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Gong G, Ganesan K, Wan Y, Liu Y, Huang Y, Luo Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Zheng Y. Unveiling the neuroprotective properties of isoflavones: current evidence, molecular mechanisms and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-37. [PMID: 38794836 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2357701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a wide range of debilitating and incurable brain disorders characterized by the progressive deterioration of the nervous system's structure and function. Isoflavones, which are naturally occurring polyphenolic phytochemicals, have been found to regulate various cellular signaling pathways associated with the nervous system. The main objective of this comprehensive review is to explore the neuroprotective effects of isoflavones, elucidate the underlying mechanisms, and assess their potential for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Relevant data regarding isoflavones and their impact on neurodegenerative diseases were gathered from multiple library databases and electronic sources, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Numerous isoflavones, including genistein, daidzein, biochanin A, and formononetin, have exhibited potent neuroprotective properties against various neurodegenerative diseases. These compounds have been found to modulate neurotransmitters, which in turn contributes to their ability to protect against neurodegeneration. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental studies have provided evidence of their neuroprotection mechanisms, which involve interactions with estrogenic receptors, antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory properties, anti-apoptotic activity, and modulation of neural plasticity. This review aims to provide current insights into the neuroprotective characteristics of isoflavones and shed light on their potential therapeutic applications in future clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Gong
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Kumar Ganesan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yukai Wan
- Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqun Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Xuexu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Zhenxia Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Yuzhong Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
- Guangdong East Drug and Food and Health Branch, Chaozhou, China
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Singh L, Kaur H, Chandra Arya G, Bhatti R. Neuroprotective potential of formononetin, a naturally occurring isoflavone phytoestrogen. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14353. [PMID: 37722967 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of neurological illnesses is a burgeoning challenge to the public healthcare system and presents greater financial pressure. Formononetin, an O-methylated isoflavone, has gained a lot of attention due to its neuroprotective potential explored in several investigations. Formononetin is widely found in legumes and several types of clovers including Trifolium pratense L., Astragalus membranaceus, Sophora tomentosa, etc. Formononetin modulates various endogenous mediators to confer neuroprotection. It prevents RAGE activation that results in the inhibition of neuronal damage via downregulating the level of ROS and proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, formononetin also increases the expression of ADAM-10, which affects the pathology of neurodegenerative disease by lowering tau phosphorylation, maintaining synaptic plasticity, and boosting hippocampus neurogenesis. Besides these, formononetin also increases the expression of antioxidants, Nrf-2, PI3K, ApoJ, and LRP1. Whereas, reduces the expression of p65-NF-κB and proinflammatory cytokines. It also inhibits the deposition of Aβ and MAO-B activity. An inhibition of Aβ/RAGE-induced activation of MAPK and NOX governs the protection elicited by formononetin against inflammatory and oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage. Besides this, PI3K/Akt and ER-α-mediated activation of ADAM10, ApoJ/LRP1-mediated clearance of Aβ, and MAO-B inhibition-mediated preservation of dopaminergic neurons integrity are the major modulations produced by formononetin. This review covers the biosynthesis of formononetin and key molecular pathways modulated by formononetin to confer neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovedeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Girish Chandra Arya
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Rajbir Bhatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Fukuyama Y, Kubo M, Harada K. Neurotrophic Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 123:1-473. [PMID: 38340248 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42422-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT3, NT4) can decrease cell death, induce differentiation, as well as sustain the structure and function of neurons, which make them promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, neurotrophins have not been very effective in clinical trials mostly because they cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier owing to being high-molecular-weight proteins. Thus, neurotrophin-mimic small molecules, which stimulate the synthesis of endogenous neurotrophins or enhance neurotrophic actions, may serve as promising alternatives to neurotrophins. Small-molecular-weight natural products, which have been used in dietary functional foods or in traditional medicines over the course of human history, have a great potential for the development of new therapeutic agents against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this contribution, a variety of natural products possessing neurotrophic properties such as neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth promotion (neuritogenesis), and neuroprotection are described, and a focus is made on the chemistry and biology of several neurotrophic natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Fukuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Miwa Kubo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
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Diksha, Singh L, Bhatia D. Mechanistic interplay of different mediators involved in mediating the anti-depressant effect of isoflavones. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:199-215. [PMID: 37855935 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent severe CNS disorders, which negatively affects social lives, the ability to work, and the health of people. As per the World Health Organisation (WHO), it is a psychological disorder that is estimated to be a leading disease by 2030. Clinically, various medicines have been formulated to treat depression but they are having a setback due to their side effects, slow action, or poor bioavailability. Nowadays, flavonoids are regarded as an essential component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and medicinal. Isoflavones are a distinctive and important subclass of flavonoids that are generally obtained from soybean, chickpeas, and red clover. The molecules of this class have been extensively explored in various CNS disorders including depression and anxiety. Isoflavones such as genistein, daidzein, biochanin-A, formononetin, and glycitein have been reported to exert an anti-depressant effect through the modulation of different mediators. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) mediated depletion of anandamide and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-mediated modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), monoamine oxidase (MAO) mediated depletion of biogenic amines and inflammatory signaling are the important underlying pathways leading to depression. Upregulation in the levels of BDNF, anandamide, antioxidants and monoamines, along with inhibition of MAO, FAAH, HPA axis, and inflammatory stress are the major modulations produced by different isoflavones in the observed anti-depressant effect. Therefore, the present review has been designed to explore the mechanistic interplay of various mediators involved in mediating the anti-depressant action of different isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Lovedeep Singh
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Deepika Bhatia
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Ariyani W, Amano I, Koibuchi N. Isoflavones Mediate Dendritogenesis Mainly through Estrogen Receptor α. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109011. [PMID: 37240356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) and G-protein-coupled ER (GPER1) play a crucial role during brain development and are involved in dendrite and spine growth as well as synapse formation. Soybean isoflavones, such as genistein, daidzein, and S-equol, a daidzein metabolite, exert their action through ER and GPER1. However, the mechanisms of action of isoflavones on brain development, particularly during dendritogenesis and neuritogenesis, have not yet been extensively studied. We evaluated the effects of isoflavones using mouse primary cerebellar culture, astrocyte-enriched culture, Neuro-2A clonal cells, and co-culture with neurons and astrocytes. Soybean isoflavone-augmented estradiol mediated dendrite arborization in Purkinje cells. Such augmentation was suppressed by co-exposure with ICI 182,780, an antagonist for ERs, or G15, a selective GPER1 antagonist. The knockdown of nuclear ERs or GPER1 also significantly reduced the arborization of dendrites. Particularly, the knockdown of ERα showed the greatest effect. To further examine the specific molecular mechanism, we used Neuro-2A clonal cells. Isoflavones also induced neurite outgrowth of Neuro-2A cells. The knockdown of ERα most strongly reduced isoflavone-induced neurite outgrowth compared with ERβ or GPER1 knockdown. The knockdown of ERα also reduced the mRNA levels of ER-responsive genes (i.e., Bdnf, Camk2b, Rbfox3, Tubb3, Syn1, Dlg4, and Syp). Furthermore, isoflavones increased ERα levels, but not ERβ or GPER1 levels, in Neuro-2A cells. The co-culture study of Neuro-2A cells and astrocytes also showed an increase in isoflavone-induced neurite growth, and co-exposure with ICI 182,780 or G15 significantly reduced the effects. In addition, isoflavones increased astrocyte proliferation via ER and GPER1. These results indicate that ERα plays an essential role in isoflavone-induced neuritogenesis. However, GPER1 signaling is also necessary for astrocyte proliferation and astrocyte-neuron communication, which may lead to isoflavone-induced neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winda Ariyani
