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Yang Y, Zhang Z. α-Synuclein pathology from the body to the brain: so many seeds so close to the central soil. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1463-1472. [PMID: 38051888 PMCID: PMC10883481 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT α-Synuclein is a protein that mainly exists in the presynaptic terminals. Abnormal folding and accumulation of α-synuclein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Aggregated and highly phosphorylated α-synuclein constitutes the main component of Lewy bodies in the brain, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. For decades, much attention has been focused on the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain parenchyma rather than considering Parkinson's disease as a systemic disease. Recent evidence demonstrates that, at least in some patients, the initial α-synuclein pathology originates in the peripheral organs and spreads to the brain. Injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils into the gastrointestinal tract triggers the gut-to-brain propagation of α-synuclein pathology. However, whether α-synuclein pathology can occur spontaneously in peripheral organs independent of exogenous α-synuclein preformed fibrils or pathological α-synuclein leakage from the central nervous system remains under investigation. In this review, we aimed to summarize the role of peripheral α-synuclein pathology in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. We also discuss the pathways by which α-synuclein pathology spreads from the body to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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2
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Abdul‐Rahman T, Herrera‐Calderón RE, Ahluwalia A, Wireko AA, Ferreira T, Tan JK, Wolfson M, Ghosh S, Horbas V, Garg V, Perveen A, Papadakis M, Ashraf GM, Alexiou A. The potential of phosphorylated α-synuclein as a biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple system atrophy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14678. [PMID: 38572788 PMCID: PMC10993367 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) containing aggregated α-synuclein (α-Syn). Accurate diagnosis and monitoring of MSA present significant challenges, which can lead to potential misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Biomarkers play a crucial role in improving the accuracy of MSA diagnosis, and phosphorylated α-synuclein (p-syn) has emerged as a promising biomarker for aiding in diagnosis and disease monitoring. METHODS A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using specific keywords and MeSH terms without imposing a time limit. Inclusion criteria comprised various study designs including experimental studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies published only in English, while conference abstracts and unpublished sources were excluded. RESULTS Increased levels of p-syn have been observed in various samples from MSA patients, such as red blood cells, cerebrospinal fluid, oral mucosal cells, skin, and colon biopsies, highlighting their diagnostic potential. The α-Syn RT-QuIC assay has shown sensitivity in diagnosing MSA and tracking its progression. Meta-analyses and multicenter investigations have confirmed the diagnostic value of p-syn in cerebrospinal fluid, demonstrating high specificity and sensitivity in distinguishing MSA from other neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, combining p-syn with other biomarkers has further improved the diagnostic accuracy of MSA. CONCLUSION The p-syn stands out as a promising biomarker for MSA. It is found in oligodendrocytes and shows a correlation with disease severity and progression. However, further research and validation studies are necessary to establish p-syn as a reliable biomarker for MSA. If proven, p-syn could significantly contribute to early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and assessing treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tomas Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | - Shankhaneel Ghosh
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' AnusandhanBhubaneswarIndia
| | | | - Vandana Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesMaharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtakHaryanaIndia
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life SciencesGlocal UniversitySaharanpurUttar PradeshIndia
- Princess Dr. Najla Bint Saud Al‐Saud Center for Excellence Research in BiotechnologyKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten‐HerdeckeUniversity of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesUniversity of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health SciencesSharjahUAE
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & DevelopmentChandigarh UniversityMohaliPunjabIndia
- Department of Research & DevelopmentAthensGreece
- Department of Research & DevelopmentAFNP MedWienAustria
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationNew South WalesAustralia
