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Ma D, Ma L, Zhao Y, Li Y, Ye W, Li X. The LRG-TGF-β-Alk-1/TGFßRII-Smads as Predictive Biomarkers of Chronic Hydrocephalus after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2024; 85:457-463. [PMID: 37604195 PMCID: PMC11281838 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hydrocephalus is a common complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH); however, the risk factors and the mechanisms underlying its occurrence have yet to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers that could be used to predict chronic hydrocephalus after aSAH and to investigate the relationships. METHODS We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 19 patients with chronic hydrocephalus after aSAH and 44 controls without hydrocephalus after aSAH. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), Smad1, Smad4, Smad5, Smad8, activin receptor-like kinase 1 (Alk-1), activin receptor-like kinase 5 (Alk-5), P38, and TGF-β type II receptor (TGFßRII) in CSF samples. RESULTS In the CSF of patients with chronic hydrocephalus after aSAH, the levels of LRG, TGF-β, Alk-1, Smad5, and TGFßRII were significantly increased (p < 0.05) and the levels of Smad1, Smad4, and Smad8 were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups concerning the levels of P38 and Alk-5 (p > 0.05). The analysis also identified significant correlations between specific biomarkers: LRG and Smad1, LRG and Smad5, TGF-β and Alk-1, and Alk-1 and Smad4 (p < 0.05); the Pearson's correlation coefficients for these relationships were -0.341, 0.257, 0.256, and -0.424, respectively. CONCLUSION The levels of LRG, TGF-β, Alk-1, TGFßRII, Smad1/5/8, and Smad4 in the CSF are potentially helpful as predictive biomarkers of chronic hydrocephalus after aSAH. Moreover, the LRG-TGF-β-Alk-1/TGFßRII-Smad1/5/8-Smad4 signaling pathway is highly likely to be involved in the pathogenic process of chronic hydrocephalus after aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Luyao Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongli Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Chen J, Zhang Z, Feng L, Liu W, Wang X, Chen H, Zou H. Lrg1 silencing attenuates ischemia-reperfusion renal injury by regulating autophagy and apoptosis through the TGFβ1- Smad1/5 signaling pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 753:109892. [PMID: 38246328 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction in the processes of autophagy and apoptosis within renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEc) contributes to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). However, the factors influencing this dysfunction remain unclear. Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (Lrg1) plays a role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy and kidney fibrosis by modulating the activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1)-Smad1/5/8 and TGF-β1/Smad3 pathways, respectively. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether Lrg1 is involved in the pathological mechanisms of renal IRI and whether its effects are related to the dysregulation of autophagy and apoptosis in RTEc. METHODS We conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments using CoCl2-induced hypoxic human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells and mice with renal IRI, respectively. Lrg1 was silenced using siRNA and lentiviral vectors in HK-2 cells and mouse kidneys. Rapamycin (Rapa) and methyladenine were applied to regulate autophagy in renal IRI models. RESULTS Increased Lrg1 expression was observed in hypoxic HK-2 cells and in the kidneys of mice with renal IRI. Silencing of Lrg1 through siRNA and lentiviral approaches restored autophagy and suppressed apoptosis in CoCl2-induced hypoxic HK-2 cells and renal IRI models. Additionally, reduced Lrg1 expression alleviated kidney damage caused by renal IRI. The downregulation of Lrg1 expression restrained the TGFβ-Smad1/5 signaling pathway in hypoxic-induced HK-2 cells and renal IRI by reducing ALK1 expression. Lastly, the enhancement of autophagy, achieved through Rapa treatment, provided protection against renal IRI in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that Lrg1 silencing can be applied as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit the TGFβ1-Smad1/5 pathway, thereby enhancing autophagy and decreasing apoptosis in patients with acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zuoman Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ling Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Haishan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hequn Zou
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China; School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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Ma L, Wang W, Zhao Y, Liu M, Ye W, Li X. Application of LRG mechanism in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23940. [PMID: 38223707 PMCID: PMC10784321 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a prevalent type of hydrocephalus, including secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus (SNPH) and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH). However, its clinical diagnosis and pathological mechanism are still unclear. Leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein (LRG) is involved in various human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nervous system diseases. Now the physiological mechanism of LRG is still being explored. According to the current research results on LRG, we found that the agency of LRG has much to do with the known pathological process of NPH. This review focuses on analyzing the LRG signaling pathways and the pathological mechanism of NPH. According to the collected literature evidence, we speculated that LRG probably be involved in the pathological process of NPH. Finally, based on the mechanism of LRG and NPH, we also summarized the evidence of molecular targeted therapies for future research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Menghao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in iNPH: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122976. [PMID: 36552981 PMCID: PMC9777226 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a neurological syndrome characterized by the clinical triad of gait disorder, cognitive impairment and urinary incontinence. It has attracted interest because of the possible reversibility of symptoms, especially with timely treatment. The main pathophysiological theory is based on a vicious circle of disruption in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that leads to the deceleration of its absorption. Data regarding CSF biomarkers in iNPH are contradictory and no definite CSF biomarker profile has been recognized as in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which often co-exists with iNPH. In this narrative review, we investigated the literature regarding CSF biomarkers in iNPH, both the established biomarkers total tau protein (t-tau), phosphorylated tau protein (p-tau) and amyloid peptide with 42 amino acids (Aβ42), and other molecules, which are being investigated as emerging biomarkers. The majority of studies demonstrate differences in CSF concentrations of Aβ42 and tau-proteins (t-tau and p-tau) among iNPH patients, healthy individuals and patients with AD and vascular dementia. iNPH patients present with lower CSF Aβ42 and p-tau concentrations than healthy individuals and lower t-tau and p-tau concentrations than AD patients. This could prove helpful for improving diagnosis, differential diagnosis and possibly prognosis of iNPH patients.
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Li Y, Chen W, Deng H, Li T, Liu Z, Liu X, Zhang Z, Chen X, Sheng J, Li K. TGF-β1 Protects Trauma-injured Murine Cortical Neurons by Upregulating L-type Calcium Channel Ca v1.2 via the p38 Pathway. Neuroscience 2022; 492:47-57. [PMID: 35460836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death in adolescents, and there is a lack of effective methods of treatment. The neuroprotective effects exerted by TGF-β1 can ameliorate a range of neuronal lesions in multiple central nervous system diseases. In this study, we used an in-vitro TBI model of mechanical injury on murine primary cortical neurons and the neuro-2a cell line to investigate the neuroprotective role played by TGF-β1 in cortical neurons in TBI. Our results showed that TGF-β1 significantly increased neuronal viability and inhibited apoptosis for 24 h after trauma. The expression of Cav1.2, an L-type calcium channel (LTCC) isoform, decreased significantly after trauma injury, and this change was reversed by TGF-β1. Nimodipine, a classic LTCC blocker, abolished the protective effect of TGF-β1 on trauma-induced neuronal apoptosis. The knockdown of Cav1.2 in differentiated neuro-2a cells significantly inhibited the anti-apoptosis effect of TGF-β1 exerted on injured neuro-2a cells. Moreover, TGF-β1 rescued and enhanced the trauma-suppressed neuro-2a intracellular Ca2+ concentration, while the effect of TGF-β1 was partially inhibited by nimodipine. TGF-β1 significantly upregulated the expression of Cav1.2 by activating the p38 MAPK pathway and by inhibiting trauma-induced neuronal apoptosis. In conclusion, TGF-β1 increased trauma-injured murine cortical neuronal activity and inhibited apoptosis by upregulating Cav1.2 channels via activating the p38 MAPK pathway. Therefore, the TGF-β1/p38 MAPK/Cav 1.2 pathway has the potential to be used as a novel therapeutic target for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huixiong Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, China
| | - Xueer Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zelin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiangtao Sheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Frudd K, Sivaprasad S, Raman R, Krishnakumar S, Revathy YR, Turowski P. Diagnostic circulating biomarkers to detect vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy: Potential screening tool of the future? Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:e648-e668. [PMID: 34269526 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of diabetes in developing and developed countries, the socio-economic burden of diabetic retinopathy (DR), the leading complication of diabetes, is growing. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is currently one of the leading causes of blindness in working-age adults worldwide. Robust methodologies exist to detect and monitor DR; however, these rely on specialist imaging techniques and qualified practitioners. This makes detecting and monitoring DR expensive and time-consuming, which is particularly problematic in developing countries where many patients will be remote and have little contact with specialist medical centres. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is largely asymptomatic until late in the pathology. Therefore, early identification and stratification of vision-threatening DR (VTDR) is highly desirable and will ameliorate the global impact of this disease. A simple, reliable and more cost-effective test would greatly assist in decreasing the burden of DR around the world. Here, we evaluate and review data on circulating protein biomarkers, which have been verified in the context of DR. We also discuss the challenges and developments necessary to translate these promising data into clinically useful assays, to detect VTDR, and their potential integration into simple point-of-care testing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Frudd
- Institute of Ophthalmology University College London London UK
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- Institute of Ophthalmology University College London London UK
- NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre Moorfields Eye Hospital London UK
| | - Rajiv Raman
- Vision Research Foundation Sankara Nethralaya Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | | | | | - Patric Turowski
- Institute of Ophthalmology University College London London UK
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Afrashteh F, Ghafoury R, Almasi-Doghaee M. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and genetic factors associated with normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer’s disease: a narrative review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a neurologic disease leading to enlargement of ventricles which is presented with gait and balance disturbance, cognitive decline, and urinary incontinence. Diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus is challenging due to the late onset of signs and symptoms. In this review, we summarize the cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, pathology, and genetic biomarkers of normal pressure hydrocephalus and related disorders.
