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Wei R, Wei P, Yuan H, Yi X, Aschner M, Jiang YM, Li SJ. Inflammation in Metal-Induced Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:4459-4481. [PMID: 38206494 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-04041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Essential metals play critical roles in maintaining human health as they participate in various physiological activities. Nonetheless, both excessive accumulation and deficiency of these metals may result in neurotoxicity secondary to neuroinflammation and the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Activation of these cells can promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is well known that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in metal-induced neurotoxicity as well as the development of neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Initially seen as a defense mechanism, persistent inflammatory responses are now considered harmful. Astrocytes and microglia are key regulators of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system, and their excessive activation may induce sustained neuroinflammation. Therefore, in this review, we aim to emphasize the important role and molecular mechanisms underlying metal-induced neurotoxicity. Our objective is to raise the awareness on metal-induced neuroinflammation in neurological disorders. However, it is not only just neuroinflammation that different metals could induce; they can also cause harm to the nervous system through oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy, to name a few. The primary pathophysiological mechanism by which these metals induce neurological disorders remains to be determined. In addition, given the various pathways through which individuals are exposed to metals, it is necessary to also consider the effects of co-exposure to multiple metals on neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruokun Wei
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Peiqi Wei
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- The Department of Molecular Pharmacology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Jiang
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Shao-Jun Li
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Jacquemyn J, Ralhan I, Ioannou MS. Driving factors of neuronal ferroptosis. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:535-546. [PMID: 38395733 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an oxidative form of iron-dependent cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides on membranes. Iron and lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential for this process. Ferroptosis is central to several neurological diseases and underlies the importance of balanced iron and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in the brain, particularly in neurons. Here, we reflect on the potential links between neuronal physiology and the accumulation of iron and peroxidated lipids, the mechanisms neurons use to protect themselves from ferroptosis, and the relationship between pathogenic protein deposition and ferroptosis in neurodegenerative disease. We propose that the unique physiology of neurons makes them especially vulnerable to ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jacquemyn
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Isha Ralhan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Maria S Ioannou
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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3
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Gutema BT, Levecke B, Sorrie MB, Megersa ND, Zewdie TH, Yesera GE, De Henauw S, Abubakar A, Abbeddou S. Effectiveness of intermittent iron and high-dose vitamin A supplementation on cognitive development of school children in southern Ethiopia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:470-484. [PMID: 37952928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is an essential mineral whose deficiency results in cognitive alteration, impaired emotional behaviors, and altered myelination and neurotransmission. In animal models, it has been shown that vitamin A (VA) could affect cognition. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent iron and VA supplementation on cognitive development of schoolchildren, and to assess the interaction between these supplementations. METHODS Considering a 2 × 2 factorial design, 504 children were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 arms: placebo VA and placebo iron supplement; high-dose vitamin VA and placebo iron supplement; iron supplement and placebo VA; and iron and high-dose vitamin VA supplements. Cognitive development was assessed using Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, digit span, Tower of London, and visual search tasks. RESULTS The mean [± standard deviation (SD)] age of the enrolled children was 9.6 (±1.6) y. One-fifth of the children had iron deficiency or anemia, whereas 2.9%, 3.9%, and 12.1% of children had low iron stores, iron deficiency anemia, and VA deficiency, respectively. Intermittent iron supplementation did not result in any significant improvement of children's cognitive development and had a negative effect on the performance index of the visual search task compared with placebo (-0.17 SD, 95% confidence interval: -0.32, -0.02). Effects were evident among children with stunting, thinness, or children coming from understimulating home environments. High-dose VA supplementation resulted in a significant improvement of digit span z-score with a mean difference of 0.30 SD (95% confidence interval: 0.14, 0.46) compared with placebo VA. VA had a more beneficial impact for girls, children infected with helminths, and those from food secure households. CONCLUSION In a population where the prevalence of iron deficiency is low, intermittent iron supplementation did not have any or negative effect on the child's cognitive development outcomes. Conversely, VA supplementation improved the child's working memory. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04137354 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04137354).
