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Tripathi A, Bartosh A, Mata J, Jacks C, Madeshiya AK, Hussein U, Hong LE, Zhao Z, Pillai A. Microglial type I interferon signaling mediates chronic stress-induced synapse loss and social behavior deficits. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02675-6. [PMID: 39095477 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation and synapse loss have been associated with deficits in social behavior and are involved in pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Synapse loss, characterized by reduction in dendritic spines can significantly disrupt synaptic connectivity and neural circuitry underlying social behavior. Chronic stress is known to induce loss of spines and dendrites in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region implicated in social behavior. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of type I Interferon (IFN-I) signaling in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced synapse loss and behavior deficits in mice. We found increased expression of type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) in microglia following CUS. Conditional knockout of microglial IFNAR in adult mice rescued CUS-induced social behavior deficits and synapse loss. Bulk RNA sequencing data show that microglial IFNAR deletion attenuated CUS-mediated changes in the expression of genes such as Keratin 20 (Krt20), Claudin-5 (Cldn5) and Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 1 (Nr4a1) in the PFC. Cldn5 and Nr4a1 are known for their roles in synaptic plasticity. Krt20 is an intermediate filament protein responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells. The reduction in Krt20 following CUS presents a novel insight into the potential contribution of cytokeratin in stress-induced alterations in neuroplasticity. Overall, these results suggest that microglial IFNAR plays a critical role in regulating synaptic plasticity and social behavior deficits associated with chronic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alona Bartosh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jocelyn Mata
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chale Jacks
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Madeshiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Usama Hussein
- Center for Precision Health, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Precision Health, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Miyanishi K, Hotta-Hirashima N, Miyoshi C, Hayakawa S, Kakizaki M, Kanno S, Ikkyu A, Funato H, Yanagisawa M. Microglia modulate sleep/wakefulness under baseline conditions and under acute social defeat stress in adult mice. Neurosci Res 2024; 202:8-19. [PMID: 38029860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Although sleep is tightly regulated by multiple neuronal circuits in the brain, nonneuronal cells such as glial cells have been increasingly recognized as crucial sleep regulators. Recent studies have shown that microglia may act to maintain wakefulness. Here, we investigated the possible involvement of microglia in the regulation of sleep quantity and quality under baseline and stress conditions through electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) recordings, and by employing pharmacological methods to eliminate microglial cells in the adult mouse brain. We found that severe microglial depletion induced by the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) antagonist PLX5622 (PLX) reversibly decreased the total wake time and the wake episode duration and increased the EEG slow-wave power during wakefulness under baseline conditions. To examine the role of microglia in sleep/wake regulation under mental stress, we used the acute social defeat stress (ASDS) paradigm, an ethological model for psychosocial stress. Sleep analysis under ASDS revealed that microglial depletion exacerbated the stress-induced decrease in the total wake time and increase in anxiety-like behaviors in the open field test. These results demonstrate that microglia actively modulate sleep quantity and architecture under both baseline and stress conditions. Our findings suggest that microglia may potentially provide resilience against acute psychosocial stress by regulating restorative sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Miyanishi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Noriko Hotta-Hirashima
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chika Miyoshi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satsuki Hayakawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Miyo Kakizaki
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satomi Kanno
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Aya Ikkyu
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan.
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Sharma M, Pal P, Gupta SK. The neurotransmitter puzzle of Alzheimer's: Dissecting mechanisms and exploring therapeutic horizons. Brain Res 2024; 1829:148797. [PMID: 38342422 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) represents a complex interplay of neurological pathways and molecular mechanisms, with significant impacts on patients' lives. This review synthesizes the latest developments in AD research, focusing on both the scientific advancements and their clinical implications. We examine the role of microglia in AD, highlighting their contribution to the disease's inflammatory aspects. The cholinergic hypothesis, a cornerstone of AD research, is re-evaluated, including the role of Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in disease progression. This review places particular emphasis on the neurotransmission systems, exploring the therapeutic potential of GABAergic neurotransmitters and the role of NMDA inhibitors in the context of glutamatergic neurotransmission. By analyzing the interactions and implications of neurotransmitter pathways in AD, we aim to shed light on emerging therapeutic strategies. In addition to molecular insights, the review addresses the clinical and personal aspects of AD, underscoring the need for patient-centered approaches in treatment and care. The final section looks at the future directions of AD research and treatment, discussing the integration of scientific innovation with patient care. This review aims to provide a comprehensive update on AD, merging scientific insights with practical considerations, suitable for both specialists and those new to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Pal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sukesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, USA.
