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Carreira RB, Dos Santos CC, de Oliveira JVR, da Silva VDA, David JM, Butt AM, Costa SL. Neuroprotective Effect of Flavonoid Agathisflavone in the Ex Vivo Cerebellar Slice Neonatal Ischemia. Molecules 2024; 29:4159. [PMID: 39275007 PMCID: PMC11396859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Agathisflavone is a flavonoid that exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of agathisflavone on central nervous system (CNS) neurons and glia in the cerebellar slice ex vivo model of neonatal ischemia. Cerebellar slices from neonatal mice, in which glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and SOX10 drive expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), were used to identify astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, respectively. Agathisflavone (10 μM) was administered preventively for 60 min before inducing ischemia by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 60 min and compared to controls maintained in normal oxygen and glucose (OGN). The density of SOX-10+ oligodendrocyte lineage cells and NG2 immunopositive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) were not altered in OGD, but it resulted in significant oligodendroglial cell atrophy marked by the retraction of their processes, and this was prevented by agathisflavone. OGD caused marked axonal demyelination, determined by myelin basic protein (MBP) and neurofilament (NF70) immunofluorescence, and this was blocked by agathisflavone preventative treatment. OGD also resulted in astrocyte reactivity, exhibited by increased GFAP-EGFP fluorescence and decreased expression of glutamate synthetase (GS), and this was prevented by agathisflavone pretreatment. In addition, agathisflavone protected Purkinje neurons from ischemic damage, assessed by calbindin (CB) immunofluorescence. The results demonstrate that agathisflavone protects neuronal and myelin integrity in ischemia, which is associated with the modulation of glial responses in the face of ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Barreto Carreira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil
| | - Cleonice Creusa Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil
| | - Juciele Valeria Ribeiro de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil
| | - Victor Diogenes Amaral da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil
| | - Jorge Maurício David
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil
| | - Arthur Morgan Butt
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
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2
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Wang W, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhou D, Chen L. Application of biomaterials in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:4065-4082. [PMID: 39007343 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00630e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Although the current surgical hematoma removal treatment saves patients' lives in critical moments of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the lethality and disability rates of ICH are still very high. Due to the individual differences of patients, postoperative functional improvement is still to be confirmed, and the existing drug treatment has limited benefits for ICH. Recent advances in biomaterials may provide new ideas for the therapy of ICH. This review first briefly describes the pathogenic mechanisms of ICH, including primary and secondary injuries such as inflammation and intracerebral edema, and briefly describes the existing therapeutic approaches and their limitations. Secondly, existing nanomaterials and hydrogels for ICH, including exosomes, liposomes, and polymer nanomaterials, are also described. In addition, the potential challenges and application prospects of these biomaterials for clinical translation in ICH treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, P. R. China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, P. R. China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Yupeng Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Dongfang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, P. R. China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Lukui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, P. R. China.
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Aladag T, Acar G, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK. Improvement of neuronal and cognitive functions following treatment with 3',4' dihydroxyflavonol in experimental focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 976:176670. [PMID: 38795755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemia/reperfusion is a pathological condition by the restoration of perfusion and oxygenation following a period of restricted blood flow to an organ. To address existing uncertainty in the literature regarding the effects of 3', 4'-dihydroxy flavonol (DiOHF) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, our study aims to investigate the impact of DiOHF on neurological parameters, apoptosis (Caspase-3), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in an experimental rat model of brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. MATERIALS/METHODS A total of 28 Wistar-albino male rats were used in this study. Experimental groups were formed as 1-Control, 2-Sham, 3-Ischemia-reperfusion, 4-Ischemia-reperfusion + DiOHF (10 mg/kg). The animals were anaesthetized, and the carotid arteries were ligated (ischemia) for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 30 min. Following reperfusion, DiOHF was administered intraperitoneally to the animals at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 1 week. During the one-week period neurological scores and new object recognition tests were performed. Then, caspase 3 and AQP4 levels were determined by PCR method and IL-10 by ELISA method in hippocampus tissue samples taken from animals sacrificed under anaesthesia. RESULTS Brain ischemia reperfusion significantly increased both caspase 3 and AQP4 values in the hippocampus tissue, while decreasing IL-10 levels. However, 1-week DiOHF supplementation significantly suppressed increased caspase 3 and AQP4 levels and increased IL-10 values. While I/R also increased neurological score values, it suppressed the ability to recognize new objects, and the administered treatment effectively ameliorated the adverse effects observed, resulting in a positive outcome. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study show that brain ischemia caused by bilateral carotid occlusion in rats and subsequent reperfusion causes tissue damage, but 1-week DiOHF application has a healing effect on both hippocampus tissue and neurological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Aladag
- Selcuk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gozde Acar
- Selcuk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Rasim Mogulkoc
- Selcuk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey.
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Carnwath TP, Demel SL, Prestigiacomo CJ. Genetics of ischemic stroke functional outcome. J Neurol 2024; 271:2345-2369. [PMID: 38502340 PMCID: PMC11055934 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, which accounts for 87% of cerebrovascular accidents, is responsible for massive global burden both in terms of economic cost and personal hardship. Many stroke survivors face long-term disability-a phenotype associated with an increasing number of genetic variants. While clinical variables such as stroke severity greatly impact recovery, genetic polymorphisms linked to functional outcome may offer physicians a unique opportunity to deliver personalized care based on their patient's genetic makeup, leading to improved outcomes. A comprehensive catalogue of the variants at play is required for such an approach. In this review, we compile and describe the polymorphisms associated with outcome scores such as modified Rankin Scale and Barthel Index. Our search identified 74 known genetic polymorphisms spread across 48 features associated with various poststroke disability metrics. The known variants span diverse biological systems and are related to inflammation, vascular homeostasis, growth factors, metabolism, the p53 regulatory pathway, and mitochondrial variation. Understanding how these variants influence functional outcome may be helpful in maximizing poststroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy P Carnwath
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Stacie L Demel
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Charles J Prestigiacomo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
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5
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Duchniewicz M, Lee JYW, Menon DK, Needham EJ. Candidate Genetic and Molecular Drivers of Dysregulated Adaptive Immune Responses After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:3-12. [PMID: 37376743 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Neuroinflammation is a significant and modifiable cause of secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), driven by both central and peripheral immune responses. A substantial proportion of outcome after TBI is genetically mediated, with an estimated heritability effect of around 26%, but because of the comparatively small datasets currently available, the individual drivers of this genetic effect have not been well delineated. A hypothesis-driven approach to analyzing genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets reduces the burden of multiplicity testing and allows variants with a high prior biological probability of effect to be identified where sample size is insufficient to withstand data-driven approaches. Adaptive immune responses show substantial genetically mediated heterogeneity and are well established as a genetic source of risk for numerous disease states; importantly, HLA class II has been specifically identified as a locus of interest in the largest TBI GWAS study to date, highlighting the importance of genetic variance in adaptive immune responses after TBI. In this review article we identify and discuss adaptive immune system genes that are known to confer strong risk effects for human disease, with the dual intentions of drawing attention to this area of immunobiology, which, despite its importance to the field, remains under-investigated in TBI and presenting high-yield testable hypotheses for application to TBI GWAS datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Duchniewicz
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Y W Lee
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Liu CH, Nguyen HTM, Lee DY, Hsieh CL. Effect of electrode configuration in electroacupuncture on ischemic stroke treatment in rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2023; 13:588-599. [PMID: 38020550 PMCID: PMC10658373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim This study investigated the effect of the electrode configuration on EA treating ischemic stroke. Experimental procedure An ischemic stroke rat model was established. In the EA-P group, the anodes of EA were placed on the BL7 and BL8 acupoints of the lesioned, and the cathodes were placed on the BL7 and BL8 acupoints of the nonlesioned hemispheres; by contrast, in the EA-N group. Results The difference in neurological deficit scores between the first and fourth days and the difference in Rotarod test time between the fourth and first days after reperfusion were greater in the EA-P and EA-N groups than in the sham group (all p < 0.001). In the lesioned hemisphere, neuronal nuclei (NeuN), γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA)-A, postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95), and astrocyte glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) expression and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2)/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) ratios were greater and the glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)/GADPH ratios were smaller in the EA-P than in the sham group (all p < 0.05), but these ratios in the EA-N group were similar to those in the sham group (all p > 0.05); serum adrenaline and serotonin levels in the sham group were lower than those in the normal and EA-P groups (both p < 0.05), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate levels were higher in the EA-P group than in the sham group (p < 0.05). Conclusion EA improved neurological function through multiple pathways. However, placing the anode on the lesioned hemisphere can provide more neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huong Thi Mai Nguyen
