1
|
Miao X, Wu Q, Du S, Xiang L, Zhou S, Zhu J, Chen Z, Wang H, Pan X, Fan Y, Zhang L, Qian J, Xing Y, Xie Y, Hu L, Xu H, Wang W, Wang Y, Huang Z. SARM1 Promotes Neurodegeneration and Memory Impairment in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2024; 15:390-407. [PMID: 37307837 PMCID: PMC10796105 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Sterile Alpha and Toll Interleukin Receptor Motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) has been shown to promote axonal degeneration and is involved in neuroinflammation. However, the role of SARM1 in AD remains unclear. In this study, we found that SARM1 was reduced in hippocampal neurons of AD model mice. Interestingly, conditional knockout (CKO) of SARM1 in the central nervous system (CNS, SARM1Nestin-CKO mice) delayed the cognitive decline in APP/PS1 AD model mice. Furthermore, SARM1 deletion reduced the Aβ deposition and inflammatory infiltration in the hippocampus and inhibited neurodegeneration in APP/PS1 AD model mice. Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms revealed that the signaling of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was downregulated in the hippocampus tissues of APP/PS1;SARM1Nestin-CKO mice, thereby alleviating the cognitive decline, Aβ deposition and inflammatory infiltration. These findings identify unrecognized functions of SARM1 in promoting AD and reveal the SARM1-TNF-α pathway in AD model mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Miao
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Siyu Du
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Ludan Xiang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Siyao Zhou
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Junzhe Zhu
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325205, China.
| | - Zirun Chen
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325205, China.
| | - Xuyi Pan
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325205, China.
| | - Yiren Fan
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325205, China.
| | - Lihan Zhang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325205, China.
| | - Jingkang Qian
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325205, China.
| | - Yuxuan Xing
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325205, China.
| | - Yiyang Xie
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325205, China.
| | - Lixin Hu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Haiyun Xu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
| | - Zhihui Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Litke R, Vicari J, Huang BT, Shapiro L, Roh KH, Silver A, Talreja P, Palacios N, Yoon Y, Kellner C, Kaniskan H, Vangeti S, Jin J, Ramos-Lopez I, Mobbs C. Novel small molecules inhibit proteotoxicity and inflammation: Mechanistic and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's Disease, healthspan and lifespan- Aging as a consequence of glycolysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544352. [PMID: 37398396 PMCID: PMC10312632 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation drives many age-related, especially neurological, diseases, and likely mediates age-related proteotoxicity. For example, dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), cerebral vascular disease, many other neurodegenerative conditions is increasingly among the most devastating burdens on the American (and world) health system and threatens to bankrupt the American health system as the population ages unless effective treatments are developed. Dementia due to either AD or cerebral vascular disease, and plausibly many other neurodegenerative and even psychiatric conditions, is driven by increased age-related inflammation, which in turn appears to mediate Abeta and related proteotoxic processes. The functional significance of inflammation during aging is also supported by the fact that Humira, which is simply an antibody to the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a, is the best-selling drug in the world by revenue. These observations led us to develop parallel high-throughput screens to discover small molecules which inhibit age-related Abeta proteotoxicity in a C. elegans model of AD AND LPS-induced microglial TNF-a. In the initial screen of 2560 compounds (Microsource Spectrum library) to delay Abeta proteotoxicity, the most protective compounds were, in order, phenylbutyrate, methicillin, and quetiapine, which belong to drug classes (HDAC inhibitors, beta lactam antibiotics, and tricyclic antipsychotics, respectably) already robustly implicated as promising to protect in neurodegenerative diseases, especially AD. RNAi and chemical screens indicated that the protective effects of HDAC inhibitors to reduce Abeta proteotoxicity are mediated by inhibition of HDAC2, also implicated in human AD, dependent on the HAT Creb binding protein (Cbp), which is also required for the protective effects of both dietary restriction and the daf-2 mutation (inactivation of IGF-1 signaling) during aging. In addition to methicillin, several other beta lactam antibiotics also delayed Abeta proteotoxicity and reduced microglial TNF-a. In addition to quetiapine, several other tricyclic antipsychotic drugs also delayed age-related Abeta proteotoxicity and increased microglial TNF-a, leading to the synthesis of a novel congener, GM310, which delays Abeta as well as Huntingtin proteotoxicity, inhibits LPS-induced mouse and human microglial and monocyte TNF-a, is highly concentrated in brain after oral delivery with no apparent toxicity, increases lifespan, and produces molecular responses highly similar to those produced by dietary restriction, including induction of Cbp inhibition of inhibitors of Cbp, and genes promoting a shift away from glycolysis and toward metabolism of alternate (e.g., lipid) substrates. GM310, as well as FDA-approved tricyclic congeners, prevented functional impairments and associated increase in TNF-a in a mouse model of stroke. Robust reduction of glycolysis by GM310 was functionally corroborated by flux analysis, and the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG inhibited microglial TNF-a and other markers of inflammation, delayed Abeta proteotoxicity, and increased lifespan. These results support the value of phenotypic screens to discover drugs to treat age-related, especially neurological and even psychiatric diseases, including AD and stroke, and to clarify novel mechanisms driving neurodegeneration (e.g., increased microglial glycolysis drives neuroinflammation and subsequent neurotoxicity) suggesting novel treatments (selective inhibitors of microglial glycolysis).
Collapse
|
3
|
Ding B, Zhou S, Wang Z, Liu W, Gao L, Ding Y, Huang H, Zhu Q, Zhang J. Macrophage autophagy contributes to immune liver injury in trichloroethylene sensitized mice: Critical role of TNF-α mediating mTOR pathway. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2267-2281. [PMID: 37490340 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) induces occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis due to TCE (OMDT) with immune liver injury, and TNF-α plays an important role in macrophage polarization and liver injury. However, TNF-α regulating macrophage polarization in liver injury induced by TCE is still unknown. Thus, on the basis of our previous research, we established the TCE-sensitized BALB/c mouse model with R7050, a specific inhibitor of TNFR1. Then, we observed significant decreases in autophagy related protein and gene levels in M1 macrophage in TCE positive group, and R7050 can relieve M1 macrophage autophagy. We also found the phosphorylated form of mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) was activated and the expression of p-mTOR protein increased induce by TCE. In vitro, we found TNFR1 and CD11c were increased in RAW264.7 cell line with TNF-α. And then we use Zafirlukast (Zaf), an TNFR1 antagonist, CD11c and TNFR1 reduced significantly, we also found p-mTOR expression increased after TNF-α treatment, but decreased in TNF-α + Zaf group. Further, we used Rapamycin (RAP), a mTOR-specific inhibitor, to establish a TCE-sensitized mice model and found the expression levels of p62 and p-mTOR proteins increased and LC3B decreased in the TCE positive group, while RAP treatment reversed the trends of all of these proteins. Rapamycin prevented the TNF-α-induced p-mTOR increase and dramatically downregulated IL-1β expression in the RAW264.7 cell line with TNF-α treatment. The results uncover a novel role for TNF-α/TNFR1, which promotes M1 polarization of macrophage and suppresses macrophage autophagy via the mTOR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baiwang Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sifan Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhoujian Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yani Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qixing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Dermatological, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sustained Hyperammonemia Activates NF-κB in Purkinje Neurons Through Activation of the TrkB-PI3K-AKT Pathway by Microglia-Derived BDNF in a Rat Model of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3071-3085. [PMID: 36790604 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hyperammonemia is a main contributor to the cognitive and motor impairment in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Sustained hyperammonemia induces the TNFα expression in Purkinje neurons, mediated by NF-κB activation. The aims were the following: (1) to assess if enhanced TrkB activation by BDNF is responsible for enhanced NF-κB activation in Purkinje neurons in hyperammonemic rats, (2) to assess if this is associated with increased content of NF-κB modulated proteins such as TNFα, HMGB1, or glutaminase I, (3) to assess if these changes are due to enhanced activation of the TNFR1-S1PR2-CCR2-BDNF-TrkB pathway, (4) to analyze if increased activation of NF-κB is mediated by the PI3K-AKT pathway. It is shown that, in the cerebellum of hyperammonemic rats, increased BDNF levels enhance TrkB activation in Purkinje neurons leading to activation of PI3K, which enhances phosphorylation of AKT and of IκB, leading to increased nuclear translocation of NF-κB which enhances TNFα, HMGB1, and glutaminase I content. To assess if the changes are due to enhanced activation of the TNFR1-S1PR2-CCR2 pathway, we blocked TNFR1 with R7050, S1PR2 with JTE-013, and CCR2 with RS504393. These changes are reversed by blocking TrkB, PI3K, or the TNFR1-SP1PR2-CCL2-CCR2-BDNF-TrkB pathway at any step. In hyperammonemic rats, increased levels of BDNF enhance TrkB activation in Purkinje neurons, leading to activation of the PI3K-AKT-IκB-NF-κB pathway which increased the content of glutaminase I, HMGB1, and TNFα. Enhanced activation of this TrkB-PI3K-AKT-NF-κB pathway would contribute to impairing the function of Purkinje neurons and motor function in hyperammonemic rats and likely in cirrhotic patients with minimal or clinical hepatic encephalopathy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ohashi SN, DeLong JH, Kozberg MG, Mazur-Hart DJ, van Veluw SJ, Alkayed NJ, Sansing LH. Role of Inflammatory Processes in Hemorrhagic Stroke. Stroke 2023; 54:605-619. [PMID: 36601948 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.037155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke is the deadliest form of stroke and includes the subtypes of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. A common cause of hemorrhagic stroke in older individuals is cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage both lead to the rapid collection of blood in the central nervous system and generate inflammatory immune responses that involve both brain resident and infiltrating immune cells. These responses are complex and can contribute to both tissue recovery and tissue injury. Despite the interconnectedness of these major subtypes of hemorrhagic stroke, few reviews have discussed them collectively. The present review provides an update on inflammatory processes that occur in response to intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhage. The goal is to highlight inflammatory processes that underlie disease pathology and recovery. We aim to discuss recent advances in our understanding of these conditions and identify gaps in knowledge with the potential to develop effective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Ohashi
- Department of Neurology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan H DeLong
- Department of Neurology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mariel G Kozberg
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
| | - David J Mazur-Hart
- Department of Neurological Surgery (D.J.M.-H.), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland
| | - Susanne J van Veluw