Body
Recently, cerebrospinal fluid and serum biomarkers analysis alongside gene analysis has received a lot of attention. Interpreting a set of serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers along with genetic testing for candidate genes could differentiate NPH from other neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease with dementia, and other types of dementia.
Conclusion
Better understanding the pathophysiology of normal pressure hydrocephalus through genetic studies can aid in evolving preventative measures and the early treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus patients.
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Camilli C, Hoeh AE, De Rossi G, Moss SE, Greenwood J. LRG1: an emerging player in disease pathogenesis. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:6. [PMID: 35062948 PMCID: PMC8781713 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted glycoprotein leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) was first described as a key player in pathogenic ocular neovascularization almost a decade ago. Since then, an increasing number of publications have reported the involvement of LRG1 in multiple human conditions including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, and inflammatory disorders. The purpose of this review is to provide, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of the LRG1 literature considering its role in health and disease. Although LRG1 is constitutively expressed by hepatocytes and neutrophils, Lrg1-/- mice show no overt phenotypic abnormality suggesting that LRG1 is essentially redundant in development and homeostasis. However, emerging data are challenging this view by suggesting a novel role for LRG1 in innate immunity and preservation of tissue integrity. While our understanding of beneficial LRG1 functions in physiology remains limited, a consistent body of evidence shows that, in response to various inflammatory stimuli, LRG1 expression is induced and directly contributes to disease pathogenesis. Its potential role as a biomarker for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of multiple conditions is widely discussed while dissecting the mechanisms underlying LRG1 pathogenic functions. Emphasis is given to the role that LRG1 plays as a vasculopathic factor where it disrupts the cellular interactions normally required for the formation and maintenance of mature vessels, thereby indirectly contributing to the establishment of a highly hypoxic and immunosuppressive microenvironment. In addition, LRG1 has also been reported to affect other cell types (including epithelial, immune, mesenchymal and cancer cells) mostly by modulating the TGFβ signalling pathway in a context-dependent manner. Crucially, animal studies have shown that LRG1 inhibition, through gene deletion or a function-blocking antibody, is sufficient to attenuate disease progression. In view of this, and taking into consideration its role as an upstream modifier of TGFβ signalling, LRG1 is suggested as a potentially important therapeutic target. While further investigations are needed to fill gaps in our current understanding of LRG1 function, the studies reviewed here confirm LRG1 as a pleiotropic and pathogenic signalling molecule providing a strong rationale for its use in the clinic as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Camilli
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Alexandra E Hoeh
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia De Rossi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen E Moss
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Greenwood
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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Jemmerson R. Paradoxical Roles of Leucine-Rich α 2-Glycoprotein-1 in Cell Death and Survival Modulated by Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 and Cytochrome c. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:744908. [PMID: 34692699 PMCID: PMC8531642 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.744908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein-1 (LRG1) has been shown to impact both apoptosis and cell survival, pleiotropic effects similar to one of its known ligands, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). Recent studies have given insight into the TGF-β1 signaling pathways involved in LRG1-mediated death versus survival signaling, i.e., canonical or non-canonical. Interaction of LRG1 with another ligand, extracellular cytochrome c (Cyt c), promotes cell survival, at least for lymphocytes. LRG1 has been shown to bind Cyt c with high affinity, higher than it binds TGF-β1, making it sensitive to small changes in the level of extracellular Cyt c within a microenvironment that may arise from cell death. Evidence is presented here that LRG1 can bind TGF-β1 and Cyt c simultaneously, raising the possibility that the ternary complex may present a signaling module with the net effect of signaling, cell death versus survival, determined by the relative extent to which the LRG1 binding sites are occupied by these two ligands. A possible role for LRG1 should be considered in studies where extracellular effects of TGF-β1 and Cyt c have been observed in media supplemented with LRG1-containing serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Jemmerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Lolansen SD, Rostgaard N, Oernbo EK, Juhler M, Simonsen AH, MacAulay N. Inflammatory Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Hydrocephalus: A Systematic Literature Review. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:8834822. [PMID: 33613789 PMCID: PMC7875647 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8834822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate existing literature on inflammatory markers in CSF from patients with hydrocephalus and identify potential markers capable of promoting hydrocephalus development and progression. METHODS Relevant studies published before December 3rd 2020 were identified from PubMed, Embase, and reference lists. Studies were screened for eligibility using the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data from eligible studies were extracted, and sources of bias were evaluated. We included articles written in English investigating inflammatory markers in CSF from patients with hydrocephalus and control subjects. The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines by three independent reviewers. RESULTS Twenty-two studies analyzed CSF from 311 patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), 178 with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), 151 with other hydrocephalus diagnoses, and 394 control subjects. Fifty-eight inflammatory markers were investigated. The CSF of iNPH patients had increased CSF levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and LRG compared with control subjects, whereas the CSF of PHH patients had increased levels of IL-6, IL-18, and VEGF. CSF from patients with "other hydrocephalus diagnoses" had elevated IFN-γ compared to control subjects, and VEGF was increased in congenital hydrocephalus, spina bifida, and hydrocephalus associated with tuberculous meningitis compared with controls. CONCLUSION IL-6, IL-1β, LRG, IL-18, VEGF, and IFN-γ are elevated in CSF from patients with hydrocephalus and may be involved in promotion of hydrocephalus development and progression. They may serve as novel disease biomarkers, and their signaling pathways may represent targets for pharmacological management of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Rostgaard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Kjer Oernbo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Hu F, Ding J, Wang X. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1230-1240. [PMID: 33242372 PMCID: PMC7702234 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), the most common type of adult-onset hydrocephalus, is a potentially reversible neuropsychiatric entity characterized by dilated ventricles, cognitive deficit, gait apraxia, and urinary incontinence. Despite its relatively typical imaging features and clinical symptoms, the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of iNPH remain unclear. In this review, we summarize current pathogenetic conceptions of iNPH and its pathophysiological features that lead to neurological deficits. The common consensus is that ventriculomegaly resulting from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics could initiate a vicious cycle of neurological damages in iNPH. Pathophysiological factors including hypoperfusion, glymphatic impairment, disturbance of metabolism, astrogliosis, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier disruption jointly cause white matter and gray matter lesions, and eventually lead to various iNPH symptoms. Also, we review the current treatment options and discuss the prospective treatment strategies for iNPH. CSF diversion with ventriculoperitoneal or lumboperitonealshunts remains as the standard therapy, while its complications prompt attempts to refine shunt insertion and develop new therapeutic procedures. Recent progress on advanced biomaterials and improved understanding of pathogenesis offers new avenues to treat iNPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyang Wang
- Department of NeurologyZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Department of NeurologyZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fan Hu
- Department of NeurosugeryZhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of NeurologyZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of NeurologyZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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12
