1
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Rodriguez NR, Fortune T, Hegde E, Weinstein MP, Keane AM, Mangold JF, Swartz TH. Oxidative phosphorylation in HIV-1 infection: impacts on cellular metabolism and immune function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360342. [PMID: 38529284 PMCID: PMC10962326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) presents significant challenges to the immune system, predominantly characterized by CD4+ T cell depletion, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses the viral load in people with HIV (PWH), leading to a state of chronic infection that is associated with inflammation. This review explores the complex relationship between oxidative phosphorylation, a crucial metabolic pathway for cellular energy production, and HIV-1, emphasizing the dual impact of HIV-1 infection and the metabolic and mitochondrial effects of ART. The review highlights how HIV-1 infection disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, promoting glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis to facilitate viral replication. ART can exacerbate metabolic dysregulation despite controlling viral replication, impacting mitochondrial DNA synthesis and enhancing reactive oxygen species production. These effects collectively contribute to significant changes in oxidative phosphorylation, influencing immune cell metabolism and function. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generated through oxidative phosphorylation can influence the metabolic landscape of infected cells through ATP-detected purinergic signaling and contributes to immunometabolic dysfunction. Future research should focus on identifying specific targets within this pathway and exploring the role of purinergic signaling in HIV-1 pathogenesis to enhance HIV-1 treatment modalities, addressing both viral infection and its metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Talia H. Swartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Dwivedi AK, Gornalusse GG, Siegel DA, Barbehenn A, Thanh C, Hoh R, Hobbs KS, Pan T, Gibson EA, Martin J, Hecht F, Pilcher C, Milush J, Busch MP, Stone M, Huang ML, Reppetti J, Vo PM, Levy CN, Roychoudhury P, Jerome KR, Hladik F, Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Lee SA. A cohort-based study of host gene expression: tumor suppressor and innate immune/inflammatory pathways associated with the HIV reservoir size. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011114. [PMID: 38019897 PMCID: PMC10712869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to an HIV cure is the HIV reservoir: latently-infected cells that persist despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). There have been few cohort-based studies evaluating host genomic or transcriptomic predictors of the HIV reservoir. We performed host RNA sequencing and HIV reservoir quantification (total DNA [tDNA], unspliced RNA [usRNA], intact DNA) from peripheral CD4+ T cells from 191 ART-suppressed people with HIV (PWH). After adjusting for nadir CD4+ count, timing of ART initiation, and genetic ancestry, we identified two host genes for which higher expression was significantly associated with smaller total DNA viral reservoir size, P3H3 and NBL1, both known tumor suppressor genes. We then identified 17 host genes for which lower expression was associated with higher residual transcription (HIV usRNA). These included novel associations with membrane channel (KCNJ2, GJB2), inflammasome (IL1A, CSF3, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP9, CXCL3, CXCL10), and innate immunity (TLR7) genes (FDR-adjusted q<0.05). Gene set enrichment analyses further identified significant associations of HIV usRNA with TLR4/microbial translocation (q = 0.006), IL-1/NRLP3 inflammasome (q = 0.008), and IL-10 (q = 0.037) signaling. Protein validation assays using ELISA and multiplex cytokine assays supported these observed inverse host gene correlations, with P3H3, IL-10, and TNF-α protein associations achieving statistical significance (p<0.05). Plasma IL-10 was also significantly inversely associated with HIV DNA (p = 0.016). HIV intact DNA was not associated with differential host gene expression, although this may have been due to a large number of undetectable values in our study. To our knowledge, this is the largest host transcriptomic study of the HIV reservoir. Our findings suggest that host gene expression may vary in response to the transcriptionally active reservoir and that changes in cellular proliferation genes may influence the size of the HIV reservoir. These findings add important data to the limited host genetic HIV reservoir studies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K. Dwivedi
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Germán G. Gornalusse
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David A. Siegel
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alton Barbehenn
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen S. Hobbs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tony Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Gibson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Pilcher
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Milush
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Blood Bank, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Blood Bank, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julieta Reppetti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO- Houssay), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Phuong M. Vo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Claire N. Levy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Florian Hladik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Henrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sulggi A. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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3