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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Gligor O, Clichici S, Moldovan R, Decea N, Vlase AM, Fizeșan I, Pop A, Virag P, Filip GA, Vlase L, Crișan G. An In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of Antitumor Activity of Extracts Derived from Three Well-Known Plant Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091840. [PMID: 37176897 PMCID: PMC10180766 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the objectives of this study consists of the assessment of the antitumor activity of several extracts from three selected plant species: Xanthium spinosum L., Trifolium pratense L., and Coffea arabica L. and also a comparative study of this biological activity, with the aim of establishing a superior herbal extract for antitumor benefits. The phytochemical profile of the extracts was established by HPLC-MS analysis. Further, the selected extracts were screened in vitro for their antitumor activity and antioxidant potential on two cancer cell lines: A549-human lung adenocarcinoma and T47D-KBluc-human breast carcinoma and on normal cells. One extract per plant was selected for in vivo assessment of antitumor activity in an Ehrlich ascites mouse model. The extracts presented high content of antitumor compounds such as caffeoylquinic acids in the case of X. spinosum L. (7.22 µg/mL-xanthatin, 4.611 µg/mL-4-O-caffeoylquinic acid) and green coffee beans (10.008 µg/mL-cafestol, 265.507 µg/mL-4-O-caffeoylquinic acid), as well as isoflavones in the case of T. pratense L. (6806.60 ng/mL-ononin, 102.78 µg/mL-biochanin A). Concerning the in vitro results, the X. spinosum L. extracts presented the strongest anticancerous and antioxidant effects. In vivo, ascites cell viability decreased after T. pratense L. and green coffee bean extracts administration, whereas the oxidative stress reduction potential was important in tumor samples after T. pratense L. Cell viability was also decreased after administration of cyclophosphamide associated with X. spinosum L. and T. pratense L. extracts, respectively. These results suggested that T. pratense L. or X. spinosum L. extracts in combination with chemotherapy can induce lipid peroxidation in tumor cells and decrease the tumor viability especially, T. pratense L. extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavia Gligor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Clichici
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Remus Moldovan
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Decea
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ionel Fizeșan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Pop
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Piroska Virag
- Department of Radiobiology and Tumor Biology, Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuță", 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela Adriana Filip
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laurian Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gianina Crișan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Red Clover and the Importance of Extraction Processes—Ways in Which Extraction Techniques and Parameters Affect Trifolium pratense L. Extracts’ Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to gain an insight into the manner in which several extraction processes (both classical as well as innovative) affected bioactive compound yield, and subsequently to assess several of their biological activities. Red clover extracts were obtained using maceration, Soxhlet extraction, turbo-extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and a combination of the last two. The resulting extracts were analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid content. The extracts presenting the best results were subjected to a phytochemical assessment by way of HPLC-MS analysis. After a final sorting based on the phytochemical profiles of the extracts, the samples were assessed for their antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and oxidative stress reduction potential, using animal inflammation models. The Soxhlet extraction yielded the most satisfactory results both qualitatively and quantitatively. The ultrasound-assisted extraction offered comparable yields. The extracts showed a high potential against gram-negative bacteria and induced a modest antioxidant effect on the experimental inflammation model in Wistar rats.
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Wang B, Ma W, Di Y. Activation of the Nrf2/GPX4 Signaling by Pratensein From Trifolium pretense Mitigates Ferroptosis in OGD/R-Insulted H9c2 Cardiomyocytes. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221115313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pratensein (PTS) is a type of flavonoid that has been identified in various plants, such as Trifolium pretense L., with a considerable cytoprotective effect against exogenous stimuli. However, the biological function of PTS in cardiomyocytes in response to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) conditions is unclear. Purpose: In our study, we examined the function of PTS in the progression of myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: In this study, we established an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in H9c2 cells. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to assess the viability of H9c2 cells. The TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling and flow cytometry assays confirmed apoptosis of H9c2 cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) content, and Fe2+ level were evaluated. Western blotting was used to detect relative protein expression. Results: We firstly found that PTS reduced apoptosis of H9c2 cells in response to OGD/R stimulation. PTS attenuates the increase in ROS and MDA production and the decrease in GSH content caused by OGD/R. The increased Fe2+ level in OGD/R-treated H9c2 cells was also restrained by PTS. For mechanism studies, we found that the decreased expression levels of Nrf2 and GPX4 in OGD/R-treated H9c2 cells were significantly elevated after PTS treatment. Knockdown of Nrf2 in H9c2 cells reversed the protective effect of PTS on ferroptosis in H9c2 cells induced by OGD/R, indicated by reduced cell viability, increased apoptotic cells and oxidation markers, and increased Fe2+ level. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we speculated that PTS may protect H9c2 cells from OGD/R-caused ferroptosis by modulating the Nrf2/GPX4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan City, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan City, China
| | - Yali Di
- Department of Cardiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan City, China
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Tian J, Wang XQ, Tian Z. Focusing on Formononetin: Recent Perspectives for its Neuroprotective Potentials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:905898. [PMID: 35712702 PMCID: PMC9196267 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.905898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous system is the most complex system of the human body, hence, the neurological diseases often lack effective treatment strategies. Natural products have the potential to yield unique molecules and produce integrative and synergic effects compared to standard therapy. Mounting evidence has shown that isoflavonoids contained in traditional medicinal plant or dietary supplementation may play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases due to their pronounced biological activities correlating to nervous system. Formononetin, a non-steroidal isoflavonoid, is a bioactive constituent of numerous medicinal plants such as red clover (Trifolium pratense) and Astragalus membranaceus. Emerging evidence has shown that formononetin possesses considerable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancer effects. This review intends to analyze the neuropharmacological potential of formononetin on the therapy of nervous system disorders. The neuroprotective properties of formononetin are observed in multiple neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, anxiety, and depression. The beneficial effects of formononetin are achieved partially through attenuating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress via the related signaling pathway. Despite its evident effects in numerous preclinical studies, the definite role of formononetin on humans is still less known. More well-designed clinical trials are required to further confirm the neuroprotective efficacy and safety profile of formononetin before its application in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Tian
- Department of Infection, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing-Qin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xing-Qin Wang, ; Zhen Tian,