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Hu J, Guan X, Zhao M, Xie P, Guo J, Tan J. Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 Knockout Screening Reveals a TSPAN3-mediated Endo-lysosome Pathway Regulating the Degradation of α-Synuclein Oligomers. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6731-6747. [PMID: 37477766 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Misfolding and aggregation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn), which are hallmark pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy Bodies, continue to be significant areas of research. Among the diverse forms of α-Syn - monomer, oligomer, and fibril, the oligomer is considered the most toxic. However, the mechanisms governing α-Syn oligomerization are not yet fully understood. In this study, we utilized genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screening in human HEK293 cells to identify negative regulators of α-Syn oligomerization. We found that tetraspanin 3 (TSPAN3), a presumptive four-pass transmembrane protein, but not its homolog TSPAN7, significantly modulates α-Syn oligomer levels. TSPAN3 was observed to interact with α-Syn oligomers, regulate the amount of α-Syn oligomers on the cell membrane, and promote their degradation via the clathrin-AP2 mediated endo-lysosome pathway. Our findings highlight TSPAN3 as a potential regulator of α-Syn oligomers, presenting a promising target for future PD prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunJian Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan City, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xinjie Guan
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Pengqing Xie
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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4
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Brembati V, Faustini G, Longhena F, Outeiro TF, Bellucci A. Changes in α-Synuclein Posttranslational Modifications in an AAV-Based Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13435. [PMID: 37686236 PMCID: PMC10488235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system and accumulation of Lewy bodies (LB) and Lewy neurites (LN), inclusions mainly composed of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) fibrils. Studies linking the occurrence of mutations and multiplications of the α-Syn gene (SNCA) to the onset of PD support that α-Syn deposition may play a causal role in the disease, in line with the hypothesis that disease progression may correlate with the spreading of LB pathology in the brain. Interestingly, LB accumulate posttranslationally modified forms of α-Syn, suggesting that α-Syn posttranslational modifications impinge on α-Syn aggregation and/or toxicity. Here, we aimed at investigating changes in α-Syn phosphorylation, nitration and acetylation in mice subjected to nigral stereotaxic injections of adeno-associated viral vectors inducing overexpression of human α-Syn (AAV-hα-Syn), that model genetic PD with SNCA multiplications. We detected a mild increase of serine (Ser) 129 phosphorylated α-Syn in the substantia nigra (SN) of AAV-hα-Syn-injected mice in spite of the previously described marked accumulation of this PTM in the striatum. Following AAV-hα-Syn injection, tyrosine (Tyr) 125/136 nitrated α-Syn accumulation in the absence of general 3-nitrotirosine (3NT) or nitrated-Tyr39 α-Syn changes and augmented protein acetylation abundantly overlapping with α-Syn immunopositivity were also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Brembati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy (F.L.)
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy (F.L.)
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy (F.L.)
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy (F.L.)
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Brembati V, Faustini G, Longhena F, Bellucci A. Alpha synuclein post translational modifications: potential targets for Parkinson's disease therapy? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1197853. [PMID: 37305556 PMCID: PMC10248004 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1197853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms. The neuropathological alterations characterizing the brain of patients with PD include the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system and the presence of Lewy bodies (LB), intraneuronal inclusions that are mainly composed of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) fibrils. The accumulation of α-Syn in insoluble aggregates is a main neuropathological feature in PD and in other neurodegenerative diseases, including LB dementia (LBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), which are therefore defined as synucleinopathies. Compelling evidence supports that α-Syn post translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, nitration, acetylation, O-GlcNAcylation, glycation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination and C-terminal cleavage, play important roles in the modulation α-Syn aggregation, solubility, turnover and membrane binding. In particular, PTMs can impact on α-Syn conformational state, thus supporting that their modulation can in turn affect α-Syn aggregation and its ability to seed further soluble α-Syn fibrillation. This review focuses on the importance of α-Syn PTMs in PD pathophysiology but also aims at highlighting their general relevance as possible biomarkers and, more importantly, as innovative therapeutic targets for synucleinopathies. In addition, we call attention to the multiple challenges that we still need to face to enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches modulating α-Syn PTMs.