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Sheridan SD, Horng JE, Yeh H, McCrea L, Wang J, Fu T, Perlis RH. Loss of Function in the Neurodevelopmental Disease and Schizophrenia-Associated Gene CYFIP1 in Human Microglia-like Cells Supports a Functional Role in Synaptic Engulfment. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:676-686. [PMID: 37573007 PMCID: PMC10874584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CYFIP1 gene, located in the neurodevelopmental risk locus 15q11.2, is highly expressed in microglia, but its role in human microglial function as it relates to neurodevelopment is not well understood. METHODS We generated multiple CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) knockouts of CYFIP1 in patient-derived models of microglia to characterize function and phenotype. Using microglia-like cells reprogrammed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we quantified phagocytosis of synaptosomes (isolated and purified synaptic vesicles) from human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuronal cultures as an in vitro model of synaptic pruning. We repeated these analyses in human iPSC-derived microglia-like cells derived from 3 isogenic wild-type/knockout line pairs derived from 2 donors and further characterized microglial development and function through morphology and motility. RESULTS CYFIP1 knockout using orthogonal CRISPR constructs in multiple patient-derived cell lines was associated with a statistically significant decrease in synaptic vesicle phagocytosis in microglia-like cell models derived from both peripheral blood mononuclear cells and iPSCs. Morphology was also shifted toward a more ramified profile, and motility was significantly reduced. However, iPSC-CYFIP1 knockout lines retained the ability to differentiate to functional microglia. CONCLUSIONS The changes in microglial phenotype and function due to the loss of function of CYFIP1 observed in this study implicate a potential impact on processes such as synaptic pruning that may contribute to CYFIP1-related neurodevelopmental disorders. Investigating risk genes in a range of central nervous system cell types, not solely neurons, may be required to fully understand the way in which common and rare variants intersect to yield neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Sheridan
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joy E Horng
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hana Yeh
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liam McCrea
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Wang
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ting Fu
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Li Z, Wu J, Zhao T, Wei Y, Xu Y, Liu Z, Li X, Chen X. Microglial activation in spaceflight and microgravity: potential risk of cognitive dysfunction and poor neural health. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1296205. [PMID: 38425432 PMCID: PMC10902453 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1296205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the increased crewed spaceflights in recent years, it is vital to understand how the space environment affects human health. A lack of gravitational force is known to risk multiple physiological functions of astronauts, particularly damage to the central nervous system (CNS). As innate immune cells of the CNS, microglia can transition from a quiescent state to a pathological state, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to neuroinflammation. There are reports indicating that microglia can be activated by simulating microgravity or exposure to galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Consequently, microglia may play a role in the development of neuroinflammation during spaceflight. Prolonged spaceflight sessions raise concerns about the chronic activation of microglia, which could give rise to various neurological disorders, posing concealed risks to the neural health of astronauts. This review summarizes the risks associated with neural health owing to microglial activation and explores the stressors that trigger microglial activation in the space environment. These stressors include GCR, microgravity, and exposure to isolation and stress. Of particular focus is the activation of microglia under microgravity conditions, along with the proposal of a potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Li
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhao
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyun Wei
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Xu
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuechai Chen
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Freund W, Weber F. The Function of Sleep and the Treatment of Primary Insomnia. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 120:863-870. [PMID: 37942822 PMCID: PMC10840130 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 21 900 women and 35 300 men developed lung cancer in Germany in 2018, and 16 999 women and 27 882 men died of it. The outcome mainly depends on the tumor stage. In early stages (stage I or II), treatment can be curative; unfortunately, because early-stage lung cancers are generally asymptom - atic, 74% of women and 77% of men already have advanced-stage disease (stage III or IV) at the time of diagnosis. Screening with low-dose computed tomography is an option enabling early diagnosis and curative treatment. METHODS This review is based on pertinent articles retrieved by a selective search of the literature on screening for lung cancer. RESULTS In the studies of lung cancer screening that have been published to date, sensitivity ranged from 68.5% to 93.8%, and specificity from 73.4% to 99.2%. A meta-analysis by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection revealed a 15% reduction in lung cancer mortality when low-dose computed tomography was used in persons who were judged to be at high risk for lung cancer (risk ratio [RR] 0.85, 95% confidence interval [0.77; 0.95]). 1.9% of subjects died in the screening arm of the meta-analysis, and 2.2% in the control group. The observation periods ranged from 6.6 to 10 years; false-positive rates ranged from 84.9% to 96.4%. Malignant findings were confirmed in 45% to 70% of the biopsies or resective procedures that were performed. CONCLUSION Systematic lung cancer screening with low-dose CT lowers mortality from lung cancer in (current or former) heavy smokers. This benefit must be weighed against the high rate of false-positive findings and overdiagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Freund
- Neurocenter Biberach
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm
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Rabinovitch A, Braunstein D, Rabinovitch R, Biton Y. Possible mechanism of schizophrenia origin by excess GABA and synaptic pruning. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 15:126-130. [PMID: 37577408 PMCID: PMC10415689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder that affects approximately 1% of the global population. However, the etiology of this illness remains a subject of debate. One of the proposed mechanisms underlying schizophrenia is the synaptic pruning mediated by microglia in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia, although the precise mechanisms of this process remain elusive. In this regard, we propose that the potential development of the disease stems from both a genetic predisposition leading to an excessive production of GABAergic neurons and an exaggerated effort to maintain the E/I (excitation/inhibition) balance in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D. Braunstein