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (N.J.A.), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Knobel P, Litke R, Mobbs CV. Biological age and environmental risk factors for dementia and stroke: Molecular mechanisms. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1042488. [PMID: 36620763 PMCID: PMC9813958 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1042488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the development of antibiotics and vaccination, as well as major improvements in public hygiene, the main risk factors for morbidity and mortality are age and chronic exposure to environmental factors, both of which can interact with genetic predispositions. As the average age of the population increases, the prevalence and costs of chronic diseases, especially neurological conditions, are rapidly increasing. The deleterious effects of age and environmental risk factors, develop chronically over relatively long periods of time, in contrast to the relatively rapid deleterious effects of infectious diseases or accidents. Of particular interest is the hypothesis that the deleterious effects of environmental factors may be mediated by acceleration of biological age. This hypothesis is supported by evidence that dietary restriction, which universally delays age-related diseases, also ameliorates deleterious effects of environmental factors. Conversely, both age and environmental risk factors are associated with the accumulation of somatic mutations in mitotic cells and epigenetic modifications that are a measure of "biological age", a better predictor of age-related morbidity and mortality than chronological age. Here we review evidence that environmental risk factors such as smoking and air pollution may also drive neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's Disease, by the acceleration of biological age, mediated by cumulative and persistent epigenetic effects as well as somatic mutations. Elucidation of such mechanisms could plausibly allow the development of interventions which delay deleterious effects of both aging and environmental risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Knobel
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rachel Litke
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charles V. Mobbs
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Charles V. Mobbs,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo Y, Dai W, Zheng Y, Qiao W, Chen W, Peng L, Zhou H, Zhao T, Liu H, Zheng F, Sun P. Mechanism and Regulation of Microglia Polarization in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207080. [PMID: 36296682 PMCID: PMC9611828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal subtype of stroke, but effective treatments are lacking, and neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis. In the innate immune response to cerebral hemorrhage, microglia first appear around the injured tissue and are involved in the inflammatory cascade response. Microglia respond to acute brain injury by being activated and polarized to either a typical M1-like (pro-inflammatory) or an alternative M2-like (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. These two polarization states produce pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. With the discovery of the molecular mechanisms and key signaling molecules related to the polarization of microglia in the brain, some targets that regulate the polarization of microglia to reduce the inflammatory response are considered a treatment for secondary brain tissue after ICH damage effective strategies. Therefore, how to promote the polarization of microglia to the M2 phenotype after ICH has become the focus of attention in recent years. This article reviews the mechanism of action of microglia’s M1 and M2 phenotypes in secondary brain injury after ICH. Moreover, it discusses compounds and natural pharmaceutical ingredients that can polarize the M1 to the M2 phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Weibo Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528401, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Weilin Qiao
- Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528411, China
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528411, China
| | - Lihua Peng
- Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528411, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Foreign Languages, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Huimin Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362002, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Peng Sun
- Innovation Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (H.L.); (F.Z.); (P.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arenas YM, Martínez-García M, Llansola M, Felipo V. Enhanced BDNF and TrkB Activation Enhance GABA Neurotransmission in Cerebellum in Hyperammonemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911770. [PMID: 36233065 PMCID: PMC9570361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyperammonemia is a main contributor to minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in cirrhotic patients. Hyperammonemic rats reproduce the motor incoordination of MHE patients, which is due to enhanced GABAergic neurotransmission in the cerebellum as a consequence of neuroinflammation. In hyperammonemic rats, neuroinflammation increases BDNF by activating the TNFR1–S1PR2–CCR2 pathway. (1) Identify mechanisms enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission in hyperammonemia; (2) assess the role of enhanced activation of TrkB; and (3) assess the role of the TNFR1–S1PR2–CCR2–BDNF pathway. In the cerebellum of hyperammonemic rats, increased BDNF levels enhance TrkB activation in Purkinje neurons, leading to increased GAD65, GAD67 and GABA levels. Enhanced TrkB activation also increases the membrane expression of the γ2, α2 and β3 subunits of GABAA receptors and of KCC2. Moreover, enhanced TrkB activation in activated astrocytes increases the membrane expression of GAT3 and NKCC1. These changes are reversed by blocking TrkB or the TNFR1–SP1PR2–CCL2–CCR2–BDNF–TrkB pathway. Hyperammonemia-induced neuroinflammation increases BDNF and TrkB activation, leading to increased synthesis and extracellular GABA, and the amount of GABAA receptors in the membrane and chloride gradient. These factors enhance GABAergic neurotransmission in the cerebellum. Blocking TrkB or the TNFR1–SP1PR2–CCL2–CCR2–BDNF–TrkB pathway would improve motor function in patients with hepatic encephalopathy and likely with other pathologies associated with neuroinflammation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao Z, Li Q, Ashraf U, Yang M, Zhu W, Gu J, Chen Z, Gu C, Si Y, Cao S, Ye J. Zika virus causes placental pyroptosis and associated adverse fetal outcomes by activating GSDME. eLife 2022; 11:73792. [PMID: 35972780 PMCID: PMC9381041 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) can be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, causing adverse fetal outcomes. Several studies have indicated that ZIKV can damage the fetal brain directly; however, whether the ZIKV-induced maternal placental injury contributes to adverse fetal outcomes is sparsely defined. Here, we demonstrated that ZIKV causes the pyroptosis of placental cells by activating the executor gasdermin E (GSDME) in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, TNF-α release is induced upon the recognition of viral genomic RNA by RIG-I, followed by activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 to ultimately escalate the GSDME cleavage. Further analyses revealed that the ablation of GSDME or treatment with TNF-α receptor antagonist in ZIKV-infected pregnant mice attenuates placental pyroptosis, which consequently confers protection against adverse fetal outcomes. In conclusion, our study unveils a novel mechanism of ZIKV-induced adverse fetal outcomes via causing placental cell pyroptosis, which provides new clues for developing therapies for ZIKV-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zikai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Usama Ashraf
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changqin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youhui Si
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu K, Ding Y, Yu H, Zhu W, Yu H, Luo Y, Zheng X, Huang Y, Lu Z, Wang X. Visualizing Lysosomal Positioning with a Fluorescent Probe Reveals a New Synergistic Anticancer Effect. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1867-1873. [PMID: 35766996 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The observation and discovery of lysosome dynamic alterations will greatly contribute to the in-depth understanding of lysosome biology and the development of new cancer therapeutics. To visualize lysosomal dynamics, here we have developed a lysosome-targetable fluorescent probe of NIM-3 showing integrated high selectivity, high photostability, and low cytotoxicity. With the aid of the excellent spatial and temporal imaging capability of NIM-3, three different types of motion of lysosomes were defined, and perinuclear accumulation of lysosomes in response to the pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulus was observed in various cells. More importantly, through lysosomal positioning studies, a new and potential anticancer therapy, i.e., the combination treatment of TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and chloroquine (CQ, a lysosomal pH elevator), was disclosed. The efficacy of the "CQ + TNFα" treatment was verified by different types of human cancer cells, and the anticancer mechanism may be partially attributed to lysosomal dilation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yufeng Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hua Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wencheng Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanju Luo
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiongjun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fan Y, Cui C, Rosen CJ, Sato T, Xu R, Li P, Wei X, Bi R, Yuan Q, Zhou C. Klotho in Osx +-mesenchymal progenitors exerts pro-osteogenic and anti-inflammatory effects during mandibular alveolar bone formation and repair. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:155. [PMID: 35538062 PMCID: PMC9090922 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maxillofacial bone defects are commonly seen in clinical practice. A clearer understanding of the regulatory network directing maxillofacial bone formation will promote the development of novel therapeutic approaches for bone regeneration. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling pathway is critical for the development of maxillofacial bone. Klotho, a type I transmembrane protein, is an important components of FGF receptor complexes. Recent studies have reported the presence of Klotho expression in bone. However, the role of Klotho in cranioskeletal development and repair remains unknown. Here, we use a genetic strategy to report that deletion of Klotho in Osx-positive mesenchymal progenitors leads to a significant reduction in osteogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions. Klotho-deficient mensenchymal progenitors also suppress osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Under conditions of inflammation and trauma-induced bone loss, we find that Klotho exerts an inhibitory function on inflammation-induced TNFR signaling by attenuating Rankl expression. More importantly, we show for the first time that Klotho is present in human alveolar bone, with a distinct expression pattern under both normal and pathological conditions. In summary, our results identify the mechanism whereby Klotho expressed in Osx+-mensenchymal progenitors controls osteoblast differentiation and osteoclastogenesis during mandibular alveolar bone formation and repair. Klotho-mediated signaling is an important component of alveolar bone remodeling and regeneration. It may also be a target for future therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 510055, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Tadatoshi Sato
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ruoshi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peiran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthognathic and TMJ Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 510055, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruiye Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthognathic and TMJ Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Duan R, Wang N, Shang Y, Li H, Liu Q, Li L, Zhao X. TNF-α (G-308A) Polymorphism, Circulating Levels of TNF-α and IGF-1: Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke—An Updated Meta-Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:831910. [PMID: 35370618 PMCID: PMC8966404 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.831910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Accumulated studies have explored gene polymorphisms and circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 in the etiology of ischemic stroke (IS). Of the numerous etiopathological factors for IS, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1800629 located in the TNF-α gene promoter region and increased levels of TNF-α were found to be associated with IS in different ethnic backgrounds. However, the published results are inconsistent and inconclusive. The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate the concordance between rs1800629 polymorphism and IS. A secondary aim was to explore circulating levels of TNF-α and IGF-1 with IS in different ethnic backgrounds and different sourced specimens. Methods In this study, we examined whether rs1800629 genetic variant and levels of TNF-α and IGF-1 were related to the etiology of IS by performing a meta-analysis. Relevant case-control studies were retrieved by database searching and systematically selected according to established inclusion criteria. Results A total of 47 articles were identified that explored the relationship between the rs1800629 polymorphism and levels of TNF-α and IGF-1 with IS risk susceptibility. Statistical analyses revealed a significant association between the rs1800629 polymorphism and levels of TNF-α and IGF-1 with IS pathogenesis. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that the TNF-α rs1800629 polymorphism, the increased levels of TNF-α, and decreased levels of IGF-1 were involved in the etiology of IS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Duan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanan Shang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hengfen Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Li,