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Zhang YS, Han L, Yang C, Liu YJ, Zhang XM. Prognostic Value of LRG1 in Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Study. Oncol Res Treat 2020; 44:36-42. [PMID: 33242858 DOI: 10.1159/000510945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High expression of leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is closely related to angiogenesis, which may play an important role in promoting invasion and metastasis. However, the current literature has yet to clarify the clinical significance of LRG1 in breast cancer. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this work was to validate the correlation between LRG1 expression and prognosis in early breast cancer. METHODS We utilized an LRG1 detection agent in 330 cases of early breast cancer. The correlation of LRG1 expression with clinicopathological features, patient recurrence, and survival was investigated. RESULTS Compared with adjacent tissue samples, an elevated expression of LRG1 was observed in breast cancer samples. Moreover, LRG1 expression is associated with the number of lymphatic metastases and TNM pathological stage (p = 0.000, p = 0.000, respectively). For disease-free survival (DFS), the Kaplan-Meier curve indicated a poorer prognosis for the group with high LRG1 levels compared with the low LRG1 group (p = 0.000). A similar result was found for overall survival (OS; p = 0.000). The multivariate Cox regression indicated that LRG1 was still associated with DFS (HR 2.090, 95% CI 1.205-3.625, p = 0.009) and OS (HR 2.112, 95% CI 1.167-3.822, p = 0.013). The histological grade, TNM pathological stage, and molecular subtype were identified as independent risk factors affecting OS. CONCLUSION In the malignant progression of breast cancer, high LRG1 levels are associated with lymphatic metastasis, histological grade, poor DFS, and poor OS. This study validates the use of LRG1 as a potential prognosis biomarker for early breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Shou Zhang
- Breast Cancer Center, The Fourth Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Fourth Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Breast Cancer Center, The Fourth Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yun-Jiang Liu
- Breast Cancer Center, The Fourth Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,
| | - Xiang-Mei Zhang
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Manniche C, Hejl AM, Hasselbalch SG, Simonsen AH. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus versus Alzheimer's Disease and Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Disease: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:267-279. [PMID: 30741681 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic workup of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) can be challenging due to an overlap in symptoms and neuroimaging features with other disorders. Despite a growing interest, a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker profile in iNPH has not yet been identified. OBJECTIVE To determine the CSF biomarkers with the greatest evidence for differentiating iNPH from the most common differential diagnoses, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD). METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed to identify relevant articles up to July 2018 using the following MESH-terms: "Cerebrospinal fluid", "diagnos*", "hydrocephalus, normal pressure". Relevant data were extracted to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. RESULTS Twenty-five studies including 664 patients with iNPH, 502 with AD, 57 with SIVD, 81 with other disorders, and 338 healthy controls (HC) were included. They investigated the diagnostic value of 92 CSF biomarkers. Most evidence existed for amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and total tau (t-tau) in iNPH versus AD and HC: Aβ42 did not differ between iNPH and AD, but was lower than in HC subjects. T-tau and p-tau were lower in iNPH versus AD on a level comparable to HC subjects. There was moderate or limited evidence for 62 and 88 biomarkers, respectively. Several plausible biases characterize the literature including small sample sizes and inconsistent diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSION T-tau and p-tau may differentiate iNPH from AD and Aβ42 from HC. A combination of these biomarkers may improve the diagnostic accuracy in iNPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Manniche
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hejl
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen OE, Denmark
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14
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Manniche C, Simonsen AH, Hasselbalch SG, Andreasson U, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Høgh P, Juhler M, Hejl AM. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers to Differentiate Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus from Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 75:937-947. [PMID: 32390628 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) remains a challenge to differentiate from subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD). Despite major research efforts, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker profiles of the two diseases are still not known in detail. OBJECTIVE To determine if novel CSF biomarkers, neurofilament light (NFL) reflecting axonal damage, the synaptic protein neurogranin (NG), and the astroglial marker chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40), and the core Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), can differentiate iNPH from SIVD. Patients with AD and healthy controls (HC) were included for comparison purposes. METHODS Patients with iNPH (n = 28), SIVD (n = 30), AD (n = 57), and HC (n = 33) were retrospectively included from the Danish Dementia Biobank. All patients with iNPH had effect of shunt surgery with a follow-up period of 4 to 69 months. CSF biomarkers were measured using immunoassays. RESULTS Lower levels of NFL, NG, Aβ42, and t-tau were found in patients with iNPH versus SIVD, while YKL-40 and p-tau were similar in the two diseases. NFL and Aβ42 were the most reliable biomarkers to differentiate iNPH from SIVD with an area under the curve (AUC) on 0.82 and 0.80, respectively. Combining NFL with Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau resulted in an AUC of 0.90, which was equivalent to the diagnostic accuracy of all six biomarkers combined. CONCLUSION An addition of NFL to the CSF panel of Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau may improve the differentiation of iNPH from SIVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Manniche
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter Høgh
- Department of Neurology, Regional Dementia Research Centre, Zealand University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hejl
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Inhibition of TGF-β Signaling in Gliomas by the Flavonoid Diosmetin Isolated from Dracocephalum peregrinum L. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010192. [PMID: 31906574 PMCID: PMC6982745 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dracocephalum peregrinum L., a traditional Kazakh medicine, has good expectorant, anti-cough, and to some degree, anti-asthmatic effects. Diosmetin (3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone), a natural flavonoid found in traditional Chinese herbs, is the main flavonoid in D. peregrinum L. and has been used in various medicinal products because of its anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, estrogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of diosmetin on the proliferation, invasion, and migration of glioma cells, as well as the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), scratch wound, and Transwell assays were used to demonstrate the effects of diosmetin in glioma. Protein levels of Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), E-cadherin, and phosphorylated and unphosphorylated smad2 and smad3 were determined by Western blots. U251 glioma cell development and progression were measured in vivo in a mouse model. Results: Diosmetin inhibited U251 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, the TGF-β signaling pathway, and Bcl-2 expression. In contrast, there was a significant increase in E-cadherin, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Furthermore, it effectively reduced the tumorigenicity of glioma cells and promoted apoptosis in vivo. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that diosmetin suppresses the growth of glioma cells in vitro and in vivo, possibly by activating E-cadherin expression and inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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16
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Jin J, Sun H, Liu D, Wang H, Liu Q, Chen H, Zhong D, Li G. LRG1 Promotes Apoptosis and Autophagy through the TGFβ-smad1/5 Signaling Pathway to Exacerbate Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Neuroscience 2019; 413:123-134. [PMID: 31220542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein1 (LRG1), a pleiotropic protein, plays a pathogenic role in multiple human diseases. However, its pathophysiological function in ischemia/reperfusion injury remains unclear. In this study, we discussed the function and mechanism of LRG1 in acute ischemic stroke from both basic and clinical research points of view. Mice underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) surgery 2 weeks after LRG1 was overexpressed by the delivery of adeno-associated virus (AAV). For wild-type mice, both the protein and the transcript of LRG1 in the brain tissue were elevated after tMCAO. Meanwhile, the serum levels of LRG1 were decreased after tMCAO. The neuronal injury was shown aggravated in the AAV-LRG1 group (AAV-LRG1 mice with tMCAO) through infarction volume, neurological score, HE, and Nissl staining. Meanwhile, LRG1 significantly enhanced apoptosis and autophagy during tMCAO, as detected by caspase3, Bax, Bcl-2, LC3II/LC3I, Beclin1, p62, and a TUNEL assay. Furthermore, by overexpression of LRG1, the protein of ALK1 was upregulated and the TGFβ-smad1/5 signaling pathway was activated upon tMCAO. We also showed that patients with acute cerebral infarction had lower serum levels of LRG1 compared to healthy controls. In addition, LRG1 levels were associated with infarction volume, stroke severity, and prognosis in patients with supratentorial infarction. Taken together, the data from this study revealed that LRG1 promoted apoptosis and autophagy through the TGFβ-smad1/5 signaling pathway by up-regulating ALK1, which exacerbates ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hongxue Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Haining Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Di Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China.
| | - Guozhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China.
