD. Although these neurobiological processes are complex and numerous, one system gaining recent attention is the gut-brain axis. Peptides of the gut-brain axis include anorexigenic peptide like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and amylin as well as the orexigenic peptide ghrelin. In animal models, agonists of the GLP-1 or amylin receptor and ghrelin receptor (GHSR) antagonists reduce alcohol drinking, relapse drinking, and alcohol-seeking. Moreover, these three gut-brain peptides modulate alcohol-related responses (behavioral and neurochemical) in rodents, suggesting that the alcohol reduction may involve a suppression of alcohol's rewarding properties. Brain areas participating in the ability of these gut-brain peptides to reduce alcohol-mediated behaviors/neurochemistry involve those important for reward. Human studies support these preclinical studies as polymorphisms of the genes encoding for GLP-1 receptor or the ghrelin pathway are associated with AUD. Moreover, a GLP-1 receptor agonist decreases alcohol drinking in overweight patients with AUD and an inverse GHSR agonist reduces alcohol craving. Although preclinical and clinical studies reveal an interaction between the gut-brain axis and AUD, additional studies should explore this in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Tufvesson-Alm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olesya T Shevchouk
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Shevchouk OT, Tufvesson-Alm M, Jerlhag E. An Overview of Appetite-Regulatory Peptides in Addiction Processes; From Bench to Bed Side. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:774050. [PMID: 34955726 PMCID: PMC8695496 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.774050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a substantial need for new pharmacological treatments of addiction, and appetite-regulatory peptides are implied as possible candidates. Appetite regulation is complex and involves anorexigenic hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and amylin, and orexigenic peptides like ghrelin and all are well-known for their effects on feeding behaviors. This overview will summarize more recent physiological aspects of these peptides, demonstrating that they modulate various aspects of addiction processes. Findings from preclinical, genetic, and experimental clinical studies exploring the association between appetite-regulatory peptides and the acute or chronic effects of addictive drugs will be introduced. Short or long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists independently attenuate the acute rewarding properties of addictive drugs or reduce the chronic aspects of drugs. Genetic variation of the GLP-1 system is associated with alcohol use disorder. Also, the amylin pathway modulates the acute and chronic behavioral responses to addictive drugs. Ghrelin has been shown to activate reward-related behaviors. Moreover, ghrelin enhances, whereas pharmacological or genetic suppression of the ghrelin receptor attenuates the responses to various addictive drugs. Genetic studies and experimental clinical studies further support the associations between ghrelin and addiction processes. Further studies should explore the mechanisms modulating the ability of appetite-regulatory peptides to reduce addiction, and the effects of combination therapies or different diets on substance use are warranted. In summary, these studies provide evidence that appetite-regulatory peptides modulate reward and addiction processes, and deserve to be investigated as potential treatment target for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya T Shevchouk
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Tufvesson-Alm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Hassouna R, Fernandez G, Lebrun N, Fiquet O, Roelfsema F, Labarthe A, Zizzari P, Tomasetto C, Epelbaum J, Viltart O, Chauveau C, Perello M, Tolle V. Ghrelin Gene Deletion Alters Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion in Adult Female Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:754522. [PMID: 34721302 PMCID: PMC8549963 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.754522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using preproghrelin-deficient mice (Ghrl-/-), we previously observed that preproghrelin modulates pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion in post-pubertal male mice. However, the role of ghrelin and its derived peptides in the regulation of growth parameters or feeding in females is unknown. We measured pulsatile GH secretion, growth, metabolic parameters and feeding behavior in adult Ghrl-/- and Ghrl+/+ male and female mice. We also assessed GH release from pituitary explants and hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) expression and immunoreactivity. Body weight and body fat mass, linear growth, spontaneous food intake and food intake following a 48-h fast, GH pituitary contents and GH release from pituitary explants ex vivo, fasting glucose and glucose tolerance were not different among adult Ghrl-/- and Ghrl+/+ male or female mice. In vivo, pulsatile GH secretion was decreased, while approximate entropy, that quantified orderliness of secretion, was increased in adult Ghrl-/- females only, defining more irregular GH pattern. The number of neurons immunoreactive for GHRH visualized in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus was increased in adult Ghrl-/- females, as compared to Ghrl+/+ females, whereas the expression of GHRH was not different amongst groups. Thus, these results point to sex-specific effects of preproghrelin gene deletion on pulsatile GH secretion, but not feeding, growth or metabolic parameters, in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Hassouna
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Lebrun
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Fiquet
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Labarthe
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Tomasetto
- Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), UMR7104 CNRS/U1258 INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Brunoy, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
- Université de Lille, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Marrow Adiposity and Bone Lab - MABLab ULR 4490, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Univ. Lille and CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