- Physics Dept. Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Y. Biton
- Physics Dept. Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Dundee JM, Puigdellívol M, Butler R, Brown GC. P2Y 6 Receptor-Dependent Microglial Phagocytosis of Synapses during Development Regulates Synapse Density and Memory. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8090-8103. [PMID: 37758475 PMCID: PMC10697425 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1089-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During brain development, excess synapses are pruned (i.e., removed), in part by microglial phagocytosis, and dysregulated synaptic pruning can lead to behavioral deficits. The P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) is known to regulate microglial phagocytosis of neurons, and to regulate microglial phagocytosis of synapses in cell culture and in vivo during aging. However, currently it is unknown whether P2Y6R regulates synaptic pruning during development. Here, we show that P2Y6R KO mice of both sexes had strongly reduced microglial internalization of synaptic material, measured as Vglut1 within CD68-staining lysosomes of microglia at postnatal day 30 (P30), suggesting reduced microglial phagocytosis of synapses. Consistent with this, we found an increased density of synapses in the somatosensory cortex and the CA3 region and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus at P30. We also show that adult P2Y6R KO mice have impaired short- and long-term spatial memory and impaired short- and long-term recognition memory compared with WT mice, as measured by novel location recognition, novel object recognition, and Y-maze memory tests. Overall, this indicates that P2Y6R regulates microglial phagocytosis of synapses during development, and this contributes to memory capacity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) is activated by uridine diphosphate released by neurons, inducing microglial phagocytosis of such neurons or synapses. We tested whether P2Y6R regulates developmental synaptic pruning in mice and found that P2Y6R KO mice have reduced synaptic material within microglial lysosomes, and increased synaptic density in the brains of postnatal day 30 mice, consistent with reduced synaptic pruning during development. We also found that adult P2Y6R KO mice had reduced memory, consistent with persistent deficits in brain function, resulting from impaired synaptic pruning. Overall, the results suggest that P2Y6R mediates microglial phagocytosis of synapses during development, and the absence of this results in memory deficits in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Dundee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Richard Butler
- The Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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Fujikawa R, Tsuda M. The Functions and Phenotypes of Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081207. [PMID: 37190116 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide, but therapeutic strategies to slow down AD pathology and symptoms have not yet been successful. While attention has been focused on neurodegeneration in AD pathogenesis, recent decades have provided evidence of the importance of microglia, and resident immune cells in the central nervous system. In addition, new technologies, including single-cell RNA sequencing, have revealed heterogeneous cell states of microglia in AD. In this review, we systematically summarize the microglial response to amyloid-β and tau tangles, and the risk factor genes expressed in microglia. Furthermore, we discuss the characteristics of protective microglia that appear during AD pathology and the relationship between AD and microglia-induced inflammation during chronic pain. Understanding the diverse roles of microglia will help identify new therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risako Fujikawa
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Kyushu University Institute for Advanced Study, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Li M, Wang X, Yang L, Jiang Y, Xie Y, Li K. Acupuncture improves learning and memory ability of posttraumatic stress disorder model rats through epigenetic regulation of microglial phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Technol Health Care 2023; 31:409-421. [PMID: 37066940 DOI: 10.3233/thc-236035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia express phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) has been implicated in the induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) and in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. However, there are few studies on the interference of PI3K signal pathway in microglia. OBJECTIVE The study goal is to gain a better understanding of the mechanism by which EA affects synapses provides insights into how electroacupuncture (EA) modulates synaptic plasticity in learning and memory. METHODS Rat models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were used to explore the effects of EA on microglial PI3K pathway, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and LTP, and the target and mechanism underlying the effects of EA on PI3K from the perspective of protein ubiquitination. RESULTS EA induced microglial BDNF expression by activating the PI3K-AKT pathway, thereby facilitating LTP and synaptic plasticity. EA inhibited lincRNA 02023 to rescue the binding of WWP2 to PTEN, thereby promoting PTEN ubiquitination and degradation. CONCLUSION The mechanism of EA improving the learning and memory ability of PTSD rats may be that it can promote the competitive combination of WWP2 and PTEN by inhibiting Linc RNA02023, and then lead to microglial PI3K and its pathway activation, BDNF up-regulation, and finally induce LTP and repair damaged synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hai Nan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hai Nan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xian Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hai Nan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hai Nan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Lijie Yang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiqiang Xie
