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Wei C. The role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in neuronal ferroptosis and its therapeutic potential in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2024; 217:111065. [PMID: 39243947 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of cell death that depends on iron and is driven by lipid peroxidation, playing a crucial role in neuronal death during stroke. A central element in this process is the inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), an antioxidant enzyme that helps maintain redox balance by reducing lipid hydroperoxides. This review examines the critical function of GPx4 in controlling neuronal ferroptosis following ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. We explore the mechanisms through which GPx4 becomes inactivated in various stroke subtypes. In strokes, excess glutamate depletes glutathione (GSH) and products of hemoglobin breakdown overwhelm GPx4. Studies using genetic models with GPx4 deficiency underscore its vital role in maintaining neuronal survival and function. We also consider new therapeutic approaches to enhance GPx4 activity, including novel small molecule activators, adjustments in GSH metabolism, and selenium supplementation. Additionally, we outline the potential benefits of combining these GPx4-focused strategies with other anti-ferroptotic methods like iron chelation and lipoxygenase inhibition for enhanced neuroprotection. Furthermore, we highlight the significance of understanding the timing of GPx4 inactivation during stroke progression to design effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wei
- Feinberg school of medicine, Northwestern University, IL 60611, USA
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2
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Simchi L, Gupta PK, Feuermann Y, Kaphzan H. Elevated ROS levels during the early development of Angelman syndrome alter the apoptotic capacity of the developing neural precursor cells. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2382-2397. [PMID: 36991133 PMCID: PMC10611580 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the maternally inherited loss of function of the UBE3A gene. AS is characterized by a developmental delay, lack of speech, motor dysfunction, epilepsy, autistic features, happy demeanor, and intellectual disability. While the cellular roles of UBE3A are not fully understood, studies suggest that the lack of UBE3A function is associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite the accumulating evidence emphasizing the importance of ROS during early brain development and its involvement in different neurodevelopmental disorders, up to date, the levels of ROS in AS neural precursor cells (NPCs) and the consequences on AS embryonic neural development have not been elucidated. In this study we show multifaceted mitochondrial aberration in AS brain-derived embryonic NPCs, which exhibit elevated mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), lower levels of endogenous reduced glutathione, excessive mitochondrial ROS (mROS) levels, and increased apoptosis compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. In addition, we report that glutathione replenishment by glutathione-reduced ethyl ester (GSH-EE) corrects the excessive mROS levels and attenuates the enhanced apoptosis in AS NPCs. Studying the glutathione redox imbalance and mitochondrial abnormalities in embryonic AS NPCs provides an essential insight into the involvement of UBE3A in early neural development, information that can serve as a powerful avenue towards a broader view of AS pathogenesis. Moreover, since mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated ROS levels were associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders, the findings herein suggest some potential shared underlying mechanisms for these disorders as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Simchi
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Pooja Kri Gupta
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yonatan Feuermann
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hanoch Kaphzan
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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3
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Tate WP, Walker MOM, Peppercorn K, Blair ALH, Edgar CD. Towards a Better Understanding of the Complexities of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long COVID. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065124. [PMID: 36982194 PMCID: PMC10048882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex condition arising in susceptible people, predominantly following viral infection, but also other stressful events. The susceptibility factors discussed here are both genetic and environmental although not well understood. While the dysfunctional physiology in ME/CFS is becoming clearer, understanding has been hampered by different combinations of symptoms in each affected person. A common core set of mainly neurological symptoms forms the modern clinical case definition, in the absence of an accessible molecular diagnostic test. This landscape has prompted interest in whether ME/CFS patients can be classified into a particular phenotype/subtype that might assist better management of their illness and suggest preferred therapeutic options. Currently, the same promising drugs, nutraceuticals, or behavioral therapies available can be beneficial, have no effect, or be detrimental to each individual patient. We have shown that individuals with the same disease profile exhibit unique molecular changes and physiological responses to stress, exercise and even vaccination. Key features of ME/CFS discussed here are the possible mechanisms determining the shift of an immune/inflammatory response from transient to chronic in ME/CFS, and how the brain and CNS manifests the neurological symptoms, likely with activation of its specific immune system and resulting neuroinflammation. The many cases of the post viral ME/CFS-like condition, Long COVID, following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the intense research interest and investment in understanding this condition, provide exciting opportunities for the development of new therapeutics that will benefit ME/CFS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren P Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Max O M Walker
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Katie Peppercorn
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Anna L H Blair
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Christina D Edgar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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4
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Liu L, Luo P, Yang M, Wang J, Hou W, Xu P. The role of oxidative stress in the development of knee osteoarthritis: A comprehensive research review. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1001212. [PMID: 36203877 PMCID: PMC9532006 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1001212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the most common degenerative diseases, and its core feature is the degeneration and damage of articular cartilage. The cartilage degeneration of KOA is due to the destruction of dynamic balance caused by the activation of chondrocytes by various factors, with oxidative stress playing an important role in the pathogenesis of KOA. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a result of oxidative stress, which is caused by a redox process that goes awry in the inherent antioxidant defence system of the human body. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) inside and outside chondrocytes plays a key role in regulating ROS in cartilage. Additionally, synovitis is a key factor in the development of KOA. In an inflammatory environment, hypoxia in synovial cells leads to mitochondrial damage, which leads to an increase in ROS levels, which further aggravates synovitis. In addition, oxidative stress significantly accelerates the telomere shortening and ageing of chondrocytes, while ageing promotes the development of KOA, damages the regulation of redox of mitochondria in cartilage, and stimulates ROS production to further aggravate KOA. At present, there are many drugs to regulate the level of ROS, but these drugs still need to be developed and verified in animal models of KOA. We discuss mainly how oxidative stress plays a part in the development of KOA. Although the current research has achieved some results, more research is needed.
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Junghans M, John F, Cihankaya H, Schliebs D, Winklhofer KF, Bader V, Matschke J, Theiss C, Matschke V. ROS scavengers decrease γH2ax spots in motor neuronal nuclei of ALS model mice in vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:963169. [PMID: 36119129 PMCID: PMC9470831 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.963169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor neurons in cerebral cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. Numerous studies have demonstrated signs of oxidative stress in postmortem neuronal tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and urine of ALS patients, without focusing on the specific processes within motor neurons. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relevance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification mechanisms and its consequences on the formation of toxic/lethal DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in the ALS model of the Wobbler mouse. Methods: Live cell imaging in dissociated motor neuronal cultures was used to investigate the production of ROS using Dihydroethidium (DHE). The expression levels of ROS detoxifying molecules were investigated by qPCR as well as Western blots. Furthermore, the expression levels of DNA damage response proteins p53bp1 and H2ax were investigated using qPCR and immunofluorescence staining. Proof-of-principle experiments using ROS scavengers were performed in vitro to decipher the influence of ROS on the formation of DNA double strand breaks quantifying the γH2ax spots formation. Results: Here, we verified an elevated ROS-level in spinal motor neurons of symptomatic Wobbler mice in vitro. As a result, an increased number of DNA damage response proteins p53bp1 and γH2ax in dissociated motor neurons of the spinal cord of Wobbler mice was observed. Furthermore, we found a significantly altered expression of several antioxidant molecules in the spinal cord of Wobbler mice, suggesting a deficit in ROS detoxification mechanisms. This hypothesis could be verified by using ROS scavenger molecules in vitro to reduce the number of γH2ax foci in dissociated motor neurons and thus counteract the harmful effects of ROS. Conclusion: Our data indicate that maintenance of redox homeostasis may play a key role in the therapy of the neurodegenerative disease ALS. Our results underline a necessity for multimodal treatment approaches to prolong the average lifespan of motor neurons and thus slow down the progression of the disease, since a focused intervention in one pathomechanism seems to be insufficient in ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Junghans
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Felix John
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hilal Cihankaya
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Schliebs
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F. Winklhofer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Bochum, Germany
| | - Verian Bader
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johann Matschke
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Veronika Matschke
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Veronika Matschke
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Bhilare NV, Marulkar VS, Kumar D, Chatap VK, Patil KS, Shirote PJ. An insight into prodrug strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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7
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Ivanov AV, Maksimova MY, Nikiforova KA, Ochtova FR, Suanova ET, Alexandrin VV, Kruglova MP, Piradov MA, Kubatiev AA. Plasma glutathione as a risk marker for the severity and functional outcome of acute atherothrombotic and cardioembolic stroke. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-022-00452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Glutathione (GSH) is a major intracellular thiol-containing antioxidant. We tried to determine whether blood plasma GSH level is a marker for the severity of the two subtypes of acute stroke (large-artery atherosclerosis, LA and cardioembolic, CE). Forty-three patients with LA and 36 patients with CE aged 65 (47–82) years were included in the study. Thirty-one patients with cerebral microangiopathy were included for comparison. Total (t) and reduced (r) GSH levels were determined at admission. Neurological deficit was assessed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on the first day, functional outcome and independence were assessed by the modified Rankin scale (mRs) and Bartel index (BI), respectively, after 21 days.