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xing-Qin Wang, ; Zhen Tian,
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Song Y, Li X, Liu X, Yu Z, Zhang G. Calycosin Alleviates Oxidative Injury in Spinal Astrocytes by Regulating the GP130/JAK/STAT Pathway. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:881-887. [PMID: 35584953 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal injury is a complicated disease and is reported to be associated with damages on spinal astrocytes induced by oxidative injury. Astragali Radi, a famous traditional Chinese medicine, is reported to have promising efficacy in protecting injuries in the central nervous system. This study aims to investigate the effect of calycosin, an isoflavone phytoestrogens isolated from Astragali Radi, on oxidative injury in spinal astrocytes induced by H2O2 and the underlying mechanism. Primary rat spinal astrocytes were pretreated with 5, 10, and 20 μM calycosin and subjected to H2O2 treatment for 24 h to establish an oxidative injury model. Cell viability was detected using the CCK-8 assay to screen the optimized concentration of calycosin. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the apoptotic rate and cell cycle. The expression level of Brdu was visualized using the immunofluorescence assay. Western blotting was used to measure the expression levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, p-AKT, GP130, and IL-6 in spinal astrocytes. We found that proliferation was inhibited and that apoptosis was induced by the stimulation of H2O2. The expression levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, p-AKT, GP130, and IL-6 were significantly elevated in H2O2-treated astrocytes. After the treatment of calycosin, proliferation was facilitated, and apoptosis was suppressed. These phenomena were accompanied by the downregulation of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, p-AKT, GP130, and IL-6, which were abolished by the co-administration of PI3K (ly294002) or STAT3 (stattic) inhibitor. Overall, calycosin alleviated oxidative injury in spinal astrocytes by mediating the GP130/JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Song
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xu Li
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhaozhong Yu
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Guofu Zhang
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Geng LM, Jiang JG. The neuroprotective effects of formononetin: Signaling pathways and molecular targets. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Zhang Q, Li S, Huang Q. Pratensein glycoside attenuates respiratory syncytial virus infection-induced oxidative and inflammatory injury via TGF-β signaling pathway. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Aboushanab SA, Khedr SM, Gette IF, Danilova IG, Kolberg NA, Ravishankar GA, Ambati RR, Kovaleva EG. Isoflavones derived from plant raw materials: bioavailability, anti-cancer, anti-aging potentials, and microbiome modulation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:261-287. [PMID: 34251921 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1946006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are secondary metabolites that represent the most abundant category of plant polyphenols. Dietary soy, kudzu, and red clover contain primarily genistein, daidzein, glycitein, puerarin, formononetin, and biochanin A. The structural similarity of these compounds to β-estradiol has demonstrated protection against age-related and hormone-dependent diseases in both genders. Demonstrative shreds of evidence confirmed the fundamental health benefits of the consumption of these isoflavones. These relevant activities are complex and largely driven by the source, active ingredients, dose, and administration period of the bioactive compounds. However, the preclinical and clinical studies of these compounds are greatly variable, controversial, and still with no consensus due to the non-standardized research protocols. In addition, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies, and the safety profile of isoflavones have been far limited. This highlights a major gap in understanding the potentially critical role of these isoflavones as prospective replacement therapy. Our general review exclusively focuses attention on the crucial role of isoflavones derived from these plant materials and critically highlights their bioavailability, possible anticancer, antiaging potentials, and microbiome modulation. Despite their fundamental health benefits, plant isoflavones reveal prospective therapeutic effects that worth further standardized analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saied A Aboushanab
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Shaimaa M Khedr
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Center (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, SRTA-City, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Irina F Gette
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia.,Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Irina G Danilova
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia.,Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Natalia A Kolberg
- Integrated Laboratory Complex, Ural State University of Economics, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Gokare A Ravishankar
- C. D. Sagar Centre for Life Sciences, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Dayananda Sagar Institutions, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ranga Rao Ambati
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation of Science, Technology and Research, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Elena G Kovaleva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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14
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Obesity and aging: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101268. [PMID: 33556548 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of obesity is a major challenge for health policymakers due to its far-reaching effects on population health and potentially overwhelming financial burden on healthcare systems. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing acute and chronic diseases, including hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Interestingly, the metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity is similar to that observed in normal aging, and substantial evidence suggests the potential of obesity to accelerate aging. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of fat tissue dysfunction in obesity could provide insights into the processes that contribute to the metabolic dysfunction associated with the aging process. Here, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying both obesity and aging, and how obesity and aging can predispose individuals to chronic health complications. The potential of lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to counter obesity and obesity-related pathologies, as well as aging, is also addressed.
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15
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Luo L, Gao W, Zhang Y, Liu C, Wang G, Wu H, Gao W. Integrated Phytochemical Analysis Based on UPLC-MS and Network Pharmacology Approaches to Explore the Quality Control Markers for the Quality Assessment of Trifolium pratense L. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25173787. [PMID: 32825325 PMCID: PMC7504318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Red clover consists of the overground parts and inflorescence of Trifolium pratense L., a leguminous plant belonging to the genus Trifolium. It is widely distributed worldwide and has long been used in traditional medicine. In this study, a combination approach using UPLC-MS and network pharmacology was applied to explore the quality control markers for the quality assessments of red clover. Firstly, UPLC-MS was used to identify the compounds in different parts of red clover. Twenty-eight compounds were totally identified. According to the traditional clinical efficacy of red clover, a compound-target-function network was constructed by network pharmacology to discover the main active compounds based on the identified compounds. Nine compounds of chlorogenic acid, daidzin, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, genistin, ononin, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and biochanin A were filtrated and further confirmed in rat plasma in view of the blood-absorbed components taking effects. Finally, a novel method for simultaneously detecting the nine quality control markers was developed by UPLC-QQQ-MS in an effort to assess the quality of red clover. For all samples, the average contents of the nine compounds measured from high to low consist of formononetin, ononin, biochanin A, genistin, daidzin, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, genistein, daidzein, and chlorogenic acid. The samples from Gansu province showed the best quality in the three producing areas This study provides new strategies to explore the quality control markers and develops a novel method for the quality assessment of red clover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Wenya Gao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (W.G.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (W.G.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (W.G.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Guopeng Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (W.G.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: or (H.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
- Correspondence: or (H.W.); (W.G.)