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Xiaofeng Zhao,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Arenas YM, Balzano T, Ivaylova G, Llansola M, Felipo V. The S1PR2‐CCL2‐BDNF‐TrkB pathway mediates neuroinflammation and motor incoordination in hyperammonaemia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12799. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza M. Arenas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia Spain
| | - Tiziano Balzano
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia Spain
| | - Gergana Ivaylova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia Spain
| | - Marta Llansola
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang JX, Yang Y, Huang H, Xie HB, Huang M, Jiang W, Ding BW, Zhu QX. TNF-α/TNFR1 regulates the polarization of Kupffer cells to mediate trichloroethylene-induced liver injury. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113141. [PMID: 34974362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown trichloroethylene (TCE) induced immune liver injury, and TNF-α/TNFR1 pathway as a probably mechanism underlying the immune damage, but the pathogenic mechanism is still unclear. The study aims to investigate whether TNF-α and its receptors regulate Kupffer cell polarization and downstream inflammation signaling pathways during TCE sensitization, to clarify the mechanism of TCE-mediated immune liver injury. 6-8 weeks old SPF BALB/c female mice were used to establish a TCE sensitization model. We found that in the TCE sensitization positive group, liver injury was aggravated, Kupffer cells activated and polarized to M1 type. The expression of M1 Kupffer cell marker proteins CD11c and CD16/32 increased in the TCE positive group, so did TNF-α and TNFR1 in liver. The expression of P-IKK protein, PP65 protein and P-STAT3 protein increased in the TCE sensitization positive group, and the downstream inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6 also increased in the TCE sensitization positive group. After using the TNFR1 inhibitor R7050, we found that M1 Kupffer cell polarization, TNF-α expression, signal pathway expression and inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6 expression declined, and the liver damage relieved. Briefly, the use of R7050 to inhibit TNF-α/TNFR1 changing the polarization of liver M1 Kupffer cell, thereby inhibiting the activation of related downstream signaling pathways and reducing the secretion of inflammatory factors. TNF-α/TNFR1 regulates the polarization of M1 Kupffer cells inflammatory play an important role in liver immune damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Institute of Dermatology, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Bo Xie
- Institute of Dermatology, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of dermatological, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Huang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bai-Wang Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qi-Xing Zhu
- Institute of Dermatology, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of dermatological, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Poltavets AS, Mescheryakova NV, Kolesova YS, Artyuhov AS, Dashinimaev EB. Generation of TNFαR1 and ASIC1a Knockout Human Neural Stem Cells In Vitro by CRISPR/Cas9 System. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
16
|
Lin SY, Wang YY, Chang CY, Wu CC, Chen WY, Liao SL, Chen CJ. TNF-α Receptor Inhibitor Alleviates Metabolic and Inflammatory Changes in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060851. [PMID: 34073455 PMCID: PMC8228519 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia and inflammation, with their augmented interplay, are involved in cases of stroke with poor outcomes. Interrupting this vicious cycle thus has the potential to prevent stroke disease progression. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is an emerging molecule, which has inflammatory and metabolic roles. Studies have shown that TNF-α receptor inhibitor R-7050 possesses neuroprotective, antihyperglycemic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Using a rat model of permanent cerebral ischemia, pretreatment with R-7050 offered protection against poststroke neurological deficits, brain infarction, edema, oxidative stress, and caspase 3 activation. In the injured cortical tissues, R-7050 reversed the activation of TNF receptor-I (TNFRI), NF-κB, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as the reduction of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). In the in vitro study on bEnd.3 endothelial cells, R-7050 reduced the decline of ZO-1 levels after TNF-α-exposure. R-7050 also reduced the metabolic alterations occurring after ischemic stroke, such as hyperglycemia and increased plasma corticosterone, free fatty acids, C reactive protein, and fibroblast growth factor-15 concentrations. In the gastrocnemius muscles of rats with stroke, R-7050 improved activated TNFRI/NF-κB, oxidative stress, and IL-6 pathways, as well as impaired insulin signaling. Overall, our findings highlight a feasible way to combat stroke disease based on an anti-TNF therapy that involves anti-inflammatory and metabolic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung City 420, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
- Department of Financial Engineering, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan
- Department of Data Science and Big Data Analytics, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2359-2525 (ext. 4022)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pal A, Tapadar P, Pal R. Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of Cinnamic Acid-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Triple Negative MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1141-1150. [PMID: 32767960 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200807222248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamic Acid (CA), also known as 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, is a naturally occurring aromatic fatty acid found commonly in cinnamon, grapes, tea, cocoa, spinach and celery. Various studies have identified CA to have anti-proliferative action on glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate and lung carcinoma cells. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the cytotoxic effect of CA in killing MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells. METHODS We performed MTT assay and trypan blue assay to determine cell viability and cell death, respectively. Comet analysis was carried out to investigate DNA damage of individual cells. Furthermore, AO/EtBr assay and sub-G1 analysis using flow cytometry were used to study apoptosis. Protein isolation followed by immunoblotting was used to observe protein abundance in treated and untreated cancer cells. RESULTS Using MTT assay, we have determined CA to reduce cell viability in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and tumorigenic HEK 293 cells but not in normal NIH3T3 fibroblast cells. Subsequently, trypan blue assay and comet assay showed CA to cause cell death and DNA damage, respectively, in the MDA-MB-231 cells. Using AO/EtBr staining and sub-G1 analysis, we further established CA to increase apoptosis. Additionally, immunoblotting showed the abundance of TNFA, TNF Receptor 1 (TNFR1) and cleaved caspase-8/-3 proapoptotic proteins to increase with CA treatment. Subsequently, blocking of TNFA-TNFR1 signalling by small molecule inhibitor, R-7050, reduced the expression of cleaved caspase-8 and caspase-3 at the protein level. CONCLUSION Thus, from the above observations, we can conclude that CA is an effective anticancer agent that can induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells via TNFA-TNFR1 mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Pal
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Poulami Tapadar
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Ranjana Pal
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cha M, Kwon M, Park M, Oh JH, Sung KK, Lee BH. Combined treatment of Taraxaci Herba and R7050 alleviates the symptoms of herpes simplex virus-induced Behçet's disease in rats. Integr Med Res 2021; 10:100720. [PMID: 33898245 PMCID: PMC8059053 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2021.100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory systemic disease that affects multiple organs. The causes of BD are still unknown, but it is primarily characterized by autoimmune reaction in the blood vessels. Current research focuses on treatments that can reduce the non-typical inflammatory responses of BD. Nevertheless, studies on improving the inflammatory effect of BD using inflammation mechanisms are still insufficient. Therefore, we conducted the integrated treatments related to inflammation modulation and achieved alleviation of symptoms in BD mice. Methods To understand the complex etiology of BD and compare its management, the herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced BD mouse model was used. In order to alleviate the inflammatory response in BD mice, Taraxaci Herba (TH, herbal medicine), R7050-a TNFα inhibitor, and a mixture of TH and R7050 were injected for 2 weeks repetitively. The SCORAD index was examined to evaluate the cutaneous inflammations. In addition, histological changes and inflammatory factors were analyzed. Results Repetitive injection of TH and/or R7050 reduced the symptoms of BD and significantly decreased IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα in blood sera. Moreover, this treatment reduced the ulcers and the deterioration of skin. Conclusions The results of our study showed that the down-regulation of inflammatory factors is related to the control of immune responses in BD models, suggesting that a mixed drug treatment may be more effective in improving the condition of BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myeounghoon Cha
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Kwon
- Department of Nursing, Kyungil University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hwan Oh
- Jangheung Integrative Medical Hospital, Wonkwang University, Jangheung, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Keyng Sung
- Jangheung Integrative Medical Hospital, Wonkwang University, Jangheung, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang X, Li F, Liu Y, Li D, Li J. Study on the Correlation Between NF-κB and Central Fatigue. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1975-1986. [PMID: 33586033 PMCID: PMC8500872 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the World Health Organization (WHO) has included fatigue as a major risk factor for human life and health. The incidence rate of fatigue is high. In Europe and America, nearly 1/3 of the population is suffering from fatigue. Due to the acceleration of modern people’s life rhythm and the increase of work pressure, more and more attention has been paid to central fatigue. The activation of NF-κB is related to central fatigue, which has been paid little attention by previous studies. At the same time, previous studies have mostly focused on the immune regulation function of NF-κB, while the NF-κB pathway plays an equally important role in regulating nerve function. NF-κB can participate in the occurrence and development of central fatigue by mediating immune inflammatory response, regulating central excitability and inhibitory transmitters, regulating synaptic plasticity and regulating central nervous system (CNS) functional genes. In addition to neuroprotective effects, NF-κB also has nerve damage effects, which is also closely related to the occurrence and development of central fatigue. In this review, we focus on the relationship between NF-κB pathway and central fatigue and further explore the biological mechanism of central fatigue. At the same time, the clinical application and potential of typical NF-κB inhibitors in the treatment of fatigue were analyzed to provide reference for the clinical treatment of central fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhe Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Feng Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Danxi Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Al-Kawaz MN, Hanley DF, Ziai W. Advances in Therapeutic Approaches for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1757-1767. [PMID: 32720246 PMCID: PMC7851203 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results in high rates of morbidity and mortality, with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) being associated with even worse outcomes. Therapeutic interventions in acute ICH have continued to emerge with focus on arresting hemorrhage expansion, clot volume reduction of both intraventricular and parenchymal hematomas, and targeting perihematomal edema and inflammation. Large randomized controlled trials addressing the effectiveness of rapid blood pressure lowering, hemostatic therapy with platelet transfusion, and other clotting complexes and hematoma volume reduction using minimally invasive techniques have impacted clinical guidelines. We review the recent evolution in the management of acute spontaneous ICH, discussing which interventions have been shown to be safe and which may potentially improve outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mais N Al-Kawaz