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Rodriguez NR, Fortune T, Vuong T, Swartz TH. The role of extracellular ATP and P2X receptors in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 69:102358. [PMID: 36848824 PMCID: PMC10023410 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) causes a chronic, incurable infection associated with chronic inflammation despite virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART). This chronic inflammation underlies significant comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, neurocognition decline, and malignancies. The mechanisms of chronic inflammation have been attributed, in part, to the role of extracellular ATP and P2X-type purinergic receptors that sense damaged or dying cells and undergo signaling responses to activate inflammation and immunomodulation. This review describes the current literature on the role of extracellular ATP and P2X receptors in HIV-1 pathogenesis, describing the known intersection with the HIV-1 life cycle in mediating immunopathogenesis and neuronal disease. The literature supports key roles for this signaling mechanism in cell-to-cell communication and in activating transcriptional changes that impact the inflammatory state leading to disease progression. Future studies must characterize the numerous functions of ATP and P2X receptors in HIV-1 pathogenesis to inform future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia R Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Trinisia Fortune
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thien Vuong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Dwivedi AK, Siegel DA, Thanh C, Hoh R, Hobbs KS, Pan T, Gibson EA, Martin J, Hecht F, Pilcher C, Milush J, Busch MP, Stone M, Huang ML, Levy CN, Roychoudhury P, Hladik F, Jerome KR, Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Lee SA. Differences in expression of tumor suppressor, innate immune, inflammasome, and potassium/gap junction channel host genes significantly predict viral reservoir size during treated HIV infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.10.523535. [PMID: 36712077 PMCID: PMC9882059 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.10.523535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The major barrier to an HIV cure is the persistence of infected cells that evade host immune surveillance despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Most prior host genetic HIV studies have focused on identifying DNA polymorphisms (e.g., CCR5Δ32 , MHC class I alleles) associated with viral load among untreated "elite controllers" (~1% of HIV+ individuals who are able to control virus without ART). However, there have been few studies evaluating host genetic predictors of viral control for the majority of people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART. We performed host RNA sequencing and HIV reservoir quantification (total DNA, unspliced RNA, intact DNA) from peripheral CD4+ T cells from 191 HIV+ ART-suppressed non-controllers. Multivariate models included covariates for timing of ART initiation, nadir CD4+ count, age, sex, and ancestry. Lower HIV total DNA (an estimate of the total reservoir) was associated with upregulation of tumor suppressor genes NBL1 (q=0.012) and P3H3 (q=0.012). Higher HIV unspliced RNA (an estimate of residual HIV transcription) was associated with downregulation of several host genes involving inflammasome ( IL1A, CSF3, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP9 , CXCL3, CXCL10 ) and innate immune ( TLR7 ) signaling, as well as novel associations with potassium ( KCNJ2 ) and gap junction ( GJB2 ) channels, all q<0.05. Gene set enrichment analyses identified significant associations with TLR4/microbial translocation (q=0.006), IL-1β/NRLP3 inflammasome (q=0.008), and IL-10 (q=0.037) signaling. HIV intact DNA (an estimate of the "replication-competent" reservoir) demonstrated trends with thrombin degradation ( PLGLB1 ) and glucose metabolism ( AGL ) genes, but data were (HIV intact DNA detected in only 42% of participants). Our findings demonstrate that among treated PLWH, that inflammation, innate immune responses, bacterial translocation, and tumor suppression/cell proliferation host signaling play a key role in the maintenance of the HIV reservoir during ART. Further data are needed to validate these findings, including functional genomic studies, and expanded epidemiologic studies in female, non-European cohorts. Author Summary Although lifelong HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses virus, the major barrier to an HIV cure is the persistence of infected cells that evade host immune surveillance despite effective ART, "the HIV reservoir." HIV eradication strategies have focused on eliminating residual virus to allow for HIV remission, but HIV cure trials to date have thus far failed to show a clinically meaningful reduction in the HIV reservoir. There is an urgent need for a better understanding of the host-viral dynamics during ART suppression to identify potential novel therapeutic targets for HIV cure. This is the first epidemiologic host gene expression study to demonstrate a significant link between HIV reservoir size and several well-known immunologic pathways (e.g., IL-1β, TLR7, TNF-α signaling pathways), as well as novel associations with potassium and gap junction channels (Kir2.1, connexin 26). Further data are needed to validate these findings, including functional genomic studies and expanded epidemiologic studies in female, non-European cohorts.