Results
The tGSH and rGSH levels in acute stroke were significantly lower than cerebral microangiopathy patients. Low tGSH (≤ 1.45 μM) and rGSH (≤ 30 nM) levels were risk markers for stroke severity at admission (NIHSS > 10) in patients with LA: age and gender adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was 4.95, 95% coincidence interval (CI) 1.31–18.7, AOR = 9.141, CI 1.84–45.3 for t- and rGSH, respectively. A low level of rGSH (≤ 30 nM) was found as risk marker for functional independence (BI ≤ 60: AOR = 15.9, CI 2.22–114.2) in patients with LA. Low tGSH level (≤ 1.1 μM) was associated with the reduction of poor outcome risk (mRs > 2: AOR = 0.154, CI 0.029–0.809) in CE group.
Conclusions
Low t- and rGSH levels may be considered potential risk markers for severity and insufficient functional independence in LA. Conversely, low tGSH level reduce the risk of poor stroke outcome only for CE.
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Sandberg AA, Manning E, Wilkins HM, Mazzarino R, Minckley T, Swerdlow RH, Patterson D, Qin Y, Linseman DA. Mitochondrial Targeting of Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Intracellular Domain Induces Hippocampal Cell Death via a Mechanism Distinct from Amyloid-β. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:1727-1744. [PMID: 35253745 PMCID: PMC10084495 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a principal cleavage product of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and is widely recognized as a key pathogenic player in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, there is increasing evidence of a neurotoxic role for the AβPP intracellular domain (AICD) which has been proposed to occur through its nuclear function. Intriguingly, there is a γ-secretase resident at the mitochondria which could produce AICD locally. OBJECTIVE We examined the potential of AICD to induce neuronal apoptosis when targeted specifically to the mitochondria and compared its mechanism of neurotoxicity to that of Aβ. METHODS We utilized transient transfection of HT22 neuronal cells with bicistronic plasmids coding for DsRed and either empty vector (Ires), Aβ, AICD59, or mitochondrial-targeted AICD (mitoAICD) in combination with various inhibitors of pathways involved in apoptosis. RESULTS AICD induced significant neuronal apoptosis only when targeted to the mitochondria. Apoptosis required functional mitochondria as neither Aβ nor mitoAICD induced significant toxicity in cells devoid of mitochondrial DNA. Both glutathione and a Bax inhibitor protected HT22 cells from either peptide. However, inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore only protected from Aβ, while pan-caspase inhibitors uniquely rescued cells from mitoAICD. CONCLUSION Our results show that AICD displays a novel neurotoxic function when targeted to mitochondria. Moreover, mitoAICD induces apoptosis via a mechanism that is distinct from that of Aβ. These findings suggest that AICD produced locally at mitochondria via organelle-specific γ-secretase could act in a synergistic manner with Aβ to cause mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A. Sandberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Evan Manning
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Randall Mazzarino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Taylor Minckley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - David Patterson
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Ave., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Daniel A. Linseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Ave., Denver, CO, USA
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Forman HJ, Zhang H. Targeting oxidative stress in disease: promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:689-709. [PMID: 34194012 PMCID: PMC8243062 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1040] [Impact Index Per Article: 346.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a component of many diseases, including atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer disease and cancer. Although numerous small molecules evaluated as antioxidants have exhibited therapeutic potential in preclinical studies, clinical trial results have been disappointing. A greater understanding of the mechanisms through which antioxidants act and where and when they are effective may provide a rational approach that leads to greater pharmacological success. Here, we review the relationships between oxidative stress, redox signalling and disease, the mechanisms through which oxidative stress can contribute to pathology, how antioxidant defences work, what limits their effectiveness and how antioxidant defences can be increased through physiological signalling, dietary components and potential pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jay Forman
- University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Hongqiao Zhang
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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10
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Protective Role of Glutathione in the Hippocampus after Brain Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157765. [PMID: 34360532 PMCID: PMC8345998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death worldwide, leading to serious disability. Post-ischemic injury, especially in the cerebral ischemia-prone hippocampus, is a serious problem, as it contributes to vascular dementia. Many studies have shown that in the hippocampus, ischemia/reperfusion induces neuronal death through oxidative stress and neuronal zinc (Zn2+) dyshomeostasis. Glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in protecting neurons against oxidative stress as a major intracellular antioxidant. In addition, the thiol group of GSH can function as a principal Zn2+ chelator for the maintenance of Zn2+ homeostasis in neurons. These lines of evidence suggest that neuronal GSH levels could be a key factor in post-stroke neuronal survival. In neurons, excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) is involved in the influx of cysteine, and intracellular cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for the synthesis of GSH. Recently, several studies have indicated that cysteine uptake through EAAC1 suppresses ischemia-induced neuronal death via the promotion of hippocampal GSH synthesis in ischemic animal models. In this article, we aimed to review and describe the role of GSH in hippocampal neuroprotection after ischemia/reperfusion, focusing on EAAC1.
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11
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Glutathione ethyl ester reverses the deleterious effects of fentanyl on ventilation and arterial blood-gas chemistry while prolonging fentanyl-induced analgesia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6985. [PMID: 33772077 PMCID: PMC7997982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop novel compounds that prevent the deleterious effects of opioids such as fentanyl on minute ventilation while, if possible, preserving the analgesic actions of the opioids. We report that L-glutathione ethyl ester (GSHee) may be such a novel compound. In this study, we measured tail flick latency (TFL), arterial blood gas (ABG) chemistry, Alveolar-arterial gradient, and ventilatory parameters by whole body plethysmography to determine the responses elicited by bolus injections of fentanyl (75 μg/kg, IV) in male adult Sprague-Dawley rats that had received a bolus injection of GSHee (100 μmol/kg, IV) 15 min previously. GSHee given alone had minimal effects on TFL, ABG chemistry and A-a gradient whereas it elicited changes in some ventilatory parameters such as an increase in breathing frequency. In vehicle-treated rats, fentanyl elicited (1) an increase in TFL, (2) decreases in pH, pO2 and sO2 and increases in pCO2 (all indicative of ventilatory depression), (3) an increase in Alveolar-arterial gradient (indicative of a mismatch in ventilation-perfusion in the lungs), and (4) changes in ventilatory parameters such as a reduction in tidal volume, that were indicative of pronounced ventilatory depression. In GSHee-pretreated rats, fentanyl elicited a more prolonged analgesia, relatively minor changes in ABG chemistry and Alveolar-arterial gradient, and a substantially milder depression of ventilation. GSHee may represent an effective member of a novel class of thiolester drugs that are able to prevent the ventilatory depressant effects elicited by powerful opioids such as fentanyl and their deleterious effects on gas-exchange in the lungs without compromising opioid analgesia.