- The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans Street, Phipps 455, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans Street, Phipps 455, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Wendy Ziai
- The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans Street, Phipps 455, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jiang GJ, Fan TJ. Novel techniques to prevent apoptosis and improve regeneration in corneal endothelial cells. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2020.1794821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jian Jiang
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ting-Jun Fan
- Laboratory for Corneal Tissue Engineering, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kletzmayr A, Ivarsson ME, Leroux JC. Investigational Therapies for Primary Hyperoxaluria. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1696-1707. [PMID: 32539351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have brought exciting new insights in the field of primary hyperoxaluria (PH), both on a basic research level as well as through the progress of novel therapeutics in clinical development. To date, very few supportive measures are available for patients suffering from PH, which, together with the severity of the disorder, make disease management challenging. Basic and clinical research and development efforts range from correcting the underlying gene mutations, preventing calcium oxalate crystal-induced kidney damage, to the administration of probiotics favoring the intestinal secretion of excess oxalate. In this review, current advances in the development of those strategies are presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kletzmayr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fang Y, Gao S, Wang X, Cao Y, Lu J, Chen S, Lenahan C, Zhang JH, Shao A, Zhang J. Programmed Cell Deaths and Potential Crosstalk With Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction After Hemorrhagic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:68. [PMID: 32317935 PMCID: PMC7146617 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke is a life-threatening neurological disease characterized by high mortality and morbidity. Various pathophysiological responses are initiated after blood enters the interstitial space of the brain, compressing the brain tissue and thus causing cell death. Recently, three new programmed cell deaths (PCDs), necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, were also found to be important contributors in the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic stroke. Additionally, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic stroke. The primary insult following BBB dysfunction may disrupt the tight junctions (TJs), transporters, transcytosis, and leukocyte adhesion molecule expression, which may lead to brain edema, ionic homeostasis disruption, altered signaling, and immune infiltration, consequently causing neuronal cell death. This review article summarizes recent advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms regarding these new PCDs and reviews their contributions in hemorrhagic stroke and potential crosstalk in BBB dysfunction. Numerous studies revealed that necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis participate in cell death after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Endothelial dysfunction caused by these three PCDs may be the critical factor during BBB damage. Also, several signaling pathways were involved in PCDs and BBB dysfunction. These new PCDs (necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis), as well as BBB dysfunction, each play a critical role after hemorrhagic stroke. A better understanding of the interrelationship among them might provide us with better therapeutic targets for the treatment of hemorrhagic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States.,Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Balzano T, Arenas YM, Dadsetan S, Forteza J, Gil-Perotin S, Cubas-Nuñez L, Casanova B, Gracià F, Varela-Andrés N, Montoliu C, Llansola M, Felipo V. Sustained hyperammonemia induces TNF-a IN Purkinje neurons by activating the TNFR1-NF-κB pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:70. [PMID: 32087723 PMCID: PMC7035786 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with liver cirrhosis may develop hepatic encephalopathy. Rats with chronic hyperammonemia exhibit neurological alterations mediated by peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation. Motor incoordination is due to increased TNF-a levels and activation of its receptor TNFR1 in the cerebellum. The aims were to assess (a) whether peripheral inflammation is responsible for TNF-a induction in hyperammonemic rats, (b) the cell type(s) in which TNF-a is increased, (c) whether this increase is associated with increased nuclear NF-κB and TNFR1 activation, (d) the time course of TNF-a induction, and (e) if TNF-a is induced in the Purkinje neurons of patients who die with liver cirrhosis. Methods We analyzed the level of TNF-a mRNA and NF-κB in microglia, astrocytes, and Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of hyperammonemia. We assessed whether preventing peripheral inflammation by administering an anti-TNF-a antibody prevents TNF-a induction. We tested whether TNF-a induction is reversed by R7050, which inhibits the TNFR1-NF-κB pathway, in ex vivo cerebellar slices. Results Hyperammonemia induced microglial and astrocyte activation at 1 week. This was followed by TNF-a induction in both glial cell types at 2 weeks and in Purkinje neurons at 4 weeks. The level of TNF-a mRNA increased in parallel with the TNF-a protein level, indicating that TNF-a was synthesized in Purkinje cells. This increase was associated with increased NF-κB nuclear translocation. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the increase in TNF-a were reversed by R7050, indicating that they were mediated by the activation of TNFR1. Preventing peripheral inflammation with an anti-TNF-a antibody prevents TNF-a induction. Conclusion Sustained (4 weeks) but not short-term hyperammonemia induces TNF-a in Purkinje neurons in rats. This is mediated by peripheral inflammation. TNF-a is also increased in the Purkinje neurons of patients who die with liver cirrhosis. The results suggest that hyperammonemia induces TNF-a in glial cells and that TNF-a released by glial cells activates TNFR1 in Purkinje neurons, leading to NF-κB nuclear translocation and the induction of TNF-a expression, which may contribute to the neurological alterations observed in hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Balzano
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yaiza M Arenas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sherry Dadsetan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Forteza
- Instituto Valenciano de Patología, Unidad Mixta de Patología Molecular, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe/Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Gil-Perotin
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Group, Fundación para la Investigación La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Cubas-Nuñez
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Group, Fundación para la Investigación La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Casanova
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Group, Fundación para la Investigación La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Gracià
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Natalia Varela-Andrés
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmina Montoliu
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria INCLIVA, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Llansola
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lucas-Ruiz F, Galindo-Romero C, Salinas-Navarro M, González-Riquelme MJ, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo Barriuso M. Systemic and Intravitreal Antagonism of the TNFR1 Signaling Pathway Delays Axotomy-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1096. [PMID: 31680831 PMCID: PMC6803525 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we have blocked the signaling pathway of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in a mouse model of traumatic neuropathy using a small cell permeable molecule (R7050) that inhibits TNFα/TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) complex internalization. Adult pigmented mice were subjected to intraorbital optic nerve crush (ONC). Animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of R7050, and/or a single intravitreal administration the day of the surgery. Some animals received a combinatorial treatment with R7050 (systemic or local) and a single intravitreal injection of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). As controls, untreated animals were used. Retinas were analyzed for RGC survival 5 and 14 days after the lesion i.e., during the quick and slow phase of axotomy-induced RGC death. qPCR analyses were done to verify that Tnfr1 and TNFα were up-regulated after ONC. At 5 days post-lesion, R7050 intravitreal or systemic treatment neuroprotected RGCs as much as BDNF alone. At 14 days, RGC rescue by systemic or intravitreal administration of R7050 was similar. At this time point, intravitreal treatment with BDNF was significantly better than intravitreal R7050. Combinatory treatment was not better than BDNF alone, although at both time points, the mean number of surviving RGCs was higher. In conclusion, antagonism of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis rescues axotomized RGCs as it does the activation of survival pathways by BDNF. However, manipulation of both pathways at the same time, does not improve RGC survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Josefa González-Riquelme
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo Barriuso
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ren Y, Landegger LD, Stankovic KM. Gene Therapy for Human Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:323. [PMID: 31379508 PMCID: PMC6660246 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is the most common sensory impairment in humans and currently disables 466 million people across the world. Congenital deafness affects at least 1 in 500 newborns, and over 50% are hereditary in nature. To date, existing pharmacologic therapies for genetic and acquired etiologies of deafness are severely limited. With the advent of modern sequencing technologies, there is a vast compendium of growing genetic alterations that underlie human hearing loss, which can be targeted by therapeutics such as gene therapy. Recently, there has been tremendous progress in the development of gene therapy vectors to treat sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in animal models in vivo. Nevertheless, significant hurdles remain before such technologies can be translated toward clinical use. These include addressing the blood-labyrinth barrier, engineering more specific and effective delivery vehicles, improving surgical access, and validating novel targets. In this review, we both highlight recent progress and outline challenges associated with in vivo gene therapy for human SNHL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lukas D. Landegger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantina M. Stankovic
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
- Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhu H, Wang Z, Yu J, Yang X, He F, Liu Z, Che F, Chen X, Ren H, Hong M, Wang J. Role and mechanisms of cytokines in the secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 178:101610. [PMID: 30923023 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and severe cerebrovascular disease that has high mortality. Few survivors achieve self-care. Currently, patients receive only symptomatic treatment for ICH and benefit poorly from this regimen. Inflammatory cytokines are important participants in secondary injury after ICH. Increases in proinflammatory cytokines may aggravate the tissue injury, whereas increases in anti-inflammatory cytokines might be protective in the ICH brain. Inflammatory cytokines have been studied as therapeutic targets in a variety of acute and chronic brain diseases; however, studies on ICH are limited. This review summarizes the roles and functions of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in secondary brain injury after ICH and discusses pathogenic mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies and directions for treatment of ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Central laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China
| | - Jixu Yu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China; Central laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China; Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Xiuli Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feng He
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China
| | - Zhenchuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China.