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6
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Park SS, Do HA, Park HB, Choi HS, Baek KH. Deubiquitinating enzyme YOD1 deubiquitinates and destabilizes α-synuclein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 645:124-131. [PMID: 36682332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
α-synuclein is one of the proteins involved in degenerative neuronal diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) or Lewy body dementia (LBD). The pathogenesis is imparted by the abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein resulting in the formation of a Lewy body (LB) and exerting neurotoxicity via an unknown mechanism. Regulation of α-synuclein is achieved by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which influences protein homeostasis via inducing proteasome-dependent degradation by attaching a small molecule (ubiquitin) to the substrate. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) control the UPS by cleaving the peptide or isopeptide bond between ubiquitin and its substrate proteins. In a previous study, we found that YOD1 deubiquitinates and regulates the cellular function of neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4 (NEDD4), an E3 ligase that induces α-synuclein degradation. We hypothesized that YOD1 acts as a DUB involved in a modulated pathway of α-synuclein. In the current study, we found that YOD1 directly interacts with α-synuclein and deubiquitinates K6-, K11-, K29-, K33-, and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains on α-synuclein. Furthermore, YOD1 destabilizes α-synuclein protein stability by upregulating NEDD4. Collectively, this suggests the possibility that YOD1 is potentially a new regulator in the NEDD4-α-synuclein pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ah Do
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Beom Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Seul Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Pancoe SX, Wang YJ, Shimogawa M, Perez RM, Giannakoulias S, Petersson EJ. Effects of Mutations and Post-Translational Modifications on α-Synuclein In Vitro Aggregation. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167859. [PMID: 36270580 PMCID: PMC9922159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fibrillar aggregates of the α-synuclein (αS) protein are the hallmark of Parkinson's Disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. Characterization of the effects of mutations and post-translational modifications (PTMs) on the αS aggregation rate can provide insight into the mechanism of fibril formation, which remains elusive in spite of intense study. A comprehensive collection (375 examples) of mutant and PTM aggregation rate data measured using the fluorescent probe thioflavin T is presented, as well as a summary of the effects of fluorescent labeling on αS aggregation (20 examples). A curated set of 131 single mutant de novo aggregation experiments are normalized to wild type controls and analyzed in terms of structural data for the monomer and fibrillar forms of αS. These tabulated data serve as a resource to the community to help in interpretation of aggregation experiments and to potentially be used as inputs for computational models of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha X Pancoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yanxin J Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marie Shimogawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryann M Perez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sam Giannakoulias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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8
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Yoo H, Lee J, Kim B, Moon H, Jeong H, Lee K, Song WJ, Hur JK, Oh Y. Role of post-translational modifications on the alpha-synuclein aggregation-related pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 35733294 PMCID: PMC9340086 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.7.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with neuronal loss, the existence of insoluble inclusions of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain is widely accepted as a hallmark of synucleinopathies including Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy body. Because the α-syn aggregates are deeply involved in the pathogenesis, there have been many attempts to demonstrate the mechanism of the aggregation and its potential causative factors including post-translational modifications (PTMs). Although no concrete conclusions have been made based on the previous study results, growing evidence suggests that modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination can alter α-syn characteristics to have certain effects on the aggregation process in PD; either facilitating or inhibiting fibrillization. In the present work, we reviewed studies showing the significant impacts of PTMs on α-syn aggregation. Furthermore, the PTMs modulating α-syn aggregation-induced cell death have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajung Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Bokwang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Heechang Moon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Huisu Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Kyungmi Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Woo Jeung Song
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Junho K. Hur
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Yohan Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Landrieu I, Dupré E, Sinnaeve D, El Hajjar L, Smet-Nocca C. Deciphering the Structure and Formation of Amyloids in Neurodegenerative Diseases With Chemical Biology Tools. Front Chem 2022; 10:886382. [PMID: 35646824 PMCID: PMC9133342 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.886382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation into highly ordered, regularly repeated cross-β sheet structures called amyloid fibrils is closely associated to human disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, or systemic diseases like type II diabetes. Yet, in some cases, such as the HET-s prion, amyloids have biological functions. High-resolution structures of amyloids fibrils from cryo-electron microscopy have very recently highlighted their ultrastructural organization and polymorphisms. However, the molecular mechanisms and the role of co-factors (posttranslational modifications, non-proteinaceous components and other proteins) acting on the fibril formation are still poorly understood. Whether amyloid fibrils play a toxic or protective role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases remains to be elucidated. Furthermore, such aberrant protein-protein interactions challenge the search of small-molecule drugs or immunotherapy approaches targeting amyloid formation. In this review, we describe how chemical biology tools contribute to new insights on the mode of action of amyloidogenic proteins and peptides, defining their structural signature and aggregation pathways by capturing their molecular details and conformational heterogeneity. Challenging the imagination of scientists, this constantly expanding field provides crucial tools to unravel mechanistic detail of amyloid formation such as semisynthetic proteins and small-molecule sensors of conformational changes and/or aggregation. Protein engineering methods and bioorthogonal chemistry for the introduction of protein chemical modifications are additional fruitful strategies to tackle the challenge of understanding amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Landrieu