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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7
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Han R, Lan X, Han Z, Ren H, Aafreen S, Wang W, Hou Z, Zhu T, Qian A, Han X, Koehler RC, Liu G. Improving outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage through microglia/macrophage-targeted IL-10 delivery with phosphatidylserine liposomes. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122277. [PMID: 37597297 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains the most lethal type of stroke, and effective clinical therapies that can speed up hematoma resolution after ICH are still lacking. While the beneficial effects of IL-10 on ICH recovery have been demonstrated, the clinical translation of IL-10 requires effective delivery methods by which sufficient IL-10 can be delivered to ICH-affected regions in the brain. Here we report the use of a phosphatidylserine (PS) liposome (PSL)-based nanoparticle system for microglia/macrophage-targeted delivery of IL-10 in ICH. We first prepared IL-10-conjugated PSL (PSL-IL10) and characterized their immunomodulating effects in vitro. Then we evaluated the therapeutic effects, including hematoma absorption, short-term outcomes, and neuroinflammation, of intranasally administered PSL-IL10 (3 μg IL-10 per mouse, 2 h post-ICH) in a collagenase-induced ICH mouse model. We also isolated microglia/macrophages from the mouse brains with ICH to analyze their morphology, phagocytosis ability, and polarization. Our study reveals that, 1) PSL-IL10 treatment resulted in significantly improved outcomes and accelerated hematoma resolution in the acute phase of ICH; 2) PSL-IL10 inhibited glial activation and down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokine production; 3) PSL-IL10 induced Iba1+ cells with a stronger phagocytosis ability; 4) PSL-IL10 activated STAT3 and upregulated CD36 expression in microglia/macrophage. These findings collectively show that PSL-IL10 is a promising nanotherapeutic for effectively ameliorating ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Zheng Han
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Health Systems Innovation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Honglei Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Safiya Aafreen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wenshen Wang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhipeng Hou
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tianyue Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoning Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Raymond C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Guanshu Liu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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8
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Lutfi Ismaeel G, Makki AlHassani OJ, S Alazragi R, Hussein Ahmed A, H Mohamed A, Yasir Jasim N, Hassan Shari F, Almashhadani HA. Genetically engineered neural stem cells (NSCs) therapy for neurological diseases; state-of-the-art. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3363. [PMID: 37221947 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent stem cells with remarkable self-renewal potential and also unique competencies to differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes (ODCs) and improve the cellular microenvironment. In addition, NSCs secret diversity of mediators, including neurotrophic factors (e.g., BDNF, NGF, GDNF, CNTF, and NT-3), pro-angiogenic mediators (e.g., FGF-2 and VEGF), and anti-inflammatory biomolecules. Thereby, NSCs transplantation has become a reasonable and effective treatment for various neurodegenerative disorders by their capacity to induce neurogenesis and vasculogenesis and dampen neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Nonetheless, various drawbacks such as lower migration and survival and less differential capacity to a particular cell lineage concerning the disease pathogenesis hinder their application. Thus, genetic engineering of NSCs before transplantation is recently regarded as an innovative strategy to bypass these hurdles. Indeed, genetically modified NSCs could bring about more favored therapeutic influences post-transplantation in vivo, making them an excellent option for neurological disease therapy. This review for the first time offers a comprehensive review of the therapeutic capability of genetically modified NSCs rather than naïve NSCs in neurological disease beyond brain tumors and sheds light on the recent progress and prospect in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghufran Lutfi Ismaeel
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq
| | | | - Reem S Alazragi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Hussein Ahmed
- Department of Radiology and Sonar, College of Medical Techniques, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Asma'a H Mohamed
- Intelligent Medical Systems Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Nisreen Yasir Jasim
- Collage of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Falah Hassan Shari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
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9
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Cao Y, Yue X, Jia M, Wang J. Neuroinflammation and anti-inflammatory therapy for ischemic stroke. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17986. [PMID: 37519706 PMCID: PMC10372247 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains one of the most devastating and challenging neurological diseases worldwide. Inflammation, as well as oxidative stress is one of the main contributors to post-stroke injuries, and oxidative stress can further induce inflammation. Moreover, the inflammatory response is closely related to immune modulation in ischemic stroke progression. Hence, major ischemic stroke treatment strategies include targeting inflammatory responses, immune modulation (especially immune cells), and inflammatory response to suppress stroke progression. To date, several drugs have demonstrated clinical efficacy, such as Etanercept and Fingolimod. However, only edaravone dexborneol has successfully passed the phase III clinical trial and been approved by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) to treat ischemic stroke in China, which can restore redox balance and regulate inflammatory immune responses, thus providing neuroprotection in ischemic stroke. In this review, we will comprehensively summarize the current advances in the application of inflammatory biomarkers, neuroinflammation and neuro-immunotherapeutic scenarios for ischemic stroke, thus aiming to provide a theoretical basis and new prospects and frontiers for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyue Cao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanye Yue
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Jia
- National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Tirandi A, Sgura C, Carbone F, Montecucco F, Liberale L. Inflammatory biomarkers of ischemic stroke. Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:723-732. [PMID: 36745280 PMCID: PMC10082112 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-023-03201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke remains the second leading cause of death and among the major causes of morbidity worldwide. Therapeutic options are currently limited to early reperfusion strategies, while pharmacological neuroprotective strategies despite showing promising results in the experimental setting constantly failed to enter the clinical arena. Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and mediators of inflammation have been longtime investigated as possible prognostic marker and therapeutic target for stroke patients. Here, we summarized available evidence on the role of cytokines, soluble adhesion molecules and adipokines in the pathophysiology, prognosis and therapy of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Tirandi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sgura
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Luca Liberale
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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11
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Benakis C, Simats A, Tritschler S, Heindl S, Besson-Girard S, Llovera G, Pinkham K, Kolz A, Ricci A, Theis FJ, Bittner S, Gökce Ö, Peters A, Liesz A. T cells modulate the microglial response to brain ischemia. eLife 2022; 11:e82031. [PMID: 36512388 PMCID: PMC9747154 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation after stroke is characterized by the activation of resident microglia and the invasion of circulating leukocytes into the brain. Although lymphocytes infiltrate the brain in small number, they have been consistently demonstrated to be the most potent leukocyte subpopulation contributing to secondary inflammatory brain injury. However, the exact mechanism of how this minimal number of lymphocytes can profoundly affect stroke outcome is still largely elusive. Here, using a mouse model for ischemic stroke, we demonstrated that early activation of microglia in response to stroke is differentially regulated by distinct T cell subpopulations - with TH1 cells inducing a type I INF signaling in microglia and regulatory T cells (TREG) cells promoting microglial genes associated with chemotaxis. Acute treatment with engineered T cells overexpressing IL-10 administered into the cisterna magna after stroke induces a switch of microglial gene expression to a profile associated with pro-regenerative functions. Whereas microglia polarization by T cell subsets did not affect the acute development of the infarct volume, these findings substantiate the role of T cells in stroke by polarizing the microglial phenotype. Targeting T cell-microglia interactions can have direct translational relevance for further development of immune-targeted therapies for stroke and other neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Benakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alba Simats
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Tritschler
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Steffanie Heindl
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Besson-Girard
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gemma Llovera
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kelsey Pinkham
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Kolz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessio Ricci
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), RhineMain Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Özgün Gökce
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Anneli Peters
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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Sakyi SA, Opoku AS, Amoani B, Afranie BO, Kwarteng A, Ephriam RD, Opoku S, Senu E, Aidoo E, Sarfo FS. Assessing the variability and the role of inflammatory cytokines and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in predicting stroke among hypertensives: A case-control study. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2022; 1:100086. [PMID: 38515909 PMCID: PMC10953871 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a complex lipid-driven inflammatory disease in which numerous cell types and inflammatory mediators are involved in the progression of hypertension to stroke. Mediators' markers that could predict the progression of hypertension to stroke are of research importance. We assessed the predictive value of individual and combined cytokines and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) among hypertensives with or without stroke. Methods In a case-control study, we enrolled 63 cases with stroke and hypertension (HPT-S), 59 stroke-free hypertensives (HPT), and 53 stroke free normotensives as controls (CS). Sociodemographic data and blood samples were collected for the estimation of Interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) using commercially available ELISA kits from Biobase Biotech, Shanghai, China. The Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to calculate diagnostic accuracy for cytokines in predicting stroke among hypertensives. A combined bioscore model of IL-10 and MCP-1 was generated to predict stroke among hypertensives. The multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the chances of IL-10 and MCP-1 in predicting stroke among hypertensives. Statistical analyses were performed using R-language. Results The HPT-S group had significantly higher levels of MCP-1 and IL-10 compared to the HPT and CS groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-6 amongst the three study groups. MCP-1 and IL-10 were predictive of stroke occurrence among hypertensives and were used to develop a bioscore model. An elevated MCP-1 and IL-10 with a bioscore 2 had a predictive accuracy of 0.81, a sensitivity of 0.77 and specificity of 0.84. At a bioscore of 1, the sensitivity and specificity for predicting stroke among hypertensives was 97.0% and 61.0% respectively. In a binary logistic regression, having a bioscore of 1 [aOR = 20.43, 95% CI (2.17-192.62), p = 0.008] or 2 [aOR = 26.00, 95% CI (2.92-231.31), p = 0.003] were significantly associated with stroke occurrence among hypertensives. Conclusion Higher levels of IL-10 with a concomitant level of MCP-1 could serve as a good predictor of stroke among hypertensives. Subsequently, MCP-1 may prove useful as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis in hypertensives. Combined bioscore of MCP-1 and IL-10 could serve as a good predictor of stroke among hypertensives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Asamoah Sakyi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Afia Serwaa Opoku