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Affiliation(s)
- Befikadu Tariku Gutema
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Muluken Bekele Sorrie
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nega Degefa Megersa
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Tadiwos Hailu Zewdie
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Gesila Endashaw Yesera
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Souheila Abbeddou
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Palsa K, Neely EB, Baringer SL, Helmuth TB, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Brain iron acquisition depends on age and sex in iron-deficient mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23331. [PMID: 38031991 PMCID: PMC10691552 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301596rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Adequate and timely delivery of iron is essential for brain development. The uptake of transferrin-bound (Tf) iron into the brain peaks at the time of myelination, whereas the recently discovered H-ferritin (FTH1) transport of iron into the brain continues to increase beyond the peak in myelination. Here, we interrogate the impact of dietary iron deficiency (ID) on the uptake of FTH1- and Tf-bound iron. In the present study, we used C57BL/6J male and female mice at a developing (post-natal day (PND) 15) and adult age (PND 85). In developing mice, ID results in increased iron delivery from both FTH1 and Tf for both males and females. The amount of iron uptake from FTH1 was higher than the Tf and this difference between the iron delivery was much greater in females. In contrast, in the adult model, ID was associated with increased brain iron uptake by both FTH1 and Tf but only in the males. There was no increased uptake from either protein in the females. Moreover, transferrin receptor expression on the microvasculature as well as whole brain iron, and H and L ferritin levels revealed the male brains became iron deficient but not the female brains. Last, under normal dietary conditions, 55 Fe uptake was higher in the developing group from both delivery proteins than in the adult group. These results indicate that there are differences in iron acquisition between the developing and adult brain for FTH1 and Tf during nutritional ID and demonstrate a level of regulation of brain iron uptake that is age and sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Baringer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy B. Helmuth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian A. Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James R. Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Srivastava A, Srivastava AK, Pandeya A, Pant AB. Pesticide mediated silent neurotoxicity and its unmasking: An update on recent progress. Toxicology 2023; 500:153665. [PMID: 37944577 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Being human's one of the most protected organs, brain is yet most vulnerable to xenobiotics exposure. Though pesticide-mediated neurotoxicity is well-explored, the fraternity of neurotoxicologists is less focused on the phenomenon of "silent" or "clinically undetectable" neurotoxicity. Silent neurotoxicity defines continual trivial changes in the nervous system that do not manifest any overt signs of toxicity unless unmasked by any natural or experimental event. Although this perception is not novel, insufficient experimental and epidemiological evidence makes it an outlier among toxicological research. A report in 2016 highlighted the need to investigate silent neurotoxicity and its potential challenges. The limited existing experimental data unveiled the unique responsiveness of neurons following silent neurotoxicity unmasking. Concerned studies have shown that low-dose developmental exposure to pesticides sensitizes the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system towards silent neurotoxicity, making it vulnerable to advanced cumulative neurotoxicity following pesticide challenges later in life. Therefore, conducting such studies may explain the precise etiology of pesticide-induced neurological disorders in humans. With no updates on this topic since 2016, this review is an attempt to acquaint the neurotoxicologist with silent neurotoxicity as a serious threat to human health, and proof-of-concept through a narrative using relevant published data so far with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ankur Kumar Srivastava
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Abhishek Pandeya
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Aditya Bhushan Pant
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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6
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Takeuchi H, Kawashima R. A Prospective Study on the Relationship between Iron Supplement Intake, Hemoglobin Concentration, and Risk of Parkinsonism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214671. [PMID: 36364932 PMCID: PMC9655462 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The findings regarding whether the greater iron level or intake is a risk factor to Parkinson's disease (PD) or parkinsonism was not clear. The purpose of this study is to establish a consistent association between iron supplementation and parkinsonism risk, we conducted a large-scale prospective cohort study using comprehensive longitudinal data from the UK Biobank. The longitudinal cohort data of 385,898 participants (including 911 cases) who were middle to old aged British adults and joined the UK Biobank study from 2006 to 2010 and were followed up until 2018 was analyzed. The associations between iron supplement intake, hemoglobin levels and all cause subsequent parkinsonism risk after corrections of potential confounders (sex, age, household income, education length, employment status, deprivation level, body mass index, physical activity level, household numbers, smoking and drinking levels, health status, blood pressure) were investigated. Analyses revealed that (a) iron supplementation was significantly associated with higher parkinsonism risk, (b) greater hemoglobin was weakly and