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China; Central laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China.
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Honglei Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dimitriadis K, Wenzel M, Buchholz G, Straube A. Does Pretreatment with a Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-inhibitor Improve the Outcome After Ischemic Cerebral Infarction? A Case Report. Cureus 2019; 11:e4089. [PMID: 31032149 PMCID: PMC6472869 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) plays a major role in inflammatory and vascular processes after cerebral ischemia. TNFa-Inhibitors have, on the one hand, been associated with thromboembolic events; on the other hand, they may prevent brain edema after stroke or injury. Here, we report on a 38-year old Caucasian male with a history of Crohn´s disease, treated with adalimumab, who presented without brain edema and only minor sequelae after a major ischemic stroke. This case report illustrates two interesting aspects: 1) the treatment with adalimumab could, in that case, be the etiology for the thromboembolic event; and (2) pretreatment with this TNFa-Inhibitor was the most likely reason why the formation of brain edema was suppressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Dimitriadis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, DEU
| | - Michael Wenzel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, DEU
| | - Grete Buchholz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, DEU
| | - Andreas Straube
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, DEU
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Modeling prognostic factors for poor neurological outcome in conservatively treated patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: A focus on TNF-α. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 172:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
30
|
Shim HG, Jang SS, Kim SH, Hwang EM, Min JO, Kim HY, Kim YS, Ryu C, Chung G, Kim Y, Yoon BE, Kim SJ. TNF-α increases the intrinsic excitability of cerebellar Purkinje cells through elevating glutamate release in Bergmann Glia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11589. [PMID: 30072733 PMCID: PMC6072779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, the glial function has been highlighted not only as the ‘structural glue’, but also as an ‘active participant’ in neural circuits. Here, we suggest that tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), a key inflammatory cytokine, alters the neural activity of the cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) by facilitating gliotransmission in the juvenile male rat cerebellum. A bath application of TNF-α (100 ng/ml) in acute cerebellar slices elevates spiking activity of PCs with no alterations in the regularity of PC firings. Interestingly, the effect of TNF-α on the intrinsic excitability of PCs was abolished under a condition in which the type1 TNF receptor (TNFR1) in Bergmann glia (BG) was genetically suppressed by viral delivery of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) containing TNFR1-shRNA. In addition, we measured the concentration of glutamate derived from dissociated cerebellar cortical astrocyte cultures treated with TNF-α and observed a progressive increase of glutamate in a time-dependent manner. We hypothesised that TNF-α-induced elevation of glutamate from BGs enveloping the synaptic cleft may directly activate metabotropic glutamate receptor1 (mGluR1). Pharmacological inhibition of mGluR1, indeed, prevented the TNF-α-mediated elevation of the intrinsic excitability in PCs. Taken together, our study reveals that TNF-α triggers glutamate release in BG, thereby increasing the intrinsic excitability of cerebellar PCs in a mGluR1-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Geun Shim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Jang
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Ha Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Ok Min
- Department of Molecular biology, Dankook University, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoo Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular biology, Dankook University, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Changhyeon Ryu
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geehoon Chung
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, College of Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular biology, Dankook University, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
A New Venue of TNF Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051442. [PMID: 29751683 PMCID: PMC5983675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first Food and Drug Administration-(FDA)-approved drugs were small, chemically-manufactured and highly active molecules with possible off-target effects, followed by protein-based medicines such as antibodies. Conventional antibodies bind a specific protein and are becoming increasingly important in the therapeutic landscape. A very prominent class of biologicals are the anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs that are applied in several inflammatory diseases that are characterized by dysregulated TNF levels. Marketing of TNF inhibitors revolutionized the treatment of diseases such as Crohn’s disease. However, these inhibitors also have undesired effects, some of them directly associated with the inherent nature of this drug class, whereas others are linked with their mechanism of action, being pan-TNF inhibition. The effects of TNF can diverge at the level of TNF format or receptor, and we discuss the consequences of this in sepsis, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Recently, researchers tried to design drugs with reduced side effects. These include molecules with more specificity targeting one specific TNF format or receptor, or that neutralize TNF in specific cells. Alternatively, TNF-directed biologicals without the typical antibody structure are manufactured. Here, we review the complications related to the use of conventional TNF inhibitors, together with the anti-TNF alternatives and the benefits of selective approaches in different diseases.