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5
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Vega JL, Gutiérrez C, Rojas M, Güiza J, Sáez JC. Contribution of large-pore channels to inflammation induced by microorganisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1094362. [PMID: 36699007 PMCID: PMC9868820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1094362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane ionic channels selectively permeate potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions. However, large-pore channels are permeable to ions and small molecules such as ATP and glutamate, among others. Large-pore channels are structures formed by several protein families with little or no evolutionary linkages including connexins (Cxs), pannexins (Panxs), innexin (Inxs), unnexins (Unxs), calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHMs), and Leucine-rich repeat-containing 8 (LRRC8) proteins. Large-pore channels are key players in inflammatory cell response, guiding the activation of inflammasomes, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), and the release of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), which is considered a danger signal. This review summarizes our current understanding of large-pore channels and their contribution to inflammation induced by microorganisms, virulence factors or their toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Vega
- Laboratory of Gap Junctions Proteins and Parasitic Diseases (GaPaL), Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Biotecnología Biomédica de Antofagasta (CIIBBA), Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Centro de Fisiología y Medicina de Altura (FIMEDALT), Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,*Correspondence: José L. Vega,
| | - Camila Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Gap Junctions Proteins and Parasitic Diseases (GaPaL), Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Mauro Rojas
- Laboratory of Gap Junctions Proteins and Parasitic Diseases (GaPaL), Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Juan Güiza
- Laboratory of Gap Junctions Proteins and Parasitic Diseases (GaPaL), Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Juan C. Sáez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso (CINV), Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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6
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Hypertensive Nephropathy: Unveiling the Possible Involvement of Hemichannels and Pannexons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415936. [PMID: 36555574 PMCID: PMC9785367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common risk factors for developing chronic cardiovascular diseases, including hypertensive nephropathy. Within the glomerulus, hypertension causes damage and activation of mesangial cells (MCs), eliciting the production of large amounts of vasoactive and proinflammatory agents. Accordingly, the activation of AT1 receptors by the vasoactive molecule angiotensin II (AngII) contributes to the pathogenesis of renal damage, which is mediated mostly by the dysfunction of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) signaling. Similarly, inflammation entails complex processes, where [Ca2+]i also play crucial roles. Deregulation of this second messenger increases cell damage and promotes fibrosis, reduces renal blood flow, and impairs the glomerular filtration barrier. In vertebrates, [Ca2+]i signaling depends, in part, on the activity of two families of large-pore channels: hemichannels and pannexons. Interestingly, the opening of these channels depends on [Ca2+]i signaling. In this review, we propose that the opening of channels formed by connexins and/or pannexins mediated by AngII induces the ATP release to the extracellular media, with the subsequent activation of purinergic receptors. This process could elicit Ca2+ overload and constitute a feed-forward mechanism, leading to kidney damage.
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7
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Omolaoye TS, Jalaleddine N, Cardona Maya WD, du Plessis SS. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and Male Infertility: Could Connexin and Pannexin Play a Role? Front Physiol 2022; 13:866675. [PMID: 35721552 PMCID: PMC9205395 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.866675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on male infertility has lately received significant attention. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in humans, has been shown to impose adverse effects on both the structural components and function of the testis, which potentially impact spermatogenesis. These adverse effects are partially explained by fever, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and an increased immune response leading to impaired blood-testis barrier. It has been well established that efficient cellular communication via gap junctions or functional channels is required for tissue homeostasis. Connexins and pannexins are two protein families that mediate autocrine and paracrine signaling between the cells and the extracellular environment. These channel-forming proteins have been shown to play a role in coordinating cellular communication in the testis and epididymis. Despite their role in maintaining a proper male reproductive milieu, their function is disrupted under pathological conditions. The involvement of these channels has been well documented in several physiological and pathological conditions and their designated function in infectious diseases. However, their role in COVID-19 and their meaningful contribution to male infertility remains to be elucidated. Therefore, this review highlights the multivariate pathophysiological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 involvement in male reproduction. It also aims to shed light on the role of connexin and pannexin channels in disease progression, emphasizing their unexplored role and regulation of SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology. Finally, we hypothesize the possible involvement of connexins and pannexins in SARS-CoV-2 inducing male infertility to assist future research ideas targeting therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temidayo S. Omolaoye
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nour Jalaleddine
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Walter D. Cardona Maya
- Reproduction Group, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Stefan S. du Plessis
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Stefan S. du Plessis,
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Samara A, Khalil A, Brien PO, Herlenius E. The effect of the Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant in maternal infection and pregnancy. iScience 2022; 25:104295. [PMID: 35492217 PMCID: PMC9040522 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A greater proportion of pregnant women with COVID-19 have mild disease compared with their non-pregnant counterparts. Paradoxically, however, they are at higher risk of developing severe disease, requiring respiratory support and admission to intensive care. The delta SARS-Cov-2 variant is associated with increased risk of hospitalization and morbidity in unvaccinated pregnant populations. However, it is not known whether the worse pregnancy outcomes associated with the delta variant are due to a direct effect of the virus on the pregnancy, or whether this effect is mediated through more severe maternal infection. Here, we synthesize studies of COVID-19 pregnancies, focusing on the different routes of SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung and placenta, and the mechanisms of syncytial formation for each SARS-CoV-2 variant. To delineate COVID-19 complications in pregnant women, future studies should explore whether the delta variant causes greater placental infection compared to other variants and contributes to increased syncytial formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Samara
- Division of Clinical Paediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asma Khalil
- The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London, UK.,University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's Hospital, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Patrick O' Brien
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK.,Fetal Medicine Unit, Liverpool Women's Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Eric Herlenius
- Division of Clinical Paediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Peng B, Xu C, Wang S, Zhang Y, Li W. The Role of Connexin Hemichannels in Inflammatory Diseases. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020237. [PMID: 35205103 PMCID: PMC8869213 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The connexin protein family consists of approximately 20 members, and is well recognized as the structural unit of the gap junction channels that perforate the plasma membranes of coupled cells and, thereby, mediate intercellular communication. Gap junctions are assembled by two preexisting hemichannels on the membranes of apposing cells. Non-junctional connexin hemichannels (CxHC) provide a conduit between the cell interior and the extracellular milieu, and are believed to be in a protectively closed state under physiological conditions. The development and characterization of the peptide mimetics of the amino acid sequences of connexins have resulted in the development of a panel of blockers with a higher selectivity for CxHC, which have become important tools for defining the role of CxHC in various biological processes. It is increasingly clear that CxHC can be induced to open by pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The opening of CxHC facilitates the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, a class of endogenous molecules that are critical for the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. The blockade of CxHC leads to attenuated inflammation, reduced tissue injury and improved organ function in human and animal models of about thirty inflammatory diseases and disorders. These findings demonstrate that CxHC may contribute to the intensification of inflammation, and serve as a common target in the treatments of various inflammatory diseases. In this review, we provide an update on the progress in the understanding of CxHC, with a focus on the role of these channels in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yijie Zhang
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-13903782431 (Y.Z.); +86-17839250252 (W.L.)