insignificantly associated with lower parkinsonism risk, and (c) multivitamin or vitamin C supplement intake was not significantly associated with parkinsonism risk. Regardless of whether the subjects were classified as anemic, normal, or polycythemic or in the hemoglobin level quintile, there was no nonlinear association between hemoglobin and parkinsonism risk. Parkinsonism risk did not differ between participants reporting supplementary iron intake with or without vitamin C or multivitamin supplement intake. Furthermore, polygenic risk score of PD negatively correlated with hemoglobin level, while it did not associate with intake of iron supplement or multivitamin or vitamin C supplement intake. The results suggest excessive iron intake may increase parkinsonism risk. Interventional studies are warranted to examine whether iron intake restriction is beneficial for individuals without clinical iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Takeuchi
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-22-717-8457
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Smart Aging Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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McMillen SA, Dean R, Dihardja E, Ji P, Lönnerdal B. Benefits and Risks of Early Life Iron Supplementation. Nutrients 2022; 14:4380. [PMID: 36297062 PMCID: PMC9608469 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Infants are frequently supplemented with iron to prevent iron deficiency, but iron supplements may have adverse effects on infant health. Although iron supplements can be highly effective at improving iron status and preventing iron deficiency anemia, iron may adversely affect growth and development, and may increase risk for certain infections. Several reviews exist in this area; however, none has fully summarized all reported outcomes of iron supplementation during infancy. In this review, we summarize the risks and benefits of iron supplementation as they have been reported in controlled studies and in relevant animal models. Additionally, we discuss the mechanisms that may underly beneficial and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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8
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Gao XY, Yang T, Gu Y, Sun XH. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: From Mechanistic Insights to Therapy. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:885500. [PMID: 35795234 PMCID: PMC9250984 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.885500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorders worldwide. There are currently no cures or preventative treatments for PD. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is closely associated with pathogenesis of sporadic and familial PD. Because dopaminergic neurons have high energy demand, cells affected by PD exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction that promotes the disease-defining the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The mitochondrion has a particularly important role as the cellular “powerhouse” of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, mitochondria have become a promising therapeutic target for PD treatments. This review aims to describe mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathology of PD, outline the genes associated with familial PD and the factors related to sporadic PD, summarize current knowledge on mitochondrial quality control in PD, and give an overview of therapeutic strategies for targeting mitochondria in neuroprotective interventions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Science Experiment Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Science Experiment Center, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Hong Sun,
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9
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Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL. A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:505-520. [PMID: 35534717 PMCID: PMC9188502 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron has a long and storied history in Parkinson disease and related disorders. This essential micronutrient is critical for normal brain function, but abnormal brain iron accumulation has been associated with extrapyramidal disease for a century. Precisely why, how, and when iron is implicated in neuronal death remains the subject of investigation. In this article, we review the history of iron in movement disorders, from the first observations in the early twentieth century to recent efforts that view extrapyramidal iron as a novel therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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10
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Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL. A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:505-520. [PMID: 35534717 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-025055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron has a long and storied history in Parkinson disease and related disorders. This essential micronutrient is critical for normal brain function, but abnormal brain iron accumulation has been associated with extrapyramidal disease for a century. Precisely why, how, and when iron is implicated in neuronal death remains the subject of investigation. In this article, we review the history of iron in movement disorders, from the first observations in the early twentieth century to recent efforts that view extrapyramidal iron as a novel therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kay L Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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11