Collapse
|
32
|
Svensson EH, Söderholm M, Abul-Kasim K, Engström G. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 and 2 Are Associated With Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2017; 48:2710-2715. [PMID: 28830973 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Raised plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) have been linked to arterial stiffness, cerebral microbleeds, and vascular events. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of circulating levels of TNFR1 and TNFR2 with risk for future intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS The population-based MDCS cohort (Malmö Diet and Cancer Study; n=28 449) was conducted in 1991 to 1996. A nested case-control study was performed in the MDCS, including 220 cases who experienced ICH during the follow-up period (mean age at inclusion 62 years, 48% men) and 244 matched controls. Of the 220 ICH cases, 68 died within 28 days. Conditional logistic regression was used to study the association between plasma levels of TNFR1 and TNFR2 and incident ICH, adjusting for known ICH risk factors. RESULTS Concentrations of both TNFR1 and TNFR2 were significantly higher in subjects who developed ICH during the follow-up. The associations remained after adjustment for ICH risk factors (TNFR1: odds ratio [OR], 2.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-4.11; P=0.006; TNFR2: OR, 1.77; CI, 1.16-2.70; P=0.008). ORs were somewhat higher for nonlobar ICH (3.04; CI, 1.29-7.14 and 2.39; CI, 1.32-4.32, respectively) than for lobar ICH (2.03; CI, 0.93-4.41 and 1.35; CI, 0.78-2.37, respectively). TNFR1 and TNFR2 were also associated with increased risk of fatal ICH (TNFR1: OR, 4.42; CI, 1.67-11.6; TNFR2: OR, 2.90; CI, 1.50-5.58) and with poor functional outcome according to the modified Rankin Scale. CONCLUSIONS High plasma levels of TNFR1 and TNFR2 were associated with incident ICH, most clearly with ICH of nonlobar location. The results suggest that tumor necrosis factor-mediated inflammation could be associated with vascular changes preceding ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith H Svensson
- From the Department of Clinical Science in Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (E.H.S., M.S., G.E.); and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (M.S.) and Division of Neuroradiology (K.A.-K.), Skåne University Hospital in Lund and Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Söderholm
- From the Department of Clinical Science in Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (E.H.S., M.S., G.E.); and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (M.S.) and Division of Neuroradiology (K.A.-K.), Skåne University Hospital in Lund and Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kasim Abul-Kasim
- From the Department of Clinical Science in Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (E.H.S., M.S., G.E.); and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (M.S.) and Division of Neuroradiology (K.A.-K.), Skåne University Hospital in Lund and Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- From the Department of Clinical Science in Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (E.H.S., M.S., G.E.); and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (M.S.) and Division of Neuroradiology (K.A.-K.), Skåne University Hospital in Lund and Malmö, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lan X, Han X, Li Q, Yang QW, Wang J. Modulators of microglial activation and polarization after intracerebral haemorrhage. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:420-433. [PMID: 28524175 PMCID: PMC5575938 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal subtype of stroke but currently lacks effective treatment. Microglia are among the first non-neuronal cells on the scene during the innate immune response to ICH. Microglia respond to acute brain injury by becoming activated and developing classic M1-like (proinflammatory) or alternative M2-like (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes. This polarization implies as yet unrecognized actions of microglia in ICH pathology and recovery, perhaps involving microglial production of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, alternatively activated M2-like microglia might promote phagocytosis of red blood cells and tissue debris, a major contribution to haematoma clearance. Interactions between microglia and other cells modulate microglial activation and function, and are also important in ICH pathology. This Review summarizes key studies on modulators of microglial activation and polarization after ICH, including M1-like and M2-like microglial phenotype markers, transcription factors and key signalling pathways. Microglial phagocytosis, haematoma resolution, and the potential crosstalk between microglia and T lymphocytes, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in the ICH brain are described. Finally, the clinical and translational implications of microglial polarization in ICH are presented, including the evidence that therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating microglial function might mitigate ICH injury and improve brain repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Building 370B, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Xiaoning Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Building 370B, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Building 370B, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Building 370B, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Singh N, Bansal Y, Bhandari R, Marwaha L, Singh R, Chopra K, Kuhad A. Naringin Reverses Neurobehavioral and Biochemical Alterations in Intracerebroventricular Collagenase-Induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats. Pharmacology 2017; 100:172-187. [PMID: 28668949 DOI: 10.1159/000453580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) contributes to 10-15% of all strokes and is a high risk factor for morbidity and mortality as compared to other subtypes of stroke, that is, cerebral ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Oxidative stress (OS)-induced neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death contribute towards the hallmarks of ICH. Spared antioxidant levels, increased inflammatory cytokines and free radicals in ICH lead to neuronal death and exaggerate the hallmarks of ICH. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) collagenase (COL-induced neuronal cell damage and cognitive deficits form a widely recognized experimental model for ICH. Naringin (NGN), a natural antioxidant bioflavonoid, has shown potent neuroprotective effects in different neurodegenerative diseases. However, its potential is least explored in pathological conditions, such as hemorrhagic stroke. This study is aimed at exploring the protective effects of NGN against ICV-COL induced behavioral, neurological and memory deficits in rats. ICV-ICH was induced by single, unilateral intrastriatal injection of COL (1 IU in 2 µL, ICV) over 10 min. From 2nd day onwards, NGN was administered in three different doses (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg; p.o.). Animals were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests to assess behavioral changes, including neurological scoring tests (cylinder test, spontaneous motility, righting reflex, horizontal bar test, forelimb flexion), actophotometer, rotarod, Randall Selitto and von Frey. Poststroke depression and memory deficits were estimated using forced swim test and Morris water maze test, respectively. Poststroke depression, neurological and cognitive deficits were mitigated dose dependently by NGN administration. NGN administration also attenuated the nitro-OS and restored tumor necrosis factor-α and endogenous antioxidant levels. Our research demonstrates that NGN has a protective effect against ICH-induced neurocognitive deficits, along with mitigation of oxido-nitrosative and inflammatory stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep Singh
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yin M, Chen Z, Ouyang Y, Zhang H, Wan Z, Wang H, Wu W, Yin X. Thrombin-induced, TNFR-dependent miR-181c downregulation promotes MLL1 and NF-κB target gene expression in human microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:132. [PMID: 28662718 PMCID: PMC5492717 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlling thrombin-driven microglial activation may serve as a therapeutic target for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Here, we investigated microRNA (miRNA)-based regulation of thrombin-driven microglial activation using an in vitro thrombin toxicity model applied to primary human microglia. METHODS A miRNA array identified 22 differential miRNA candidates. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) identified miR-181c as the most significantly downregulated miRNA. TargetScan analysis identified mixed lineage leukemia-1 (MLL1) as a putative gene target for miR-181c. qRT-PCR was applied to assess tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), miR-181c, and MLL1 levels following thrombin or proteinase-activated receptor-4-specific activating peptide (PAR4AP) exposure. Anti-TNF-α antibodies and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) silencing were employed to test TNF-α/TNFR dependence. A dual-luciferase reporter system and miR-181c mimic transfection assessed whether mir-181c directly binds to and negatively regulates MLL1. Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)-dependent luciferase reporter assays and NF-κB target gene expression were assessed in wild-type (MLL1+) and MLL1-silenced cells. RESULTS Thrombin or PAR4AP-induced miR-181c downregulation (p < 0.05) and MLL1 upregulation (p < 0.05) that were dependent upon TNF-α/TNFR. miR-181c decreased wild-type MLL1 3'-UTR luciferase reporter activity (p < 0.05), and a miR-181c mimic suppressed MLL1 expression (p < 0.05). Thrombin treatment increased, while miR-181c reduced, NF-κB activity and NF-κB target gene expression in both wild-type (MLL1+) and MLL1-silenced cells (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Thrombin-induced, TNF-α/TNFR-dependent miR-181c downregulation promotes MLL1 expression, increases NF-κB activity, and upregulates NF-κB target gene expression. As miR-181c opposes thrombin's stimulation of pro-inflammatory NF-κB activity, miR-181c mimic therapy may show promise in controlling thrombin-driven microglial activation following ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yetong Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhigang Wan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China. .,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
González-Juarbe N, Bradley KM, Shenoy AT, Gilley RP, Reyes LF, Hinojosa CA, Restrepo MI, Dube PH, Bergman MA, Orihuela CJ. Pore-forming toxin-mediated ion dysregulation leads to death receptor-independent necroptosis of lung epithelial cells during bacterial pneumonia. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:917-928. [PMID: 28387756 PMCID: PMC5423117 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that pore-forming toxins (PFTs) induce respiratory epithelial cell necroptosis independently of death receptor signaling during bacterial pneumonia. Instead, necroptosis was activated as a result of ion dysregulation arising from membrane permeabilization. PFT-induced necroptosis required RIP1, RIP3 and MLKL, and could be induced in the absence or inhibition of TNFR1, TNFR2 and TLR4 signaling. We detected activated MLKL in the lungs from mice and nonhuman primates experiencing Serratia marcescens and Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, respectively. We subsequently identified calcium influx and potassium efflux as the key initiating signals responsible for necroptosis; also that mitochondrial damage was not required for necroptosis activation but was exacerbated by MLKL activation. PFT-induced necroptosis in respiratory epithelial cells did not involve CamKII or reactive oxygen species. KO mice deficient in MLKL or RIP3 had increased survival and reduced pulmonary injury during S. marcescens pneumonia. Our results establish necroptosis as a major cell death pathway active during bacterial pneumonia and that necroptosis can occur without death receptor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norberto González-Juarbe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA
| | - Kelley Margaret Bradley
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA
| | - Anukul Taranath Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA
| | - Ryan Paul Gilley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Luis Felipe Reyes
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Cecilia Anahí Hinojosa
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Marcos Ignacio Restrepo
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Peter Herman Dube