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hai Nan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hai Nan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Gao MM, Shi H, Yan HJ, Long YS. Proteome profiling of the prefrontal cortex of Fmr1 knockout mouse reveals enhancement of complement and coagulation cascades. J Proteomics 2023; 274:104822. [PMID: 36646274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) deficit resulted from mutations in its encoded fragile X mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) gene is a common inherited cause of Fragile X syndrome (FXS) characterized by intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The FMRP absence-induced altered gene expression in prefrontal cortex (PFC) are associated with autistic behaviors. However, there lacks a large-scale protein profiling in the PFC upon loss of FMRP. This study used a TMT-labeled proteomic analysis to identify a protein profile of the PFC in the Fmr1 knockout mouse. A total of 5886 proteins were identified in the PFC with 100 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in response to FMRP deficiency. Bioinformatical analyses showed that these DAPs were mostly enriched in immune system, extracellular part and complement and coagulation cascades. The complement and coagulation cascades include 6 upregulated proteins (SERPING1, C1QA, C3, FGA, FGB and FGG), which are associated with fibrin degradation, cell lysis, degranulation chemotaxis and phagocytosis linked to activation of immune and inflammatory responses. Thus, our data provide an altered protein profile upon loss of FMRP in the PFC, and suggest that the enhancement of complement and coagulation cascades might contribute to etiological and pathogenic roles of ASD in FXS. SIGNIFICANCE: The etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a group of neurobiological disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction barriers and other abnormal behaviors, is still elusive. Autistic-like phenotypes are present in both Fragile X syndrome (FXS) patients and FMRP-deficiency FXS models. Given that prefrontal cortex is a critical brain area for social interaction, the FMRP absence induced-changes of a subset of proteins might contribute to ASD in FXS. Using a comprehensive proteomic analysis, this study provides a prefrontal protein profile of the FMRP-absent mouse with a total of 100 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). Bioinformatic analyses suggest that these DAPs are mainly involved in the regulations of immune system and complement and coagulation cascades. We also show that 6 upregulated proteins (SERPING1, C1QA, C3, FGA, FGB and FGG) in the complement and coagulation cascades are associated with fibrin degradation, cell lysis, degranulation chemotaxis and phagocytosis regarding dysregulation of immune and inflammatory responses in the prefrontal cortex. Therefore, this study suggests that these FMRP-deficient DAPs in the prefrontal cortex might contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of ASD in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mei Gao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Hua-Juan Yan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yue-Sheng Long
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
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Nishikawa Y, Choudhury ME, Mikami K, Matsuura T, Kubo M, Nagai M, Yamagishi S, Doi T, Hisai M, Yamamoto H, Yajima C, Nishihara T, Abe N, Yano H, Yorozuya T, Tanaka J. Anti-inflammatory effects of dopamine on microglia and a D1 receptor agonist ameliorates neuroinflammation of the brain in a rat delirium model. Neurochem Int 2023; 163:105479. [PMID: 36608872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microglia play a central role in neuroinflammatory processes by releasing proinflammatory mediators. This process is tightly regulated along with neuronal activities, and neurotransmitters may link neuronal activities to the microglia. In this study, we showed that primary cultured rat microglia express the dopamine (DA) D1 receptor (D1R) and D4R, but not D2R, D3R, or D5R. In response to a D1R-specific agonist SKF-81297 (SKF), the cultured microglia exhibited increased intracellular cAMP levels. DA and SKF suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis α (TNFα) in cultured microglia. Microglia in the normal mature rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) were sorted and significant expression of D1R, D2R, and D4R was observed. A delirium model was established by administering LPS intraperitoneally to mature male Wistar rats. The model also displayed sleep-wake disturbances as revealed by electroencephalogram and electromyogram recordings as well as increased expression of IL-1β and TNFα in the PFC. DA levels were increased in the PFC 21 h after LPS administration. Increased cytokine expression was observed in sorted microglia from the PFC of the delirium model; however, TNFα, but not IL-1β expression, was abruptly decreased 21 h after LPS administration in the delirium model, whereas DA levels were increased. A D1R antagonist SCH23390 partially abolished the TNFα expression change. This suggests that endogenous DA may play a role in suppressing neuroinflammation. Administration of the DA precursor L-DOPA or SKF to the delirium model rats inhibited the expression of IL-1β and TNFα. The simultaneous administration of clozapine, a D4R antagonist, strengthened the suppressive effects of L-DOPA. These results suggest that D1R mediates the suppressive effects of LPS-induced neuroinflammation, in which microglia may play an important role. Agonists for D1R may be effective for treating delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mohammed E Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Kanta Mikami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Taisei Matsuura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Madoka Kubo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamagishi
- Optical Neuroanatomy, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomomi Doi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Manami Hisai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Haruto Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Chisato Yajima
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nishihara
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Naoki Abe
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yorozuya
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
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Stone TW, Clanchy FIL, Huang YS, Chiang NY, Darlington LG, Williams RO. An integrated cytokine and kynurenine network as the basis of neuroimmune communication. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1002004. [PMID: 36507331 PMCID: PMC9729788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the molecular families closely associated with mediating communication between the brain and immune system are cytokines and the kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan. Both groups regulate neuron and glial activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and leukocyte function in the immune system, although neither group alone completely explains neuroimmune function, disease occurrence or severity. This essay suggests that the two families perform complementary functions generating an integrated network. The kynurenine pathway determines overall neuronal excitability and plasticity by modulating glutamate receptors and GPR35 activity across the CNS, and regulates general features of immune cell status, surveillance and tolerance which often involves the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR). Equally, cytokines and chemokines define and regulate specific populations of neurons, glia or immune system leukocytes, generating more specific responses within restricted CNS regions or leukocyte populations. In addition, as there is a much larger variety of these compounds, their homing properties enable the superimposition of dynamic variations of cell activity upon local, spatially limited, cell populations. This would in principle allow the targeting of potential treatments to restricted regions of the CNS. The proposed synergistic interface of 'tonic' kynurenine pathway affecting baseline activity and the superimposed 'phasic' cytokine system would constitute an integrated network explaining some features of neuroimmune communication. The concept would broaden the scope for the development of new treatments for disorders involving both the CNS and immune systems, with safer and more effective agents targeted to specific CNS regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W. Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Trevor W. Stone,