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Tian Y, Tian Y, Yuan Z, Zeng Y, Wang S, Fan X, Yang D, Yang M. Iron Metabolism in Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3612. [PMID: 35408967 PMCID: PMC8998315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a trace metal element necessary to maintain life and is also involved in a variety of biological processes. Aging refers to the natural life process in which the physiological functions of the various systems, organs, and tissues decline, affected by genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the relationship between iron metabolism and aging-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. During aging, the accumulation of nonheme iron destroys the stability of the intracellular environment. The destruction of iron homeostasis can induce cell damage by producing hydroxyl free radicals, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, brain aging, and even organismal aging. In this review, we have briefly summarized the role of the metabolic process of iron in the body, then discussed recent developments of iron metabolism in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and finally, explored some iron chelators as treatment strategies for those disorders. Understanding the roles of iron metabolism in aging and neurodegenerative diseases will fill the knowledge gap in the field. This review could provide new insights into the research on iron metabolism and age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tian
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yuanliangzi Tian
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
| | - Zhixiao Yuan
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yutian Zeng
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
| | - Xiaolan Fan
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Deying Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.T.); (Y.T.); (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.F.); (D.Y.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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12
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Shahandeh A, Bui BV, Finkelstein DI, Nguyen CTO. Effects of Excess Iron on the Retina: Insights From Clinical Cases and Animal Models of Iron Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:794809. [PMID: 35185447 PMCID: PMC8851357 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.794809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron plays an important role in a wide range of metabolic pathways that are important for neuronal health. Excessive levels of iron, however, can promote toxicity and cell death. An example of an iron overload disorder is hemochromatosis (HH) which is a genetic disorder of iron metabolism in which the body’s ability to regulate iron absorption is altered, resulting in iron build-up and injury in several organs. The retina was traditionally assumed to be protected from high levels of systemic iron overload by the blood-retina barrier. However, recent data shows that expression of genes that are associated with HH can disrupt retinal iron metabolism. Thus, the effects of iron overload on the retina have become an area of research interest, as excessively high levels of iron are implicated in several retinal disorders, most notably age–related macular degeneration. This review is an effort to highlight risk factors for excessive levels of systemic iron build-up in the retina and its potential impact on the eye health. Information is integrated across clinical and preclinical animal studies to provide insights into the effects of systemic iron loading on the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shahandeh
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bang V. Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T. O. Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Christine T. O. Nguyen,
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13
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German KR, Juul SE. Iron and Neurodevelopment in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113737. [PMID: 34835993 PMCID: PMC8624708 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is critical for brain development, playing key roles in synaptogenesis, myelination, energy metabolism and neurotransmitter production. NICU infants are at particular risk for iron deficiency due to high iron needs, preterm birth, disruptions in maternal or placental health and phlebotomy. If deficiency occurs during critical periods of brain development, this may lead to permanent alterations in brain structure and function which is not reversible despite later supplementation. Children with perinatal iron deficiency have been shown to have delayed nerve conduction speeds, disrupted sleep patterns, impaired recognition memory, motor deficits and lower global developmental scores which may be present as early as in the neonatal period and persist into adulthood. Based on this, ensuring brain iron sufficiency during the neonatal period is critical to optimizing neurodevelopmental outcomes and iron supplementation should be targeted to iron measures that correlate with improved outcomes.
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14
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Li Y, Liu Y, Xu Y, Chen H, Yan Z, Wang X. Aggravated behavioral and neurochemical deficits and redox imbalance in mice with enhanced neonatal iron intake: improvement by biochanin A and role of microglial p38 activation. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 24:161-172. [PMID: 31050314 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1611021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We aim to investigate the joint effect of iron (enhanced neonatal iron intake), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and biochanin A (BA, oral administration) and possible mechanisms for action on behavioral and neurochemical indicators in the mice. Methods: Rotarod test, pole test and swim test were used to evaluate animal behavior. The neurochemical analysis was conducted by HPLC-ECD. Oxidative stress was determined in this study. Further mechanism was investigated through in vitro experiments. Results: Iron and MPTP co-administration significantly induced behavioral deficits and decreased striatal dopamine content in the male and female mice. The co-administration of iron and MPTP also significantly induced redox imbalance in the substantia nigra (SN) of mice. Furthermore, BA significantly improved behavioral deficits and increased striatal dopamine content in the mice co-treated with iron and MPTP. BA also significantly improved redox imbalance in the SN of mice co-administered with iron and MPTP. Finally, we showed that iron and 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) co-treatment significantly increased superoxide production in microglial cultures by inducing p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. BA also significantly decreased superoxide production and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in the cultures co-treated with iron and MPP+. Conclusion: Iron and MPTP co-treatment may result in worsened behavioral and neurochemical deficits and aggravated redox imbalance through inducing microglial p38 MAPK activation. BA may improve behavioral and neurochemical deficits and redox imbalance through repressing microglial p38 MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Li