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16
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Cady N, Peterson SR, Freedman SN, Mangalam AK. Beyond Metabolism: The Complex Interplay Between Dietary Phytoestrogens, Gut Bacteria, and Cells of Nervous and Immune Systems. Front Neurol 2020; 11:150. [PMID: 32231636 PMCID: PMC7083015 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body has a large, diverse community of microorganisms which not only coexist with us, but also perform many important physiological functions, including metabolism of dietary compounds that we are unable to process ourselves. Furthermore, these bacterial derived/induced metabolites have the potential to interact and influence not only the local gut environment, but the periphery via interaction with and modulation of cells of the immune and nervous system. This relationship is being further appreciated every day as the gut microbiome is researched as a potential target for immunomodulation. A common feature among inflammatory diseases including relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the presence of gut microbiota dysbiosis when compared to healthy controls. However, the specifics of these microbiota-neuro-immune system interactions remain unclear. Among all factors, diet has emerged as a strongest factor regulating structure and function of gut microbial community. Phytoestrogens are one class of dietary compounds emerging as potentially being of interest in this interaction as numerous studies have identified depletion of phytoestrogen-metabolizing bacteria such as Adlercreutzia, Parabacteroides and Prevotella in RRMS patients. Additionally, phytoestrogens or their metabolites have been reported to show protective effects when compounds are administered in the animal model of MS, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this review, we will illustrate the link between MS and phytoestrogen metabolizing bacteria, characterize the importance of gut bacteria and their mechanisms of action in the production of phytoestrogen metabolites, and discuss what is known about the interactions of specific compounds with cells immune and nervous system. A better understanding of gut bacteria-mediated phytoestrogen metabolism and mechanisms through which these metabolites facilitate their biological actions will help in development of novel therapeutic options for MS as well as other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cady
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | | | - Ashutosh K. Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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17
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Miao WG, Tang C, Ye Y, Quinn RJ, Feng Y. Traditional Chinese medicine extraction method by ethanol delivers drug-like molecules. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 17:713-720. [PMID: 31526507 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an important reservoir for bioactive natural products. TCM extraction methods by water decoction and wine tincture are an integral part of TCM and essential for their widely acknowledged efficacy. In this study, we selected 6 common TCMs that are rich in chemistry to investigate whether the TCM extraction methods deliver molecules with drug-like physical chemical properties. Six TCM herbal materials were extracted by water, 95% ethanol, and sequential hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. The extracts were analyzed by HPLC and 1H NMR. Isolation on one of the extracts yielded 32 compounds, their physical chemical properties were analyzed by Instant JChem. Our results showed that ethanol extraction, which mimics TCM wine tincture, delivered compounds with physical chemical properties compliant to Lipinski's rule of 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Miao
- Griffith Institute of Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Chunping Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Griffith Institute of Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Yunjiang Feng
- Griffith Institute of Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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18
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El-Bakoush A, Olajide OA. Formononetin inhibits neuroinflammation and increases estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) protein expression in BV2 microglia. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:325-337. [PMID: 29913427 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Formononetin is a bioactive non-steroidal polyphenol found in a variety of plants. In this study we evaluated the effects of formononetin on neuroinflammation in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. Results showed that formononetin significantly reduced the production of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, nitrite and PGE2, as well as protein levels of iNOS and COX-2. Reporter gene assays showed that formononetin produced inhibition of NF-κB luciferase activity in HEK293 cells stimulated with TNF-α. Immunoblotting experiments revealed an inhibition of IKKα phosphorylation, with the resultant attenuation of phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα following LPS stimulation. Formononetin also produced an inhibition of nuclear translocation and DNA binding by NF-κB following LPS stimulation. RNAi experiments showed that transfection of BV2 microglia with ERβ siRNA resulted in the loss of anti-inflammatory action of formononetin. MTT assay and MAP2 immunoreactivity experiments showed that formononetin produced significant neuroprotective activity by preventing BV2 microglia conditioned media-induced toxicity to HT22 neurons. Investigations on the effect of formononetin on MCF7 breast cancer cells revealed that, while the compound significantly increased ER-luciferase activity, its effects on proliferation were modest. This study has established that formononetin inhibits neuroinflammation by targeting NF-κB signalling pathway in BV2 microglia, possibly through mechanisms involving ERβ. Formononetin appears to modulate ERβ in MCF7 breast cancer cells with limited proliferative effect. Formononetin could therefore serve as a chemical scaffold for the development of novel compounds which have selective neuroprotective actions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmeniem El-Bakoush
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Olumayokun A Olajide
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
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Chen HS, Chen X, Li WT, Shen JG. Targeting RNS/caveolin-1/MMP signaling cascades to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries: potential application for drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:669-682. [PMID: 29595191 PMCID: PMC5943912 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play important roles in mediating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. RNS activate multiple signaling pathways and participate in different cellular events in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recent studies have indicated that caveolin-1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) are important signaling molecules in the pathological process of ischemic brain injury. During cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−), two representative RNS, down-regulates the expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and, in turn, further activates nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to promote RNS generation. The increased RNS further induce MMP activation and mediate disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), aggravating the brain damage in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, the feedback interaction among RNS/Cav-1/MMPs provides an amplified mechanism for aggravating ischemic brain damage during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy for protecting against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this mini-review article, we highlight the important role of the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling cascades in ischemic stroke injury and review the current progress of studies seeking therapeutic compounds targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling cascades to attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several representative natural compounds, including calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, baicalin, Momordica charantia polysaccharide (MCP), chlorogenic acid, lutein and lycopene, have shown potential for targeting the RNS/Cav-1/MMP signaling pathway to protect the brain in ischemic stroke. Therefore, the RNS/Cav-1/MMP pathway is an important therapeutic target in ischemic stroke treatment.