| | - Felix I. L. Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nien-Yi Chiang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Gail Darlington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ashtead Hospital, Ashtead, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O. Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Zhang LM, Zhang DX, Song RX, Lv JM, Wang LY, Wu ZY, Miao HT, Zhou YB, Zhang W, Xin Y, Li Y. IL-18BP Alleviates Anxiety-Like Behavior Induced by Traumatic Stress via Inhibition of the IL-18R-NLRP3 Signaling Pathway in a Mouse Model of Hemorrhagic Shock and Resuscitation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 60:382-394. [PMID: 36269543 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychological distress and posttraumatic stress, including anxiety, severely influence life quality. Previously, we reported that interleukin-18 (IL-18) was involved in pyroptosis-induced emotional changes in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR). Here, we aimed to continue our investigation on the role of IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), which exhibits excellent anti-inflammatory effects as an IL-18 negative regulator. Mice were administered with an intraperitoneal injection of IL-18BP after HSR exposure and anxiety-like behavior was examined using the open-field test and elevated plus maze test. Moreover, the following variables post-HSR were measured: (1) the activation of astrocytes; (2) pyroptosis-associated factors including cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-18; (3) the roles of IL-18 receptor (IL-18R)-NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) signal with the application of the NLRP3 specific agonist or astrocyte-specific NLRP3 knockout mice. IL-18BP administration remarkably alleviated HSR-induced anxiety-like behavior, astrocytic activation, and increases in pyroptosis-associated factors, while NLRP3 agonist nigericin partially reversed IL-18BP-induced neuroprotective effects. Astrocyte-specific NLRP3 knockout mice exhibited relatively less anxiety-like behavior. Similarly, IL-18BP exhibited an anti-pyroptosis effect in astrocytes in an in vitro model of low oxygen-glucose deprivation. These findings offer unique perspectives on HSR-induced posttraumatic stress and indicate that inhibition of IL-18R-NLRP3 signal via IL-18BP can attenuate astrocytic activation and pyroptosis, broadening the therapeutic landscape for patients with psychological distress and posttraumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No.2 Hospital), Cangzhou, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Osteoarthrosis Research (Preparing), Cangzhou, China.
| | - Dong-Xue Zhang
- Department of Gerontology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Xin Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Meng Lv
- Anesthesia and Trauma Research Unit, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No.2 Hospital), Cangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Ying Wang
- Anesthesia and Trauma Research Unit, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No.2 Hospital), Cangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-You Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Tao Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Bo Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Xin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, China
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15
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Jiang L, Hao J, Yang XL, Zhu JX, Wang Y, Huang YL, Sun YE, Mao YT, Ni K, Gu XP, Ma ZL. Basolateral Amygdala Reactive Microglia May Contribute to Synaptic Impairment and Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice with Bone Cancer Pain. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3454-3463. [PMID: 36002639 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression induced by cancer-related pain disturb quality of life and willingness to survive. As a component of the limbic system, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for processing negative emotions. The reactive microglial engulfment of synapses may promote depression during adolescence. However, whether microglia phagocytose synapses to mediate cancer pain-induced depression remains unclear. The present study established a bone cancer-pain model to investigate the association between dendritic spine synapses and depressive-like behavior and explore the phagocytic function of microglia in the BLA. We found that tumor-bearing mice experienced postoperative pain-related depression, and their BLAs exhibited reactive microglia, as well as phagocytic synapses. The microglial inhibitor minocycline effectively mitigated depressive behavior, synaptic damage, and the phagocytic function of microglia. Our study implicates microglia-mediated synaptic loss in the BLA may act as the pathological basis of depressive-like behavior in bone cancer pain model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jing Hao
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xu-Li Yang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ji-Xiang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yu-Lin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yu-E Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yan-Ting Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Kun Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Zheng-Liang Ma
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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16
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Volker E, Tessier C, Rodriguez N, Yager J, Kozyrskyj A. Pathways of atopic disease and neurodevelopmental impairment: assessing the evidence for infant antibiotics. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:901-922. [PMID: 35822921 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiologic studies are starting to report associations between antibiotic use in early life and neurodevelopmental disorders. Through mechanisms within the gut microbiota-brain axis, indeed, it is plausible that infant antibiotic treatment plays a role in the development of atopic disease and neurodevelopmental disorders. AREAS COVERED This narrative review summarizes and interprets published evidence on infant antibiotic use in future outcomes of atopic disease, and neurodevelopmental delay and disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To this end, we critically assess study bias from 2 main confounding factors, maternal/infant infection and infant feeding status. We also discuss common mechanisms that link atopy and neurodevelopment, and propose hypotheses related to immune activation and the gut microbiome. EXPERT OPINION Atopic disease and neurodevelopmental disorders share many risk factors and biological pathways. Infant antibiotic use has been linked to both disorders and is likely a marker for prenatal or infant infection. The mediating role of breastfeeding can also not be discounted. The exploration of causal pathways along the gut-brain axis leading towards neurodevelopmental impairment is evolving and of future interest.