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Bocharova YA. Associations between glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene polymorphisms and clinical characteristics of ischemic stroke. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2021.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and their neutralization lies at the core of oxidative stress implicated in ischemic stroke (IS) and the subsequent brain tissue damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of common polymorphic variants of the glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene on the extent of brain damage and clinical manifestations in patients with ischemic stroke. A total of 589 ischemic stroke survivors were genotyped for 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the GCLC gene, including rs12524494, rs17883901, rs606548, rs636933, rs648595 and rs761142, using a MassARRAY-4 analyzer. The study found that genotypes rs636933-G/A-A/A (р = 0.009) and rs761142-A/C-C/C (р = 0.015) were associated with an enlargement of the cerebral lesion size. Genotypes rs12524494-G/G (р = 0.05) and rs606548-T/T (р = 0.003) were associated with a risk of 2 or more IS episodes. Genotype rs17883901-G/A was associated with early onset of IS (р = 0.004). The study revealed multiple associations of GCLC SNPs with the clinical manifestations of ischemic stroke. Thus, GCLC polymorphisms are important DNA markers affecting the size of the cerebral lesion in patients with ischemic stroke and are associated with age at onset, the number of past strokes and the clinical manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- YA Bocharova
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
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13
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Galkin A. Brain Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Mitochondrial Complex I Damage. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2019; 84:1411-1423. [PMID: 31760927 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke and neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy are two of the leading causes of disability in adults and infants. The energy demands of the brain are provided by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) affects the production of ATP in brain mitochondria, leading to energy failure and death of the affected tissue. Among the enzymes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, mitochondrial complex I is the most sensitive to I/R; however, the mechanisms of its inhibition are poorly understood. This article reviews some of the existing data on the mitochondria impairment during I/R and proposes two distinct mechanisms of complex I damage emerging from recent studies. One mechanism is a reversible dissociation of natural flavin mononucleotide cofactor from the enzyme I after ischemia. Another mechanism is a modification of critical cysteine residue of complex I involved into the active/deactive conformational transition of the enzyme. I describe potential effects of these two processes in the development of mitochondrial I/R injury and briefly discuss possible neuroprotective strategies to ameliorate I/R brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galkin
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University William Black Building, NY 10032, New York, USA.
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14
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Diao X, Zhou Z, Xiang W, Jiang Y, Tian N, Tang X, Chen S, Wen J, Chen M, Liu K, Li Q, Liao R. Glutathione alleviates acute intracerebral hemorrhage injury via reversing mitochondrial dysfunction. Brain Res 2019; 1727:146514. [PMID: 31628933 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) has been studied for its neuroprotection value in several diseases, but the effect of GSH on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is unclear. In this study, we examined the protective effects of GSH in an experimentally induced ICH model and investigated the relative mechanisms. Adult male C57BL/6j mice were randomized into Sham, ICH and GSH treatment groups. GSH was injected with the dose of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg once per day for 3 days, starting immediately after operation. The results revealed a GSH-mediated improvement of neurological deficits score (NDS), motor and sensory functions impairment in a dose-dependent manner three days post ICH (p < 0.01, GSH 200 vs ICH. Sham, n = 12; ICH, n = 9; GSH 50, n = 10; GSH 100, n = 10; GSH 200, n = 11) in addition to significantly reduced mortality rate (p = 0.2632, GSH 200 vs ICH. n = 12 per group) and damage volume (p < 0.05, GSH 200 vs ICH. n = 12 per group). GSH treatment also attenuated injury measured by decreased brain edema (p < 0.05, GSH 200 vs ICH. Sham, n = 10; ICH, n = 10; GSH 200, n = 12), blood-brain barrier disruption (p < 0.05, GSH 200 vs ICH. Sham, n = 10; ICH, n = 10; GSH 200, n = 12), and histopathological damage (p < 0.05, GSH 200 vs ICH. Sham, n = 6; ICH, n = 6; GSH 200, n = 8) 72 h after ICH. In addition, GSH treatment also decreased cell apoptosis (p < 0.01, GSH 200 vs ICH. Sham, n = 6; ICH, n = 6; GSH 200, n = 8) and resulted in up-regulated protein expression of complex I (p < 0.01, GSH 200 vs ICH. Sham, n = 6; ICH, n = 6; GSH 200, n = 8), which was consistent with an overall up-regulation of complex I function in mitochondria using Oxygraph-2 K high resolution respirometry (p < 0.05, GSH 200 vs ICH. Sham, n = 4; ICH, n = 5; GSH 200, n = 6). In conclusion, GSH effectively improved the prognosis of ICH mice by attenuating neurological impairment, decreasing neural damage, and inhibiting apoptosis. The neuroprotection by GSH resulted from the up-regulation of mitochondrial oxidative respiration function. The results of our study suggest that GSH can be a potential therapeutic agent for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Diao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China; Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zixian Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenjing Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yanlin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ning Tian
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiaoling Tang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Sangsang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jian Wen
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Kaixiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Rujia Liao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
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15
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Gaucher C, Boudier A, Bonetti J, Clarot I, Leroy P, Parent M. Glutathione: Antioxidant Properties Dedicated to Nanotechnologies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E62. [PMID: 29702624 PMCID: PMC5981248 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Which scientist has never heard of glutathione (GSH)? This well-known low-molecular-weight tripeptide is perhaps the most famous natural antioxidant. However, the interest in GSH should not be restricted to its redox properties. This multidisciplinary review aims to bring out some lesser-known aspects of GSH, for example, as an emerging tool in nanotechnologies to achieve targeted drug delivery. After recalling the biochemistry of GSH, including its metabolism pathways and redox properties, its involvement in cellular redox homeostasis and signaling is described. Analytical methods for the dosage and localization of GSH or glutathiolated proteins are also covered. Finally, the various therapeutic strategies to replenish GSH stocks are discussed, in parallel with its use as an addressing molecule in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariane Boudier
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | | | - Igor Clarot
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Pierre Leroy
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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16
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Kahl A, Stepanova A, Konrad C, Anderson C, Manfredi G, Zhou P, Iadecola C, Galkin A. Critical Role of Flavin and Glutathione in Complex I-Mediated Bioenergetic Failure in Brain Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Stroke 2018; 49:1223-1231. [PMID: 29643256 PMCID: PMC5916474 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.019687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background and Purpose— Ischemic brain injury is characterized by 2 temporally distinct but interrelated phases: ischemia (primary energy failure) and reperfusion (secondary energy failure). Loss of cerebral blood flow leads to decreased oxygen levels and energy crisis in the ischemic area, initiating a sequence of pathophysiological events that after reoxygenation lead to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) brain damage. Mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress are known to be early events in I/R injury. However, the biochemical mechanisms of mitochondria damage in I/R are not completely understood. Methods— We used a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia to investigate acute I/R-induced changes of mitochondrial function, focusing on mechanisms of primary and secondary energy failure. Results— Ischemia induced a reversible loss of flavin mononucleotide from mitochondrial complex I leading to a transient decrease in its enzymatic activity, which is rapidly reversed on reoxygenation. Reestablishing blood flow led to a reversible oxidative modification of mitochondrial complex I thiol residues and inhibition of the enzyme. Administration of glutathione-ethyl ester at the onset of reperfusion prevented the decline of complex I activity and was associated with smaller infarct size and improved neurological outcome, suggesting that decreased oxidation of complex I thiols during I/R-induced oxidative stress may contribute to the neuroprotective effect of glutathione ester. Conclusions— Our results unveil a key role of mitochondrial complex I in the development of I/R brain injury and provide the mechanistic basis for the well-established mitochondrial dysfunction caused by I/R. Targeting the functional integrity of complex I in the early phase of reperfusion may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent tissue injury after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kahl
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Anna Stepanova
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.).,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (A.S., A.G.)
| | - Csaba Konrad
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Corey Anderson
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Ping Zhou
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Alexander Galkin
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.).,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (A.S., A.G.)