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Benjamin Amoani
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Bright Oppong Afranie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Dadzie Ephriam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Stephen Opoku
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Senu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Aidoo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Accra Technical University, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fred Stephen Sarfo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
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Li SJ, Cao SS, Huang PS, Nie X, Fu Y, Liu JR. Post-operative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and outcome after thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:990209. [PMID: 36247760 PMCID: PMC9554503 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.990209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a novel inflammatory marker to predict adverse cardiovascular events. However, there is a lack of data on hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and neurological outcome after mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We investigated whether NLR before and after thrombectomy for patients with AIS was associated with HT and neurological outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with anterior circulation AIS who underwent thrombectomy. HT was evaluated by CT within 24 h after thrombectomy. Clinical data had been collected retrospectively; laboratory data were extracted from our electronic hospital information system. NLR was obtained at admission (NLR1) and immediately after thrombectomy (NLR2). The main outcomes were post-interventional intracranial hemorrhage and unfavorable functional status (modified Rankin scale scores of 3–6) 3 months post-stroke. Results A total of 258 patients with AIS, according to the NIHSS (median 14), were included. NLR2 was higher in patients who developed HT after thrombectomy and unfavorable neurological outcomes 3 months post-stroke (p < 0.001) than in those without HT or favorable outcomes, even after correction for co-factors [Odds Ratio (OR) 1.35 for HT, 95% confidence interval (CI)1.16–1.57, p < 0.001, and 1.85 for unfavorable outcome, 95%CI 1.57–2.17, p < 0.001]. The optimal cutoff value for the NLR2 as an indicator for auxiliary diagnosis of HT and the unfavorable outcome was 8.4 and 8.8, respectively. Conclusion NLR immediately after thrombectomy is a readily available biomarker of HT and neurological outcomes in patients with AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Shan Cao
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Sheng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Nie
- Biostatistics Office of Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ren Liu
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-Ren Liu
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Hur HJ, Lee JY, Kim DH, Cho MS, Lee S, Kim HS, Kim DW. Conditioned Medium of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursor Cells Exerts Neurorestorative Effects against Ischemic Stroke Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7787. [PMID: 35887140 PMCID: PMC9319001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that early therapeutic events of neural precursor cells (NPCs) transplantation to animals with acute ischemic stroke readily protected neuronal cell damage and improved behavioral recovery through paracrine mechanisms. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that administration of conditioned medium from NPCs (NPC-CMs) could recapitulate the beneficial effects of cell transplantation. Rats with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: PBS control, Vehicle (medium) controls, single (NPC-CM(S)) or multiple injections of NPC-CM(NPC-CM(M)) groups. A single intravenous injection of NPC-CM exhibited strong neuroregenerative potential to induce behavioral recovery, and multiple injections enhanced this activity further by suppressing inflammatory damage and inducing endogenous neurogenesis leading to histopathological and functional recovery. Proteome analysis of NPC-CM identified a number of proteins that are known to be associated with nervous system development, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis. In addition, transcriptome analysis revealed the importance of the inflammatory response during stroke recovery and some of the key hub genes in the interaction network were validated. Thus, our findings demonstrated that NPC-CM promoted functional recovery and reduced cerebral infarct and inflammation with enhanced endogenous neurogenesis, and the results highlighted the potency of NPC-CM in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Hur
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ji Yong Lee
- Research Institute of Hyperbaric Medicine and Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si 26426, Korea;
| | - Do-Hun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- S. Biomedics Co., Ltd., Seoul 04979, Korea;
| | | | - Sangsik Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si 25601, Korea;
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si 25601, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Barkaway A, Attwell D, Korte N. Immune-vascular mural cell interactions: consequences for immune cell trafficking, cerebral blood flow, and the blood-brain barrier. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:031914. [PMID: 35581998 PMCID: PMC9107322 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.3.031914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brain barriers are crucial sites for cerebral energy supply, waste removal, immune cell migration, and solute exchange, all of which maintain an appropriate environment for neuronal activity. At the capillary level, where the largest area of brain-vascular interface occurs, pericytes adjust cerebral blood flow (CBF) by regulating capillary diameter and maintain the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by suppressing endothelial cell (EC) transcytosis and inducing tight junction expression between ECs. Pericytes also limit the infiltration of circulating leukocytes into the brain where resident microglia confine brain injury and provide the first line of defence against invading pathogens. Brain "waste" is cleared across the BBB into the blood, phagocytosed by microglia and astrocytes, or removed by the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through perivascular routes-a process driven by respiratory motion and the pulsation of the heart, arteriolar smooth muscle, and possibly pericytes. "Dirty" CSF exits the brain and is probably drained around olfactory nerve rootlets and via the dural meningeal lymphatic vessels and possibly the skull bone marrow. The brain is widely regarded as an immune-privileged organ because it is accessible to few antigen-primed leukocytes. Leukocytes enter the brain via the meninges, the BBB, and the blood-CSF barrier. Advances in genetic and imaging tools have revealed that neurological diseases significantly alter immune-brain barrier interactions in at least three ways: (1) the brain's immune-privileged status is compromised when pericytes are lost or lymphatic vessels are dysregulated; (2) immune cells release vasoactive molecules to regulate CBF, modulate arteriole stiffness, and can plug and eliminate capillaries which impairs CBF and possibly waste clearance; and (3) immune-vascular interactions can make the BBB leaky via multiple mechanisms, thus aggravating the influx of undesirable substances and cells. Here, we review developments in these three areas and briefly discuss potential therapeutic avenues for restoring brain barrier functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barkaway
- University College London, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Attwell
- University College London, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Korte
- University College London, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, United Kingdom
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DeLong JH, Ohashi SN, O'Connor KC, Sansing LH. Inflammatory Responses After Ischemic Stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:625-648. [PMID: 35767089 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke generates an immune response that contributes to neuronal loss as well as tissue repair. This is a complex process involving a range of cell types and effector molecules and impacts tissues outside of the CNS. Recent reviews address specific aspects of this response, but several years have passed and important advances have been made since a high-level review has summarized the overall state of the field. The present review examines the initiation of the inflammatory response after ischemic stroke, the complex impacts of leukocytes on patient outcome, and the potential of basic science discoveries to impact the development of therapeutics. The information summarized here is derived from broad PubMed searches and aims to reflect recent research advances in an unbiased manner. We highlight valuable recent discoveries and identify gaps in knowledge that have the potential to advance our understanding of this disease and therapies to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Howard DeLong
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Naomi Ohashi
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin Charles O'Connor
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren Hachmann Sansing
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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17
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Nito C, Suda S, Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Okada T, Kimura K. Dental-Pulp Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Strategy for Ischemic Stroke. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040737. [PMID: 35453487 PMCID: PMC9032844 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to restore human functions by regenerating organs and tissues using stem cells or living tissues for the treatment of organ and tissue defects or dysfunction. Clinical trials investigating the treatment of cerebral infarction using mesenchymal stem cells, a type of somatic stem cell therapy, are underway. The development and production of regenerative medicines using somatic stem cells is expected to contribute to the treatment of cerebral infarction, a central nervous system disease for which there is no effective treatment. Numerous experimental studies have shown that cellular therapy, including the use of human dental pulp stem cells, is an attractive strategy for patients with ischemic brain injury. This review describes the basic research, therapeutic mechanism, clinical trials, and future prospects for dental pulp stem cell therapy, which is being investigated in Japan in first-in-human clinical trials for the treatment of patients with acute cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Nito
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan; (S.S.); (K.K.)
- Collaborative Research Center, Laboratory for Clinical Research, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3822-2131; Fax: +81-3-5814-6176
| | - Satoshi Suda
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan; (S.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Yuko Nitahara-Kasahara
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (Y.N.-K.); (T.O.)
| | - Takashi Okada
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (Y.N.-K.); (T.O.)
| | - Kazumi Kimura
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan; (S.S.); (K.K.)