| | - Wei Li
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-13903782431 (Y.Z.); +86-17839250252 (W.L.)
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10
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Luu R, Valdebenito S, Scemes E, Cibelli A, Spray DC, Rovegno M, Tichauer J, Cottignies-Calamarte A, Rosenberg A, Capron C, Belouzard S, Dubuisson J, Annane D, de la Grandmaison GL, Cramer-Bordé E, Bomsel M, Eugenin E. Pannexin-1 channel opening is critical for COVID-19 pathogenesis. iScience 2021; 24:103478. [PMID: 34841222 PMCID: PMC8603863 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly rampaged worldwide, causing a pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID -19), but the biology of SARS-CoV-2 remains under investigation. We demonstrate that both SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human coronavirus 229E (hCoV-229E) or its purified S protein, one of the main viruses responsible for the common cold, induce the transient opening of Pannexin-1 (Panx-1) channels in human lung epithelial cells. However, the Panx-1 channel opening induced by SARS-CoV-2 is greater and more prolonged than hCoV-229E/S protein, resulting in an enhanced ATP, PGE2, and IL-1β release. Analysis of lung lavages and tissues indicate that Panx-1 mRNA expression is associated with increased ATP, PGE2, and IL-1β levels. Panx-1 channel opening induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), endocytosis, and furin dependent. Overall, we demonstrated that Panx-1 channel is a critical contributor to SARS-CoV-2 infection and should be considered as an alternative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Luu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Eliana Scemes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Cibelli
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience & Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - David C Spray
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience & Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maximiliano Rovegno
- Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Tichauer
- Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Cottignies-Calamarte
- Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie, Hôpital Cochin (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Service d'Hématologie Hôpital Ambroise Paré (AP-HP), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Arielle Rosenberg
- Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie, Hôpital Cochin (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Service d'Hématologie Hôpital Ambroise Paré (AP-HP), Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Virologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Coronavirus, Centre d'infection et d'immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Calude Capron
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP, Garches, France
| | | | - Jean Dubuisson
- Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Djillali Annane
- Simone Veil School of Medicine, Université of Versailles, Versailles, France.,University Paris Saclay, Garches, France
| | - Geoffroy Lorin de la Grandmaison
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Versailles Saint-Quentin Université, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France
| | | | - Morgane Bomsel
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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11
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D'Amico D, Valdebenito S, Eugenin EA. The role of Pannexin-1 channels and extracellular ATP in the pathogenesis of the human immunodeficiency virus. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:563-576. [PMID: 34542793 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Only recently, the role of large ionic channels such as Pannexin-1 channels and Connexin hemichannels has been implicated in several physiological and pathological conditions, including HIV infection and associated comorbidities. These channels are in a closed stage in healthy conditions, but in pathological conditions including HIV, Pannexin-1 channels and Connexin hemichannels become open. Our data demonstrate that acute and chronic HIV infection induces channel opening (Pannexin and Connexin channels), ATP release into the extracellular space, and subsequent activation of purinergic receptors in immune and non-immune cells. We demonstrated that Pannexin and Connexin channels contribute to HIV infection and replication, the long-term survival of viral reservoirs, and comorbidities such as NeuroHIV. Here, we discuss the available data to support the participation of these channels in the HIV life cycle and the potential therapeutic approach to prevent HIV-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D'Amico
- Department of Neuroscience , Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience , Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience , Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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12
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Malik S, Valdebenito S, D'Amico D, Prideaux B, Eugenin EA. HIV infection of astrocytes compromises inter-organelle interactions and inositol phosphate metabolism: A potential mechanism of bystander damage and viral reservoir survival. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 206:102157. [PMID: 34455020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological dysfunction is observed in more than half of the HIV-infected population, even in the current antiretroviral era. The mechanisms by which HIV mediates CNS dysfunction are not well understood but have been associated with the presence of long-lasting HIV reservoirs. In the CNS, macrophage/microglia and a small population of astrocytes harbor the virus. However, the low number of HIV-infected cells does not correlate with the high degree of damage, suggesting that mechanisms of damage amplification may be involved. Here, we demonstrate that the survival mechanism of HIV-infected cells and the apoptosis of surrounding uninfected cells is regulated by inter-organelle interactions among the mitochondria/Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum system and the associated signaling mediated by IP3 and calcium. We identified that latently HIV-infected astrocytes had elevated intracellular levels of IP3, a master regulator second messenger, which diffuses via gap junctions into neighboring uninfected astrocytes resulting in their apoptosis. In addition, using laser capture microdissection, we confirmed that bystander apoptosis of uninfected astrocytes and the survival of HIV-infected astrocytes were dependent on mitochondrial function, intracellular calcium, and IP3 signaling. Blocking gap junction channels did not prevent an increase in IP3 or inter-organelle dysfunction in HIV-infected cells but reduced the amplification of apoptosis into uninfected neighboring cells. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation for bystander damage induced by surviving infected cells that serve as viral reservoirs and provide potential targets for interventions to reduce the devastating consequences of HIV within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaily Malik
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA; Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Daniela D'Amico
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA.