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- CNRS EMR9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France
| | - Elian Dupré
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- CNRS EMR9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France
| | - Davy Sinnaeve
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- CNRS EMR9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France
| | - Léa El Hajjar
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- CNRS EMR9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Smet-Nocca
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
- CNRS EMR9002 Integrative Structural Biology, Lille, France
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10
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Mechanistic roles for altered O-GlcNAcylation in neurodegenerative disorders. Biochem J 2021; 478:2733-2758. [PMID: 34297044 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's remain highly prevalent and incurable disorders. A major challenge in fully understanding and combating the progression of these diseases is the complexity of the network of processes that lead to progressive neuronal dysfunction and death. An ideal therapeutic avenue is conceivably one that could address many if not all of these multiple misregulated mechanisms. Over the years, chemical intervention for the up-regulation of the endogenous posttranslational modification (PTM) O-GlcNAc has been proposed as a potential strategy to slow down the progression of neurodegeneration. Through the development and application of tools that allow dissection of the mechanistic roles of this PTM, there is now a growing body of evidence that O-GlcNAc influences a variety of important neurodegeneration-pertinent mechanisms, with an overall protective effect. As a PTM that is appended onto numerous proteins that participate in protein quality control and homeostasis, metabolism, bioenergetics, neuronal communication, inflammation, and programmed death, O-GlcNAc has demonstrated beneficence in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, and its up-regulation is now being pursued in multiple clinical studies.
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11
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Manzanza NDO, Sedlackova L, Kalaria RN. Alpha-Synuclein Post-translational Modifications: Implications for Pathogenesis of Lewy Body Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:690293. [PMID: 34248606 PMCID: PMC8267936 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.690293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewy Body Disorders (LBDs) lie within the spectrum of age-related neurodegenerative diseases now frequently categorized as the synucleinopathies. LBDs are considered to be among the second most common form of neurodegenerative dementias after Alzheimer's disease. They are progressive conditions with variable clinical symptoms embodied within specific cognitive and behavioral disorders. There are currently no effective treatments for LBDs. LBDs are histopathologically characterized by the presence of abnormal neuronal inclusions commonly known as Lewy Bodies (LBs) and extracellular Lewy Neurites (LNs). The inclusions predominantly comprise aggregates of alpha-synuclein (aSyn). It has been proposed that post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as aSyn phosphorylation, ubiquitination SUMOylation, Nitration, o-GlcNacylation, and Truncation play important roles in the formation of toxic forms of the protein, which consequently facilitates the formation of these inclusions. This review focuses on the role of different PTMs in aSyn in the pathogenesis of LBDs. We highlight how these PTMs interact with aSyn to promote misfolding and aggregation and interplay with cell membranes leading to the potential functional and pathogenic consequences detected so far, and their involvement in the development of LBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson de Oliveira Manzanza
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Sedlackova
- Biosciences Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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12
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Neurons and Glia Interplay in α-Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094994. [PMID: 34066733 PMCID: PMC8125822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the neuronal presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein within proteinaceous inclusions represents the key histophathological hallmark of a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, referred to by the umbrella term a-synucleinopathies. Even though alpha-synuclein is expressed predominantly in neurons, pathological aggregates of the protein are also found in the glial cells of the brain. In Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, alpha-synuclein accumulates mainly in neurons forming the Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, whereas in multiple system atrophy, the protein aggregates mostly in the glial cytoplasmic inclusions within oligodendrocytes. In addition, astrogliosis and microgliosis are found in the synucleinopathy brains, whereas both astrocytes and microglia internalize alpha-synuclein and contribute to the spread of pathology. The mechanisms underlying the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein in glial cells that under physiological conditions express low to non-detectable levels of the protein are an area of intense research. Undoubtedly, the presence of aggregated alpha-synuclein can disrupt glial function in general and can contribute to neurodegeneration through numerous pathways. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of alpha-synuclein in both neurons and glia, highlighting the contribution of the neuron-glia connectome in the disease initiation and progression, which may represent potential therapeutic target for a-synucleinopathies.