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Molly Ann Bergman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Carlos Javier Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu H, Sun X, Zou W, Leng M, Zhang B, Kang X, He T, Wang H. Scalp acupuncture attenuates neurological deficits in a rat model of hemorrhagic stroke. Complement Ther Med 2017; 32:85-90. [PMID: 28619309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic stroke accounts for approximately 15% of all stroke cases, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Limited human studies suggested that scalp acupuncture could facilitate functional recovery after cerebral hemorrhage. In the current study, we used an animal model of cerebral hemorrhage to examine the potential effects of scalp acupuncture. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received autologous blood (50μL) into the right caudate nucleus on the right side under pentobarbital anesthesia, and then received scalp acupuncture (DU20 through GB7 on the lesion side) or sham acupuncture (1cm to the right side of the acupoints) (n=10 per group). A group of rats receiving autologous blood into the caudate nucleus but no other intervention, as well as a group of rats receiving anesthesia but no blood injection to the brain (n=10 per group) were included as additional controls. Composite neuroscore, corner turn test, forelimb placing test, wire hang task and beam walking were used to evaluate the behavior of rats. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the histopathological changes. Western blot was used to detect the content of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-KappaB (NFκB) protein expression. RESULTS Scalp acupuncture attenuated neurological deficits (p<0.01 or <0.05 vs. sham acupuncture using a variety of behavioral tests) at 1-7days after the treatment. The brain content of TNF-α and NFκB was decreased (p<0.01 for both). CONCLUSIONS Scalp acupuncture could improve neurological deficits in a rat model of hemorrhagic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zou
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Mengtong Leng
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Beng Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Kang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Tao He
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mulay SR, Eberhard JN, Desai J, Marschner JA, Kumar SVR, Weidenbusch M, Grigorescu M, Lech M, Eltrich N, Müller L, Hans W, Hrabě de Angelis M, Vielhauer V, Hoppe B, Asplin J, Burzlaff N, Herrmann M, Evan A, Anders HJ. Hyperoxaluria Requires TNF Receptors to Initiate Crystal Adhesion and Kidney Stone Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:761-768. [PMID: 27612997 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrarenal crystals trigger inflammation and renal cell necroptosis, processes that involve TNF receptor (TNFR) signaling. Here, we tested the hypothesis that TNFRs also have a direct role in tubular crystal deposition and progression of hyperoxaluria-related CKD. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed upregulated tubular expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in human and murine kidneys with calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrocalcinosis-related CKD compared with controls. Western blot and mRNA expression analyses in mice yielded consistent data. When fed an oxalate-rich diet, wild-type mice developed progressive CKD, whereas Tnfr1-, Tnfr2-, and Tnfr1/2-deficient mice did not. Despite identical levels of hyperoxaluria, Tnfr1-, Tnfr2-, and Tnfr1/2-deficient mice also lacked the intrarenal CaOx deposition and tubular damage observed in wild-type mice. Inhibition of TNFR signaling prevented the induced expression of the crystal adhesion molecules, CD44 and annexin II, in tubular epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo, and treatment with the small molecule TNFR inhibitor R-7050 partially protected hyperoxaluric mice from nephrocalcinosis and CKD. We conclude that TNFR signaling is essential for CaOx crystal adhesion to the luminal membrane of renal tubules as a fundamental initiating mechanism of oxalate nephropathy. Furthermore, therapeutic blockade of TNFR might delay progressive forms of nephrocalcinosis in oxalate nephropathy, such as primary hyperoxaluria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant R Mulay
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan N Eberhard
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jyaysi Desai
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian A Marschner
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Santhosh V R Kumar
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Weidenbusch
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Melissa Grigorescu
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maciej Lech
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nuru Eltrich
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Inorganic Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hans
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Volker Vielhauer
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoppe
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - John Asplin
- Litholink Corporation, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicolai Burzlaff
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Inorganic Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department for Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Andrew Evan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Samaan MC, Missiuna P, Peterson D, Thabane L. Understanding the role of the immune system in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Immunometabolic CONnections to Scoliosis (ICONS) study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011812. [PMID: 27401365 PMCID: PMC4947809 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects up to 3% of children around the world. There is limited knowledge of AIS aetiopathogenesis, and this evidence is needed to develop new management strategies. Paraspinal muscle in AIS demonstrates evidence of differential fibrosis based on curve sidedness. Fibrosis is the hallmark of macrophage-driven inflammation and tissue remodelling, yet the mechanisms of fibrosis in paraspinal muscle in AIS are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study is to determine the influence of curve sidedness on paraspinal muscle inflammation. Secondary objectives include defining the mechanisms of macrophage homing to muscle, and determining muscle-macrophage crosstalk in muscle fibrosis in AIS. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary paediatric centre in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. We will recruit boys and girls, 10-17 years of age, who are having surgery to correct AIS. We will exclude children who have an active infection or are on immunosuppressive therapies within 2 weeks of surgery, smokers and pregnant girls. Paraspinal muscle biopsies will be obtained at the start of surgery. Also, blood and urine samples will be collected from participants, who will fill questionnaires about their lifestyle. Anthropometric measures will also be collected including height, weight, waist and hip circumferences. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received ethics authorisation by the institutional review board. This work will be published in peer-reviewed journals and will be presented in oral and poster formats at scientific meetings. DISCUSSION This study will explore the mechanisms of paraspinal muscle inflammation, remodelling and fibrosis in AIS. This will help identify pathways and molecules as potential therapeutic targets to treat and prevent AIS. It may also yield markers that predict scoliosis progression and response to treatment in these children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Constantine Samaan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Missiuna
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin Peterson
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics unit, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang Y, Yang Y, Zhang GZ, Gao M, Ge GZ, Wang QQ, Ji XC, Sun YL, Zhang HT, Xu RX. Stereotactic Administration of Edaravone Ameliorates Collagenase-Induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rat. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:824-35. [PMID: 27390192 PMCID: PMC5095785 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Edaravone is widely used for treating ischemic stroke, but it is not still confirmed in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) as an ideal medication targeting the brain parenchyma. We aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of stereotactic administration of edaravone (SI) into the brain parenchyma. Methods Intracerebral hemorrhage rat models were established by infusion of collagenase into the caudate nucleus. Neural functional recovery was assessed using modified neurological severity scores (mNSS). A comparative study of therapeutic effects between SI and intraperitoneal injection of edaravone (IP) involved in cerebral edema, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, hematoma absorption, inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis. Results Compared with IP, the mNSS was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by SI; cerebral edema and BBB permeability were dramatically ameliorated (P < 0.05); IL‐4 and IL‐10 levels increased, but IL‐1β and TNF‐α levels significantly decreased; neuron apoptosis decreased markedly (P < 0.05); and caspase‐3 and Bax expression significantly dropped, but Bcl‐2 increased in SI group (P < 0.05). Conclusion SI markedly improved neurological deficits in ICH rat models via antiinflammatory and antiapoptosis mechanisms and promoted M2‐type microglia differentiation. SI was effective in rats with collagenase‐induced ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Army General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.,The Neurosurgical Research Center of Beijing Military Region, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Army General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Zhu Zhang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Army General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Mou Gao
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Army General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Ge
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Army General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-Qin Wang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Army General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Chao Ji
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Army General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Lin Sun
- Department of Ultrapathology of Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Tian Zhang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Army General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China. .,The Neurosurgical Research Center of Beijing Military Region, Beijing, China.
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Army General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China. .,The Neurosurgical Research Center of Beijing Military Region, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Askenase MH, Sansing LH. Stages of the Inflammatory Response in Pathology and Tissue Repair after Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Semin Neurol 2016; 36:288-97. [PMID: 27214704 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1582132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major health concern, with high rates of mortality and morbidity and no highly effective clinical interventions. Basic research in animal models of ICH has provided insight into its complex pathology, in particular revealing the role of inflammation in driving neuronal death and neurologic deficits after hemorrhage. The response to ICH occurs in four distinct phases: (1) initial tissue damage and local activation of inflammatory factors, (2) inflammation-driven breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, (3) recruitment of circulating inflammatory cells and subsequent secondary immunopathology, and (4) engagement of tissue repair responses that promote tissue repair and restoration of neurologic function. The development of CNS inflammation occurs over many days after initial hemorrhage and thus may represent an ideal target for treatment of the disease, but further research is required to identify the mechanisms that promote engagement of inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory pathways. In this review, the authors examine how experimental models of ICH have uncovered critical mediators of pathology in each of the four stages of the inflammatory response, and focus on the role of the immune system in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Askenase
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Re-exploring Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha as a Target for Therapy in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:93-6. [PMID: 26762364 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a perplexing condition with high mortality and no treatment beyond supportive care. A major portion of the injurious process is takes place during the hours following the development of hematoma. This so-called secondary injury is characterized by an inflammatory cascade that involves a variety of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Several studies in the rodent model of ICH have shown a rapid increase in brain concentrations of TNF-α following hematoma induction. There is a reasonable body of evidence from experimental models of ICH suggesting that upregulation of TNF-α adjacent to the hematoma is associated with increased peri-hematomal edema, and that inhibition of TNF-α attenuates the formation and progression of this edema and ultimately improves outcomes. Unfortunately, efforts to expand upon these findings have interminably stalled at the pre-clinical phase. A robust clinical study to validate serum TNF-α as a marker for secondary injury in ICH patients is yet to materialize.