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17
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Sfera A, Thomas KG, Andronescu CV, Jafri N, Sfera DO, Sasannia S, Zapata-Martín del Campo CM, Maldonado JC. Bromodomains in Human-Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Model of Ferroptosis-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:904816. [PMID: 35645713 PMCID: PMC9134113 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.904816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) comprise a group of illnesses marked by memory and behavioral dysfunction that can occur in up to 50% of HIV patients despite adequate treatment with combination antiretroviral drugs. Iron dyshomeostasis exacerbates HIV-1 infection and plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. In addition, persons living with HIV demonstrate a high prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, indicating that HAND provides a unique opportunity to study ferroptosis in these conditions. Both HIV and combination antiretroviral drugs increase the risk of ferroptosis by augmenting ferritin autophagy at the lysosomal level. As many viruses and their proteins exit host cells through lysosomal exocytosis, ferroptosis-driving molecules, iron, cathepsin B and calcium may be released from these organelles. Neurons and glial cells are highly susceptible to ferroptosis and neurodegeneration that engenders white and gray matter damage. Moreover, iron-activated microglia can engage in the aberrant elimination of viable neurons and synapses, further contributing to ferroptosis-induced neurodegeneration. In this mini review, we take a closer look at the role of iron in the pathogenesis of HAND and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, we describe an epigenetic compensatory system, comprised of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and microRNA-29, that may counteract ferroptosis by activating cystine/glutamate antiporter, while lowering ferritin autophagy and iron regulatory protein-2. We also discuss potential interventions for lysosomal fitness, including ferroptosis blockers, lysosomal acidification, and cathepsin B inhibitors to achieve desirable therapeutic effects of ferroptosis-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Nyla Jafri
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Dan O. Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Jose C. Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
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Kiss T, Nyúl-Tóth Á, DelFavero J, Balasubramanian P, Tarantini S, Faakye J, Gulej R, Ahire C, Ungvari A, Yabluchanskiy A, Wiley G, Garman L, Ungvari Z, Csiszar A. Spatial transcriptomic analysis reveals inflammatory foci defined by senescent cells in the white matter, hippocampi and cortical grey matter in the aged mouse brain. GeroScience 2022; 44:661-681. [PMID: 35098444 PMCID: PMC9135953 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that aging is associated with an increased presence of senescent cells in the brain. The finding that treatment with senolytic drugs improves cognitive performance of aged laboratory mice suggests that increased cellular senescence is causally linked to age-related cognitive decline. The relationship between senescent cells and their relative locations within the brain is critical to understanding the pathology of age-related cognitive decline and dementia. To assess spatial distribution of cellular senescence in the aged mouse brain, spatially resolved whole transcriptome mRNA expression was analyzed in sections of brains derived from young (3 months old) and aged (28 months old) C57BL/6 mice while capturing histological information in the same tissue section. Using this spatial transcriptomics (ST)-based method, microdomains containing senescent cells were identified on the basis of their senescence-related gene expression profiles (i.e., expression of the senescence marker cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4A encoded by the Cdkn2a gene) and were mapped to different anatomical brain regions. We confirmed that brain aging is associated with increased cellular senescence in the white matter, the hippocampi and the cortical grey matter. Transcriptional analysis of the senescent cell-containing ST spots shows that presence of senescent cells is associated with a gene expression signature suggestive of neuroinflammation. GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in the outer region of senescent cell-containing ST spots ("neighboring ST spots") also identified functions related to microglia activation and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, senescent cells accumulate with age in the white matter, the hippocampi and cortical grey matter and likely contribute to the genesis of inflammatory foci in a paracrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Kiss
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, HU, 1083, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ádám Nyúl-Tóth
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jordan DelFavero
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Priya Balasubramanian
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Janet Faakye
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Rafal Gulej
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Chetan Ahire
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Anna Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Graham Wiley
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Lori Garman
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, International Training Program in Geroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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19
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Shui M, Sun Y, Lin D, Xue Z, Liu J, Wu A, Wei C. Anomalous Levels of CD47/Signal Regulatory Protein Alpha in the Hippocampus Lead to Excess Microglial Engulfment in Mouse Model of Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:788675. [PMID: 35360151 PMCID: PMC8962642 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.788675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPerioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) are common complications of surgical patients, which can lead to prolonged hospitalization, increased complications, and decreased independence and quality of life. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of PND remain largely obscure. Microglia activation and synapse loss were observed in PND. Cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47), which can bind to its receptor signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) and generate “do not eat me” signal, protects synapses from excessive pruning. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the potential role of CD47–SIRPα signaling in PND.MethodsThe tibial fracture surgery was performed in aged C57BL/6 mice for PND model establishment. The expression of CD47 and SIRPα in the hippocampus was assessed. Synaptic plasticity, dendritic spine density, microglial engulfment, and hippocampal-dependent memory function were evaluated after model establishment and intervention with SIRPα overexpression.ResultsCD47 and SIRPα expression in the hippocampus were both decreased after the surgery. SIRPα overexpression showed reduced engulfment within host microglia, but a total effect of excessive synapse engulfment decreased dendritic spine density and post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) expression. SIRPα overexpression could not improve the synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in PND. In addition, SIRPα overexpression led to increased CD47 and Iba1 expression.ConclusionAnesthesia and surgery affect CD47–SIRPα signaling. SIRPα overexpression could not ameliorate the cognitive impairment in PND mice. One reason may be that the increased Iba1 expression leads to a total effect of excessive synapse engulfment, which results in decreased dendritic spine density and PSD95 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anshi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Anshi Wu,