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Salehi MS, Safari A, Pandamooz S, Jurek B, Hooshmandi E, Owjfard M, Bayat M, Zafarmand SS, Miyan JA, Borhani-Haghighi A. The Beneficial Potential of Genetically Modified Stem Cells in the Treatment of Stroke: a Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:412-440. [PMID: 34033001 PMCID: PMC8144279 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed a surge in investigations proposing stem cells as a promising strategy to treat stroke. Since growth factor release is considered as one of the most important aspects of cell-based therapy, stem cells over-expressing growth factors are hypothesized to yield higher levels of therapeutic efficiency. In pre-clinical studies of the last 15 years that were investigating the efficiency of stem cell therapy for stroke, a variety of stem cell types were genetically modified to over-express various factors. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the therapeutic efficiency of stem cell-derived growth factors, encompassing techniques employed and time points to evaluate. In addition, we discuss several types of stem cells, including the recently developed model of epidermal neural crest stem cells, and genetically modified stem cells over-expressing specific factors, which could elevate the restorative potential of naive stem cells. The restorative potential is based on enhanced survival/differentiation potential of transplanted cells, apoptosis inhibition, infarct volume reduction, neovascularization or functional improvement. Since the majority of studies have focused on the short-term curative effects of genetically engineered stem cells, we emphasize the need to address their long-term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Anahid Safari
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sareh Pandamooz
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Benjamin Jurek
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Owjfard
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Bayat
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Jaleel A Miyan
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Keaton SA, Arnetz J, Jamil H, Dhalimi A, Stemmer PM, Ruden DM, Yamin J, Achtyes E, Smart L, Brundin L, Arnetz BB. IL-10: A possible immunobiological component of positive mental health in refugees. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 8:100097. [PMID: 35757662 PMCID: PMC9216633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective As the number of refugees continues to rise, there is growing concern about the impact from trauma exposures on their mental health. However, there is a limited understanding of possible biological mechanisms contributing to the substantial inter-individual differences in trauma-related outcomes, especially as it relates to positive mental health. Only sparse work has focused on the biology of positive mental health, including energy and sleep, in trauma-exposed persons. In this study, we analyzed cytokines in blood from newly arrived refugees with differential trauma exposures in relationship to self-reported energy, as a key marker of positive mental health. Methods Within the first month of arrival in the USA, 64 refugees from Iraq and Syria were interviewed. Refugees completed the clinical DSM-IV PTSD-Checklist Civilian Version (PCL-C), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Ten psychiatrically healthy non-refugee persons were used as healthy controls to compare levels of cytokines. Blood samples were collected at the time of the interview and subsequently analyzed for IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α concentrations. Results Energy correlated positively with current concentration ability and sleep quality, and negatively with stress, PCL-C, BAI and HADS scores (Spearman correlations, all p<0.05). Refugees had lower levels of IL-10 compared to controls (p<0.05). IL-10 levels in refugees correlated with higher energy levels (p<0.01). Conclusions Results suggest that self-reported energy is a key component of positive mental health in newly arrived traumatized refugees. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 could be a marker of, or causally associated with positive mental health. A better understanding of the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory states in highly traumatized individuals has the potential to create more targeted and effective treatments with implications for long-term health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Keaton
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Judy Arnetz
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Hikmet Jamil
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Abir Dhalimi
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Paul M. Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Douglas M. Ruden
- Institute of Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jolin Yamin
- Institute of Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Eric Achtyes
- Pine Rest Christian Mental Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Division of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - LeAnn Smart
- Pine Rest Christian Mental Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Lena Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Division of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Bengt B. Arnetz
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Comprehensive Analysis of RNA Expression Profile Identifies Hub miRNA-circRNA Interaction Networks in the Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6015473. [PMID: 34603484 PMCID: PMC8481051 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6015473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is classified as a sort of serious nervous system syndrome that occurs in the early life period. Noncoding RNAs had been confirmed to have crucial roles in human diseases. So far, there were few systematical and comprehensive studies towards the expression profile of RNAs in the brain after hypoxia ischemia. In this study, 31 differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) with upregulation were identified. In addition, 5512 differentially expressed mRNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) were identified in HIE groups. Bioinformatics analysis showed these circRNAs and mRNAs were significantly enriched in regulation of leukocyte activation, response to virus, and neutrophil degranulation. Pathway and its related gene network analysis indicated that HLA - DPA1, HLA - DQA2, HLA - DQB1, and HLA - DRB4 have a more crucial role in HIE. Finally, miRNA-circRNA-mRNA interaction network analysis was also performed to identify hub miRNAs and circRNAs. We found that miR-592 potentially targeting 5 circRNAs, thus affecting 15 mRNA expressions in HIR. hsa_circ_0068397 and hsa_circ_0045698 were identified as hub circRNAs in HIE. Collectively, using RNA-seq, bioinformatics analysis, and circRNA/miRNA interaction prediction, we systematically investigated the differentially expressed RNAs in HIE, which could give a new hint of understanding the pathogenesis of HIE.
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Microglia as the Critical Regulators of Neuroprotection and Functional Recovery in Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2505-2525. [PMID: 34460037 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation is considered as the critical pathogenic event in diverse central nervous system disorders including cerebral ischemia. Proinflammatory responses of activated microglia have been well reported in the ischemic brain and neuroinflammatory responses of activated microglia have been believed to be the potential therapeutic strategy. However, despite having proinflammatory roles, microglia can have significant anti-inflammatory roles and they are associated with the production of growth factors which are responsible for neuroprotection and recovery after ischemic injury. Microglia can directly promote neuroprotection by preventing ischemic infarct expansion and promoting functional outcomes. Indirectly, microglia are involved in promoting anti-inflammatory responses, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis in the ischemic brain which are crucial pathophysiological events for ischemic recovery. In fact, anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors produced by microglia can promote neuroprotection and attenuate neurobehavioral deficits. In addition, microglia regulate phagocytosis, axonal regeneration, blood-brain barrier protection, white matter integrity, and synaptic remodeling, which are essential for ischemic recovery. Microglia can also regulate crosstalk with neurons and other cell types to promote neuroprotection and ischemic recovery. This review mainly focuses on the roles of microglia in neuroprotection and recovery following ischemic injury. Furthermore, this review also sheds the light on the therapeutic potential of microglia in stroke patients.
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22
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The Prognostic Determinant of Interleukin-10 in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: An Analysis from the Perspective of Disease Management. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:6423244. [PMID: 34336007 PMCID: PMC8313368 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6423244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background In patients with ischemic stroke, the role of anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in predicting risk and outcomes is not very clear. This study is aimed at prospectively assessing the prognostic determinant value of IL-10 in patients with acute ischemic stroke in a cohort of Chinese people. Methods In a prospective cohort study, consecutive first-ever patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to our hospital were included from October 2019 to October 2020. The serum level of IL-10 was measured at baseline. A structured follow-up telephone interview was performed on day 90 after admission. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the prognostic value of IL-10 to predict the poor functional outcome (defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 3 to 6) and mortality. Results The median age of the 236 enrolled patients was 65 years (interquartile range (IQR), 56-76), and 57.6% were male. There was a negative correlation between the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and IL-10 serum levels (r (Spearman) = −0.221, P = 0.001). Patients with elevated IL-10 levels (> the highest quartile = 5.24 pg/mL; n = 79) were at significantly lower risk of poor functional outcomes (odds ratio (OR), 0.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.19 to 0.63; P < 0.001) and mortality (OR = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.11–0.52; P < 0.001) compared with patients with IL-10 levels in the lowest three quartiles. Conclusions Reduced serum levels of IL-10 were independently associated with both the clinical severity at admission and a poor functional prognosis in ischemic stroke patients, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was an important prognostic determinant.