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17
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Chen C, Chen X, Huang H, Han C, Qu Y, Jin H, Niu T, Zhang Y, Liu K, Xu X. Elevated plasma and vitreous levels of leucine-rich-α2-glycoprotein are associated with diabetic retinopathy progression. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:260-264. [PMID: 29168314 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association of plasma and vitreous leucine-rich-α2-glycoprotein (LRG1) with diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression. METHODS A total of 86 outpatients and 33 inpatients were recruited. Outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were classified as T2DM without DR (n = 22), nonproliferative DR (NPDR) (n = 20) and proliferative DR (PDR) (n = 22) based on international clinical DR severity scales. A total of 86 plasma and 33 vitreous samples were collected and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The diagnostic value of plasma LRG1 was tested using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS Plasma LRG1 in PDR patients (9025 ± 1870 pg/ml) was significantly increased as compared with controls (5975 ± 2022 pg/ml), T2DM without DR (6550 ± 2359 pg/ml) and NPDR patients (6550 ± 2359 pg/ml) (p < 0.0001). Vitreous LRG1 in PDR patients was elevated by approximately 4.3-fold than that in controls (562.1 ± 273.5 ng/ml versus 130.0 ± 102.8 ng/ml, p = 0.000). The area under the ROC curve value for plasma LRG1 was 0.786 (p < 0.0001). The maximal Youden index was 0.4372 and the optimal cut-off value of LRG1 was 7357.043 pg/ml with 81.82% sensitivity and 61.90% specificity. CONCLUSION Plasma and vitreous LRG1 levels were elevated in patients with PDR. Leucine-rich-α2-glycoprotein (LRG1) might be a potential risk-warning marker for PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Hengye Huang
- School of Public Health Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Changjing Han
- Department of Ophthalmology The Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an China
| | - Yuan Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Huiyi Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Tian Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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18
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Zeng J, Qin L, Wang D, Gong J, Pan J, Zhu Y, Sun T, Xu K, Zhan R. Comparing the Risk of Shunt-Dependent Hydrocephalus in Patients with Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Treated by Endovascular Coiling or Surgical Clipping: An Updated Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg 2019; 121:e731-e738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.09.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Martín-Láez R, Valle-San Román N, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Marco-de Lucas E, Berciano Blanco J, Vázquez-Barquero A. Current concepts on the pathophysiology of idiopathic chronic adult hydrocephalus: Are we facing another neurodegenerative disease? NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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20
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Liu Z, Sheng J, Peng G, Yang J, Chen W, Li K. TGF-β1 Regulation of P-JNK and L-Type Calcium Channel Cav1.2 in Cortical Neurons. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:374-384. [PMID: 29423686 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases can cause a series of neuronal lesions, which may be improved by the anti-apoptotic neuroprotection of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). In neurons, L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCC) are mainly composed of Cav1.2 subunits. Given the implication of TGF-β1 in numerous CNS diseases, we examined the neuroprotective effects of TGF-β1 on the Cav1.2 channel in the CNS. To simulate acute mechanical traumatic brain injury (TBI), we used a needle to create parallel scratches across plates, which were cultured for 9 h. Meanwhile, Fluo4-AM-loaded laser scanning confocal microscopy with a dual wavelength of 488 nm/530 nm was employed to determine intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i). We found that MAPK inhibitors impede TGF-β1-induced cell viability and that TGF-β1 recovered from the trauma-induced cell viability in neurons. Cav1.2 production was significantly decreased in the TGF-β1-treated (10 ng/mL) neurons. At this TGF-β1 concentration, Cav1.2 was significantly down-regulated in a time-dependent manner after 12 h. Moreover, TGF-β1 partially recovered the protein levels of Cav1.2 that were reduced by TBI. TGF-β1 significantly inhibited the fluorescence intensity of [Ca2+]i increased by KCl and delayed the time of the peak [Ca2+]i. The observed effects of TGF-β1 on Cav1.2 were regulated by MAPK inhibitors. The observed effects of TGF-β1 on P-JNK were also impeded by pre-incubation with the LTCC inhibitor (10 μM) nimodipine in trauma-injured neurons. Altogether, TGF-β1 regulated LTCCs through a mechanism dependent on MEK, JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK signal pathways in cortical neurons. Thus, we suggest the involvement of this mechanism in cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenning Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Jiangtao Sheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Guoyi Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Jinhua Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
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Schirinzi T, Sancesario GM, Di Lazzaro G, D'Elia A, Imbriani P, Scalise S, Pisani A. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers profile of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:673-679. [PMID: 29353355 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a disabling neurological disorder whose potential treatability is significantly limited by diagnostic uncertainty. In fact, typical clinical presentation occurs at late phases of disease, when CSF shunting could be ineffective. In recent years, measurement of different CSF proteins, whose concentration directly reflects neuropathological changes of CNS, has significantly improved both diagnostic timing and accuracy of neurodegenerative disease. Unfortunately iNPH lacks neuropathological hallmarks allowing the identification of specific disease biomarkers. However, neuropathology of iNPH is so rich and heterogeneous that many processes can be tracked in CSF, including Alzheimer's disease core pathology, subcortical degeneration, neuroinflammation and vascular dysfunction. Indeed, a huge number of CSF biomarkers have been analyzed in iNPH patients, but a unifying profile has not been provided yet. In this brief survey, we thus attempted to summarize the main findings in the field of iNPH CSF biomarkers, aimed at outlining a synthetic model. Although defined cut-off values for biomarkers are not available, a better knowledge of CSF characteristics may definitely assist in diagnosing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Schirinzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Maria Sancesario
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Lazzaro
- Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio D'Elia
- Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Imbriani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Scalise
- Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers as Predictors of Shunt Response in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Systematic Review. Can J Neurol Sci 2017; 45:3-10. [PMID: 29125088 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2017.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widely accepted treatment for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion shunt procedure, to which approximately 80% of patients will respond. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify which CSF biomarkers have been investigated in predicting shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients, and to analyze the level of evidence for each. METHODS To find all relevant articles, a comprehensive search of Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO was conducted. RESULTS The literature search identified 344 unique citations, of which 13 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in our review. These 13 studies reported on 37 unique biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The available studies suggest that there is evidence for the utility of CSF biomarkers in predicting shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients, though none have been shown to predict shunt response with both high sensitivity and specificity. We found that there is no available evidence for the use of Aβ38, Aβ40, Aβ43, APL1β25, APL1β27, APL1β28, sAPP, aAPPα, sAPPβ, TNF-α, MCP-1, sCD40L, sulfatide, MBP, L-PGDS, cystatin C, transthyretin, TGF-β2, or YKL-40 in predicting shunt response. There is minimal evidence for the use of TGF-β1, TBR-II, homocysteine, and interleukins (particularly IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10). However, the available evidence suggests that these biomarkers warrant further investigation. Aβ42, tau, p-tau, NFL, and LRG have the greatest amount of evidence for their predictive value in determining shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients. Future research should be guided by, but not limited to, these biomarkers.
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Zhang WF, Yang Y, Li X, Xu DY, Yan YL, Gao Q, Jia AL, Duan MH. Angelica polysaccharides inhibit the growth and promote the apoptosis of U251 glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 33:21-27. [PMID: 28887916 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angelica sinensis (Oliv) Diels (Apiaceae) is a traditional medicine that has been used for more than 2000 years in China. It exhibits various therapeutic effects including neuroprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. Angelica polysaccharides (APs), bioactive constituents of Angelica have been shown to be responsible for these effects; however, the utility of APs for the treatment of glioma and their mechanism of action remain to be elucidated. PURPOSE In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of APs on a glioma cell line and their molecular mechanism of action. STUDY DESIGN U251 cells were utilized to confirm the effects of APs on glioma. METHODS The human glioblastoma cell line U251 was utilized for both in vitro and in vivo models, in which we tested the effects of APs. Flow cytometry, gene expression analysis, western blotting, and MTT assays were used to elucidate the effects of APs on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. RESULTS The results demonstrated that APs significantly inhibited the growth and proliferation of U251 cells and induced their apoptosis. Furthermore, APs effectively reduced the expression of several cell cycle regulators: cyclins D1, B, and E. The apoptosis suppressor protein Bcl-2 was also downregulated, and the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 increased. Additionally, APs inhibited the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway and stimulated the expression of E-cadherin, thus prohibiting cell growth. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the results indicate that APs attenuate the tumorigenicity of glioma cells and promote their apoptosis by suppressing the TGF-β signaling pathway. The present study therefore provides evidence of the inhibitory effects of APs against glioma progression, and proposes their potential application as alternative therapeutic agents for glioma.