| | - Changwei Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Changwei Wei,
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20
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Elevated microglial oxidative phosphorylation and phagocytosis stimulate post-stroke brain remodeling and cognitive function recovery in mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:35. [PMID: 35017668 PMCID: PMC8752825 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
New research shows that disease-associated microglia in neurodegenerative brains present features of elevated phagocytosis, lysosomal functions, and lipid metabolism, which benefit brain repair. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Intracellular pH (pHi) is important for regulating aerobic glycolysis in microglia, where Na/H exchanger (NHE1) is a key pH regulator by extruding H+ in exchange of Na+ influx. We report here that post-stroke Cx3cr1-CreER+/-;Nhe1flox/flox (Nhe1 cKO) brains displayed stimulation of microglial transcriptomes of rate-limiting enzyme genes for glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The other upregulated genes included genes for phagocytosis and LXR/RXR pathway activation as well as the disease-associated microglia hallmark genes (Apoe, Trem2, Spp1). The cKO microglia exhibited increased oxidative phosphorylation capacity, and higher phagocytic activity, which likely played a role in enhanced synaptic stripping and remodeling, oligodendrogenesis, and remyelination. This study reveals that genetic blockade of microglial NHE1 stimulated oxidative phosphorylation immunometabolism, and boosted phagocytosis function which is associated with tissue remodeling and post-stroke cognitive function recovery.
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21
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Hu C, Li H, Li J, Luo X, Hao Y. Microglia: Synaptic modulator in autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:958661. [PMID: 36465285 PMCID: PMC9714329 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.958661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by variable impairment of social communication and repetitive behaviors, highly restricted interests, and/or sensory behaviors beginning early in life. Many individuals with ASD have dysfunction of microglia, which may be closely related to neuroinflammation, making microglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of ASD. Mounting evidence indicates that microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are required for proper brain function, especially in the maintenance of neuronal circuitry and control of behavior. Dysfunction of microglia will ultimately affect the neural function in a variety of ways, including the formation of synapses and alteration of excitatory-inhibitory balance. In this review, we provide an overview of how microglia actively interact with neurons in physiological conditions and modulate the fate and functions of synapses. We put a spotlight on the multi-dimensional neurodevelopmental roles of microglia, especially in the essential influence of synapses, and discuss how microglia are currently thought to influence ASD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heli Li
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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22
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Aramideh JA, Vidal-Itriago A, Morsch M, Graeber MB. Cytokine Signalling at the Microglial Penta-Partite Synapse. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413186. [PMID: 34947983 PMCID: PMC8708012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cell processes form part of a subset of synaptic contacts that have been dubbed microglial tetra-partite or quad-partite synapses. Since tetrapartite may also refer to the presence of extracellular matrix components, we propose the more precise term microglial penta-partite synapse for synapses that show a microglial cell process in close physical proximity to neuronal and astrocytic synaptic constituents. Microglial cells are now recognised as key players in central nervous system (CNS) synaptic changes. When synaptic plasticity involving microglial penta-partite synapses occurs, microglia may utilise their cytokine arsenal to facilitate the generation of new synapses, eliminate those that are not needed anymore, or modify the molecular and structural properties of the remaining synaptic contacts. In addition, microglia–synapse contacts may develop de novo under pathological conditions. Microglial penta-partite synapses have received comparatively little attention as unique sites in the CNS where microglial cells, cytokines and other factors they release have a direct influence on the connections between neurons and their function. It concerns our understanding of the penta-partite synapse where the confusion created by the term “neuroinflammation” is most counterproductive. The mere presence of activated microglia or the release of their cytokines may occur independent of inflammation, and penta-partite synapses are not usually active in a neuroimmunological sense. Clarification of these details is the main purpose of this review, specifically highlighting the relationship between microglia, synapses, and the cytokines that can be released by microglial cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Abbas Aramideh
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Andres Vidal-Itriago
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.V.-I.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Morsch
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.V.-I.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel B. Graeber
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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23
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Biological implications of genetic variations in autism spectrum disorders from genomics studies. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229227. [PMID: 34240107 PMCID: PMC8298259 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by atypical social interaction and communication together with repetitive behaviors and restricted interests. The prevalence of ASD has been increased these years. Compelling evidence has shown that genetic factors contribute largely to the development of ASD. However, knowledge about its genetic etiology and pathogenesis is limited. Broad applications of genomics studies have revealed the importance of gene mutations at protein-coding regions as well as the interrupted non-coding regions in the development of ASD. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for the known molecular genetic basis and possible pathological mechanisms as well as the risk genes and loci of ASD. Functional studies for the underlying mechanisms are also implicated. The understanding of the genetics and genomics of ASD is important for the genetic diagnosis and intervention for this condition.