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20
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Behbahani M. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 activities of pratensein and pratensein glycoside from Alhaji maurorum and its parasite Cuscuta kotchiana. Chin J Integr Med 2017:10.1007/s11655-017-2820-2. [PMID: 29043598 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity of pure compounds isolated from aerial part extracts of Alhaji maurorum and its parasite Cuscuta kotchiana. METHODS The anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2 activities of these extracts were performed by use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay and high pure viral nucleic acid kit. The most active fractions against HIV-1 were detected by nuclear magnetic resonance as pratensein and pratensein glycoside respectively in A. maurorum and C. campestris. RESULTS These two extracts have low toxicity on HIV-2 replication. The 50% effective concentration for HIV-1 replication of pratensein and pratensein glycoside were 100 and 22 μg/mL, respectively. The time of addition assay showed that pratensein and pratensein glycoside were most effective when added at the early stage (0-4 h) of virus replication. CONCLUSION The pratensein glycoside inhibits HIV-1 replication in host cells more than pratensein and both extracts are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Behbahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran.
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21
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Siddique YH, Jyoti S. Alteration in biochemical parameters in the brain of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster model of Parkinson's disease exposed to apigenin. Integr Med Res 2017; 6:245-253. [PMID: 28951838 PMCID: PMC5605376 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is one of the key components of the pathology of various neurodegenerative disorders. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons owing to the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (αS) in the brain. A number of polyphenols have been reported to inhibit the αS aggregation resulting in the possible prevention of PD. The involvement of free radicals in mediating the neuronal death in PD has also been implicated. METHODS In the present study, the transgenic flies expressing human αS in the brain were exposed to 10 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM, and 80 μM of apigenin established in diet for 24 days. RESULTS The flies showed an increase in life span, glutathione, and dopamine content. The exposure of PD flies to various doses of apigenin also results in the reduction of glutathione-S-transferase activity, lipid peroxidation, monoamine oxidase, caspase-3, and caspase-9 activity in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The results of the present study reveal that apigenin is potent in increasing the life span, dopamine content, reduced the oxidative stress as well as apoptosis in transgenic Drosophila model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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de Rus Jacquet A, Tambe MA, Ma SY, McCabe GP, Vest JHC, Rochet JC. Pikuni-Blackfeet traditional medicine: Neuroprotective activities of medicinal plants used to treat Parkinson's disease-related symptoms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 206:393-407. [PMID: 28088492 PMCID: PMC6149223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder affecting 5% of the population over the age of 85 years. Current treatments primarily involve dopamine replacement therapy, which leads to temporary relief of motor symptoms but fails to slow the underlying neurodegeneration. Thus, there is a need for safe PD therapies with neuroprotective activity. In this study, we analyzed contemporary herbal medicinal practices used by members of the Pikuni-Blackfeet tribe from Western Montana to treat PD-related symptoms, in an effort to identify medicinal plants that are affordable to traditional communities and accessible to larger populations. AIM OF THE STUDY The aims of this study were to (i) identify medicinal plants used by the Pikuni-Blackfeet tribe to treat individuals with symptoms related to PD or other CNS disorders, and (ii) characterize a subset of the identified plants in terms of antioxidant and neuroprotective activities in cellular models of PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Interviews of healers and local people were carried out on the Blackfeet Indian reservation. Plant samples were collected, and water extracts were produced for subsequent analysis. A subset of botanical extracts was tested for the ability to induce activation of the Nrf2-mediated transcriptional response and to protect against neurotoxicity elicited by the PD-related toxins rotenone and paraquat. RESULTS The ethnopharmacological interviews resulted in the documentation of 26 medicinal plants used to treat various ailments and diseases, including symptoms related to PD. Seven botanical extracts (out of a total of 10 extracts tested) showed activation of Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity in primary cortical astrocytes. Extracts prepared from Allium sativum cloves, Trifolium pratense flowers, and Amelanchier arborea berries exhibited neuroprotective activity against toxicity elicited by rotenone, whereas only the extracts prepared from Allium sativum and Amelanchier arborea alleviated PQ-induced dopaminergic cell death. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the potential clinical utility of plants used for medicinal purposes over generations by the Pikuni-Blackfeet people, and they shed light on mechanisms by which the plant extracts could slow neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie de Rus Jacquet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Mitali Arun Tambe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Sin Ying Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - George P McCabe
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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de Rus Jacquet A, Timmers M, Ma SY, Thieme A, McCabe GP, Vest JHC, Lila MA, Rochet JC. Lumbee traditional medicine: Neuroprotective activities of medicinal plants used to treat Parkinson's disease-related symptoms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 206:408-425. [PMID: 28214539 PMCID: PMC6149226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence in surviving neurons of Lewy body inclusions enriched with aggregated forms of the presynaptic protein α-synuclein (aSyn). Although current therapies provide temporary symptomatic relief, they do not slow the underlying neurodegeneration in the midbrain. In this study, we analyzed contemporary herbal medicinal practices used by members of the Lumbee tribe to treat PD-related symptoms, in an effort to identify safe and effective herbal medicines to treat PD. AIM OF THE STUDY The aims of this study were to (i) document medicinal plants used by Lumbee Indians to treat PD and PD-related symptoms, and (ii) characterize a subset of plant candidates in terms of their ability to alleviate neurotoxicity elicited by PD-related insults and their potential mechanisms of neuroprotection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Interviews of Lumbee healers and local people were carried out in Pembroke, North Carolina, and in surrounding towns. Plant samples were collected and prepared as water extracts for subsequent analysis. Extracts were characterized in terms of their ability to induce activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response in cortical astrocytes. An extract prepared from Sambucus caerulea flowers (elderflower extract) was further examined for the ability to induce Nrf2-mediated transcription in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes and primary midbrain cultures, to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction, and to alleviate rotenone- or aSyn-mediated neurotoxicity. RESULTS The ethnopharmacological interviews resulted in the documentation of 32 medicinal plants used to treat PD-related symptoms and 40 plants used to treat other disorders. A polyphenol-rich extract prepared from elderflower activated the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response in cortical astrocytes, iPSC-derived astrocytes, and primary midbrain cultures, apparently via the inhibition of Nrf2 degradation mediated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Furthermore, the elderflower extract rescued mitochondrial functional deficits in a neuronal cell line and alleviated neurotoxicity elicited by rotenone and aSyn in primary midbrain cultures. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight potential therapeutic benefits of botanical extracts used in traditional Lumbee medicine, and they provide insight into mechanisms by which an elderflower extract could suppress neurotoxicity elicited by environmental and genetic PD-related insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie de Rus Jacquet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Michael Timmers
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Sin Ying Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Andrew Thieme
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - George P McCabe
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jay Hansford C Vest
- University of North Carolina at Pembroke, PO Box 1510, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA.