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23
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Zhang D, Ren J, Luo Y, He Q, Zhao R, Chang J, Yang Y, Guo ZN. T Cell Response in Ischemic Stroke: From Mechanisms to Translational Insights. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707972. [PMID: 34335623 PMCID: PMC8320432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by a sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain, is a leading cause of death and exerts a heavy burden on both patients and public health systems. Currently available treatments for ischemic stroke are very limited and are not feasible in many patients due to strict time windows required for their administration. Thus, novel treatment strategies are keenly required. T cells, which are part of the adaptive immune system, have gained more attention for its effects in ischemic stroke. Both preclinical and clinical studies have revealed the conflicting roles for T cells in post-stroke inflammation and as potential therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the mediators of T cell recruitment, as well as the temporal course of its infiltration through the blood-brain-barrier, choroid plexus, and meningeal pathways. Furthermore, we describe the mechanisms behind the deleterious and beneficial effects of T cells in the brain, in both antigen-dependent and antigen-independent manners, and finally we specifically focus on clinical and preclinical studies that have investigated T cells as potential therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Zhang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Ren
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qianyan He
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhao
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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24
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Durán-Laforet V, Peña-Martínez C, García-Culebras A, Alzamora L, Moro MA, Lizasoain I. Pathophysiological and pharmacological relevance of TLR4 in peripheral immune cells after stroke. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107933. [PMID: 34174279 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a very common disease being the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The immune response subsequent to an ischemic stroke is a crucial factor in its physiopathology and outcome. This response is not limited to the injury site. In fact, the immune response to the ischemic process mobilizes mainly circulating cells which upon activation will be recruited to the injury site. When a stroke occurs, molecules that are usually retained inside the cell bodies are released into the extracellular space by uncontrolled cell death. These molecules can bind to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in circulating immune cells which are then activated, eliciting, although not exclusively, the inflammatory response to the stroke. In this review, we present an up-to-date summary of the role of the different peripheral immune cells in stroke as well as the role of TLR4 in the function of each cell type in ischemia. Also, we summarize the different antagonists developed against TLR4 and their potential as a pharmacological tool for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Durán-Laforet
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Peña-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - A García-Culebras
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Alzamora
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Moro
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Bai X, Xiong LL, Fang CL, Zhou HL, Xue LL, Hu Y, Xia QJ, Liu J, Zhang JY, Wang TH, Yang SJ. Interleukin 10 Plays an Important Role in Neonatal Rats with Hypoxic-Ischemia Associated with B-Cell Lymphoma 2 and Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein 29. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2021; 2021:6622713. [PMID: 34123712 PMCID: PMC8189815 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6622713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a synthetic inhibitor of human cytokines with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. This study was designed to investigate the expression variation of IL-10 in the multiple sites including cortex, hippocampus, and lung tissues of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) rats and explore the crucial role of IL-10 in alleviating HI brain damage. In this study, neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the right common carotid artery ligation, followed by 2 h of hypoxia. The expression of IL-10 in the cortex, hippocampus, and lung tissues was measured with immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and western blot (WB). Immunofluorescence double staining was performed to observe the localization of IL-10 in neurons and astrocytes. Moreover, not-targeting and targeting IL-10 siRNA lentivirus vectors were injected into the rats of the negative control (NC) and IL-10 group, respectively, and the mRNA levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 (ERp29) were detected by RT-qPCR following IL-10 silence. The results demonstrated that the IL-10 expression was markedly increased after HI and IL-10 were colocalized with neurons and astrocytes which were badly injured by HI insult. In addition, Bcl-2 and ERp29 were remarkably decreased following IL-10 mRNA interference compared with the NC group. Our findings revealed that IL-10 exerted its antiapoptotic and neuroprotective effects by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and ERp29, indicating that IL-10 may be a promising molecule target for HIE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Liu-Lin Xiong
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Chang-Le Fang
- Department of Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhou
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu-Lu Xue
- Institute of Neuroscience, Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qing-Jie Xia
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Jun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Si-Jin Yang
- Department of Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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26
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Guo YS, Yuan M, Han Y, Shen XY, Gao ZK, Bi X. Therapeutic Potential of Cytokines in Demyelinating Lesions After Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2035-2052. [PMID: 33970426 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
White matter damage is a component of most human stroke and usually accounts for at least half of the lesion volume. Subcortical white matter stroke (WMS) accounts for 25% of all strokes and causes severe motor and cognitive dysfunction. The adult brain has a very limited ability to repair white matter damage. Pathological analysis shows that demyelination or myelin loss is the main feature of white matter injury and plays an important role in long-term sensorimotor and cognitive dysfunction. This suggests that demyelination is a major therapeutic target for ischemic stroke injury. An acute inflammatory reaction is triggered by brain ischemia, which is accompanied by cytokine production. The production of cytokines is an important factor affecting demyelination and myelin regeneration. Different cytokines have different effects on myelin damage and myelin regeneration. Exploring the role of cytokines in demyelination and remyelination after stroke and the underlying molecular mechanisms of demyelination and myelin regeneration after ischemic injury is very important for the development of rehabilitation treatment strategies. This review focuses on recent findings on the effects of cytokines on myelin damage and remyelination as well as the progress of research on the role of cytokines in ischemic stroke prognosis to provide a new treatment approach for amelioration of white matter damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sha Guo
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin-Ya Shen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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27
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Jiang Q, Stone CR, Elkin K, Geng X, Ding Y. Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:101-112. [PMID: 33972464 PMCID: PMC8118752 DOI: 10.5607/en20033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the preceding decades, there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of stroke. One such advance has been an increased understanding of the multifarious crosstalk in which the nervous and immune systems engage in order to maintain homeostasis. By interrupting the immune-nervous nexus, it is thought that stroke induces change in both systems. Additionally, it has been found that both innate and adaptive immunosuppression play protective roles against the effects of stroke. The release of danger-/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activates Toll-like receptors (TLRs), contributing to the harmful inflammatory effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury after stroke; the Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK (TAM)/Gas6 system, however, has been shown to suppress inflammation via downstream signaling molecules that inhibit TLR signaling. Anti-inflammatory cytokines have also been found to promote neuroprotection following stroke. Additionally, adaptive immunosuppression merits further consideration as a potential endogenous protective mechanism. In this review, we highlight recent studies regarding the effects and mechanism of immunosuppression on the pathophysiology of stroke, with the hope that a better understanding of the function of both of innate and adaptive immunity in this setting will facilitate the development of effective therapies for post-stroke inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China
| | - Christopher R Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth Elkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, MI, USA.,Department of Research & Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
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28
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Yu H, Xu Z, Qu G, Wang H, Lin L, Li X, Xie X, Lei Y, He X, Chen Y, Li Y. Hypoxic Preconditioning Enhances the Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Conditioned Medium in Switching Microglia toward Anti-inflammatory Polarization in Ischemia/Reperfusion. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:505-524. [PMID: 32424775 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of pro-inflammatory microglia is an important mechanism of the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced neuronal injury and dysfunction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) together with their paracrine factors demonstrated curative potential in immune disorders and inflammatory diseases, as well as in ischemic diseases. However, it remains unclear whether conditioned medium from MSCs could effectively regulate the activation and polarization of microglia exposed to I/R stimulation. In this study, we investigated the effects of conditioned medium from bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs-CM) on I/R-stimulated microglia and the potential mechanism involved, as well as the way to obtain more effective BMSCs-CM. First, cell model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was established in microglia to mimic the I/R. BMSCs-CM from different culture conditions (normoxic: 21% O2; hypoxic: 1% O2; hypoxia preconditioning: preconditioning with 1% O2 for 24 h) was used to treat the microglia. Our results showed that BMSCs-CM effectively promoted the survival and alleviated the injury of microglia. Moreover, in microglia exposed to OGD/R, BMSCs-CM inhibited significantly the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), CD86 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, whereas upregulated the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), CD206 and Arginase-1. These results suggested that BMSCs-CM promoted the polarization of anti-inflammatory microglia. In particular, BMSCs-CM from cultures with hypoxia preconditioning was more effective in alleviating cell injury and promoting anti-inflammatory microglia polarization than BMSCs-CM from normoxic cultures and from hypoxic cultures. Furthermore, inhibition of exosomes secretion could largely mitigate these effects of BMSCs-CM. In conclusion, our results suggested that hypoxia preconditioning of BMSCs could enhance the efficacy of BMSCs-CM in alleviating OGD/R-induced injury and in promoting the anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia, and these beneficial effects of BMSCs-CM owed substantially to exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Xiangyang, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Gaojing Qu
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lulu Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xianyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yifeng Lei
- The Institute of Technological Sciences & School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yinping Li
- Department of Pathophysiology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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29
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Liberale L, Ministrini S, Carbone F, Camici GG, Montecucco F. Cytokines as therapeutic targets for cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:23. [PMID: 33770265 PMCID: PMC7997823 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite major advances in prevention and treatment, cardiac and cerebral atherothrombotic complications still account for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this context, inflammation is involved in the chronic process leading atherosclerotic plaque formation and its complications, as well as in the maladaptive response to acute ischemic events. For this reason, modulation of inflammation is nowadays seen as a promising therapeutic strategy to counteract the burden of cardio- and cerebrovascular disease. Being produced and recognized by both inflammatory and vascular cells, the complex network of cytokines holds key functions in the crosstalk of these two systems and orchestrates the progression of atherothrombosis. By binding to membrane receptors, these soluble mediators trigger specific intracellular signaling pathways eventually leading to the activation of transcription factors and a deep modulation of cell function. Both stimulatory and inhibitory cytokines have been described and progressively reported as markers of disease or interesting therapeutic targets in the cardiovascular field. Nevertheless, cytokine inhibition is burdened by harmful side effects that will most likely prevent its chronic use in favor of acute administrations in well-selected subjects at high risk. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the modulatory role of cytokines on atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Then, we discuss evidence from clinical trials specifically targeting cytokines and the potential implication of these advances into daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland. .,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Stefano Ministrini
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Internal Medicine, Angiology and Atherosclerosis, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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30
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Wang H, Wang Z, Wu Q, Yuan Y, Cao W, Zhang X. Regulatory T cells in ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:643-651. [PMID: 33470530 PMCID: PMC8111493 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms of neuroinflammation, angiogenesis, and neuroplasticity are currently the hotspots of researches in ischemic stroke. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subset of T cells that control inflammatory and immune responses in the body, are closely related to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. They participate in the inflammatory response and neuroplasticity process of ischemic stroke by various mechanisms, such as secretion of anti‐inflammatory factors, inhibition of pro‐inflammatory factors, induction of cell lysis, production of the factors that promote neural regeneration, and modulation of microglial and macrophage polarization. However, it remains unclear whether Tregs play a beneficial or deleterious role in ischemic stroke and the effect of Tregs in different stages of ischemic stroke. Here, we discuss the dynamic changes of Tregs at various stages of experimental and clinical stroke, the potential mechanisms under Tregs in regulating stroke and the preclinical studies of Tregs‐related treatments, in order to provide a reference for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yujia Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Wen Cao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.,Hebei Vascular Homeostasis Key Laboratory, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
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31