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Key Words
- AS, angelica sinensis (oliv.) diels
- Abbreviations: MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- Angelica polysaccharides
- Apoptosis
- Aps, angelica polysaccharides
- Cell cycle
- Cell proliferation
- Cis, cisplatin
- EMT, esenchymal transition
- Glioma
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Zhang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Da-Yan Xu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Yu-Li Yan
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Qiao Gao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Ai-Ling Jia
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Ming-Hua Duan
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China.
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Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of infantile congenital hydrocephalus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172353. [PMID: 28212403 PMCID: PMC5315300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hydrocephalus is a complex neurological disorder with a pervasive impact on the central nervous system. Previous work has demonstrated derangements in the biochemical profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in hydrocephalus, particularly in infants and children, in whom neurodevelopment is progressing in parallel with concomitant neurological injury. The objective of this study was to examine the CSF of children with congenital hydrocephalus (CHC) to gain insight into the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus and identify candidate biomarkers of CHC with potential diagnostic and therapeutic value. Methods CSF levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and derivative isoforms (sAPPα, sAPPβ, Aβ42), tau, phosphorylated tau (pTau), L1CAM, NCAM-1, aquaporin 4 (AQP4), and total protein (TP) were measured by ELISA in 20 children with CHC. Two comparative groups were included: age-matched controls and children with other neurological diseases. Demographic parameters, ventricular frontal-occipital horn ratio, associated brain malformations, genetic alterations, and surgical treatments were recorded. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to examine the association of each CSF protein with CHC. Results CSF levels of APP, sAPPα, sAPPβ, Aβ42, tau, pTau, L1CAM, and NCAM-1 but not AQP4 or TP were increased in untreated CHC. CSF TP and normalized L1CAM levels were associated with FOR in CHC subjects, while normalized CSF tau levels were associated with FOR in control subjects. Predictive ability for CHC was strongest for sAPPα, especially in subjects ≤12 months of age (p<0.0001 and AUC = 0.99), followed by normalized sAPPβ (p = 0.0001, AUC = 0.95), tau, APP, and L1CAM. Among subjects ≤12 months, a normalized CSF sAPPα cut-point of 0.41 provided the best prediction of CHC (odds ratio = 528, sensitivity = 0.94, specificity = 0.97); these infants were 32 times more likely to have CHC. Conclusions CSF proteins such as sAPPα and related proteins hold promise as biomarkers of CHC in infants and young children, and provide insight into the pathophysiology of CHC during this critical period in neurodevelopment.
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Luo LJ, Wang DD, Wang J, Yang F, Tang JH. Diverse roles of miR-335 in development and progression of cancers. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5385-3. [PMID: 27718128 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a series of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional/translational level, are pivotal in cell differentiation, biological development, occurrence, and development of diseases, especially in cancers. Early studies have shown that miRNA-335 (miR-335) is widely dysregulated in human cancers and play critical roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. In this review, we aim to summarize the regulation of miR-335 expression mechanisms in cancers. We focus on the target genes regulated by miR-335 and its downstream signaling pathways involved in the biological effects of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo, and analyze the relationships between miR-335 expression and the clinical characteristics of tumors as well as its effects on prognosis. The collected evidences support the potential use of miR-335 in prognosis and diagnosis as well as the therapeutic prospects of miR-335 in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ji Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jin-Hai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Sosvorova L, Mohapl M, Vcelak J, Hill M, Vitku J, Hampl R. The impact of selected cytokines in the follow-up of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Physiol Res 2016; 64:S283-90. [PMID: 26680491 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are widely known mediators of inflammation accompanying many neurodegenerative disorders including normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). NPH is caused by impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reabsorption and treated by surgical shunt insertion. The diagnostics is still complicated and the shunt effect is not durable; after several years, dementia may develop. In the clinical practice, biomarkers support the diagnostics as well as the further time course of many neurodegenerative diseases. Until recently, no reliable biomarker for NPH was evaluated. The attempt of this review was to make a survey concerning cytokines as possible NPH markers. Among all reviewed cytokines, the most promising are CSF IL-10 and IL-33, enabling to follow-up the disease progression and monitoring the effectiveness of the shunt insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sosvorova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Arosio B, Casati M, Gussago C, Ferri E, Abbate C, Scortichini V, Colombo E, Rossi PD, Mari D. Adenosine Type A2A Receptor in Peripheral Cell from Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease, Vascular Dementia, and Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A New/Old Potential Target. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 54:417-25. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Arosio
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Ca’ Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Casati
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Gussago
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Evelyn Ferri
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Abbate
- Fondazione Ca’ Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elena Colombo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Mari
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Ca’ Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Hao L, Xie H, Zhang B, Chen D, Wang S, Zhang H, He S. LRG1 downregulation in allergic airway disorders and its expression in peripheral blood and tissue cells. J Transl Med 2016; 14:202. [PMID: 27378305 PMCID: PMC4932677 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein-1 (LRG1) has been observed in plasma of individuals with various diseases. However, the role of LRG1 in allergic airway disease has not been investigated. Objective To explore the involvement of LRG1 in allergy and its cell origins. Methods The expression levels of LRG1 and its receptor transforming growth factor-beta receptor II (TGFBR2) in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma (AS) were examined by flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results LRG1 and soluble TGFBR2 expression in plasma of patients with AR and AS were markedly lower than that of healthy control (HC) subjects. Large proportions of CD123 + HLA-DR−, CD16+, CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, and CD19+ cells expressed LRG1, although the percentages of LRG1+ cells in these cell populations were lower in AR and AS patients. Up to 89.8 and 15.5 % of dispersed mast cells expressed LRG1 and TGFBR2. Moreover, allergen extract exposure significantly reduced LRG1 and TGFBR2 expression in the plasma and leukocytes of patients with AR and AS. Conclusions Reduced LRG1 and TGFBR2 levels in patients with allergic airway disorders are likely caused by inhibitory actions of allergens in LRG1 producing cells. Thus, LRG1 may be a key regulatory factor of allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Hao
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, Sect. 5, Renmin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Xie
- Allergy Clinic, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Chen
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, Sect. 5, Renmin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufen Wang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, Sect. 5, Renmin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, Sect. 5, Renmin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoheng He
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, Sect. 5, Renmin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Martín-Láez R, Valle-San Román N, Rodríguez-Rodríguez EM, Marco-de Lucas E, Berciano Blanco JA, Vázquez-Barquero A. Current concepts on the pathophysiology of idiopathic chronic adult hydrocephalus: Are we facing another neurodegenerative disease? Neurologia 2016; 33:449-458. [PMID: 27296497 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since its description five decades ago, the pathophysiology of idiopathic chronic adult hydrocephalus (iCAH) has been traditionally related to the effect that ventricular dilatation exerts on the structures surrounding the ventricular system. However, altered cerebral blood flow, especially a reduction in the CSF turnover rate, are starting to be considered the main pathophysiological elements of this disease. DEVELOPMENT Compression of the pyramidal tract, the frontostriatal and frontoreticular circuits, and the paraventricular fibres of the superior longitudinal fasciculus have all been reported in iCAH. At the level of the corpus callosum, gliosis replaces a number of commissural tracts. Cerebral blood flow is also altered, showing a periventricular watershed region limited by the subependymal arteries and the perforating branches of the major arteries of the anterior cerebral circulation. The CSF turnover rate is decreased by 75%, leading to the reduced clearance of neurotoxins and the interruption of neuroendocrine and paracrine signalling in the CSF. CONCLUSIONS iCAH presents as a complex nosological entity, in which the effects of subcortical microangiopathy and reduced CSF turnover play a key role. According to its pathophysiology, it is simpler to think of iCAH more as a neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer disease or Binswanger disease than as the classical concept of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martín-Láez
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario «Marqués de Valdecilla», Santander, Cantabria, España.