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Abstract
Covering: up to 2015. Traditional Chinese medicine has played a significant role in the mainstream healthcare system in China for thousands of years. Here, we summarize 84 major compounds from 15 selected herbal medicines targeting neurodegenerative diseases. We present a perspective based on the analysis of physicochemical properties of these TCM compounds, and comparison with current drugs and candidates for the treatment of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The results demonstrate that traditional Chinese medicines contain compounds possessing physicochemical properties that have excellent overlap with developed western medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Tang
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia. and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China and Eskitis-SIMM Joint Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Australia
| | - Yunjiang Feng
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia. and Eskitis-SIMM Joint Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Australia
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia. and Eskitis-SIMM Joint Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Australia
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Pratensein ameliorates β-amyloid-induced cognitive impairment in rats via reducing oxidative damage and restoring synapse and BDNF levels. Neurosci Lett 2015; 592:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wei L, Lv S, Huang Q, Wei J, Zhang S, Huang R, Lu Z, Lin X. Pratensein attenuates Aβ-induced cognitive deficits in rats: Enhancement of synaptic plasticity and cholinergic function. Fitoterapia 2015; 101:208-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gao J, Liu ZJ, Chen T, Zhao D. Pharmaceutical properties of calycosin, the major bioactive isoflavonoid in the dry root extract of Radix astragali. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:1217-1222. [PMID: 24635389 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.879188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Radix astragali (Fabaceae astragalus propinquus Schischkin) is a Chinese medicinal herb traditionally used for the treatment of several diseases. Calycosin is the major bioactive chemical in the dry root extract of this medical plant. OBJECTIVE This work presents a brief overview of recent reports on the potential effects of calycosin on several diseases and the possible mechanisms of action of this chemical. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review gathers information from the scientific literature (before 1 June 2013) that was compiled from various databases, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. RESULTS The potential pharmaceutical properties of calycosin in the treatment of tumors, inflammation, stroke, and cardiovascular diseases have gained increasing attention in the recent years. The literature survey showed that calycosin exhibits promising effects for the treatment of several diseases and that these effects may be due to its isoflavonoid and phytoestrogenic properties. The effects of calycosin most likely result from its interaction with the ER receptors on the cell membrane and the modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Calycosin exhibits great potential as a therapeutic drug and may be a successful example of the standardization and modernization of traditional Chinese herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunQing Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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Zhang R, Wang S, Lu M, Zhang Z, Tian X, Lv D. Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of three isoflavones fromTrifolium pratenseextract in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:210-9. [PMID: 24898405 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics; the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116011 People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics; the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116011 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Orthopedics; the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116011 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics; the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116011 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiliang Tian
- Department of Orthopedics; the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116011 People's Republic of China
| | - Decheng Lv
- Department of Orthopedics; the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116011 People's Republic of China
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Jantaratnotai N, Utaisincharoen P, Sanvarinda P, Thampithak A, Sanvarinda Y. Phytoestrogens mediated anti-inflammatory effect through suppression of IRF-1 and pSTAT1 expressions in lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:483-8. [PMID: 23938252 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation has been implicated in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and HIV encephalopathy. Phytoestrogens have been shown to be neuroprotective in neurotoxicity models; however, their effect on microglia has not been well established. In the current study, we report that the soy phytoestrogens, genistein, daidzein, and coumestrol, decreased nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the rat microglial cell line (HAPI). The levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein expression were also reduced. Transcription factors known to govern iNOS expression including interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and phosphorylated STAT1 were down regulated. These observations explain, at least in part, the inhibitory effect of phytoestrogens on NO production. The levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 mRNA, proinflammatory chemokine and cytokine associated with various neurological disorders, were also reduced following LPS stimulation when HAPI cells were pretreated with phytoestrogens. Hence, genistein, daidzein, and coumestrol could serve as anti-inflammatory agents and may have beneficial effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Lutter S, Schmalbach K, Esch HL, Lehmann L. The isoflavone irilone contributes to the estrogenic potential of dietary supplements containing red clover. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:309-21. [PMID: 23982890 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A recent intervention study demonstrated the occurrence of irilone as second most abundant isoflavone next to daidzein in human plasma after consumption of a red clover-based dietary supplement (RCDS) containing predominately formononetin ≫ biochanin A > irilone (12 % of these isoflavones). To elucidate the relevance of this finding, in the present study (1) the representativeness of the isoflavone composition of the RCDS and (2) the estrogenic activity of irilone were investigated. Thus, major isoflavones were quantified in eight commercially available RCDS. Furthermore, the estrogenic activities of irilone and other isoflavones were determined by marker gene expression in Ishikawa and cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells. Irilone amounted to 1.8-10.9 mg/g capsule content and 5-18 % of the three major isoflavones, respectively, demonstrating the general occurrence of irilone in RCDS. Moreover, irilone significantly induced the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) as well as AlP, progesterone receptor, and androgen receptor mRNA levels in Ishikawa cells. Furthermore, irilone significantly induced MCF-7 cell proliferation. Neither 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced AlP activity nor E2-induced MCF-7 cell proliferation was affected by irilone. ICI182,780 antagonized IRI-induced effects on both AlP activity and cell proliferation, suggesting an estrogen receptor agonistic mode of action. Taking into account the estrogenic activity of red clover isoflavones (formononetin, biochanin A, prunetin, glycitein) and their biotransformation products (daidzein, genistein, ethylphenol) as well as published plasma levels of isoflavones after consumption of RCDS, irilone could contribute approximately 50 % of the E2 equivalents estimated for daidzein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lutter
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Chair of Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Liu MH, Lin YS, Sheu SY, Sun JS. Anti-inflammatory effects of daidzein on primary astroglial cell culture. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 12:123-34. [DOI: 10.1179/147683009x423274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Renda G, Yalçın FN, Nemutlu E, Akkol EK, Süntar I, Keleş H, Ina H, Çalış I, Ersöz T. Comparative assessment of dermal wound healing potentials of various Trifolium L. extracts and determination of their isoflavone contents as potential active ingredients. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:423-432. [PMID: 23665056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Trifolium species are used in Turkish folk medicine as a wound healing agent, expectorant, antiseptic, sedative and to alleviate pain in rheumatism. In the present study, the aqueous methanolic extracts (80%) of 13 Trifolium species (Trifolium ambigum, Trifolium arvense var. arvense, Trifolium campestre, Trifolium canescens, Trifolium hybridum var. anatolicum, Trifolium hybridum var. hybridum, Trifolium pannonicum, Trifolium pratense var. pratense, Trifolium purpureum var. purpureum, Trifolium repens var. repens, Trifolium resupinatum var. microcephalum, Trifolium spadiceum and Trifolium trichocephalum) collected from different regions of Anatolia were evaluated for their in vivo wound healing effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo wound healing activities of the plant aqueous methanolic extracts were evaluated by linear incision and circular excision wound models subsequent to histopathological analysis. Active constituents were determined by a validated high performance liquid chromatographic method. Precision of the method was performed by the evaluation of intra-day and inter-day variations of the each standard at limits of quantification (LOQ) levels. RESULTS The aqueous methanolic extracts of Trifolium canescens and Trifolium pretense var. pratense possessed better wound healing activity compared to the other extracts and control groups. The animal groups treated with the Trifolium canescens extract demonstrated increased contraction (48.96%) on excision and a significant increase in wound tensile strength (35.6%) on incision models. The main compounds were detected as genistein and biochanin A for Trifolium canescens. CONCLUSION The results of the present study revealed the wound healing potential of Trifolium canescens. This might be due to the combined effect of the isoflavones genistein, formononetin, daidzein, and biochanin A present in the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülin Renda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61100 Trabzon, Turkey.