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Deng QW, Huang S, Li S, Zhai Q, Zhang Q, Wang ZJ, Chen WX, Sun H, Lu M, Zhou J. Inflammatory Factors as Potential Markers of Early Neurological Deterioration in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Receiving Endovascular Therapy - The AISRNA Study. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4399-4407. [PMID: 34511974 PMCID: PMC8421252 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s317147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study aimed to explore several peripheral blood-based markers related to the inflammatory response in a total of 210 patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by large artery occlusion in the anterior circulation who received endovascular therapy (EVT) from an observational study of clinical significance of circulating non-coding RNA in acute ischemic stroke (AISRNA). METHODS We collected baseline characteristics of 210 AIS patients participating in an observational acute stroke cohort: the AISRNA study. The following inflammatory factors were measured in these participants: interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], and interferon-γ [IFN-γ]. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score increase of ≥4 within 24 hours after EVT defined as early neurological deterioration (END). RESULTS Compared with patients without END, patients with END had a higher incidence of atrial fibrillation (P=0.012), and also had higher levels of IL-6 and IL-10 (P<0.01). Furthermore, we found that the area under the curves (AUCs) of IL-6 and IL-10 for predicting END were 0.768 (0.697-0.829), and 0.647 (0.570-0.719), respectively. Adjusting for age, sex, and atrial fibrillation, the odds ratios (ORs; 95% confidence interval) for incident END for IL-6 and IL-10 were 1.98 (1.05-6.69) and 1.18 (1.04-1.33), respectively. Additionally, we found significant changes over time in the expression levels of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in patients with END compared with patients without END (P<0.05). CONCLUSION IL-6 and IL-10 levels at admission may be potential markers of END after EVT, and the time course of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 is correlated with stroke progression. Further larger studies are needed to confirm the current findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04175691. Registered November 21, 2019, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04175691.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Wen Deng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhai
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xia Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiling Sun
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junshan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Junshan Zhou; Min Lu Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 210006, People’s Republic of China Email ;
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Suda S, Nito C, Yokobori S, Sakamoto Y, Nakajima M, Sowa K, Obinata H, Sasaki K, Savitz SI, Kimura K. Recent Advances in Cell-Based Therapies for Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186718. [PMID: 32937754 PMCID: PMC7555943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease worldwide, and is still one of the leading causes of death and disability. Stem cell-based therapy is actively being investigated as a new potential treatment for certain neurological disorders, including stroke. Various types of cells, including bone marrow mononuclear cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, neural stem cells, inducible pluripotent stem cells, and genetically modified stem cells have been found to improve neurological outcomes in animal models of stroke, and there are some ongoing clinical trials assessing their efficacy in humans. In this review, we aim to summarize the recent advances in cell-based therapies to treat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Suda
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (C.N.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (K.S.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3822-2131; Fax: +81-3-3822-4865
| | - Chikako Nito
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (C.N.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (K.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Shoji Yokobori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (S.Y.); (H.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (C.N.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (K.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Masataka Nakajima
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (C.N.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (K.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Kota Sowa
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (C.N.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (K.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Hirofumi Obinata
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (S.Y.); (H.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazuma Sasaki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (S.Y.); (H.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Sean I. Savitz
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Kazumi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (C.N.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (K.S.); (K.K.)
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33
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Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke: A look into treatment mechanism and therapeutic potential. J Neurol 2020; 268:4095-4107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Amruta N, Rahman AA, Pinteaux E, Bix G. Neuroinflammation and fibrosis in stroke: The good, the bad and the ugly. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577318. [PMID: 32682140 PMCID: PMC7794086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death and the main cause of disability in surviving patients. The detrimental interaction between immune cells, glial cells, and matrix components in stroke pathology results in persistent inflammation that progresses to fibrosis. A substantial effort is being directed toward understanding the exact neuroinflammatory events that take place as a result of stroke. The initiation of a potent cytokine response, along with immune cell activation and infiltration in the ischemic core, has massive acute deleterious effects, generally exacerbated by comorbid inflammatory conditions. There is secondary neuroinflammation that promotes further injury, resulting in cell death, but conversely plays a beneficial role, by promoting recovery. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the neuroinflammatory and fibrotic processes, as well as the need to identify new mechanisms and potential modulators. In this review, we summarize several aspects of stroke-induced inflammation, fibrosis, and include a discussion of cytokine inhibitors/inducers, immune cells, and fibro-inflammation signaling inhibitors in order to identify new pharmacological means of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanappa Amruta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Abir A Rahman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Gregory Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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35
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Lin QM, Tang XH, Lin SR, Chen BD, Chen F. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation attenuates overexpression of inflammatory mediators in rat brain after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:324-331. [PMID: 31552906 PMCID: PMC6905325 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation improves neurological function after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation; however, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell treatment on expression profiles of multiple cytokines in the brain after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cardiac arrest was induced in rats by asphyxia and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated 6 minutes after cardiac arrest. One hour after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, rats were injected with either phosphate-buffered saline (control) or 1 × 106 bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via the tail vein. Serum S100B levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neurological deficit scores were evaluated to assess brain damage at 3 days after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Serum S100B levels were remarkably decreased and neurological deficit scores were obviously improved in the mesenchymal stem cell group compared with the phosphate-buffered saline group. Brains were isolated from the rats and expression levels of 90 proteins were determined using a RayBio Rat Antibody Array, to investigate the cytokine profiles. Brain levels of the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-3α, macrophage-derived chemokine, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 were decreased ≥ 1.5-fold, while levels of the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10 were increased ≥ 1.5-fold in the mesenchymal stem cell group compared with the control group. Donor mesenchymal stem cells were detected by immunofluorescence to determine their distribution in the damaged brain, and were primarily observed in the cerebral cortex. These results indicate that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation attenuates brain damage induced by cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, possibly via regulation of inflammatory mediators. This experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fujian Medical University, China in January 2016 (approval No. 2016079).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Lin
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xia-Hong Tang
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shi-Rong Lin
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ben-Dun Chen
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Chen H, Lin W, Lin P, Zheng M, Lai Y, Chen M, Zhang Y, Chen J, Lin X, Lin L, Lan Q, Yuan Q, Chen R, Jiang X, Xiao Y, Liu N. IL-10 produces a dual effect on OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis of cultured cortical neurons via the NF-κB pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:10796-10813. [PMID: 31801113 PMCID: PMC6932931 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As a classic immunoregulatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10) can provide in vivo and in vitro neuroprotection respectively during cerebral ischemia and after the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced injury. However, its role in cortical neuronal survival at different post-ischemic phases remains unclear. The current study found that IL-10 had distinct effects on the neuronal apoptosis at different OGD stages: at an early stage after OGD, IL-10 promoted the OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis in the cultured primary cortical neurons by activating p65 subunit, which up-regulated Bax expression and down-regulated Bcl-xL expression; at a late OGD stage, however, it attenuated the OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis by activating c-Rel, which up-regulated Bcl-xL expression and down-regulated Bax expression. The early-stage pro-apoptosis and late-stage anti-apoptosis were both partly abolished by PDTC, an NF-κB inhibitor, and promoted by PMA, an NF-κB activator. The optimal anti-apoptotic effect appeared when the cultured neurons were treated with IL-10 at 9-24 h after OGD. Taken together, our findings suggest that IL-10 exerts a dual effect on the survival of the cultured neurons by activating the NF-κB pathway at different stages after OGD injury and that PMA treatment at a late stage can facilitate the IL-10-conferred neuroprotection against OGD-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiqiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mouwei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongxing Lai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Manli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixian Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Longzai Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Quan Lan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qilin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ronghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhong Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingchun Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Diseases of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Dukay B, Csoboz B, Tóth ME. Heat-Shock Proteins in Neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:920. [PMID: 31507418 PMCID: PMC6718606 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat-shock response, one of the main pro-survival mechanisms of a living organism, has evolved as the biochemical response of cells to cope with heat stress. The most well-characterized aspect of the heat-shock response is the accumulation of a conserved set of proteins termed heat-shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs are key players in protein homeostasis acting as chaperones by aiding the folding and assembly of nascent proteins and protecting against protein aggregation. HSPs have been associated with neurological diseases in the context of their chaperone activity, as they were found to suppress the aggregation of misfolded toxic proteins. In recent times, HSPs have proven to have functions apart from the classical molecular chaperoning in that they play a role in a wider scale of neurological disorders by modulating neuronal survival, inflammation, and disease-specific signaling processes. HSPs are gaining importance based on their ability to fine-tune inflammation and act as immune modulators in various bodily fluids. However, their effect on neuroinflammation processes is not yet fully understood. In this review, we summarize the role of neuroinflammation in acute and chronic pathological conditions affecting the brain. Moreover, we seek to explore the existing literature on HSP-mediated inflammatory function within the central nervous system and compare the function of these proteins when they are localized intracellularly compared to being present in the extracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Dukay
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint Csoboz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Melinda E Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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38
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Lambertsen KL, Finsen B, Clausen BH. Post-stroke inflammation-target or tool for therapy? Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:693-714. [PMID: 30483945 PMCID: PMC6482288 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is currently considered a prime target for the development of new stroke therapies. In the acute phase of ischemic stroke, microglia are activated and then circulating immune cells invade the peri-infarct and infarct core. Resident and infiltrating cells together orchestrate the post-stroke inflammatory response, communicating with each other and the ischemic neurons, through soluble and membrane-bound signaling molecules, including cytokines. Inflammation can be both detrimental and beneficial at particular stages after a stroke. While it can contribute to expansion of the infarct, it is also responsible for infarct resolution, and influences remodeling and repair. Several pre-clinical and clinical proof-of-concept studies have suggested the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions that target inflammation post-stroke. Experimental evidence shows that targeting certain inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-10, holds promise. However, as these cytokines possess non-redundant protective and immunoregulatory functions, their neutralization or augmentation carries a risk of unwanted side effects, and clinical translation is, therefore, challenging. This review summarizes the cell biology of the post-stroke inflammatory response and discusses pharmacological interventions targeting inflammation in the acute phase after a stroke that may be used alone or in combination with recanalization therapies. Development of next-generation immune therapies should ideally aim at selectively neutralizing pathogenic immune signaling, enhancing tissue preservation, promoting neurological recovery and leaving normal function intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
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Cramer JV, Benakis C, Liesz A. T cells in the post-ischemic brain: Troopers or paramedics? J Neuroimmunol 2019; 326:33-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Nito C, Sowa K, Nakajima M, Sakamoto Y, Suda S, Nishiyama Y, Nakamura-Takahashi A, Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Ueda M, Okada T, Kimura K. Transplantation of human dental pulp stem cells ameliorates brain damage following acute cerebral ischemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1005-1014. [PMID: 30372800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Numerous experimental studies have shown that cellular therapy, including human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), is an attractive strategy for ischemic brain injury. Herein, we examined the effects of intravenous DPSC administration after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a transient 90 min middle cerebral artery occlusion. DPSCs (1 × 106 cells) or vehicle were administered via the femoral vein at 0 h or 3 h after ischemia-reperfusion. PKH26, a red fluorescent cell linker, was used to track the transplanted cells in the brain. Infarct volume, neurological deficits, and immunological analyses were performed at 24 h and 72 h after reperfusion. RESULTS PKH26-positive cells were observed more frequently in the ipsilateral than the contralateral hemisphere. DPSCs transplanted at 0 h after reperfusion significantly reduced infarct volume and reversed motor deficits at 24 h and 72 h recovery. DPSCs transplanted at 3 h after reperfusion also significantly reduced infarct volume and improved motor function compared with vehicle groups at 24 h and 72 h recovery. Further, DPSC transplantation significantly inhibited microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression compared with controls at 72 h after reperfusion. Moreover, DPSCs attenuated neuronal degeneration in the cortical ischemic boundary area. CONCLUSIONS Systemic delivery of human DPSCs after reperfusion reduced ischemic damage and improved functional recovery in a rodent ischemia model, with a clinically relevant therapeutic window. The neuroprotective action of DPSCs may relate to the modulation of neuroinflammation during the acute phase of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Nito
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.