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17
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McElroy PB, Sri Hari A, Day BJ, Patel M. Post-translational Activation of Glutamate Cysteine Ligase with Dimercaprol: A NOVEL MECHANISM OF INHIBITING NEUROINFLAMMATION IN VITRO. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5532-5545. [PMID: 28202547 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.723700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are hallmarks of various neurological diseases. However, whether and how the redox processes control neuroinflammation is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that increasing cellular glutathione (GSH) levels would inhibit neuroinflammation. A series of thiol compounds were identified to elevate cellular GSH levels by a novel approach (i.e. post-translational activation of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH biosynthesis). These small thiol-containing compounds were examined for their ability to increase intracellular GSH levels in a murine microglial cell line (BV2), of which dimercaprol (2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (DMP)) was found to be the most effective compound. DMP increased GCL activity and decreased LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric-oxide synthase induction in BV2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The ability of DMP to elevate GSH levels and attenuate LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production was inhibited by buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GCL. DMP increased the expression of GCL holoenzyme without altering the expression of its subunits or Nrf2 target proteins (NQO1 and HO-1), suggesting a post-translational mechanism. DMP attenuated LPS-induced MAPK activation in BV2 cells, suggesting the MAPK pathway as the signaling mechanism underlying the effect of DMP. Finally, the ability of DMP to increase GSH via GCL activation was observed in mixed cerebrocortical cultures and N27 dopaminergic cells. Together, the data demonstrate a novel mechanism of GSH elevation by post-translational activation of GCL. Post-translational activation of GCL offers a novel targeted approach to control inflammation in chronic neuronal disorders associated with impaired adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi B McElroy
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - Ashwini Sri Hari
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - Brian J Day
- the Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Manisha Patel
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
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18
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Li W, Yang S. Targeting oxidative stress for the treatment of ischemic stroke: Upstream and downstream therapeutic strategies. Brain Circ 2016; 2:153-163. [PMID: 30276293 PMCID: PMC6126224 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.195279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive oxygen and its chemical derivatives, namely reactive oxygen species (ROS), produce oxidative stress that has been known to lead to cell injury in ischemic stroke. ROS can damage macromolecules such as proteins and lipids and leads to cell autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis to the cells. This review describes studies on the generation of ROS, its role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, and recent development in therapeutic strategies in reducing oxidative stress after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Shaohua Yang
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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19
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Li Q, Nakano Y, Shang J, Ohta Y, Sato K, Takemoto M, Hishikawa N, Yamashita T, Abe K. Temporal Profiles of Stress Protein Inductions after Focal Transient Ischemia in Mice Brain. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:2344-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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20
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Ruszkiewicz J, Albrecht J. Changes in the mitochondrial antioxidant systems in neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain disorders. Neurochem Int 2015; 88:66-72. [PMID: 25576182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress (ONS) contributes to the pathogenesis of most brain maladies, and the magnitude of ONS is related to the ability of cellular antioxidants to neutralize the accumulating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). While the major ROS/RNS scavengers and regenerators of bio-oxidized molecules, superoxide dysmutases (SODs), glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin (Trx) and peroxiredoxin (Prx), are distributed in all cellular compartments. This review specifically focuses on the role of the systems operating in mitochondria. There is a growing consensus that the mitochondrial SOD isoform - SOD2 and GSH are critical for the cellular antioxidant defense. Variable changes of the expression or activities of one or more of the mitochondrial antioxidant systems have been documented in the brains derived from human patients and/or in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), cerebral ischemia, toxic brain cell damage associated with overexposure to mercury or excitotoxins, or hepatic encephalopathy. In many cases, ambiguity of the responses of the different antioxidant systems in one and the same disease needs to be more conclusively evaluated before the balance of the changes is viewed as beneficial or detrimental. Modulation of the mitochondrial antioxidant systems may in the future become a target of antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ruszkiewicz
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Albrecht
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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21
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Tewari A, Mahendru V, Sinha A, Bilotta F. Antioxidants: The new frontier for translational research in cerebroprotection. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2014; 30:160-71. [PMID: 24803750 PMCID: PMC4009632 DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.130001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important for the anesthesiologist to understand the etiology of free radical damage and how free-radical scavengers attenuate this, so that this knowledge can be applied to diverse neuro-pathological conditions. This review will concentrate on the role of reactive species of oxygen in the pathophysiology of organ dysfunction, specifically sub arachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as global central nervous system (CNS) hypoxic, ischemic and reperfusion states. We enumerate potential therapeutic modalities that are been currently investigated and of interest for future trials. Antioxidants are perhaps the next frontier of translational research, especially in neuro-anesthesiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Tewari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Vidhi Mahendru
- Department of Anesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Sinha
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Federico Bilotta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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22
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Muyderman H, Chen T. Mitochondrial dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a valid pharmacological target? Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2191-205. [PMID: 24148000 PMCID: PMC3976630 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective death of upper and lower motor neurons which ultimately leads to paralysis and ultimately death. Pathological changes in ALS are closely associated with pronounced and progressive changes in mitochondrial morphology, bioenergetics and calcium homeostasis. Converging evidence suggests that impaired mitochondrial function could be pivotal in the rapid neurodegeneration of this condition. In this review, we provide an update of recent advances in understanding mitochondrial biology in the pathogenesis of ALS and highlight the therapeutic value of pharmacologically targeting mitochondrial biology to slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Muyderman
- Centre for Neuroscience, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders UniversityAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - T Chen
- Centre for Neuroscience, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders UniversityAdelaide, SA, Australia
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23
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Avalos A, Haza AI, Mateo D, Morales P. Interactions of manufactured silver nanoparticles of different sizes with normal human dermal fibroblasts. Int Wound J 2014; 13:101-9. [PMID: 24612846 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver compounds have been used for their medicinal properties for centuries. At present, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are reemerging as a viable topical treatment option for infections encountered in burns, open wounds and chronic ulcers. This study evaluated the in vitro mechanisms of two different sizes of AgNPs (4·7 and 42 nm) toxicity in normal human dermal fibroblasts. The toxicity was evaluated by observing cell viability and oxidative stress parameters. In all toxicity endpoints studied (MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays), AgNPs of 4·7 nm were much more toxic than the large AgNPs (42 nm). The cytotoxicity of both AgNPs was greatly decreased by pre-treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine. The oxidative stress parameters showed significant increase in reactive oxygen species levels, depletion of glutathione level and slight, but not statistically significant inactivation of superoxide dismutase, suggesting generation of oxidative stress. Thus, AgNPs should be used with caution for the topical treatment of burns and wounds, medical devices etc, because their toxicity depends on the size, the smaller NPs being much more cytotoxic than the large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Avalos
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Haza
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Mateo
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Morales
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Avalos A, Haza AI, Mateo D, Morales P. Cytotoxicity and ROS production of manufactured silver nanoparticles of different sizes in hepatoma and leukemia cells. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:413-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Avalos
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Haza
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Diego Mateo
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Paloma Morales
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
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25