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Lai PKK, Chan JYW, Cheng L, Lau CP, Han SQB, Leung PC, Fung KP, Lau CBS. Isolation of Anti-Inflammatory Fractions and Compounds from the Root ofAstragalus membranaceus. Phytother Res 2012; 27:581-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Xu Y, Feng L, Wang S, Zhu Q, Lin J, Lou C, Xiang P, He B, Zheng Z, Tang D, Zuo G. Phytoestrogen calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ameliorates advanced glycation end products-induced HUVEC damage. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:2953-65. [PMID: 21647942 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vasculopathy including endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis and inflammation contributes to the high incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction in diabetic patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (CG), a phytoestrogen, on advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced HUVEC damage. We observed that CG can significantly ameliorate AGEs-induced HUVEC oxidative stress and apoptosis. The ratio of SOD/MDA was significantly increased to the normal level by CG pretreatment. CG preincubation dramatically increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 while decreased pro-apoptotic Bax and Bad expressions as detected by immunocytochemistry. Moreover, CG ameliorated macrophage migration and adhesion to HUVEC; the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-6 levels in the culture supernatant were dramatically reduced by CG as determined by ELISA; the expressions of inflammatory proteins including ICAM-1, TGF-β1, and RAGE in both protein and mRNA levels were significantly reduced to the normal level by CG pretreatment as determined by immunocytochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. The intracellular investigation suggests that CG can reverse AGEs-activated ERK1/2 and NF-κB phosphorylation, in which estrogen receptors were involved in. Our results strongly indicate that CG can modulate EC dysfunction by ameliorating AGEs-induced cell apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau
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A DFT study on the structural, electronic properties and radical scavenging mechanisms of calycosin, glycitein, pratensein and prunetin. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Spencer JPE, Vafeiadou K, Williams RJ, Vauzour D. Neuroinflammation: modulation by flavonoids and mechanisms of action. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:83-97. [PMID: 22107709 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory processes are known to contribute to the cascade of events culminating in the neuronal damage that underpins neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Recently, there has been much interest in the potential neuroprotective effects of flavonoids, a group of plant secondary metabolites known to have diverse biological activity in vivo. With respect to the brain, flavonoids, such as those found in cocoa, tea, berries and citrus, have been shown to be highly effective in preventing age-related cognitive decline and neurodegeneration in both animals and humans. Evidence suggests that flavonoids may express such ability through a multitude of physiological functions, including an ability to modulate the brains immune system. This review will highlight the evidence for their potential to inhibit neuroinflammation through an attenuation of microglial activation and associated cytokine release, iNOS expression, nitric oxide production and NADPH oxidase activity. We will also detail the current evidence indicting that their regulation of these immune events appear to be mediated by their actions on intracellular signaling pathways, including the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) cascade and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. As such, flavonoids represent important precursor molecules in the quest to develop of a new generation of drugs capable of counteracting neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P E Spencer
- Molecular Nutrition Group, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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Xu Y, Feng L, Wang S, Zhu Q, Zheng Z, Xiang P, He B, Tang D. Calycosin protects HUVECs from advanced glycation end products-induced macrophage infiltration. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:359-370. [PMID: 21669275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Astragali radix is a traditional Chinese medicine that has long been used for treatment of diabetes and diabetes-associated disease, but its active component and mechanism on the disease is not well defined. AIM OF THE STUDY Infiltration of leukocytes within the glomeruli and vasculature is one of the early and characteristic features of diabetic nephropathy. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play pivotal role in the progression of diabetic-associated diseases. The present study was designed to explore the therapeutic effect of calycosin, an active component from A. radix, on AGEs-induced macrophages infiltration in HUVECs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transwell HUVEC-macrophage co-culture system was established to evaluate macrophage migration and adhesion. Immunocytochemistry was applied to examine TGF-beta1, ICAM-1 and RAGE protein expressions; real-time PCR was carried out to determine mRNA expression of TGF-beta1, ICAM-1 and RAGE. Immunofluorescence was carried out to observe estrogen receptor-alpha, ICAM-1, RAGE expression and the phosphorylation status of ERK1/2 and NF-κB. RESULTS Calycosin significantly reduced AGEs-induced macrophage migration and adhesion to HUVEC. Pre-treatment with calycosin strikingly down-regulated HUVEC TGF-beta1, ICAM-1 and RAGE expressions in both protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, calycosin incubation significantly increased estrogen receptor expression and reversed AGEs-induced ERK1/2 and NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in HUVEC, and this effect of calycosin could be inhibited by estrogen receptor inhibitor, ICI182780. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that calycosin can reduce AGEs-induced macrophage migration and adhesion to endothelial cells and relieve the local inflammation; furthermore, this effect was via estrogen receptor-ERK1/2-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau
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Choi Y, Kim SK, Choi IY, Ju C, Nam KW, Hwang S, Kim BW, Yoon MJ, Won MH, Park YK, Kim WK. Amelioration of cerebral infarction and improvement of neurological deficit by a Korean herbal medicine, modified Bo-Yang-Hwan-O-Tang. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:695-706. [PMID: 21492172 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Modified Bo-Yang-Hwan-O-Tang (mBHT) is an improved herbal formula of BHT, which has been widely used to treat ischaemic stroke in East Asia, by the addition of five herbs having anti-ischaemic properties. In this study, we investigated whether mBHT would reduce cerebral ischaemic injury in rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and subsequent 22-h reperfusion. mBHT was administered either intraperitoneally twice 15 min before and 15 min after, or orally once 30 min or 120 min after the onset of MCAO (50 or 200 mg/kg each). KEY FINDINGS Intraperitoneal administration of mBHT markedly reduced the cerebral infarct size and neurological deficit caused by MCAO/reperfusion. mBHT treatment also significantly improved long-term survival rate after cerebral ischaemic injury. Oral administration of mBHT 30 min after ischaemia also markedly reduced the infarct size after cerebral ischaemia. The anti-ischaemic effect of mBHT was significantly, but not fully, reduced when mBHT-induced hypothermia was abolished. In cultured cortical neurons, we further found that mBHT decreased oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation-evoked neuronal injury by inhibiting production of reactive oxygen species, decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and activation of caspase-3. However, mBHT did not inhibit N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest that mBHT has multiple anti-ischaemic properties and would be a good therapeutic herbal prescription for the treatment of cerebral ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yookeum Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hoo RL, Wong JY, Qiao C, Xu A, Xu H, Lam KS. The effective fraction isolated from Radix Astragali alleviates glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia in db/db diabetic mice through its anti-inflammatory activity. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:67. [PMID: 20735814 PMCID: PMC2936435 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue together with the aberrant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been identified as the key link between obesity and its related metabolic disorders. This study aims to isolate bioactive ingredients from the traditional Chinese herb Radix Astragali (Huangqi) that alleviate obesity-induced metabolic damage through inhibiting inflammation. METHODS Active fraction (Rx) that inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production was identified from Radix Astragali by repeated bioactivity-guided high-throughput screening. Major constituents in Rx were identified by column chromatography followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass-spectrometry. Anti-diabetic activity of Rx was evaluated in db/db mice. RESULTS Treatment with Rx, which included calycosin-7-β-D-glucoside (0.9%), ononin (1.2%), calycosin (4.53%) and formononetin (1.1%), significantly reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1) in human THP-1 macrophages and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of NF-κB in mouse RAW-Blue macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Chronic administration of Rx in db/db obese mice markedly decreased the levels of both fed and fasting glucose, reduced serum triglyceride, and also alleviated insulin resistance and glucose intolerance when compared to vehicle-treated controls. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cell markers CD68 and F4/80, and cytokines MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly reduced in epididymal adipose tissue while the alternatively activated macrophage marker arginase I was markedly increased in the Rx-treated mice. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that suppression of the inflammation pathways in macrophages represents a valid strategy for high-throughput screening of lead compounds with anti-diabetic and insulin sensitizing properties, and further support the etiological role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Lc Hoo
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Red clover extract: a source for substances that activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and ameliorate the cytokine secretion profile of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Menopause 2010; 17:379-87. [PMID: 20142789 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181c94617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation and hyperlipidemia or dyslipidemia contribute to an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease represents one of the major causes of premature death worldwide. The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, a drug target for hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia, leads to an improved blood lipid profile. In this study, we determined the putative anti-inflammatory and PPARalpha stimulatory activities of red clover, an alternative to the classic hormone therapy used currently to treat menopausal symptoms. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages were used as a model for anti-inflammatory activity, and a chimeric GAL4-PPARalpha system was used as a model for putative hypolipidemic activity. RESULTS Red clover extract and the isoflavones genistein and biochanin A were moderate PPARalpha activators. Daidzein only slightly activated PPARalpha, but its metabolite 6-hydroxydaidzein exerted a much higher PPARalpha activity. Similarly, the metabolite 3'-hydroxygenistein achieved higher activation efficiency than its precursor, genistein, did. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, red clover extract and its compounds reduced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, increased the secretion of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10, and/or reduced the expression of nuclear factor-kappaB, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and/or cyclooxygenase 2. Tumor necrosis factor alpha production was most efficiently reduced by biochanin A and genistein. Interleukin-6 levels were most efficiently reduced by genistein and equol. CONCLUSIONS Owing to its PPARalpha activation and modulation of the secreted cytokine profile, red clover extract is a putative candidate for preventing atherosclerosis and, thus, cardiovascular disease.
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Potential health-modulating effects of isoflavones and metabolites via activation of PPAR and AhR. Nutrients 2010; 2:241-79. [PMID: 22254019 PMCID: PMC3257647 DOI: 10.3390/nu2030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones have multiple actions on cell functions. The most prominent one is the activation of estrogen receptors. Other functions are often overlooked, but are equally important and explain the beneficial health effects of isoflavones. Isoflavones are potent dual PPARα/γ agonists and exert anti-inflammatory activity, which may contribute to the prevention of metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis and various other inflammatory diseases. Some isoflavones are potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists and induce cell cycle arrest, chemoprevention and modulate xenobiotic metabolism. This review discusses effects mediated by the activation of AhR and PPARs and casts a light on the concerted action of isoflavones.
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Lipovac M, Chedraui P, Gruenhut C, Gocan A, Stammler M, Imhof M. Improvement of postmenopausal depressive and anxiety symptoms after treatment with isoflavones derived from red clover extracts. Maturitas 2009; 65:258-61. [PMID: 19948385 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of isoflavones derived from red clover extracts (MF11RCE) over anxiety and depressive symptoms among postmenopausal women. METHODS One hundred and nine postmenopausal women aged 40 or more were randomly assigned to receive two daily capsules of MF11RCE (80mg red clover isoflavones, Group A) or placebo of equal appearance (Group B) for a 90-day period. After a washout period of 7 days, medication was crossed over and taken for 90 days more. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured at baseline, 90 and 187 days with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Zung's Self Rating Depression Scale (SDS). RESULTS After receiving the MF11RCE compound the total HADS (anxiety and depression subscale scores also) and the total SDS scores decreased significantly. This effect was equivalent to a 76.9% reduction in the total HADS score (76% for anxiety and 78.3% for depression) and an 80.6% reduction in the total SDS score. After placebo, total HADS (anxiety and depression subscale also) and total SDS scores also decreased significantly in comparison to baseline but only equivalent to an average 21.7% decline. CONCLUSION Red clover derived isoflavones (MF11RCE) were effective in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms among postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lipovac
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology General Teaching Hospital Korneuburg, Austria
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