| | - N Valle-San Román
- Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario «Marqués de Valdecilla», Santander, Cantabria, España
| | - E M Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario «Marqués de Valdecilla», Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IDIVAL, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria, España
| | - E Marco-de Lucas
- Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario «Marqués de Valdecilla», Santander, Cantabria, España
| | - J A Berciano Blanco
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario «Marqués de Valdecilla», Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IDIVAL, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria, España
| | - A Vázquez-Barquero
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario «Marqués de Valdecilla», Santander, Cantabria, España
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Casati M, Arosio B, Gussago C, Ferri E, Magni L, Assolari L, Scortichini V, Nani C, Rossi PD, Mari D. Down-regulation of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in peripheral cells from idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus patients. J Neurol Sci 2016; 361:196-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Song W, Wang X. The role of TGFβ1 and LRG1 in cardiac remodelling and heart failure. Biophys Rev 2015; 7:91-104. [PMID: 28509980 PMCID: PMC4322186 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-014-0158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a life-threatening condition that carries a considerable emotional and socio-economic burden. As a result of the global increase in the ageing population, sedentary life-style, increased prevalence of risk factors, and improved survival from cardiovascular events, the incidence of heart failure will continue to rise. Despite the advances in current cardiovascular therapies, many patients are not suitable for or may not benefit from conventional treatments. Thus, more effective therapies are required. Transforming growth factor (TGF) β family of cytokines is involved in heart development and dys-regulated TGFβ signalling is commonly associated with fibrosis, aberrant angiogenesis and accelerated progression into heart failure. Therefore, a potential therapeutic pathway is to modulate TGFβ signalling; however, broad blockage of TGFβ signalling may cause unwanted side effects due to its pivotal role in tissue homeostasis. We found that leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) promotes blood vessel formation via regulating the context-dependent endothelial TGFβ signalling. This review will focus on the interaction between LRG1 and TGFβ signalling, their involvement in the pathogenesis of heart failure, and the potential for LRG1 to function as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Song
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontiers Block, Level 4, 50 Nan yang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontiers Block, Level 4, 50 Nan yang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore. .,Division of Cell Biology in Health and Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore. .,Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Wang X, Abraham S, McKenzie JAG, Jeffs N, Swire M, Tripathi VB, Luhmann UFO, Lange CAK, Zhai Z, Arthur HM, Bainbridge J, Moss SE, Greenwood J. LRG1 promotes angiogenesis by modulating endothelial TGF-β signalling. Nature 2013; 499:306-11. [PMID: 23868260 PMCID: PMC3836402 DOI: 10.1038/nature12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant neovascularization contributes to diseases such as cancer, blindness and atherosclerosis, and is the consequence of inappropriate angiogenic signalling. Although many regulators of pathogenic angiogenesis have been identified, our understanding of this process is incomplete. Here we explore the transcriptome of retinal microvessels isolated from mouse models of retinal disease that exhibit vascular pathology, and uncover an upregulated gene, leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (Lrg1), of previously unknown function. We show that in the presence of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), LRG1 is mitogenic to endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis. Mice lacking Lrg1 develop a mild retinal vascular phenotype but exhibit a significant reduction in pathological ocular angiogenesis. LRG1 binds directly to the TGF-β accessory receptor endoglin, which, in the presence of TGF-β1, results in promotion of the pro-angiogenic Smad1/5/8 signalling pathway. LRG1 antibody blockade inhibits this switch and attenuates angiogenesis. These studies reveal a new regulator of angiogenesis that mediates its effect by modulating TGF-β signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Sabu Abraham
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Jenny A G McKenzie
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Natasha Jeffs
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Matthew Swire
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Vineeta B Tripathi
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Ulrich F O Luhmann
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Clemens A K Lange
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- University Eye Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zhenhua Zhai
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | | | - James Bainbridge
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephen E Moss
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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Lee JH, Park DH, Back DB, Lee JY, Lee CI, Park KJ, Kang SH, Cho TH, Chung YG. Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers between idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced chronic hydrocephalus: a pilot study. Med Sci Monit 2013. [PMID: 23197244 PMCID: PMC3560808 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) to investigate the pathophysiology and mechanism of communicating hydrocephalus compared to obstructive hydrocephalus. Material/Methods We obtained CSF samples from 8 INPH, 10 SAH-induced hydrocephalus, and 6 unmatched patients with non-hemorrhagic obstructive hydrocephalus during their ventriculoperitoneal shunt operations. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and total tau in the CSF were analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The mean VEGF levels in the CSF of patients with SAH-induced hydrocephalus, INPH, and obstructive hydrocephalus were 239±131, 239±75, and 163±122 pg/mL, respectively. The total tau concentrations in the CSF of the groups were 1139±1900, 325±325, and 1550±2886 pg/mL, respectively. TNF-α values were 114±34, 134±38, and 55±16 pg/mL, respectively. TGF-β1 values were 953±430, 869±447, and 136±63 pg/mL, respectively. A significant difference in TNF-α and TGF-β1 levels was observed only between SAH-induced and chronic obstructive hydrocephalus, and between INPH and chronic obstructive hydrocephalus (p<0.01). Conclusions No significant differences in the 4 CSF biomarker levels were observed between INPH and SAH-induced hydrocephalus, whereas CSF TNF-α and TGF-β1 levels were increased compared to those in patients with chronic obstructive hydrocephalus. Post-SAH hydrocephalus and INPH are probably more destructive to neural tissues, and then stimulate the inflammatory reaction and healing process, compared with obstructive hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, South Korea
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Nakajima M, Arai H, Miyajima M. [Diagnostic value of CSF biomarker profile in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus; leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein is a potential biological marker]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2012; 50:973-6. [PMID: 21921531 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.50.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting can improve symptoms of elderly patients idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). However, adjunctive means for confirming the diagnosis remain unavailable. We have previously reported specific increase of leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG) in iNPH CSF, and present study investigates its potential clinical applications. METHODS We performed CSF tap test (TT) on 90 patients and shunting in 52 patients (mean age 73.5 years), evaluating symptom improvement and higher cerebral functions-MMSE and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) before and twelve months after shunting. LRG and tau protein concentrations in TT CSF were simultaneously measured using ELIZA. Then we compared the predictive value of these concentrations with TT results regarding successful shunting outcomes. FINDINGS Positive combinations of TT and LRG concentrations of 67 ng/mL or higher, gave 81.6% sensitivity and 78.6% specificity. Therefore we used LRG (67 ng/mL) and tau (200 pg/mL) cutoff values, LRG ≥ 67 ng/ml and tau < 200 pg/ml, 31 of 34 patients (91.2%) had a positive TT and all operated 22 patients were shunt responders. Dementia MMSE and FAB scores in them increased from a baseline of 22.05 to 25.65 and 11.38 to 13.08 respectively. CONCLUSIONS A combination of positive TT and biomarkers quantification such as LRG and tau protein, can reliably predict shunting outcome in iNPH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Nakajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine