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13
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Silvana V, Paul C, Ajasin D, Eugenin EA. Astrocytes are HIV reservoirs in the brain: A cell type with poor HIV infectivity and replication but efficient cell-to-cell viral transfer. J Neurochem 2021; 158:429-443. [PMID: 33655498 PMCID: PMC11102126 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The major barrier to eradicating Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection is the generation of tissue-associated quiescent long-lasting viral reservoirs refractory to therapy. Upon interruption of anti-retroviral therapy (ART), HIV replication can be reactivated. Within the brain, microglia/macrophages and a small population of astrocytes are infected with HIV. However, the role of astrocytes as a potential viral reservoir is becoming more recognized because of the improved detection and quantification of HIV viral reservoirs. In this report, we examined the infectivity of human primary astrocytes in vivo and in vitro, and their capacity to maintain HIV infection, become latently infected, be reactivated, and transfer new HIV virions into neighboring cells. Analysis of human brain tissue sections obtained from HIV-infected individuals under effective and prolonged ART indicates that a small population of astrocytes has integrated HIV-DNA. In vitro experiments using HIV-infected human primary astrocyte cultures confirmed a low percentage of astrocytes had integrated HIV-DNA, with poor to undetectable replication. Even in the absence of ART, long-term culture results in latency that could be transiently reactivated with histone deacetylase inhibitor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), or methamphetamine. Reactivation resulted in poor viral production but efficient cell-to-cell viral transfer into cells that support high viral replication. Together, our data provide a new understanding of astrocytes' role as viral reservoirs within the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdebenito Silvana
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Castellano Paul
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - David Ajasin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Eliseo A. Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA
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14
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Gorska AM, Donoso M, Valdebenito S, Prideaux B, Queen S, Scemes E, Clements J, Eugenin E. Human immunodeficiency virus-1/simian immunodeficiency virus infection induces opening of pannexin-1 channels resulting in neuronal synaptic compromise: A novel therapeutic opportunity to prevent NeuroHIV. J Neurochem 2021; 158:500-521. [PMID: 33899944 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In healthy conditions, pannexin-1 (Panx-1) channels are in a close state, but in several pathological conditions, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) and NeuroHIV, the channel becomes open. However, the mechanism or contribution of Panx-1 channels to the HIV pathogenesis and NeuroHIV is unknown. To determine the contribution of Panx-1 channels to the pathogenesis of NeuroHIV, we used a well-established model of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in macaques (Macaca mulatta) in the presence of and absence of a Panx-1 blocker to later examine the synaptic/axonal compromise induced for the virus. Using Golgi's staining, we demonstrated that SIV infection compromised synaptic and axonal structures, especially in the white matter. Blocking Panx-1 channels after SIV infection prevented the synaptic and axonal compromise induced by the virus, especially by maintaining the more complex synapses. Our data demonstrated that targeting Panx-1 channels can prevent and maybe revert brain synaptic compromise induced by SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Gorska
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maribel Donoso
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Suzanne Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, John Hopkins Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eliana Scemes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Janice Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, John Hopkins Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
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15
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Cho HJ, Velichkovska M, Schurhoff N, András IE, Toborek M. Extracellular vesicles regulate gap junction-mediated intercellular communication and HIV-1 infection of human neural progenitor cells. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105388. [PMID: 33962010 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier and cause HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) through a process that may involve direct or indirect interactions with the central nervous system (CNS) cells and alterations of amyloid β (Aβ) homeostasis. The present study focused on the mechanisms of HIV-1 infecting human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) and affecting NPC intercellular communications with human brain endothelial cells (HBMEC). Despite the lack of the CD4 receptor, hNPCs were effectively infected by HIV-1 via a mechanism involving the chemokine receptors, CXCR4 and CCR5. HIV-1 infection increased expression of connexin-43 (Cx43), phosphorylated Cx43 (pCx43), and pannexin 2 (Panx2) protein levels in hNPCs, suggesting alterations in gap-junction (GJ) and pannexin channel communication. Indeed, a functional GJ assay indicated an increase in communication between HIV-infected hNPCs and non-infected HBMEC. We next analyzed the impact of HBMEC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and EVs carrying Aβ (EV-Aβ) on the expression of Cx43, pCx43, and Panx2 in HIV-1 infected and non-infected hNPCs. Exposure to EV-Aβ resulted in significant reduction of Cx43 and pCx43 protein expression in non-infected hNPCs when compared to EV controls. Interestingly, EV-Aβ treatment significantly increased levels of Cx43, pCx43, and Panx2 in HIV-1-infected hNPCs when compared to non-infected controls. These results were confirmed in a GJ functional assay and an ATP release assay, which is an indicator of connexin hemichannel and/or pannexin channel functions. Overall, the current study demonstrates the importance of hNPCs in HIV-1 infection and indicates that intercellular communications between infected hNPCs and HBMEC can be effectively modulated by EVs carrying Aβ as their cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Martina Velichkovska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Nicolette Schurhoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ibolya E András