| | - Kota Sowa
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakajima
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suda
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Aki Nakamura-Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yuko Nitahara-Kasahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan; Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ueda
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan; Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kimura
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
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Ramiro L, Simats A, García-Berrocoso T, Montaner J. Inflammatory molecules might become both biomarkers and therapeutic targets for stroke management. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418789340. [PMID: 30093920 PMCID: PMC6080077 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418789340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death and the most frequent cause of disability worldwide. Currently, stroke diagnosis is based on neuroimaging; therefore, the lack of a rapid tool to diagnose stroke is still a major concern. In addition, therapeutic approaches to combat ischemic stroke are still scarce, since the only approved therapies are directed toward restoring blood flow to the affected brain area. However, due to the reduced time window during which these therapies are effective, few patients benefit from them; therefore, alternative treatments are urgently needed to reduce stroke brain damage in order to improve patients' outcome. The inflammatory response triggered after the ischemic event plays an important role in the progression of stroke; consequently, the study of inflammatory molecules in the acute phase of stroke has attracted increasing interest in recent decades. Here, we provide an overview of the inflammatory processes occurring during ischemic stroke, as well as the potential for these inflammatory molecules to become stroke biomarkers and the possibility that these candidates will become interesting neuroprotective therapeutic targets to be blocked or stimulated in order to modulate inflammation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ramiro
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron
Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Alba Simats
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron
Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Teresa García-Berrocoso
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron
Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron
Institute of Research, Pg. Vall d’Hebron 119–129, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Cunningham CJ, Redondo-Castro E, Allan SM. The therapeutic potential of the mesenchymal stem cell secretome in ischaemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1276-1292. [PMID: 29768965 PMCID: PMC6077926 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18776802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential as a regenerative therapy for stroke, leading to increased repair and functional recovery in animal models of cerebral ischaemia. While it was initially hypothesised that cell replacement was an important mechanism of action of MSCs, focus has shifted to their paracrine actions or the so called "bystander" effect. MSCs secrete a wide array of growth factors, chemokines, cytokines and extracellular vesicles, commonly referred to as the MSC secretome. There is evidence suggesting the MSC secretome can promote repair through a number of mechanisms including preventing cell apoptosis, modulating the inflammatory response and promoting endogenous repair mechanisms such as angiogenesis and neurogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the in vitro approaches currently being employed to drive the MSC secretome towards a more anti-inflammatory and regenerative phenotype. We will then examine the role of the secretome in promoting repair and improving recovery in preclinical models of cerebral ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona J Cunningham
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elena Redondo-Castro
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Xu H, Li J, Wang Z, Feng M, Shen Y, Cao S, Li T, Peng Y, Fan L, Chen J, Gu C, Yan F, Wang L, Chen G. Methylene blue attenuates neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats through the Akt/GSK-3β/MEF2D signaling pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:125-139. [PMID: 28457811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious medical problem with few effective pharmacotherapies available, and neuroinflammation has been identified as an important pathological process in early brain injury (EBI) after SAH. Methylene blue (MB) is an older drug that has been recently proven to exert extraordinary neuroprotective effects in several brain insults. However, no study has reported the beneficial effects of MB in SAH. In the current investigation, we studied the neuroprotective effects of MB in EBI after SAH and focused on its anti-inflammatory role. A total of 303 rats were subjected to an endovascular perforation process to produce an SAH model. We found that MB could significantly ameliorate brain edema secondary to BBB disruption and alleviate neurological dysfunction after SAH. MB administration also promoted the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β, leading to an increased concentration of MEF2D in the nucleus. The cytokine IL-10 was up-regulated, and IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were down-regulated after MB administration. MB administration could also alleviate neutrophil infiltration and microglia activation after SAH. MK2206, a selective inhibitor of Akt, abolished the neuroprotective effects of MB, inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and prevented the nuclear localization of MEF2D. MK2206 also reduced the expression of IL-10 and increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, these data suggested that MB could ameliorate neuroinflammatory responses after SAH, and its anti-inflammatory effects might be exerted via activation of the Akt/GSK-3β/MEF2D pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhe Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Zhijiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Majing Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Changxing People's Hospital, Taihuzhong Road 66th, Changxin, Huzhou 313100, China
| | - Yongfeng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Huansha Road 261st, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shenglong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Linfeng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jingyin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Chi Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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Zhu Y, Liu Z, Peng YP, Qiu YH. Interleukin-10 inhibits neuroinflammation-mediated apoptosis of ventral mesencephalic neurons via JAK-STAT3 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:353-360. [PMID: 28753520 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Interleukin (IL)-10 is one of the most important and best anti-inflammatory cytokines. The objective of this report is to investigate whether IL-10 has any role in protecting ventral mesencephalic (VM) neurons in in vitro model of neuroinflammation. In this study, primary neuron-enriched culture was prepared from the VM tissues of E14 embryos of rats. The cells were pretreated with IL-10 (15 or 50ng/mL) for 1h followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50ng/mL) application. We found LPS induced neuronal apoptosis and loss while pretreatment with IL-10 reduced neuronal damage after exposure of LPS toxicity. Furthermore, signal transduction pathways related to IL-10 in VM neurons were studied in inflammatory condition. We used both shRNA and pharmacologic inhibition to determine the role of the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) and its downstream signaling pathways in LPS-induced VM neuronal toxicity. Silence of the IL-10R gene in VM neurons abolished IL-10 mediated protection and the properties of anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis. IL-10 also induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 in VM neurons. Pretreatment with the specific Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor reduced STAT3 phosphorylation and blocked IL-10 mediated protection against LPS. These findings suggest that IL-10 provides neuroprotection by acting via IL-10R and its down-stream JAK-STAT3 signal pathways in VM neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
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Nakajima M, Nito C, Sowa K, Suda S, Nishiyama Y, Nakamura-Takahashi A, Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Imagawa K, Hirato T, Ueda M, Kimura K, Okada T. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Overexpressing Interleukin-10 Promote Neuroprotection in Experimental Acute Ischemic Stroke. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 6:102-111. [PMID: 28725658 PMCID: PMC5502709 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is a contributing factor to neuroprotection of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation after ischemic stroke. Our aim was to increase therapeutic effects by combining MSCs and ex vivo IL-10 gene transfer with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector using a rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 90 min MCAO followed by intravenous administration of MSCs alone or IL-10 gene-transferred MSCs (MSC/IL-10) at 0 or 3 hr after ischemia reperfusion. Infarct lesions, neurological deficits, and immunological analyses were performed within 7 days after MCAO. 0-hr transplantation of MSCs alone and MSC/IL-10 significantly reduced infarct volumes and improved motor function. Conversely, 3-hr transplantation of MSC/IL-10, but not MSCs alone, significantly reduced infarct volumes (p < 0.01) and improved motor function (p < 0.01) compared with vehicle groups at 72 hr and 7 days after MCAO. Immunological analysis showed that MSC/IL-10 transplantation significantly inhibits microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression compared with MSCs alone. Moreover, overexpressing IL-10 suppressed neuronal degeneration and improved survival of engrafted MSCs in the ischemic hemisphere. These results suggest that overexpressing IL-10 enhances the neuroprotective effects of MSC transplantation by anti-inflammatory modulation and thereby supports neuronal survival during the acute ischemic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Nakajima
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Chikako Nito
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kota Sowa
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suda
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Aki Nakamura-Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yuko Nitahara-Kasahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | | | - Tohru Hirato
- JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Hyogo, 659-0021, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ueda
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kimura
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