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Lee JH, Back DB, Park DH, Cha YH, Kang SH, Suh JK. Increased Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Ventricular Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Predictive Marker for Subsequent Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Infection : A Comparison Study among Hydrocephalic Patients. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2012; 51:328-33. [PMID: 22949960 PMCID: PMC3424171 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2012.51.6.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to determine the association between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and inflammation, and the predictive value of these CSF biomarkers for subsequent shunt associated infection. Methods We obtained CSF samples from the patients with hydrocephalus during ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt operations. Twenty-two patients were enrolled for this study and divided into 3 groups: subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced hydrocephalus, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) and hydrocephalus with a subsequent shunt infection. We analyzed the transforming growth factor-β1, tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and total tau in the CSF by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The subsequent development of shunt infection was confirmed by the clinical presentations, the CSF parameters and CSF culture from the shunt devices. Results The mean VEGF concentration (±standard deviation) in the CSF of the SAH-induced hydrocephalus, INPH and shunt infection groups was 236±138, 237±80 and 627±391 pg/mL, respectively. There was a significant difference among the three groups (p=0.01). Between the SAH-induced hydrocephalus and infection groups and between the INPH and infection groups, there was a significant difference of the VEGF levels (p<0.01). However, the other marker levels did not differ among them. Conclusion The present study showed that only the CSF VEGF levels are associated with the subsequent development of shunt infection. Our results suggest that increased CSF VEGF could provide a good condition for bacteria that are introduced at the time of surgery to grow in the brain, rather than reflecting a sequel of bacterial infection before VP shunt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Johnson MD, O’Connell M, Iqbal MA, Williams JP. Radiation effects on human leptomeningeal cell response to cerebrospinal fluid and PDGF-BB. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:547-55. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.690929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lynch J, Fay J, Meehan M, Bryan K, Watters KM, Murphy DM, Stallings RL. MiRNA-335 suppresses neuroblastoma cell invasiveness by direct targeting of multiple genes from the non-canonical TGF-β signalling pathway. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:976-85. [PMID: 22382496 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling regulates many diverse cellular activities through both canonical (SMAD-dependent) and non-canonical branches, which includes the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Rho-like guanosine triphosphatase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathways. Here, we demonstrate that miR-335 directly targets and downregulates genes in the TGF-β non-canonical pathways, including the Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein (ROCK1) and MAPK1, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of downstream pathway members. Specifically, inhibition of ROCK1 and MAPK1 reduces phosphorylation levels of the motor protein myosin light chain (MLC) leading to a significant inhibition of the invasive and migratory potential of neuroblastoma cells. Additionally, miR-335 targets the leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) messenger RNA, which similarly results in a significant reduction in the phosphorylation status of MLC and a decrease in neuroblastoma cell migration and invasion. Thus, we link LRG1 to the migratory machinery of the cell, altering its activity presumably by exerting its effect within the non-canonical TGF-β pathway. Moreover, we demonstrate that the MYCN transcription factor, whose coding sequence is highly amplified in a particularly clinically aggressive neuroblastoma tumor subtype, directly binds to a region immediately upstream of the miR-335 transcriptional start site, resulting in transcriptional repression. We conclude that MYCN contributes to neuroblastoma cell migration and invasion, by directly downregulating miR-335, resulting in the upregulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway members ROCK1, MAPK1 and putative member LRG1, which positively promote this process. Our results provide novel insight into the direct regulation of TGF-β non-canonical signaling by miR-335, which in turn is downregulated by MYCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lynch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, York House, York Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Tapia-González S, Giráldez-Pérez RM, Cuartero MI, Casarejos MJ, Mena MÁ, Wang XF, Sánchez-Capelo A. Dopamine and α-synuclein dysfunction in Smad3 null mice. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:72. [PMID: 21995845 PMCID: PMC3219599 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra (SN). Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels increase in patients with PD, although the effects of this increment remain unclear. We have examined the mesostriatal system in adult mice deficient in Smad3, a molecule involved in the intracellular TGF-β1 signalling cascade. Results Striatal monoamine oxidase (MAO)-mediated dopamine (DA) catabolism to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) is strongly increased, promoting oxidative stress that is reflected by an increase in glutathione levels. Fewer astrocytes are detected in the ventral midbrain (VM) and striatal matrix, suggesting decreased trophic support to dopaminergic neurons. The SN of these mice has dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in its rostral portion, and the pro-survival Erk1/2 signalling is diminished in nigra dopaminergic neurons, not associated with alterations to p-JNK or p-p38. Furthermore, inclusions of α-synuclein are evident in selected brain areas, both in the perikaryon (SN and paralemniscal nucleus) or neurites (motor and cingulate cortices, striatum and spinal cord). Interestingly, these α-synuclein deposits are detected with ubiquitin and PS129-α-synuclein in a core/halo cellular distribution, which resemble those observed in human Lewy bodies (LB). Conclusions Smad3 deficiency promotes strong catabolism of DA in the striatum (ST), decrease trophic and astrocytic support to dopaminergic neurons and may induce α-synuclein aggregation, which may be related to early parkinsonism. These data underline a role for Smad3 in α-synuclein and DA homeostasis, and suggest that modulatory molecules of this signalling pathway should be evaluated as possible neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tapia-González
- Departamento de Neurobiología-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
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Cerebrospinal fluid stimulates leptomeningeal and meningioma cell proliferation and activation of STAT3. J Neurooncol 2011; 107:121-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Nakajima M, Miyajima M, Ogino I, Watanabe M, Miyata H, Karagiozov KL, Arai H, Hagiwara Y, Segawa T, Kobayashi K, Hashimoto Y. Leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein is a marker for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011; 153:1339-46; discussion 1346. [PMID: 21336807 PMCID: PMC3098968 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-011-0963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting can improve symptoms of elderly patients' idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). However, adjunctive means for confirming the diagnosis remain unavailable. We have previously reported the specific increase of leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG) in iNPH CSF, and the present study investigates its potential clinical applications. Methods We performed CSF tap test (TT) on 90 patients (mean age 73.4 years) and shunting in 52 patients (mean age 73.5 years), evaluating symptom improvement and higher cerebral functions—mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) before and 12 months after shunting. LRG and tau protein concentrations in TT CSF were simultaneously measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We then compared the predictive value of these concentrations with TT results regarding successful shunting outcomes. Results Positive combinations of TT and LRG concentrations of 67 ng/ml or higher, gave 81.6% sensitivity and 78.6% specificity. Therefore we used LRG (67 ng/ml) and tau (200 pg/ml) cut-off values, dividing patients into four groups. In group A (LRG ≥ 67 ng/ml and tau < 200 pg/ml) 31 of 34 patients (91.2%) had a positive TT and all operated 22 patients were shunt responders. Dementia MMSE and FAB scores in them increased from a baseline of 22.05(SE ± 0.96) to 25.65 (±0.85) and 11.38 (±0.68) to 13.08 (±0.57) respectively. In group B, (LRG ≥ 67 ng/ml and tau ≥ 200 pg/ml), the mean MMSE score increased from 17.62 (±2.03) to 21.62 (±1.96), and the FAB decreased slightly from 9.25 (±1.15) to 10.5 (±1.59), without improvement beyond the range of dementia. In group C, (LRG < 67 ng/ml, tau < 200 pg/ml), the mean MMSE score improved from 22.06 (±1.25) to 24.29 (±1.23) and the FAB score improved slightly from 12.0 (±0.72) to 12.87 (±0.72). Finally, in group D, (LRG < 67 ng/ml, tau ≥ 200 pg/ml), there was almost no improvement in MMSE score Conclusions A combination of positive TT and biomarkers quantification such as LRG and tau protein, can reliably predict shunting outcome in iNPH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Nakajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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Pfenninger CV, Steinhoff C, Hertwig F, Nuber UA. Prospectively isolated CD133/CD24-positive ependymal cells from the adult spinal cord and lateral ventricle wall differ in their long-term in vitro self-renewal and in vivo gene expression. Glia 2011; 59:68-81. [PMID: 21046556 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to ependymal cells located above the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult lateral ventricle wall (LVW), adult spinal cord (SC) ependymal cells possess certain neural stem cell characteristics. The molecular basis of this difference is unknown. In this study, antibodies against multiple cell surface markers were applied to isolate pure populations of SC and LVW ependymal cells, which allowed a direct comparison of their in vitro behavior and in vivo gene expression profile. Isolated CD133(+)/CD24(+)/CD45(-)/CD34(-) ependymal cells from the SC displayed in vitro self-renewal and differentiation capacity, whereas those from the LVW did not. SC ependymal cells showed a higher expression of several genes involved in cell division, cell cycle regulation, and chromosome stability, which is consistent with a long-term self-renewal capacity, and shared certain transcripts with neural stem cells of the embryonic forebrain. They also expressed several retinoic acid (RA)-regulated genes and responded to RA exposure. LVW ependymal cells showed higher transcript levels of many genes regulated by transforming growth factor-β family members. Among them were Dlx2, Id2, Hey1, which together with Foxg1 could explain their potential to turn into neuroblasts under certain environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima V Pfenninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Watson CJ, Ledwidge MT, Phelan D, Collier P, Byrne JC, Dunn MJ, McDonald KM, Baugh JA. Proteomic analysis of coronary sinus serum reveals leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein as a novel biomarker of ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4:188-97. [PMID: 21282491 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.110.952200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) prevention strategies require biomarkers that identify disease manifestation. Increases in B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) correlate with increased risk of cardiovascular events and HF development. We hypothesize that coronary sinus serum from a high BNP hypertensive population reflects an active pathological process and can be used for biomarker exploration. Our aim was to discover differentially expressed disease-associated proteins that identify patients with ventricular dysfunction and HF. METHODS AND RESULTS Coronary sinus serum from 11 asymptomatic, hypertensive patients underwent quantitative differential protein expression analysis by 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Proteins were identified using mass spectrometry and then studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera from 40 asymptomatic, hypertensive patients and 105 patients across the spectrum of ventricular dysfunction (32 asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, 26 diastolic HF, and 47 systolic HF patients). Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein (LRG) was consistently overexpressed in high BNP serum. LRG levels correlate significantly with BNP in hypertensive, asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, diastolic HF, and systolic HF patient groups (P≤0.05). LRG levels were able to identify HF independent of BNP. LRG correlates with coronary sinus serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (P=0.009) and interleukin-6 (P=0.021). LRG is expressed in myocardial tissue and correlates with transforming growth factor-βR1 (P<0.001) and α-smooth muscle actin (P=0.025) expression. CONCLUSIONS LRG was identified as a serum biomarker that accurately identifies patients with HF. Multivariable modeling confirmed that LRG is a stronger identifier of HF than BNP and this is independent of age, sex, creatinine, ischemia, β-blocker therapy, and BNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Watson