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Bolanle IO, Riches-Suman K, Loubani M, Williamson R, Palmer TM. Revascularisation of type 2 diabetics with coronary artery disease: Insights and therapeutic targeting of O-GlcNAcylation. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1349-1356. [PMID: 33812732 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) using autologous saphenous vein continues to be a gold standard procedure to restore the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscles in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, CAD patients with T2DM are at higher risk of graft failure. While failure rates have been reduced through improvements in procedure-related factors, much less is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which T2DM initiates vein graft failure. This review gives novel insights into these cellular and molecular mechanisms and identifies potential therapeutic targets for development of new medicines to improve vein graft patency. DATA SYNTHESIS One important cellular process that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of T2DM is protein O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic, reversible post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues on target proteins that is controlled by two enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Protein O-GlcNAcylation impacts a range of cellular processes, including trafficking, metabolism, inflammation and cytoskeletal organisation. Altered O-GlcNAcylation homeostasis have, therefore, been linked to a range of human pathologies with a metabolic component, including T2DM. CONCLUSION We propose that protein O-GlcNAcylation alters vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cell function through modification of specific protein targets which contribute to the vascular re-modelling responsible for saphenous vein graft failure in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel O Bolanle
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Kirsten Riches-Suman
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Mahmoud Loubani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, UK
| | - Ritchie Williamson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Timothy M Palmer
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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He S, Wang F, Yung KKL, Zhang S, Qu S. Effects of α-Synuclein-Associated Post-Translational Modifications in Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1061-1071. [PMID: 33769791 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn), a small highly conserved presynaptic protein containing 140 amino acids, is thought to be the main pathological hallmark in related neurodegenerative disorders. Although the normal function of α-syn is closely involved in the regulation of vesicular neurotransmission in these diseases, the underlying mechanisms of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of α-syn in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) have not been fully characterized. The pathological accumulation of misfolded α-syn has a critical role in PD pathogenesis. Recent studies of factors contributing to α-syn-associated aggregation and misfolding have expanded our understanding of the PD disease process. In this Review, we summarize the structure and physiological function of α-syn, and we further highlight the major PTMs (namely phosphorylation, ubiquitination, nitration, acetylation, truncation, SUMOylation, and O-GlcNAcylation) of α-syn and the effects of these modifications on α-syn aggregation, which may elucidate mechanisms for PD pathogenesis and lay a theoretical foundation for clinical treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songzhe He
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, 14643, United States
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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Hart GW, Huang CW. Increased O-GlcNAcylation prevents degeneration of dopamine neurons. Brain 2020; 143:3515-3518. [PMID: 33439984 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This scientific commentary refers to ‘O-GlcNAcylation regulates dopamine neuron function, survival and degeneration in Parkinson disease’, by Lee et al. (doi:10.1093/brain/awaa320).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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16
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Targeting O-GlcNAcylation to develop novel therapeutics. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 79:100885. [PMID: 32736806 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an abundant post-translational modification (PTM) that modifies the serine or threonine residues of thousands of proteins in the nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria. Being a major "nutrient sensor" in cells, the O-GlcNAc pathway is sensitive to cellular metabolic states. Extensive crosstalk is observed between O-GlcNAcylation and protein phosphorylation. O-GlcNAc regulates protein functions at multiple levels, including enzymatic activity, transcriptional activity, subcellular localization, intermolecular interactions and degradation. Abnormal O-GlcNAcylation is associated with many human diseases including cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Though research on O-GlcNAc is still in its infantry, accumulating evidence suggest O-GlcNAcylation to be a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we briefly discuss the basic features of this PTM, the O-GlcNAc signaling pathway, its regulatory functions on different proteins, and its involvement in human diseases. We hope this review will provide insights to researchers who study human disease, as well as researchers who are interested in the fundamental roles of O-GlcNAcylation in all cells.