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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16
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Purinergic signaling in nervous system health and disease: Focus on pannexin 1. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107840. [PMID: 33753132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling encompasses the cycle of adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) release and its metabolism into nucleotide and nucleoside derivatives, the direct release of nucleosides, and subsequent receptor-triggered downstream intracellular pathways. Since the discovery of nerve terminal and glial ATP release into the neuropil, purinergic signaling has been implicated in the modulation of nervous system development, function, and disease. In this review, we detail our current understanding of the roles of the pannexin 1 (PANX1) ATP-release channel in neuronal development and plasticity, glial signaling, and neuron-glial-immune interactions. We additionally provide an overview of PANX1 structure, activation, and permeability to orientate readers and highlight recent research developments. We identify areas of convergence between PANX1 and purinergic receptor actions. Additional highlights include data on PANX1's participation in the pathophysiology of nervous system developmental, degenerative, and inflammatory disorders. Our aim in combining this knowledge is to facilitate the movement of our current understanding of PANX1 in the context of other nervous system purinergic signaling mechanisms one step closer to clinical translation.
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17
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Kameritsch P, Pogoda K. The Role of Connexin 43 and Pannexin 1 During Acute Inflammation. Front Physiol 2020; 11:594097. [PMID: 33192611 PMCID: PMC7658380 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.594097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During acute inflammation, the recruitment of leukocytes from the blood stream into the inflamed tissue is a well-described mechanism encompassing the interaction of endothelial cells with leukocytes allowing leukocytes to reach the site of tissue injury or infection where they can fulfill their function such as phagocytosis. This process requires a fine-tuned regulation of a plethora of signaling cascades, which are still incompletely understood. Here, connexin 43 (Cx43) and pannexin 1 (Panx1) are known to be pivotal for the correct communication of endothelial cells with leukocytes. Pharmacological as well as genetic approaches provide evidence that endothelial Cx43-hemichannels and Panx1-channels release signaling molecules including ATP and thereby regulate vessel function and permeability as well as the recruitment of leukocytes during acute inflammation. Furthermore, Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1-channels in leukocytes release signaling molecules and can mediate the activation and function of leukocytes in an autocrine manner. The focus of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of the role of Cx43 and Panx1 in endothelial cells and leukocytes in the vasculature during acute inflammation and to discuss relevant molecular mechanisms regulating Cx43 and Panx1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kameritsch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristin Pogoda
- Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany
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18
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Gorska AM, Eugenin EA. The Glutamate System as a Crucial Regulator of CNS Toxicity and Survival of HIV Reservoirs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:261. [PMID: 32670889 PMCID: PMC7326772 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). HIV-1 and viral proteins compromise glutamate synaptic transmission, resulting in poor cell-to-cell signaling and bystander toxicity. In this study, we identified that myeloid HIV-1-brain reservoirs survive in Glu and glutamine (Gln) as a major source of energy. Thus, we found a link between synaptic compromise, metabolomics of viral reservoirs, and viral persistence. In the current manuscript we will discuss all these interactions and the potential to achieve eradication and cure using this unique metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Gorska
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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19
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Swayne LA, Johnstone SR, Ng CS, Sanchez-Arias JC, Good ME, Penuela S, Lohman AW, Wolpe AG, Laubach VE, Koval M, Isakson BE. Consideration of Pannexin 1 channels in COVID-19 pathology and treatment. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L121-L125. [PMID: 32519892 PMCID: PMC7347959 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00146.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Anne Swayne
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott R Johnstone
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Juan C Sanchez-Arias
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Miranda E Good
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Silvia Penuela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander W Lohman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abigail G Wolpe
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Victor E Laubach
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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20