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van Leyen K. Lipoxygenase: an emerging target for stroke therapy. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2013; 12:191-9. [PMID: 23394536 DOI: 10.2174/18715273112119990053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotection as approach to stroke therapy has recently seen a revival of sorts, fueled in part by the continuing necessity to improve acute stroke care, and in part by the identification of novel drug targets. 12/15- Lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX), one of the key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade, contributes to both neuronal cell death and vascular injury. Inhibition of 12/15-LOX may thus provide multifactorial protection against ischemic injury. Targeting 12/15-LOX and related eicosanoid pathways is the subject of this brief review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus van Leyen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., R. 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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26
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Yabuki Y, Fukunaga K. Oral administration of glutathione improves memory deficits following transient brain ischemia by reducing brain oxidative stress. Neuroscience 2013; 250:394-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Alshatwi AA, Periasamy VS, Subash-Babu P, Alsaif MA, Alwarthan AA, Lei KA. CYP1A and POR gene mediated mitochondrial membrane damage induced by carbon nanoparticle in human mesenchymal stem cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:215-222. [PMID: 23624273 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems, furthermore small carboxyl polystyrene NPs induce hemolysis, activate platelets and induce inflammation in human blood. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are known to interfere with cellular metabolism, specific cellular functions and moreover may cause cellular toxicity. We aimed to study the influence of CNPs on oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane damage and intracellular gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). CNPs cause a dose and time dependent growth inhibition in hMSCs at a dose range from 50 to 400μg/mL. Exposure of CNPs toxic doses viz., 50μg/mL (D1) and 100μg/mL (D2) decreased intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential compared to control. CNPs treated cells were found to lose their morphology due to cell membrane damage have been confirmed by propidium iodide staining and fluorescence microscopic analysis. Oxidative stress responsive genes like GSTM3 and GSR1 expression have increased a fold when compared to control, interim there is no change were observed in SOD and GPx. We found an increased expression of CYP1A and POR genes by at least 2- fold, which is involved in mitochondrial trans-membrane potential. In conclusion, routine and high exposure of CNPs to hMSCs increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Alshatwi
- Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Lab, Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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28
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Kim YS, Hwang JW, Kang SH, Kim EH, Jeon YJ, Jeong JH, Kim HR, Moon SH, Jeon BT, Park PJ. Thymol from Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. protects against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in Chang cells. J Nat Med 2013; 68:154-62. [PMID: 23771524 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-013-0786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the protective effects of thymol isolated from Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative damage through various experiments with Chang liver cells. Thymol significantly protected hepatocytes against t-BHP-induced cell cytotoxicity as demonstrated by increased viability. Furthermore, observation of Hoechst staining, annexin V/PI staining, and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax indicated that thymol inhibited t-BHP-induced Chang cell damage. Further, thymol inhibited the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in t-BHP-treated Chang cells and prevented oxidative stress-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA). Thymol restored the antioxidant capability of hepatocytes including glutathione (GSH) levels which were reduced by t-BHP. These results indicated that thymol prevents oxidative stress-induced damage to liver cells through suppression of ROS and MDA levels and increase of GSH level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yon-Suk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk, 380-701, Korea
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Raposo do Amaral AS, Pawlick RL, Rodrigues E, Costal F, Pepper A, Ferreira Galvão FH, Correa-Giannella ML, Shapiro AM. Glutathione ethyl ester supplementation during pancreatic islet isolation improves viability and transplant outcomes in a murine marginal islet mass model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55288. [PMID: 23424628 PMCID: PMC3570543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The success of pancreatic islet transplantation still faces many challenges, mainly related to cell damage during islet isolation and early post-transplant. The increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during islet isolation and the consumption of antioxidant defenses appear to be an important pathway related to islet damage. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study we evaluated whether supplementation of glutathione-ethyl-ester (GEE) during islet isolation could improve islet viability and transplant outcomes in a murine marginal islet mass model. We also cultured human islets for 24 hours in standard CMRL media with or without GEE supplementation. Supplementation of GEE decreased the content of ROS in isolated islets, leading to a decrease in apoptosis and maintenance of islet viability. A higher percentage of mice transplanted with a marginal mass of GEE treated islets became euglycemic after transplant. The supplementation of 20 mM GEE in cultured human islets significantly reduced the apoptosis rate in comparison to untreated islets. Conclusions/Significance GEE supplementation was able to decrease the apoptosis rate and intracellular content of ROS in isolated islets and might be considered a potential intervention to improve islet viability during the isolation process and maintenance in culture before islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre S. Raposo do Amaral
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM-25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rena L. Pawlick
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Erika Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM-25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia Costal
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM-25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew Pepper
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Flávio H. Ferreira Galvão
- Unidade de Transplante e Cirurgia de Fígado (LIM37), Departamento de Gastroenterologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Correa-Giannella
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM-25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A. M.James Shapiro
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Marí M, Morales A, Colell A, García-Ruiz C, Kaplowitz N, Fernández-Checa JC. Mitochondrial glutathione: features, regulation and role in disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3317-28. [PMID: 23123815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are the powerhouse of mammalian cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxygen consumption. In addition, they also play a strategic role in controlling the fate of cells through regulation of death pathways. Mitochondrial ROS production fulfills a signaling role through regulation of redox pathways, but also contributes to mitochondrial damage in a number of pathological states. SCOPE OF REVIEW Mitochondria are exposed to the constant generation of oxidant species, and yet the organelle remains functional due to the existence of an armamentarium of antioxidant defense systems aimed to repair oxidative damage, of which mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) is of particular relevance. Thus, the aim of the review is to cover the regulation of mGSH and its role in disease. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Cumulating evidence over recent years has demonstrated the essential role for mGSH in mitochondrial physiology and disease. Despite its high concentration in the mitochondrial matrix, mitochondria lack the enzymes to synthesize GSH de novo, so that mGSH originates from cytosolic GSH via transport through specific mitochondrial carriers, which exhibit sensitivity to membrane dynamics. Depletion of mGSH sensitizes cells to stimuli leading to oxidative stress such as TNF, hypoxia or amyloid β-peptide, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the regulation of mGSH may provide novel insights to disease pathogenesis and toxicity and the opportunity to design therapeutic targets of intervention in cell death susceptibility and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
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31
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Kang SJ, Lee YJ, Lee EK, Kwak MK. Silver nanoparticles-mediated G2/M cycle arrest of renal epithelial cells is associated with NRF2-GSH signaling. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:334-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Christophersen OA. Radiation protection following nuclear power accidents: a survey of putative mechanisms involved in the radioprotective actions of taurine during and after radiation exposure. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2012; 23:14787. [PMID: 23990836 PMCID: PMC3747764 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v23i0.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There are several animal experiments showing that high doses of ionizing radiation lead to strongly enhanced leakage of taurine from damaged cells into the extracellular fluid, followed by enhanced urinary excretion. This radiation-induced taurine depletion can itself have various harmful effects (as will also be the case when taurine depletion is due to other causes, such as alcohol abuse or cancer therapy with cytotoxic drugs), but taurine supplementation has been shown to have radioprotective effects apparently going beyond what might be expected just as a consequence of correcting the harmful consequences of taurine deficiency per se. The mechanisms accounting for the radioprotective effects of taurine are, however, very incompletely understood. In this article an attempt is made to survey various mechanisms that potentially might be involved as parts of the explanation for the overall beneficial effect of high levels of taurine that has been found in experiments with animals or isolated cells exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. It is proposed that taurine may have radioprotective effects by a combination of several mechanisms: (1) during the exposure to ionizing radiation by functioning as an antioxidant, but perhaps more because it counteracts the prooxidant catalytic effect of iron rather than functioning as an important scavenger of harmful molecules itself, (2) after the ionizing radiation exposure by helping to reduce the intensity of the post-traumatic inflammatory response, and thus reducing the extent of tissue damage that develops because of severe inflammation rather than as a direct effect of the ionizing radiation per se, (3) by functioning as a growth factor helping to enhance the growth rate of leukocytes and leukocyte progenitor cells and perhaps also of other rapidly proliferating cell types, such as enterocyte progenitor cells, which may be important for immunological recovery and perhaps also for rapid repair of various damaged tissues, especially in the intestines, and (4) by functioning as an antifibrogenic