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Do Post-Translational Modifications Influence Protein Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10040232. [PMID: 32290481 PMCID: PMC7226274 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates represents a universal hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein structure and function. Dysregulated PTMs may influence the propensity for protein aggregation in NDD-proteinopathies. To investigate this, we systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate effects of PTMs on aggregation propensity for major proteins linked to the pathogenesis and/or progression of NDDs. A search of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science Core Collection was conducted to retrieve studies that investigated an association between PTMs and protein aggregation in seven NDDs: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinocerebellar ataxias, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, and multiple sclerosis. Together, 1222 studies were identified, of which 69 met eligibility criteria. We identified that the following PTMs, in isolation or combination, potentially act as modulators of proteinopathy in NDDs: isoaspartate formation in Aβ, phosphorylation of Aβ or tau in AD; acetylation, 4-hydroxy-2-neonal modification, O-GlcNAcylation or phosphorylation of α-synuclein in PD; acetylation or phosphorylation of TAR DNA-binding protein-43 in ALS, and SUMOylation of superoxide dismutase-1 in ALS; and phosphorylation of huntingtin in HD. The potential pharmacological manipulation of these aggregation-modulating PTMs represents an as-yet untapped source of therapy to treat NDDs.
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Park J, Lai MKP, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. O-GlcNAcylation as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 22:171-193. [PMID: 31894464 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and the number of elderly patients suffering from AD has been steadily increasing. Despite worldwide efforts to cope with this disease, little progress has been achieved with regard to identification of effective therapeutics. Thus, active research focusing on identification of new therapeutic targets of AD is ongoing. Among the new targets, post-translational modifications which modify the properties of mature proteins have gained attention. O-GlcNAcylation, a type of PTM that attaches O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to a protein, is being sought as a new target to treat AD pathologies. O-GlcNAcylation has been known to modify the two important components of AD pathological hallmarks, amyloid precursor protein, and tau protein. In addition, elevating O-GlcNAcylation levels in AD animal models has been shown to be effective in alleviating AD-associated pathology. Although studies investigating the precise mechanism of reversal of AD pathologies by targeting O-GlcNAcylation are not yet complete, it is clearly important to examine O-GlcNAcylation regulation as a target of AD therapeutics. This review highlights the mechanisms of O-GlcNAcylation and its role as a potential therapeutic target under physiological and pathological AD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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Galesic A, Pratt MR. Investigating the Effects of O-GlcNAc Modifications in Parkinson's Disease Using Semisynthetic α-Synuclein. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2133:313-326. [PMID: 32144674 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0434-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a small aggregation-prone protein associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). The protein's biochemical and biophysical properties can be heavily influenced by various types of posttranslational modification (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and glycosylation. To understand the site-specific effects of various PTMs have on the protein and its aggregation, obtaining a homogeneous sample of the protein of interest with the specific modification of interest is key. Expressed protein ligation (EPL) has emerged as robust tool for building synthetic proteins bearing site-specific modifications. Here, we outline our approach for building α-synuclein with site specific O-GlcNAc modifications, an intracellular subtype of glycosylation that has been linked to the inhibition of protein aggregation. More specifically, we provide specific protocols for the synthesis of α-synuclein bearing an O-GlcNAc modification at threonine 72, termed α-synuclein(gT72). However, this general approach utilizing two recombinant fragments and one synthetic peptide is applicable to other sites and types of modifications and should be transferable to various other protein targets, including aggregation prone proteins like tau and TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Galesic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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20