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Garcia JM, Stillings SA, Leclerc JL, Phillips H, Edwards NJ, Robicsek SA, Hoh BL, Blackburn S, Doré S. Role of Interleukin-10 in Acute Brain Injuries. Front Neurol 2017; 8:244. [PMID: 28659854 PMCID: PMC5466968 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine expressed in response to brain injury, where it facilitates the resolution of inflammatory cascades, which if prolonged causes secondary brain damage. Here, we comprehensively review the current knowledge regarding the role of IL-10 in modulating outcomes following acute brain injury, including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the various stroke subtypes. The vascular endothelium is closely tied to the pathophysiology of these neurological disorders and research has demonstrated clear vascular endothelial protective properties for IL-10. In vitro and in vivo models of ischemic stroke have convincingly directly and indirectly shown IL-10-mediated neuroprotection; although clinically, the role of IL-10 in predicting risk and outcomes is less clear. Comparatively, conclusive studies investigating the contribution of IL-10 in subarachnoid hemorrhage are lacking. Weak indirect evidence supporting the protective role of IL-10 in preclinical models of intracerebral hemorrhage exists; however, in the limited number of clinical studies, higher IL-10 levels seen post-ictus have been associated with worse outcomes. Similarly, preclinical TBI models have suggested a neuroprotective role for IL-10; although, controversy exists among the several clinical studies. In summary, while IL-10 is consistently elevated following acute brain injury, the effect of IL-10 appears to be pathology dependent, and preclinical and clinical studies often paradoxically yield opposite results. The pronounced and potent effects of IL-10 in the resolution of inflammation and inconsistency in the literature regarding the contribution of IL-10 in the setting of acute brain injury warrant further rigorously controlled and targeted investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Garcia
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - Jenna L Leclerc
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Harrison Phillips
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nancy J Edwards
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Steven A Robicsek
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brian L Hoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Spiros Blackburn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Psychology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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47
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Clausen BH, Lundberg L, Yli-Karjanmaa M, Martin NA, Svensson M, Alfsen MZ, Flæng SB, Lyngsø K, Boza-Serrano A, Nielsen HH, Hansen PB, Finsen B, Deierborg T, Illes Z, Lambertsen KL. Fumarate decreases edema volume and improves functional outcome after experimental stroke. Exp Neurol 2017; 295:144-154. [PMID: 28602832 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammation exacerbate tissue damage in the brain after ischemic stroke. Dimethyl-fumarate (DMF) and its metabolite monomethyl-fumarate (MMF) are known to stimulate anti-oxidant pathways and modulate inflammatory responses. Considering these dual effects of fumarates, we examined the effect of MMF treatment after ischemic stroke in mice. METHODS Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) was performed using adult, male C57BL/6 mice. Thirty minutes after pMCAO, 20mg/kg MMF was administered intravenously. Outcomes were evaluated 6, 24 and 48h after pMCAO. First, we examined whether a bolus of MMF was capable of changing expression of kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf)2 in the infarcted brain. Next, we studied the effect of MMF on functional recovery. To explore mechanisms potentially influencing functional changes, we examined infarct volumes, edema formation, the expression of heat shock protein (Hsp)72, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (Hcar2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the infarcted brain using real-time PCR and Western blotting. Concentrations of a panel of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF) were examined in both the infarcted brain tissue and plasma samples 6, 24 and 48h after pMCAO using multiplex electrochemoluminiscence analysis. RESULTS Administration of MMF increased the protein level of Nrf2 6h after pMCAO, and improved functional outcome at 24 and 48h after pMCAO. MMF treatment did not influence infarct size, however reduced edema volume at both 24 and 48h after pMCAO. MMF treatment resulted in increased Hsp72 expression in the brain 6h after pMCAO. Hcar2 mRNA levels increased significantly 24h after pMCAO, but were not different between saline- and MMF-treated mice. MMF treatment also increased the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the brain and plasma 6h after pMCAO, and additionally reduced the level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12p70 in the brain at 24 and 48h after pMCAO. CONCLUSIONS A single intravenous bolus of MMF improved sensory-motor function after ischemic stroke, reduced edema formation, and increased the levels of the neuroprotective protein Hsp72 in the brain. The early increase in IL-10 and reduction in IL-12p70 in the brain combined with changes in systemic cytokine levels may also contribute to the functional recovery after pMCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Louise Lundberg
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Minna Yli-Karjanmaa
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Nellie Anne Martin
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Martina Svensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Sölveg 19, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Maria Zeiler Alfsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Simon Bertram Flæng
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Kristina Lyngsø
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21 3rd, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Sölveg 19, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Helle H Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Pernille B Hansen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21 3rd, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 19, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Sölveg 19, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 19, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21-25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloewsvej 4, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; BRIDGE, Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 19, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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IL-10 Promotes Neurite Outgrowth and Synapse Formation in Cultured Cortical Neurons after the Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation via JAK1/STAT3 Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30459. [PMID: 27456198 PMCID: PMC4960594 DOI: 10.1038/srep30459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a classic immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10) provides neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in vivo or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced injury in vitro. However, it remains blurred whether IL-10 promotes neurite outgrowth and synapse formation in cultured primary cortical neurons after OGD injury. In order to evaluate its effect on neuronal apoptosis, neurite outgrowth and synapse formation, we administered IL-10 or IL-10 neutralizing antibody (IL-10NA) to cultured rat primary cortical neurons after OGD injury. We found that IL-10 treatment activated the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Moreover, IL-10 attenuated OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis by down-regulating the Bax expression and up-regulating the Bcl-2 expression, facilitated neurite outgrowth by increasing the expression of Netrin-1, and promoted synapse formation in cultured primary cortical neurons after OGD injury. These effects were partly abolished by JAK1 inhibitor GLPG0634. Contrarily, IL-10NA produced opposite effects on the cultured cortical neurons after OGD injury. Taken together, our findings suggest that IL-10 not only attenuates neuronal apoptosis, but also promotes neurite outgrowth and synapse formation via the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway in cultured primary cortical neurons after OGD injury.
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Choi C, Oh SH, Noh JE, Jeong YW, Kim S, Ko JJ, Kim OJ, Song J. Attenuation of Postischemic Genomic Alteration by Mesenchymal Stem Cells: a Microarray Study. Mol Cells 2016; 39:337-44. [PMID: 26923192 PMCID: PMC4844941 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells (IV-MSC) protects the ischemic rat brain in a stroke model, but the molecular mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect is unclear. We compared genomic profiles using the mRNA microarray technique in a rodent stroke model. Rats were treated with 1 × 10(6) IV-MSC or saline (sham group) 2 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). mRNA microarray was conducted 72 h after MCAo using brain tissue from normal rats (normal group) and the sham and MSC groups. Predicted pathway analysis was performed in differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and functional tests and immunohistochemistry for inflammation-related proteins were performed. We identified 857 DEGs between the sham and normal groups, with the majority of them (88.7%) upregulated in sham group. Predicted pathway analysis revealed that cerebral ischemia activated 10 signaling pathways mainly related to inflammation and cell cycle. IV-MSC attenuated the numbers of dysregulated genes in cerebral ischemia (118 DEGs between the MSC and normal groups). In addition, a total of 218 transcripts were differentially expressed between the MSC and sham groups, and most of them (175/218 DEGs, 80.2%) were downregulated in the MSC group. IV-MSC reduced the number of Iba-1(+) cells in the peri-infarct area, reduced the overall infarct size, and improved functional deficits in MCAo rats. In conclusion, transcriptome analysis revealed that IV-MSC attenuated postischemic genomic alterations in the ischemic brain. Amelioration of dysregulated inflammation- and cell cycle-related gene expression in the host brain is one of the molecular mechanisms of IV-MSC therapy for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunggab Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Oh
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 463-712,
Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Noh
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Soonhag Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601,
Korea
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711,
Korea
| | - Jung Jae Ko
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
| | - Ok-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 463-712,
Korea
| | - Jihwan Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam 463-400,
Korea
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50
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Liesz A, Kleinschnitz C. Regulatory T Cells in Post-stroke Immune Homeostasis. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:313-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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