agent. A detailed discussion is given of possible mechanisms involved both in the antioxidant effects of taurine, in its anti-inflammatory effects and in its role as a growth factor for leukocytes and nerve cells, which might be closely related to its role as an osmolyte important for cellular volume regulation because of the close connection between cell volume regulation and the regulation of protein synthesis as well as cellular protein degradation. While taurine supplementation alone would be expected to exert a therapeutic effect far better than negligible in patients that have been exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation, it may on theoretical grounds be expected that much better results may be obtained by using taurine as part of a multifactorial treatment strategy, where it may interact synergistically with several other nutrients, hormones or other drugs for optimizing antioxidant protection and minimizing harmful posttraumatic inflammatory reactions, while using other nutrients to optimize DNA and tissue repair processes, and using a combination of good diet, immunostimulatory hormones and perhaps other nontoxic immunostimulants (such as beta-glucans) for optimizing the recovery of antiviral and antibacterial immune functions. Similar multifactorial treatment strategies may presumably be helpful in several other disease situations (including severe infectious diseases and severe asthma) as well as for treatment of acute intoxications or acute injuries (both mechanical ones and severe burns) where severely enhanced oxidative and/or nitrative stress and/or too much secretion of vasodilatory neuropeptides from C-fibres are important parts of the pathogenetic mechanisms that may lead to the death of the patient. Some case histories (with discussion of some of those mechanisms that may have been responsible for the observed therapeutic outcome) are given for illustration of the likely validity of these concepts and their relevance both for treatment of severe infections and non-infectious inflammatory diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Niu YL, Li C, Zhang GY. Blocking Daxx trafficking attenuates neuronal cell death following ischemia/reperfusion in rat hippocampus CA1 region. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 515:89-98. [PMID: 21843499 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the death-associated protein (Daxx) shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm under ischemic stress, and the subcellular localization of Daxx plays an important role in ischemic neuron death. In this study, by blocking the Daxx trafficking, the rat hippocampus CA1 neurons were protected against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, and the molecular mechanism underlying this neuroprotection was studied. We found that pretreatment of SP600125, an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), or an anti-oxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), could not only prevent Daxx from trafficking but also increase the number of the surviving CA1 pyramidal cells of hippocampus at 5days of reperfusion. Furthermore, knock-down of endogenous Daxx exerted similar neuroprotective effect during ischemia/reperfusion. We found the treatment of SP600125 or NAC could decrease the activation of Ask1 during ischemia/reperfusion and suppress the assembly of the Fas·Daxx·Ask1 signaling module, and in succession inhibit JNK activation and c-Jun phosphorylation. This study provides the Daxx trafficking as a new potential therapeutic target for ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lan Niu
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
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Piao MJ, Kang KA, Lee IK, Kim HS, Kim S, Choi JY, Choi J, Hyun JW. Silver nanoparticles induce oxidative cell damage in human liver cells through inhibition of reduced glutathione and induction of mitochondria-involved apoptosis. Toxicol Lett 2010; 201:92-100. [PMID: 21182908 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have well-known antimicrobial properties, are extensively used in various medical and general applications. Despite the widespread use of AgNPs, relatively few studies have been undertaken to determine the cytotoxic effects of AgNPs exposure. This study investigates possible molecular mechanisms underlying the cytotoxic effects of AgNPs. Here, we show that AgNPs-induced cytotoxicity was higher compared than that observed when AgNO(3) was used as a silver ion source. AgNPs induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and suppression of reduced glutathione (GSH) in human Chang liver cells. ROS generated by AgNPs resulted in damage to various cellular components, DNA breaks, lipid membrane peroxidation, and protein carbonylation. Upon AgNPs exposure, cell viability decreased due to apoptosis, as demonstrated by the formation of apoptotic bodies, sub-G(1) hypodiploid cells, and DNA fragmentation. AgNPs induced a mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway via modulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expressions, resulting in the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ(m)). Loss of Δψ(m) was followed by cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, resulting in the activation of caspases 9 and 3. The apoptotic effect of AgNPs was exerted via the activation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and was abrogated by the JNK-specific inhibitor, SP600125 and siRNA targeting JNK. In summary, the results suggest that AgNPs cause cytotoxicity by oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and damage to cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jing Piao
- School of Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Doeppner TR, Hermann DM. Free radical scavengers and spin traps – therapeutic implications for ischemic stroke. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2010; 24:511-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cacciatore I, Cornacchia C, Pinnen F, Mollica A, Di Stefano A. Prodrug approach for increasing cellular glutathione levels. Molecules 2010; 15:1242-64. [PMID: 20335977 PMCID: PMC6257297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol in mammalian cells and the preferred substrate for several enzymes in xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidant defense. It plays an important role in many cellular processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. GSH deficiency has been observed in aging and in a wide range of pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders and cystic fibrosis (CF), as well as in several viral infections. Use of GSH as a therapeutic agent is limited because of its unfavorable biochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Several reports have provided evidence for the use of GSH prodrugs able to replenish intracellular GSH levels. This review discusses different strategies for increasing GSH levels by supplying reversible bioconjugates able to cross the cellular membrane more easily than GSH and to provide a source of thiols for GSH synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Department of Drug Sciences, School of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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37
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Marí M, Morales A, Colell A, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Mitochondrial glutathione, a key survival antioxidant. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2685-700. [PMID: 19558212 PMCID: PMC2821140 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 673] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the primary intracellular site of oxygen consumption and the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), most of them originating from the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Among the arsenal of antioxidants and detoxifying enzymes existing in mitochondria, mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) emerges as the main line of defense for the maintenance of the appropriate mitochondrial redox environment to avoid or repair oxidative modifications leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. mGSH importance is based not only on its abundance, but also on its versatility to counteract hydrogen peroxide, lipid hydroperoxides, or xenobiotics, mainly as a cofactor of enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase or glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Many death-inducing stimuli interact with mitochondria, causing oxidative stress; in addition, numerous pathologies are characterized by a consistent decrease in mGSH levels, which may sensitize to additional insults. From the evaluation of mGSH influence on different pathologic settings such as hypoxia, ischemia/reperfusion injury, aging, liver diseases, and neurologic disorders, it is becoming evident that it has an important role in the pathophysiology and biomedical strategies aimed to boost mGSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Marí
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic , IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, and Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
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Colombani AL, Carneiro L, Benani A, Galinier A, Jaillard T, Duparc T, Offer G, Lorsignol A, Magnan C, Casteilla L, Pénicaud L, Leloup C. Enhanced hypothalamic glucose sensing in obesity: alteration of redox signaling. Diabetes 2009; 58:2189-97. [PMID: 19581415 PMCID: PMC2750216 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent data demonstrated that glucose sensing in different tissues is initiated by an intracellular redox signaling pathway in physiological conditions. However, the relevance of such a mechanism in metabolic disease is not known. The aim of the present study was to determine whether brain glucose hypersensitivity present in obese Zücker rats is related to an alteration in redox signaling. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Brain glucose sensing alteration was investigated in vivo through the evaluation of electrical activity in arcuate nucleus, changes in reactive oxygen species levels, and hypothalamic glucose-induced insulin secretion. In basal conditions, modifications of redox state and mitochondrial functions were assessed through oxidized glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, manganese superoxide dismutase, aconitase activities, and mitochondrial respiration. RESULTS Hypothalamic hypersensitivity to glucose was characterized by enhanced electrical activity of the arcuate nucleus and increased insulin secretion at a low glucose concentration, which does not produce such an effect in normal rats. It was associated with 1) increased reactive oxygen species levels in response to this low glucose load, 2) constitutive oxidized environment coupled with lower antioxidant enzyme activity at both the cellular and mitochondrial level, and 3) overexpression of several mitochondrial subunits of the respiratory chain coupled with a global dysfunction in mitochondrial activity. Moreover, pharmacological restoration of the glutathione hypothalamic redox state by reduced glutathione infusion in the third ventricle fully reversed the cerebral hypersensitivity to glucose. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrated that obese Zücker rats' impaired hypothalamic regulation in terms of glucose sensing is linked to an abnormal redox signaling, which originates from mitochondria dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Colombani
- Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5241, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Carneiro
- Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5241, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5241, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Galinier
- Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5241, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Tristan Jaillard
- Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5241, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thibaut Duparc
- Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5241, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Géraldine Offer
- Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5241, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Lorsignol
- Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5241, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Physiopathologie de la Nutrition, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7059, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5241, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5241, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Leloup
- Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5241, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Corresponding author: Corinne Leloup,
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Ozacmak VH, Barut F, Ozacmak HS. Melatonin provides neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and HSP70 expression during chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in ovariectomized rats. J Pineal Res 2009; 47:156-163. [PMID: 19552637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2009.00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is believed to contribute to functional and histopathologic disturbances associated with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) in rats. Melatonin has protective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. This effect has mainly been attributed to its antioxidant properties. In the present study, we evaluate the effects of melatonin on chronic cerebral hypoperfused rats and examined its possible influence on oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 induction. CCH was induced by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in ovariectomized female rats. Extensive neuronal loss in the hippocampus at day 14 following CCH was observed. The ischemic changes were preceded by increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and HSP70 induction as well as reductions in GSH and SOD. Melatonin treatment restored the levels of MDA, SOD, GSH, and HSP70 induction as compared to the ischemic group. Histopathologic analysis confirmed the protective effect of melatonin against CCH-induced morphologic alterations. Taken together, our results document that melatonin provides neuroprotective effects in CCH by attenuating oxidative stress and stress protein expression in neurons. This suggests melatonin may be helpful for the treatment of vascular dementia and cerebrovascular insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Figen Barut
- Department of Pathology, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Khanna S, Park HA, Sen CK, Golakoti T, Sengupta K, Venkateswarlu S, Roy S. Neuroprotective and antiinflammatory properties of a novel demethylated curcuminoid. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:449-68. [PMID: 18724833 PMCID: PMC2787730 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A demethylated derivative of curcumin (DC; 67.8% bisdemethylcurcumin, 20.7% demethylmonodemethoxycurcumin, 5.86% bisdemethoxycurcumin, 2.58% demethylcurcumin) was prepared by using a 95% extract of curcumin (C(95); 72.2% curcumin, 18.8% monodemethoxycurcumin, 4.5% bisdemethoxycurcumin). DC increased glutathione and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HT4 neuronal cells. In a model of glutamate-induced death of HT4, DC was more effective than C(95) in neuroprotection. The protective effects of DC were retained even when DC was withdrawn from culture media after pretreatment. DC treatment, unlike an equal dose of C(95), completely spared glutamate-induced loss of cellular GSH. Both DC and C(95) prevented glutamate-induced elevation of cellular ROS but failed to attenuate glutamate-induced elevation of intracellular calcium. In human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) challenged with TNF-alpha, GeneChip analysis revealed that only a subcluster of 23 TNF-alpha-inducible genes were uniquely sensitive to C(95). In sharp contrast, 1,065 TNF-alpha-inducible genes were sensitive to DC but not to C(95), suggesting that DC was more effective in antagonizing the effects of TNF-alpha on HMECs. Functional analysis identified that the genes uniquely sensitive to DC belonged in four functional categories: cytokine-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, cell adhesion, and apoptosis. Real-time PCR as well as ELISA studies demonstrated that TNF-alpha-inducible CXCL10 and CXCL11 expression was sensitive to DC but not to C(95). Flow-cytometry studies recognized ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 as TNF-alpha-inducible adhesion molecules that were uniquely sensitive to DC. Taken together, DC exhibited promising neuroprotective and antiinflammatory properties that must be characterized in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Khanna
- Departments of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Han-A Park
- Departments of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Departments of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Sashwati Roy
- Departments of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Murali G, Panneerselvam C. Modulatory Role of Glutathione Monoester in Augmenting Age-Associated Neuronal Antioxidant System. Exp Aging Res 2008; 34:419-36. [DOI: 10.1080/03610730802271906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cui HS, Huang LS, Sok DE, Shin J, Kwon BM, Youn UJ, Bae K. Protective action of honokiol, administered orally, against oxidative stress in brain of mice challenged with NMDA. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 14:696-700. [PMID: 17470388 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotective effect of honokiol (HK), orally administered, on oxidative damage in the brain of mice challenged with N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) was examined. HK (1-100 mg/kg) was administered to Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) male mice through a gavage for 3 days consecutively, and on the third day, NMDA (150 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered. Administration of NMDA, causing a lethality of approximately 60%, resulted in a significant decrease of total glutathione (GSH) level and increase of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) value in brain tissue. Meanwhile, oral administration of HK (> or = 3 mg/kg) for 3 days reduced the lethality (60%) in NMDA-treated group to 10% level, and alleviated the behavioral signs of NMDA neurotoxicity. Moreover, HK pretreatment restored the levels of total GSH and TBARS in the brain tissue to control levels (p<0.01). Additionally, GSH peroxidase activity in cytosolic portion of brain homogenate was also restored significantly (p<0.01), whereas GSH reductase activity was not. Separately, compared to vehicle-treated control, no significant changes in body and brain weight were observed in mice administered with HK. Based on these results, oral intake of HK is suggested to prevent oxidative stress in the brain of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Gung-Dong 220, Yuseong-Gu, Taejon 305-764, Korea
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43
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Maher P, Salgado KF, Zivin JA, Lapchak PA. A novel approach to screening for new neuroprotective compounds for the treatment of stroke. Brain Res 2007; 1173:117-25. [PMID: 17765210 PMCID: PMC2111291 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significant advances that have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia on the cellular and molecular level, only one drug, the thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), is approved by the FDA for use in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Therefore, there is a critical need for additional safe and effective treatments for stroke. In order to identify novel compounds that might be effective, we have developed a cell culture-based assay with death being an endpoint as a screening tool. We have performed an initial screening for potential neuroprotective drugs among a group of flavonoids by using the mouse hippocampal cell line, HT22, in combination with chemical ischemia. Further screens were provided by biochemical assays for ATP and glutathione, the major intracellular antioxidant, as well as for long-term induction of antioxidant proteins. Based upon the results of these screens, we tested the best flavonoid, fisetin, in the small clot embolism model of cerebral ischemia in rabbits. Fisetin significantly reduced the behavioral deficits following a stroke, providing proof of principle for this novel approach to identifying new compounds for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Muyderman H, Wadey AL, Nilsson M, Sims NR. Mitochondrial glutathione protects against cell death induced by oxidative and nitrative stress in astrocytes. J Neurochem 2007; 102:1369-82. [PMID: 17484727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The major cellular antioxidant, glutathione, is mostly localized in the cytosol but a small portion is found in mitochondria. We have recently shown that highly selective depletion of mitochondrial glutathione in astrocytes in culture markedly increased cell death induced by the peroxynitrite donor, 3-morpholino-syndnonimine. The present study was aimed at characterizing the increase in susceptibility arising from mitochondrial glutathione loss and testing the possibility that elevating this metabolite pool above normal values could be protective. The increased vulnerability of astrocytes with depleted mitochondrial glutathione to Sin-1 was confirmed. Furthermore, these cells showed marked increases in sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and also to high concentrations of the nitric oxide donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine. The increase in cell death was mostly due to necrosis as indicated by substantially increased release of lactate dehydrogenase and staining of nuclei with propidium iodide but little change in annexin V staining and caspase 3 activation. The enhanced cell loss was blocked by prior restoration of the mitochondrial glutathione content. It was also essentially fully inhibited by treatment with cyclosporin A, consistent with a role for the mitochondrial permeability transition in the development of cell death. Susceptibility to the classical apoptosis inducer, staurosporine, was only affected to a small extent in contrast to the response to the other substances tested. Incubation of normal astrocytes with glutathione monoethylester produced large and long-lasting increases in mitochondrial glutathione content with much smaller effects on the cytosolic glutathione pool. This treatment reduced cell death on exposure to 3-morpholino-syndnonimine or hydrogen peroxide but not S-nitroso-N-acetyl-pencillamine or staurosporine. These findings provide evidence for an important role for mitochondrial glutathione in preserving cell viability during periods of oxidative or nitrative stress and indicate that increases in this glutathione pool can confer protection against some of these stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Muyderman
- Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
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Benani A, Troy S, Carmona MC, Fioramonti X, Lorsignol A, Leloup C, Casteilla L, Pénicaud L. Role for mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in brain lipid sensing: redox regulation of food intake. Diabetes 2007; 56:152-60. [PMID: 17192477 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability for the brain to sense peripheral fuel availability is mainly accomplished within the hypothalamus, which detects ongoing systemic nutrients and adjusts food intake and peripheral metabolism as needed. Here, we hypothesized that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) could trigger sensing of nutrients within the hypothalamus. For this purpose, we induced acute hypertriglyceridemia in rats and examined the function of mitochondria in the hypothalamus. Hypertriglyceridemia led to a rapid increase in the mitochondrial respiration in the ventral hypothalamus together with a transient production of ROS. Cerebral inhibition of fatty acids-CoA mitochondrial uptake prevented the hypertriglyceridemia-stimulated ROS production, indicating that ROS derived from mitochondrial metabolism. The hypertriglyceridemia-stimulated ROS production was associated with change in the intracellular redox state without any noxious cytotoxic effects, suggesting that ROS function acutely as signaling molecules. Moreover, cerebral inhibition of hypertriglyceridemia-stimulated ROS production fully abolished the satiety related to the hypertriglyceridemia, suggesting that hypothalamic ROS production was required to restrain food intake during hypertriglyceridemia. Finally, we found that fasting disrupted the hypertriglyceridemia-stimulated ROS production, indicating that the redox mechanism of brain nutrient sensing could be modulated under physiological conditions. Altogether, these findings support the role of mitochondrial ROS as molecular actors implied in brain nutrient sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Benani
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Plasticité Tissulaire et Métabolisme Energétique, Institut Louis Bugnard, Toulouse, France
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Zhang QG, Tian H, Li HC, Zhang GY. Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine inhibits the activation of JNK3 mediated by the GluR6-PSD95-MLK3 signaling module during cerebral ischemia in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2006; 408:159-64. [PMID: 17030433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia induces kainate receptor glutamate receptor 6 (GluR6) binding to the postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), which in turn anchors mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) via SH3 domain in rat brain. MLK3 subsequently activates c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) via MAP kinase kinases (MKKs). In this study, we investigated the association of PSD95 with GluR6 and MLK3, the autophosphorylation of MLK3, the combination of MLK3 with JNK3, and the phosphorylation of JNK3 during cerebral ischemia in rat hippocampus CA1. Our results indicate that the GluR6-PSD95-MLK3 complex quickly enhanced at 5 min of ischemia and peaked at 10 min of ischemia, and then gradually reduced with the prolonged time of ischemia. Interestingly, the combination of MLK3 and JNK3 gradually increased from 5 min to 30 min of ischemia. JNK3 phosphorylation first increased and then attenuated in cytosol, suggesting the translocation of activated JNK3 to nucleus during ischemia. To further investigate the possible mechanism of JNK3 activation, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was given to the rats 20 min prior to ischemia. Results indicate that NAC distinctly inhibited the association of PSD95 with GluR6 and MLK3, the autophosphorylation of MLK3, the combination of MLK3 with JNK3 and JNK3 activation. Taken together, these finding indicate that ischemic stimulation results in JNK3 activation through the GluR6-PSD95-MLK3 signaling module, and that the activation of JNK3 is closely related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Guang Zhang
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
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Hou RCW, Chen YS, Chen CH, Chen YH, Jeng KCG. Protective effect of 1,2,4-benzenetriol on LPS-induced NO production
by BV2 microglial cells. J Biomed Sci 2005; 13:89-99. [PMID: 16308662 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-9039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyhydroquinone or 1,2,4-benzenetriol (BT) detected in the beverages has a structure that coincides with the water-soluble form of a sesame lignan, sesamol. We previously showed that sesame antioxidants had neuroprotective abilities due to their antioxidant properties and/or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition. However, studies show that BT can induce DNA damage through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, we were interested to investigate the neuroprotective effect of BT in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that instead of enhancing free radical generation, BT dose-dependently (10-100 microM) attenuated nitrite production, iNOS mRNA and protein expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV-2 microglia. BT significantly reduced LPS-induced NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK activation. It also significantly reduced the generation of ROS in H2O2-induced BV-2 cells and in H2O2-cellfree conditions. The neuroprotective effect of BT was further demonstrated in the focal cerebral ischemia model of Sprague-Dawley rat. Taken together, the inhibition of LPS-induced nitrite production might be due to the suppression of NF-kappaB, p38 MAPK signal pathway and the ROS scavenging effect. These effects might help to protect neurons from the ischemic injury.
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Sleven H, Gibbs JE, Heales S, Thom M, Cock HR. Depletion of reduced glutathione precedes inactivation of mitochondrial enzymes following limbic status epilepticus in the rat hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2005; 48:75-82. [PMID: 16290321 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The time course and critical determinants of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress following limbic status epilepticus (SE) were investigated in hippocampal sub-regions of an electrical stimulation model in rats, at time points 4-44h after status. Mitochondrial and cytosolic enzyme activities were measured spectrophotometrically, and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations by HPLC, and compared to results from sham controls. The earliest change in any sub-region was a fall in GSH, appearing as early as 4h in CA3 (-13%, p<0.05), and persisting at all time points. This was followed by a transient fall in complex I activity (CA3, 16h, -13%, p<0.05), and later changes in aconitase (CA1,-18% and CA3, -22% at 44h, p<0.05). The activity of the cytosolic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase was unaffected at all time points. It is known that GSH levels are dependent both on redox status, and on the availability of the precursor cysteine, in turn dependent on the cysteine/glutamate antiporter, for which extracellular glutamate concentrations are rate limiting. Both mechanisms are likely to contribute indirectly to GSH depletion following seizures. That a relative deficiency in GSH precedes later changes in the activities of complex I and aconitase in vulnerable hippocampal sub-regions, occurring within a clinically relevant therapeutic time window, suggests that strategies to boost GSH levels and/or otherwise reduce oxidative stress following seizures, deserve further study, both in terms of preventing the biochemical consequences of SE and the neuronal dysfunction and clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Sleven
- Epilepsy Group, Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Vesce S, Jekabsons MB, Johnson-Cadwell LI, Nicholls DG. Acute glutathione depletion restricts mitochondrial ATP export in cerebellar granule neurons. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38720-8. [PMID: 16172117 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506575200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreases in GSH pools detected during ischemia sensitize neurons to excitotoxic damage. Thermodynamic analysis predicts that partial GSH depletion will cause an oxidative shift in the thiol redox potential. To investigate the acute bioenergetic consequences, neurons were exposed to monochlorobimane (mBCl), which depletes GSH by forming a fluorescent conjugate. Neurons transfected with redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein showed a positive shift in thiol redox potential synchronous with the formation of the conjugate. Mitochondria within neurons treated with mBCl for 1 h failed to hyperpolarize upon addition of oligomycin to inhibit their ATP synthesis. A decreased ATP turnover was confirmed by monitoring neuronal oxygen consumption in parallel with mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)) and GSH-mBCl formation. mBCl progressively decreased cell respiration, with no effect on mitochondrial proton leak or maximal respiratory capacity, suggesting adequate glycolysis and a functional electron transport chain. This approach to "state 4" could be mimicked by the adenine nucleotide translocator inhibitor bongkrekic acid, which did not further decrease respiration when administered after mBCl. The cellular ATP/ADP ratio was decreased by mBCl, and consistent with mitochondrial ATP export failure, respiration could not respond to an increased cytoplasmic ATP demand by plasma membrane Na(+) cycling; instead, mitochondria depolarized. More prolonged mBCl exposure induced mitochondrial failure, with Deltapsi(m) collapse followed by cytoplasmic Ca(2+) deregulation. The initial bioenergetic consequence of neuronal GSH depletion in this model is thus an inhibition of ATP export, which precedes other forms of mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Vesce
- Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California 94945, USA.
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Margaill I, Plotkine M, Lerouet D. Antioxidant strategies in the treatment of stroke. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:429-43. [PMID: 16043015 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Excessive production of free radicals is known to lead to cell injury in a variety of diseases, such as cerebral ischemia. In this review, we describe some of the numerous studies that have examined this oxidative stress and the efficiency of antioxidant strategies in focal cerebral ischemia. Besides using genetically modified mice, these strategies can be divided into three groups: (1) inhibition of free radical production, (2) scavenging of free radicals, and (3) increase of free radical degradation by using agents mimicking the enzymatic activity of endogenous antioxidants. Finally, the clinical trials that have tested or are currently testing the efficiency of antioxidants in patients suffering from stroke are reviewed. The results presented here lead us to consider that antioxidants are very promising drugs for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Margaill
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie (UPRES EA 2510), Université René Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
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