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He JT, LI XY, Yang L, Zhao X. Astroglial connexins and cognition: memory formation or deterioration? Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20193510. [PMID: 31868207 PMCID: PMC6954363 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexins are the membrane proteins that form high-conductance plasma membrane channels and are the important constituents of gap junctions and hemichannels. Among different types of connexins, connexin 43 is the most widely expressed and studied gap junction proteins in astrocytes. Due to the key involvement of astrocytes in memory impairment and abundant expression of connexins in astrocytes, astroglial connexins have been projected as key therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease. On the other hand, the role of connexin gap junctions and hemichannels in memory formation and consolidation has also been reported. Moreover, deletion of these proteins and loss of gap junction communication result in loss of short-term spatial memory. Accordingly, both memory formation and memory deteriorating functions of astrocytes-located connexins have been documented. Physiologically expressed connexins may be involved in the memory formation, while pathologically increased expression of connexins with consequent excessive activation of astrocytes may induce neuronal injury and cognitive decline. The present review describes the memory formation as well as memory deteriorating functions of astroglial connexins in memory disorders of different etiology with possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ting He
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan LI
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The People’s Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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21
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Circulating levels of ATP is a biomarker of HIV cognitive impairment. EBioMedicine 2019; 51:102503. [PMID: 31806564 PMCID: PMC7000317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In developed countries, Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection has become a chronic disease despite the positive effects of anti-retroviral therapies (ART), but still at least half of the HIV infected population shown signs of cognitive impairment. Therefore, biomarkers of HIV cognitive decline are urgently needed. METHODS We analyze the opening of one of the larger channels expressed by humans, pannexin-1 (Panx-1) channels, in the uninfected and HIV infected population (n = 175). We determined channel opening and secretion of intracellular second messengers released through the channel such as PGE2 and ATP. Also, we correlated the opening of Panx-1 channels with the circulating levels of PGE2 and ATP as well as cogntive status of the individuals analyzed. FINDINGS Here, we demonstrate that Panx-1 channels on fresh PBMCs obtained from uninfected individuals are closed and no significant amounts of PGE2 and ATP are detected in the circulation. In contrast, in all HIV-infected individuals analyzed, even the ones under effective ART, a spontaneous opening of Panx-1 channels and increased circulating levels of PGE2 and ATP were detected. Circulating levels of ATP were correlated with cognitive decline in the HIV-infected population supporting that ATP is a biomarker of cognitive disease in the HIV-infected population. INTERPRETATION We propose that circulating levels of ATP could predict CNS compromise and lead to the breakthroughs necessary to detect and prevent brain compromise in the HIV-infected population.
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22
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Eugenin EA, Valdebenito S, Gorska AM, Martínez AD, Bitran M, Sáez JC. Gap junctions coordinate the propagation of glycogenolysis induced by norepinephrine in the pineal gland. J Neurochem 2019; 151:558-569. [PMID: 31381153 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and electrical synapses are the two major communication systems that permit cell-to-cell communication within the nervous system. Although most studies are focused on chemical synapses (glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and other neurotransmitters), clearly both types of synapses interact and cooperate to allow the coordination of several cell functions within the nervous system. The pineal gland has limited independent axonal innervation and not every cell has access to nerve terminals. Thus, additional communication systems, such as gap junctions, have been postulated to coordinate metabolism and signaling. Using acutely isolated glands and dissociated cells, we found that gap junctions spread glycogenolytic signals from cells containing adrenoreceptors to the entire gland lacking these receptors. Our data using glycogen and lactate quantification, electrical stimulation, and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, demonstrate that gap junctional communication between cells of the rat pineal gland allows cell-to-cell propagation of norepinephrine-induced signal that promotes glycogenolysis throughout the entire gland. Thus, the interplay of both synapses is essential for coordinating glycogen metabolism and lactate production in the pineal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Agustin D Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marcela Bitran
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Departamento de Fisiologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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23
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Destination and consequences of Panx1 and mutant expression in polarized MDCK cells. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:235-247. [PMID: 31102595 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The channel-forming membrane glycoprotein pannexin 1 (Panx1) is best characterized as an ATP release channel. To investigate the trafficking and sorting of Panx1, we used polarized MDCK cells and non-polarized BICR-M1Rk cells to track the fate of GFP-tagged Panx1. In non-polarized cells, Panx1 was found throughout the plasma membrane, including the lamellipodia of the tumor cells and the cell surface-targeting domain was mapped to residues 307-379. Panx1 was preferentially enriched at the apical membrane domain of polarized MDCK cells grown as monolayer sheets or as spheroids. Residual Panx1 localized within basolateral membranes of polarized MDCK cells was independent of a putative dileucine sorting motif LL365/6 found within the C-terminal of Panx1. Unexpectedly, stable expression of a Panx1 mutant, where a putative tyrosine-based basolateral sorting motif (YxxØ) was mutated (Y308F), or a truncated Δ379 Panx1 mutant, caused MDCK cells to lose cell-cell contacts and their ability to polarize as they underwent a switch to a more fibroblast-like phenotype. We conclude that Panx1 is preferentially delivered to the apical domain of polarized epithelial cells, and Panx1 mutants drive phenotypic changes to MDCK cells preventing their polarization.