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24
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Dual Roles of Microglia in the Basal Ganglia in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083907. [PMID: 33918947 PMCID: PMC8070536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing age of the population, the incidence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has increased exponentially. The development of novel therapeutic interventions requires an understanding of the involvement of senescent brain cells in the pathogenesis of PD. In this review, we highlight the roles played by microglia in the basal ganglia in the pathophysiological processes of PD. In PD, dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) activates the microglia, which then promote DAergic neuronal degeneration by releasing potentially neurotoxic factors, including nitric oxide, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, microglia are also activated in the basal ganglia outputs (the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the globus pallidus) in response to excess glutamate released from hyperactive subthalamic nuclei-derived synapses. The activated microglia then eliminate the hyperactive glutamatergic synapses. Synapse elimination may be the mechanism underlying the compensation that masks the appearance of PD symptoms despite substantial DAergic neuronal loss. Microglial senescence may correlate with their enhanced neurotoxicity in the SNc and the reduced compensatory actions in the basal ganglia outputs. The dual roles of microglia in different basal ganglia regions make it difficult to develop interventions targeting microglia for PD treatment.
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25
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Qiu X, Ping S, Kyle M, Chin L, Zhao LR. SCF + G-CSF treatment in the chronic phase of severe TBI enhances axonal sprouting in the spinal cord and synaptic pruning in the hippocampus. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:63. [PMID: 33832542 PMCID: PMC8028149 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of long-term disability in young adults. An evidence-based treatment for TBI recovery, especially in the chronic phase, is not yet available. Using a severe TBI mouse model, we demonstrate that the neurorestorative efficacy of repeated treatments with stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (SCF + G-CSF) in the chronic phase is superior to SCF + G-CSF single treatment. SCF + G-CSF treatment initiated at 3 months post-TBI enhances contralesional corticospinal tract sprouting into the denervated side of the cervical spinal cord and re-balances the TBI-induced overgrown synapses in the hippocampus by enhancing microglial function of synaptic pruning. These neurorestorative changes are associated with SCF + G-CSF-improved somatosensory-motor function and spatial learning. In the chronic phase of TBI, severe TBI-caused microglial degeneration in the cortex and hippocampus is ameliorated by SCF + G-CSF treatment. These findings reveal the therapeutic potential and possible mechanism of SCF + G-CSF treatment in brain repair during the chronic phase of severe TBI.
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26
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Butler CA, Popescu AS, Kitchener EJA, Allendorf DH, Puigdellívol M, Brown GC. Microglial phagocytosis of neurons in neurodegeneration, and its regulation. J Neurochem 2021; 158:621-639. [PMID: 33608912 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that excessive microglial phagocytosis of neurons and synapses contributes to multiple brain pathologies. RNA-seq and genome-wide association (GWAS) studies have linked multiple phagocytic genes to neurodegenerative diseases, and knock-out of phagocytic genes has been found to protect against neurodegeneration in animal models, suggesting that excessive microglial phagocytosis contributes to neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent evidence that microglial phagocytosis of live neurons and synapses causes neurodegeneration in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementias, multiple sclerosis, retinal degeneration and neurodegeneration induced by ischaemia, infection or ageing. We also review factors regulating microglial phagocytosis of neurons, including: nucleotides, frackalkine, phosphatidylserine, calreticulin, UDP, CD47, sialylation, complement, galectin-3, Apolipoprotein E, phagocytic receptors, Siglec receptors, cytokines, microglial epigenetics and expression profile. Some of these factors may be potential treatment targets to prevent neurodegeneration mediated by excessive microglial phagocytosis of live neurons and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Butler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alma S Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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27
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Verkhratsky A, Sun D, Tanaka J. Snapshot of microglial physiological functions. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104960. [PMID: 33460721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia as a defensive arm of the nervous system emerged early in evolution. The surveilling microglia with motile and ramified processes are the main phenotype in the healthy CNS; the surveilling microglial patrol neuronal somata, dendrites, dendritic spines and axons. Increasing evidence suggests that microglia play fundamental roles in development, maturation and ageing of the brain, as well as contribute to a variety of physiological brain processes including sleep and circadian rhythm. Physiological state of microglia is tightly regulated by brain microenvironment and controlled by a sophisticated system of receptors and signalling cascades including ionotropic and metabotropic purinoceptors, pattern-recognition receptors, and receptors for chemokines and cytokines. Microglia also utilise ion channels and transporters in regulating ionic homeostasis and various aspects of microglial function. The major ion transporters expressed by microglia include Na+/H+ exchanger 1 and Na+/Ca2+ exchangers, which are involved in regulation of pHi and Ca2+ homeostasis during microglial physiological responses. Microglial cells control development, maturation and plasticity of neuronal ensembles through controlled physiological phagocytosis of synapses or synaptic fragments - processes known as synaptic pruning and trogocytosis. This special issue on "Physiological roles of microglia" is an assembly of papers written by the leading experts in this research field. We start this special issue with this snapshot of microglial physiological functions as a prelude to the indepth discussion of microglia in physiological processes in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
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