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, St Vincent's University Hospital and The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Andersen JD, Boylan KL, Jemmerson R, Geller MA, Misemer B, Harrington KM, Weivoda S, Witthuhn BA, Argenta P, Vogel RI, Skubitz AP. Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1 is upregulated in sera and tumors of ovarian cancer patients. J Ovarian Res 2010; 3:21. [PMID: 20831812 PMCID: PMC2949730 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-3-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New biomarkers that replace or are used in conjunction with the current ovarian cancer diagnostic antigen, CA125, are needed for detection of ovarian cancer in the presurgical setting, as well as for detection of disease recurrence. We previously demonstrated the upregulation of leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1 (LRG1) in the sera of ovarian cancer patients compared to healthy women using quantitative mass spectrometry. METHODS LRG1 was quantified by ELISA in serum from two relatively large cohorts of women with ovarian cancer and benign gynecological disease. The expression of LRG1 in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines was examined by gene microarray, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, immunocytochemistry and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Mean serum LRG1 was higher in 58 ovarian cancer patients than in 56 healthy women (89.33 ± 77.90 vs. 42.99 ± 9.88 ug/ml; p = 0.0008) and was highest among stage III/IV patients. In a separate set of 193 pre-surgical samples, LRG1 was higher in patients with serous or clear cell ovarian cancer (145.82 ± 65.99 ug/ml) compared to patients with benign gynecological diseases (82.53 ± 76.67 ug/ml, p < 0.0001). CA125 and LRG1 levels were moderately correlated (r = 0.47, p < 0.0001). LRG1 mRNA levels were higher in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines compared to their normal counterparts when analyzed by gene microarray and RT-PCR. LRG1 protein was detected in ovarian cancer tissue samples and cell lines by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Multiple iosforms of LRG1 were observed by Western blot and were shown to represent different glycosylation states by digestion with glycosidase. LRG1 protein was also detected in the conditioned media of ovarian cancer cell culture by ELISA, Western blotting, and mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS Serum LRG1 was significantly elevated in women with ovarian cancer compared to healthy women and women with benign gynecological disease, and was only moderately correlated with CA125. Ovarian cancer cells secrete LRG1 and may contribute directly to the elevated levels of LRG1 observed in the serum of ovarian cancer patients. Future studies will determine whether LRG1 may serve as a biomarker for presurgical diagnosis, disease recurrence, and/or as a target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Andersen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, MMC 609, 420 Delaware St, SE Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Deren KE, Packer M, Forsyth J, Milash B, Abdullah OM, Hsu EW, McAllister JP. Reactive astrocytosis, microgliosis and inflammation in rats with neonatal hydrocephalus. Exp Neurol 2010; 226:110-9. [PMID: 20713048 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of hydrocephalus, a disorder that primarily affects children, include reactive astrocytosis, microgliosis and inflammatory responses; however, the roles that these mechanisms play in the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus are still not clear in terms of cytopathology and gene expression. Therefore we have examined neuroinflammation at both the cellular and the molecular levels in an experimental model of neonatal obstructive hydrocephalus. On post-natal day 1, rats received an intracisternal injection of kaolin to induce hydrocephalus; control animals received saline injections. Prior to sacrifice on post-natal day 22, animals underwent magnetic resonance imaging to quantify ventricular enlargement, and the parietal cortex was harvested for analysis. Immunohistochemistry and light microscopy were performed on 5 hydrocephalic and 5 control animals; another set of 5 hydrocephalic and 5 control animals underwent molecular testing with Western blots and a gene microarray. Scoring of immunoreactivity on a 4-point ranking scale for GFAP and Iba-1 demonstrated an increase in reactive astrocytes and reactive microglia respectively in the hydrocephalic animals compared to controls (2.90±0.11 vs. 0.28±0.26; 2.91±0.11 vs. 0.58±0.23, respectively). Western blots confirmed these results. Microarray analysis identified significant (1.5-fold) changes in 1729 of 33,951 genes, including 26 genes out of 185 genes (26/185) in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway, antigen processing and presentation pathways (15/66), and the apoptosis pathway (10/69). Collectively, these results demonstrate alterations in normal physiology and an up-regulation of the inflammatory response. These findings lead to a better understanding of neonatal hydrocephalus and begin to form a baseline for future treatments that may reverse these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley E Deren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Medical Center, and The University of Utah, 175 N. Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Dissociation between vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and blood vessel density in the caudate nucleus after chronic hydrocephalus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:1806-15. [PMID: 19675561 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hydrocephalus (CH) is characterized by the presence of ventricular enlargement, decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF), and brain tissue oxygen delivery. Although the underlying pathophysiological role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is not clear, ischemic-hypoxic events in CH are known to trigger its release. Previously, we have shown increased VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and blood vessel density (BVd) in the hippocampus after CH. We investigated changes in neuronal and glial VEGFR-2 density and BVd in the caudate nucleus in an experimental model of CH. Animals with CH were divided into short term (ST, 2 to 4 weeks) and long term (LT, 12 to 16 weeks) and were compared with surgical controls (SCs, 12 to 16 weeks). The cellular and BVds were estimated using immunohistochemical and stereological counting methods. Overall, percentage (%)VEGFR-2 neurons were approximately two times greater in CH (ST, LT) than in SC. By comparison, glial cell %VEGFR-2 was greater by 10% to 17% in ST and 4% to 11% lower in LT compared with that in SC. Blood vessel density was significantly lower in CH than in SC in the superficial caudate. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid ventricular volume and pressure, as well as in CBF did not correlate with either VEGFR-2 or BVd. These observed findings suggest that destructive forces may outweigh angiogenic forces and possibly show a disassociation between VEGFR-2 and BV expressions.
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Shirai R, Hirano F, Ohkura N, Ikeda K, Inoue S. Up-regulation of the expression of leucine-rich alpha(2)-glycoprotein in hepatocytes by the mediators of acute-phase response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:776-9. [PMID: 19324010 PMCID: PMC7092932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein (LRG) is a plasma protein in which leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) were first discovered. Although the physiological function of LRG is not known, increases in the serum level of LRG have been reported in various diseases. In this study, we found that LRG was induced by recombinant human IL-6 in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. The induction of LRG by IL-6 was up-regulated synergistically with either IL-1β or TNFα in a pattern similar to those for type 1 acute-phase proteins. We also found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered intraperitoneally to mice enhanced dose-dependently the expression of LRG mRNA in the liver as well as those for mouse major acute-phase proteins. These results strongly suggest that LRG was a secretory type 1 acute-phase protein whose expression was up-regulated by the mediator of acute-phase response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Shirai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a syndrome of gait dysfunction and enlarged cerebral ventricles in the absence of another cause. It is frequently accompanied by frontal and subcortical cognitive deficits and bladder detrusor overactivity. NPH is rare relative to other potential causes of these symptoms in the elderly, but timely diagnosis can lead to reversal of symptoms through ventricular shunting. There are many tests used to predict possible response to surgery, such as MRI of the brain, formalized neuropsychological and gait testing, large-volume lumbar puncture, and prolonged lumbar drainage, but no one test has been validated to rule out potential response to surgery.
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Jin EH, Chae SC, Shim SC, Kim HG, Chung HT. Identification of Human LRG1 Polymorphisms and Their Genetic Association with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Genomics Inform 2008. [DOI: 10.5808/gi.2008.6.2.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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