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Mustafá ER, Cordisco González S, Damian M, Cantel S, Denoyelle S, Wagner R, Schiöth HB, Fehrentz JA, Banères JL, Perelló M, Raingo J. LEAP2 Impairs the Capability of the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor to Regulate the Dopamine 2 Receptor Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:712437. [PMID: 34447311 PMCID: PMC8383165 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.712437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) signals in response to ghrelin, but also acts via ligand-independent mechanisms that include either constitutive activation or interaction with other G protein-coupled receptors, such as the dopamine 2 receptor (D2R). A key target of GHSR in neurons is voltage-gated calcium channels type 2.2 (CaV2.2). Recently, the liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) was recognized as a novel GHSR ligand, but the mechanism of action of LEAP2 on GHSR is not well understood. Here, we investigated the role of LEAP2 on the canonical and non-canonical modes of action of GHSR on CaV2.2 function. Using a heterologous expression system and patch-clamp recordings, we found that LEAP2 impairs the reduction of CaV2.2 currents induced by ghrelin-evoked and constitutive GHSR activities, acting as a GHSR antagonist and inverse agonist, respectively. We also found that LEAP2 prevents GHSR from modulating the effects of D2R signaling on CaV2.2 currents, and that the GHSR-binding N-terminal region LEAP2 underlies these effects. Using purified labeled receptors assembled into lipid nanodiscs and Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assessments, we found that the N-terminal region of LEAP2 stabilizes an inactive conformation of GHSR that is dissociated from Gq protein and, consequently, reverses the effect of GHSR on D2R-dependent Gi activation. Thus, our results provide critical molecular insights into the mechanism mediating LEAP2 modulation of GHSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio R Mustafá
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
| | - Santiago Cordisco González
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marjorie Damian
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sonia Cantel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Severine Denoyelle
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Wagner
- Plateforme IMPReSs, CNRS UMR7242, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, École Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biothechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mario Perelló
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata, Argentina
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20
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Orellana ER, Piscura MK, Horvath N, Hajnal A. Differential Response in Ethanol Behaviors of Female Rats Given Various Weight Loss Surgeries. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:599-604. [PMID: 34343232 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Currently, the only effective treatment for morbid obesity and its comorbidities is weight loss surgery (WLS). Growing evidence suggests that different types of WLS, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), have differential effects on alcohol consumption in humans and rats. Thus, we aimed to directly compare the effects of these two surgical procedures, for the first time in female rats, and to determine whether presence or absence of the ghrelin-producing stomach tissue has critical influence on postoperative alcohol intake. METHODS We performed two experiments using an identical behavioral protocol, a continuous-access two-bottle choice protocol for various concentrations of ethanol (EtOH). In Experiment 1, 23 high fat diet (HFD) obese, female rats were randomized to three groups: RYGB, SG or sham-operated food-restricted (Sham) controls. In Experiment 2, HFD obese female rats received either sham (n = 11) or a modified RYGB surgery where the remnant stomach was removed (RYGB-X; n = 12). RESULTS SG rats drank significantly less than RYGB for 4, 6 and 8% and significantly less than Sham for 6, 8 and 8% reinstatement. RYGB-X consumed significantly less EtOH than Sham across all concentrations, reaching significance for 6 and 8% reinstatement. CONCLUSION These findings confirm reduced EtOH consumption by female SG rats as opposed to increased intake following RYGB, and provide the first experimental evidence that the remnant stomach in the RYGB procedure is contributory. Future studies in rats and humans are warranted to confirm that ghrelin plays a critical role in susceptibility to AUD development following WLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R Orellana
- Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20009
| | - Mary K Piscura
- The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, 700 HMC Crescent road, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Nelli Horvath
- The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, 700 HMC Crescent road, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Andras Hajnal
- The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, 700 HMC Crescent road, Hershey, PA 17033
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21
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Wasinski F, Barrile F, Pedroso JAB, Quaresma PGF, dos Santos WO, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Perelló M, Donato J. Ghrelin-induced Food Intake, but not GH Secretion, Requires the Expression of the GH Receptor in the Brain of Male Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6273366. [PMID: 33972988 PMCID: PMC8197284 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin stimulates both GH secretion and food intake. The orexigenic action of ghrelin is mainly mediated by neurons that coexpress agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). GH also stimulates food intake and, importantly, ARHAgRP/NPY neurons express GH receptor (GHR). Thus, ghrelin-induced GH secretion may contribute to the orexigenic effect of ghrelin. Here, we investigated the response to ghrelin in male mice carrying GHR ablation specifically in neurons (brain GHR knockout [KO] mice) or exclusively in ARHAgRP/NPY neurons (AgRP GHR KO mice). Although brain GHR KO mice showed normal ghrelin-induced increase in plasma GH levels, these mutants lacked the expected orexigenic response to ghrelin. Additionally, brain GHR KO mice displayed reduced hypothalamic levels of Npy and Ghsr mRNA and did not elicit ghrelin-induced c-Fos expression in the ARH. Furthermore, brain GHR KO mice exhibited a prominent reduction in AgRP fiber density in the ARH and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). In contrast, AgRP GHR KO mice showed no changes in the hypothalamic Npy and Ghsr mRNAs and conserved ghrelin-induced food intake and c-Fos expression in the ARH. AgRP GHR KO mice displayed a reduced AgRP fiber density (~16%) in the PVH, but this reduction was less than that observed in brain GHR KO mice (~61%). Our findings indicate that GHR signaling in the brain is required for the orexigenic effect of ghrelin, independently of GH action on ARHAgRP/NPY neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Franco Barrile
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, La Plata, BA, 1900, Argentina
| | - João A B Pedroso
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Paula G F Quaresma
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Willian O dos Santos
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Mario Perelló
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, La Plata, BA, 1900, Argentina
- Correspondence: Mario Perelló, PhD, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900. Argentina.
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: Jose Donato Jr., PhD, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas. Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil;
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