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Ryan P, Xu M, Davey AK, Danon JJ, Mellick GD, Kassiou M, Rudrawar S. O-GlcNAc Modification Protects against Protein Misfolding and Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2209-2221. [PMID: 30985105 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are becoming the focus of intense research due to their implications in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Various PTMs have been identified to alter the toxic profiles of proteins which play critical roles in disease etiology. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), dysregulated phosphorylation is reported to promote pathogenic processing of the microtubule-associated tau protein. Among the PTMs, the enzymatic addition of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) residues to Ser/Thr residues is reported to deliver protective effects against the pathogenic processing of both amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau. Modification of tau with as few as one single O-GlcNAc residue inhibits its toxic self-assembly. This modification also has the same effect on the assembly of the Parkinson's disease (PD) associated α-synuclein (ASyn) protein. In fact, O-GlcNAcylation ( O-linked GlcNAc modification) affects the processing of numerous proteins implicated in AD, PD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD) in a similar manner. As such, manipulation of a protein's O-GlcNAcylation status has been proposed to offer therapeutic routes toward addressing multiple neurodegenerative pathologies. Here we review the various effects that O-GlcNAc modification, and its modulated expression, have on pathogenically significant proteins involved in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ryan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Mingming Xu
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia
| | - Andrew K. Davey
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | | | - George D. Mellick
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Santosh Rudrawar
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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21
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Zhang J, Li X, Li JD. The Roles of Post-translational Modifications on α-Synuclein in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Diseases. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:381. [PMID: 31057362 PMCID: PMC6482271 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Although the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease is not entirely clear, the aberrant aggregation of α-synuclein has long been considered as an important risk factor. Elucidating the mechanisms that influence the aggregation of α-synuclein is essential for developing an effective diagnostic, preventative and therapeutic strategy to treat this devastating disease. The aggregation of α-synuclein is influenced by several post-translational modifications. Here, we summarized the major post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, ubiquitination, truncation, nitration, O-GlcNAcylation) of α-synuclein and the effect of these modifications on α-synuclein aggregation, which may provide potential targets for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Abstract
In the early 1980s, while using purified glycosyltransferases to probe glycan structures on surfaces of living cells in the murine immune system, we discovered a novel form of serine/threonine protein glycosylation (O-linked β-GlcNAc; O-GlcNAc) that occurs on thousands of proteins within the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. Prior to this discovery, it was dogma that protein glycosylation was restricted to the luminal compartments of the secretory pathway and on extracellular domains of membrane and secretory proteins. Work in the last 3 decades from several laboratories has shown that O-GlcNAc cycling serves as a nutrient sensor to regulate signaling, transcription, mitochondrial activity, and cytoskeletal functions. O-GlcNAc also has extensive cross-talk with phosphorylation, not only at the same or proximal sites on polypeptides, but also by regulating each other's enzymes that catalyze cycling of the modifications. O-GlcNAc is generally not elongated or modified. It cycles on and off polypeptides in a time scale similar to phosphorylation, and both the enzyme that adds O-GlcNAc, the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), and the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), are highly conserved from C. elegans to humans. Both O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes are essential in mammals and plants. Due to O-GlcNAc's fundamental roles as a nutrient and stress sensor, it plays an important role in the etiologies of chronic diseases of aging, including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. This review will present an overview of our current understanding of O-GlcNAc's regulation, functions, and roles in chronic diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Hart
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Very N, Vercoutter-Edouart AS, Lefebvre T, Hardivillé S, El Yazidi-Belkoura I. Cross-Dysregulation of O-GlcNAcylation and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Axis in Human Chronic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 30356686 PMCID: PMC6189293 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway are considered as nutrient sensors that regulate several essential biological processes. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway produces uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the substrate for O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the enzyme that O-GlcNAcylates proteins on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues. O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) and phosphorylation are highly dynamic post-translational modifications occurring at the same or adjacent sites that regulate folding, stability, subcellular localization, partner interaction, or activity of target proteins. Here we review recent evidence of a cross-regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and protein O-GlcNAcylation. Furthermore, we discuss their co-dysregulation in pathological conditions, e.g., cancer, type-2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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