Collapse
|
43
|
Therapies negating neuroinflammation after brain trauma. Brain Res 2015; 1640:36-56. [PMID: 26740405 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) elicits a complex secondary injury response, with neuroinflammation as a crucial central component. Long thought to be solely a deleterious factor, the neuroinflammatory response has recently been shown to be far more intricate, with both beneficial and detrimental consequences depending on the timing, magnitude and specific immune composition of the response post-injury. Despite extensive preclinical and clinical research into mechanisms of secondary injury after TBI, no effective neuroprotective therapy has been identified, with potential candidates repeatedly proving disappointing in the clinic. The neuroinflammatory response offers a promising avenue for therapeutic targeting, aiming to quell the deleterious consequences without influencing its function in providing a neurotrophic environment supportive of repair. The present review firstly describes the findings of recent clinical trials that aimed to modulate inflammation as a means of neuroprotection. Secondly, we discuss promising multifunctional and single-target anti-inflammatory candidates either currently in trial, or with ample experimental evidence supporting clinical application. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
Collapse
|
44
|
Warrington JP, Drummond HA, Granger JP, Ryan MJ. Placental ischemia-induced increases in brain water content and cerebrovascular permeability: role of TNF-α. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1425-31. [PMID: 26400187 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00372.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular complications and increased risk of encephalopathies are characteristic of preeclampsia and contribute to 40% of preeclampsia/eclampsia-related deaths. Circulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is elevated in preeclamptic women, and infusion of TNF-α into pregnant rats mimics characteristics of preeclampsia. While this suggests that TNF-α has a mechanistic role to promote preeclampsia, the impact of TNF-α on the cerebral vasculature during pregnancy remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that TNF-α contributes to cerebrovascular abnormalities during placental ischemia by first infusing TNF-α in pregnant rats (200 ng/day ip, from gestational day 14 to 19) at levels to mimic those reported in preeclamptic women. TNF-α increased mean arterial pressure (MAP, P < 0.05) and brain water content in the anterior cerebrum (P < 0.05); however, TNF-α infusion had no effect on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the anterior cerebrum or posterior cerebrum. We then assessed the role of endogenous TNF-α in mediating these abnormalities in a model of placental ischemia induced by reducing uterine perfusion pressure followed by treatment with the soluble TNF-α receptor (etanercept, 0.8 mg/kg sc) on gestational day 18. Etanercept reduced placental ischemia-mediated increases in MAP, anterior brain water content (P < 0.05), and BBB permeability (202 ± 44% in placental ischemic rats to 101 ± 28% of normal pregnant rats). Our results indicate that TNF-α mechanistically contributes to cerebral edema by increasing BBB permeability and is an underlying factor in the development of cerebrovascular abnormalities associated with preeclampsia complicated by placental ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junie P Warrington
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Heather A Drummond
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Joey P Granger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Titomanlio L, Fernández-López D, Manganozzi L, Moretti R, Vexler ZS, Gressens P. Pathophysiology and neuroprotection of global and focal perinatal brain injury: lessons from animal models. Pediatr Neurol 2015; 52:566-584. [PMID: 26002050 PMCID: PMC4720385 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial ischemic stroke occurs more frequently in term newborns than in the elderly, and brain immaturity affects mechanisms of ischemic injury and recovery. The susceptibility to injury of the brain was assumed to be lower in the perinatal period as compared with childhood. This concept was recently challenged by clinical studies showing marked motor disabilities after stroke in neonates, with the severity of motor and cortical sensory deficits similar in both perinatal and childhood ischemic stroke. Our understanding of the triggers and the pathophysiological mechanisms of perinatal stroke has greatly improved in recent years, but many factors remain incompletely understood. METHODS In this review, we focus on the pathophysiology of perinatal stroke and on therapeutic strategies that can protect the immature brain from the consequences of stroke by targeting inflammation and brain microenvironment. RESULTS Studies in neonatal rodent models of cerebral ischemia have suggested a potential role for soluble inflammatory molecules as important modulators of injury and recovery. A great effort is underway to investigate neuroprotective molecules based on our increasing understanding of the pathophysiology. CONCLUSION In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of new insights concerning pathophysiology of focal and global perinatal brain injury and their implications for new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Titomanlio
- Pediatric Emergency Department, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- Inserm, U1141, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - David Fernández-López
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA
| | - Lucilla Manganozzi
- Pediatric Emergency Department, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- Inserm, U1141, F-75019 Paris, France
| | | | - Zinaida S. Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, U1141, F-75019 Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 676, F-75019 Paris, France
- PremUP, Paris, France
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King’s College, St Thomas’ Campus, London SE1 7EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Neuronal tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β expression in a porcine model of intracerebral haemorrhage: Modulation by U-74389G. Brain Res 2015; 1615:98-105. [PMID: 25916578 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) are important mediators of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) inflammatory response. Lazaroids, established antioxidants and neuroprotectants, have been studied in several brain pathologies. The present study was designed to investigate: a) TNF-α and IL-1β changes, in neurons and b) U-74389G effects, 4 and 24h after haematoma induction in a porcine model of intracerebral haemorrhage. In twenty male landrace pigs (swines) aged 135-150 days old, autologous whole blood was injected around the right basal ganglia territory; in ten of the pigs the lazaroid compound U-74389G was administered. Brain TNF-α and IL-1β immunopositive neurons were determined by immunoarray techniques at 4 and 24h timepoints. After the haematoma induction the number of TNF-α immunopositive neurons ipsilateral to the haematoma was significantly higher compared to the contralateral site at 4h (p<0.0005), while U-74389G significantly reduced the number of TNF-α immunopositive neurons, ipsilateral to the haematoma, at 4h (p=0.002); at 24h, TNF-α immunopositive neurons were found significantly lower in the control group ipsilateral to the haematoma in comparison to 4h timepoint(p<0.0005). The number of IL-1β immunopositive neurons at 4h after the hematoma induction was significantly higher ipsilateral to the haematoma site (p<0.0005). U-74389G had no statistical significant effect. TNF-α and IL-1β, increase in neurons, 4h after the haematoma induction, ipsilateral to the haematoma site. The administration of the antioxidant compound U-74389G, results in early (at 4h) decrease of TNF-α immunopositive neurons but shows no statistical significant effect to IL-1β immunopossitive neurons.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kathirvelu B, Carmichael ST. Intracerebral hemorrhage in mouse models: therapeutic interventions and functional recovery. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:449-59. [PMID: 24810632 PMCID: PMC4226812 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There has been strong pre-clinical research on mechanisms of initial cell death and tissue injury in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This data has led to the evaluation of several therapeutics for neuroprotection or the mitigation of early tissue damage. Most of these studies have been done in the rat. Also, there has been little study of the mechanisms of tissue repair and recovery. This review examines the testing of candidate therapeutics in mouse models of ICH for their effect on tissue protection and repair. This review will help the readers compare it to the extensively researched rat model of ICH and thus enhance work that are pending in mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Kathirvelu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tao Y, Tang J, Chen Q, Guo J, Li L, Yang L, Feng H, Zhu G, Chen Z. Cannabinoid CB2 receptor stimulation attenuates brain edema and neurological deficits in a germinal matrix hemorrhage rat model. Brain Res 2015; 1602:127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
49
|
Clausen BH, Degn M, Martin NA, Couch Y, Karimi L, Ormhøj M, Mortensen MLB, Gredal HB, Gardiner C, Sargent IIL, Szymkowski DE, Petit GH, Deierborg T, Finsen B, Anthony DC, Lambertsen KL. Systemically administered anti-TNF therapy ameliorates functional outcomes after focal cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:203. [PMID: 25498129 PMCID: PMC4272527 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The innate immune system contributes to the outcome after stroke, where neuroinflammation and post-stroke systemic immune depression are central features. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which exists in both a transmembrane (tm) and soluble (sol) form, is known to sustain complex inflammatory responses associated with stroke. We tested the effect of systemically blocking only solTNF versus blocking both tmTNF and solTNF on infarct volume, functional outcome and inflammation in focal cerebral ischemia. Methods We used XPro1595 (a dominant-negative inhibitor of solTNF) and etanercept (which blocks both solTNF and tmTNF) to test the effect of systemic administration on infarct volume, functional recovery and inflammation after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Functional recovery was evaluated after one, three and five days, and infarct volumes at six hours, 24 hours and five days after ischemia. Brain inflammation, liver acute phase response (APR), spleen and blood leukocyte profiles, along with plasma microvesicle analysis, were evaluated. Results We found that both XPro1595 and etanercept significantly improved functional outcomes, altered microglial responses, and modified APR, spleen T cell and microvesicle numbers, but without affecting infarct volumes. Conclusions Our data suggest that XPro1595 and etanercept improve functional outcome after focal cerebral ischemia by altering the peripheral immune response, changing blood and spleen cell populations and decreasing granulocyte infiltration into the brain. Blocking solTNF, using XPro1595, was just as efficient as blocking both solTNF and tmTNF using etanercept. Our findings may have implications for future treatments with anti-TNF drugs in TNF-dependent diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0203-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Matilda Degn
- Department of Diagnostics, Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Glostrup Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 69, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Nellie Anne Martin
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK.
| | - Leena Karimi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Maria Ormhøj
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Maria-Louise Bergholdt Mortensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Hanne Birgit Gredal
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Facuty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Chris Gardiner
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ian I L Sargent
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Géraldine H Petit
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory for Experimental Medical Science, Neuronal Survival Unit, 22100 Lund University, BMC B11, Sölveg 19, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory for Experimental Medical Science, Neuronal Survival Unit, 22100 Lund University, BMC B11, Sölveg 19, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK.
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Keep RF, Zhou N, Xiang J, Andjelkovic AV, Hua Y, Xi G. Vascular disruption and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in intracerebral hemorrhage. Fluids Barriers CNS 2014; 11:18. [PMID: 25120903 PMCID: PMC4130123 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-11-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the initial hemorrhage and secondary blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in primary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in adults. Multiple etiologies are associated with ICH, for example, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, vascular malformations and coagulopathies (genetic or drug-induced). After the initial bleed, there can be continued bleeding over the first 24 hours, so-called hematoma expansion, which is associated with adverse outcomes. A number of clinical trials are focused on trying to limit such expansion. Significant progress has been made on the causes of BBB dysfunction after ICH at the molecular and cell signaling level. Blood components (e.g. thrombin, hemoglobin, iron) and the inflammatory response to those components play a large role in ICH-induced BBB dysfunction. There are current clinical trials of minimally invasive hematoma removal and iron chelation which may limit such dysfunction. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the initial hemorrhage and secondary BBB dysfunction in ICH is vital for developing methods to prevent and treat this devastating form of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA ; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Ningna Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| | | | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| |
Collapse
|