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Labra VC, Santibáñez CA, Gajardo-Gómez R, Díaz EF, Gómez GI, Orellana JA. The Neuroglial Dialog Between Cannabinoids and Hemichannels. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:79. [PMID: 29662436 PMCID: PMC5890195 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of gap junctions was initially thought to be the central role of connexins, however, recent evidence had brought to light the high relevance of unopposed hemichannels as an independent mechanism for the selective release of biomolecules during physiological and pathological conditions. In the healthy brain, the physiological opening of astrocyte hemichannels modulates basal excitatory synaptic transmission. At the other end, the release of potentially neurotoxic compounds through astroglial hemichannels and pannexons has been insinuated as one of the functional alterations that negatively affect the progression of multiple brain diseases. Recent insights in this matter have suggested encannabinoids (eCBs) as molecules that could regulate the opening of these channels during diverse conditions. In this review, we discuss and hypothesize the possible interplay between the eCB system and the hemichannel/pannexon-mediated signaling in the inflamed brain and during event of synaptic plasticity. Most findings indicate that eCBs seem to counteract the activation of major neuroinflammatory pathways that lead to glia-mediated production of TNF-α and IL-1β, both well-known triggers of astroglial hemichannel opening. In contrast to the latter, in the normal brain, eCBs apparently elicit the Ca2+-activation of astrocyte hemichannels, which could have significant consequences on eCB-dependent synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria C Labra
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian A Santibáñez
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosario Gajardo-Gómez
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban F Díaz
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo I Gómez
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
A defining feature of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is the loss of excitatory synaptic connections. Synaptic changes that occur during exposure to HIV appear to result, in part, from a homeostatic scaling response. Here we discuss the mechanisms of these changes from the perspective that they might be part of a coping mechanism that reduces synapses to prevent excitotoxicity. In transgenic animals expressing the HIV proteins Tat or gp120, the loss of synaptic markers precedes changes in neuronal number. In vitro studies have shown that HIV-induced synapse loss and cell death are mediated by distinct mechanisms. Both in vitro and animal studies suggest that HIV-induced synaptic scaling engages new mechanisms that suppress network connectivity and that these processes might be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Indeed, pharmacological reversal of synapse loss induced by HIV Tat restores cognitive function. In summary, studies indicate that there are temporal, mechanistic and pharmacological features of HIV-induced synapse loss that are consistent with homeostatic plasticity. The increasingly well delineated signaling mechanisms that regulate synaptic scaling may reveal pharmacological targets suitable for normalizing synaptic function in chronic neuroinflammatory states such as HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V Green
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan D Raybuck
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mariah M Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Stanley A Thayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Malik S, Theis M, Eugenin EA. Connexin43 Containing Gap Junction Channels Facilitate HIV Bystander Toxicity: Implications in NeuroHIV. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:404. [PMID: 29259541 PMCID: PMC5723329 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection compromises the central nervous system (CNS) in a significant number of infected individuals, resulting in neurological dysfunction that ranges from minor cognitive deficits to frank dementia. While macrophages/microglia are the predominant CNS cells infected by HIV, our laboratory and others have shown that HIV-infected astrocytes, although present in relatively low numbers with minimal to undetectable viral replication, play key role in NeuroAIDS pathogenesis. Our laboratory has identified that HIV "hijacks" connexin (Cx) containing channels, such as gap junctions (GJs) and hemichannels (HCs), to spread toxicity and apoptosis to uninfected cells even in the absence of active viral replication. In this study, using a murine model with an astrocyte-directed deletion of Cx43 gene (hGFAP-cre Cx43fl/fl) and control Cx43fl/fl mice, we examined whether few HIV-infected human astrocytoma cells (U87-CD4-CCR5), microinjected into the mouse cortex, can spread toxicity and apoptosis through GJ-mediated mechanisms, into the mouse cells, which are resistant to HIV infection. In the control Cx43fl/fl mice, microinjection of HIV-infected U87-CD4-CCR5 cells led to apoptosis in 84.28 ± 6.38% of mouse brain cells around the site of microinjection, whereas hGFAP-cre Cx43fl/fl mice exhibited minimal apoptosis (2.78 ± 1.55%). However, simultaneous injection of GJ blocker, 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid, and Cx43 blocking peptide along with microinjection of HIV-infected cells prevented apoptosis in Cx43fl/fl mice, demonstrating the Cx43 is essential for HIV-induced bystander toxicity. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that Cx43 expression, and formation of GJs is essential for bystander apoptosis during HIV infection. These findings reveal novel potential therapeutic targets to reduce astrocyte-mediated bystander toxicity in HIV-infected individuals because despite low to undetectable viral replication in the CNS, Cx channels hijacked by HIV amplify viral neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaily Malik
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Martin Theis
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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