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanqing Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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15
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Wei X, Cai M, Jin L. The Function of the Metals in Regulating Epigenetics During Parkinson's Disease. Front Genet 2021; 11:616083. [PMID: 33603768 PMCID: PMC7884633 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.616083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's means Parkinson's disease, a chronic degenerative disease of central nervous system. The main area which is affected by this disease is motor system. Since it firstly founded by James Parkinson in his 1817 publication, nowadays, people still have lots of questions about this disease. This review mainly summarizes the epigenetics of Parkinson's. DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic mechanisms of Parkinson's. During the development of disease, global hypomethylation, and hypermethylation happen in different areas of patients. Another epigenetic mechanism is histone modification. People believe that some metals can induce Parkinson's disease by modulating epigenetic mechanisms. This review summarizes the relationships between different metals and Parkinson's disease. However, the specific roles of most metals in epigenetics are still unknown, which need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhen Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Menghua Cai
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
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16
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Urrutia PJ, Bórquez DA, Núñez MT. Inflaming the Brain with Iron. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010061. [PMID: 33419006 PMCID: PMC7825317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation and neuroinflammation are pathological conditions found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron and inflammation are intertwined in a bidirectional relationship, where iron modifies the inflammatory phenotype of microglia and infiltrating macrophages, and in turn, these cells secrete diffusible mediators that reshape neuronal iron homeostasis and regulate iron entry into the brain. Secreted inflammatory mediators include cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), notably hepcidin and nitric oxide (·NO). Hepcidin is a small cationic peptide with a central role in regulating systemic iron homeostasis. Also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), hepcidin can reduce iron export from neurons and decreases iron entry through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (Fpn1). Likewise, ·NO selectively converts cytosolic aconitase (c-aconitase) into the iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), which regulates cellular iron homeostasis through its binding to iron response elements (IRE) located in the mRNAs of iron-related proteins. Nitric oxide-activated IRP1 can impair cellular iron homeostasis during neuroinflammation, triggering iron accumulation, especially in the mitochondria, leading to neuronal death. In this review, we will summarize findings that connect neuroinflammation and iron accumulation, which support their causal association in the neurodegenerative processes observed in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Daniel A. Bórquez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, 8370007 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Marco Tulio Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29787360
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17
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Perng V, Li C, Klocke CR, Navazesh SE, Pinneles DK, Lein PJ, Ji P. Iron Deficiency and Iron Excess Differently Affect Dendritic Architecture of Pyramidal Neurons in the Hippocampus of Piglets. J Nutr 2021; 151:235-244. [PMID: 33245133 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both iron deficiency and overload may adversely affect neurodevelopment. OBJECTIVES The study assessed how changes in early-life iron status affect iron homeostasis and cytoarchitecture of hippocampal neurons in a piglet model. METHODS On postnatal day (PD) 1, 30 Hampshire × Yorkshire crossbreed piglets (n = 15/sex) were stratified by sex and litter and randomly assigned to experimental groups receiving low (L-Fe), adequate (A-Fe), or high (H-Fe) levels of iron supplement during the pre- (PD1-21) and postweaning periods (PD22-35). Pigs in the L-Fe, A-Fe, and H-Fe groups orally received 0, 1, and 30 mg Fe · kg weight-1 · d-1 preweaning and were fed a diet containing 30, 125, and 1000 mg Fe/kg postweaning, respectively. Heme indexes were analyzed weekly, and gene and protein expressions of iron regulatory proteins in duodenal mucosa, liver, and hippocampus were analyzed through qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively, on PD35. Hippocampal neurons stained using the Golgi-Cox method were traced and their dendritic arbors reconstructed in 3-D using Neurolucida. Dendritic complexity was quantified using Sholl and branch order analyses. RESULTS Pigs in the L-Fe group developed iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin = 8.2 g/dL, hematocrit = 20.1%) on PD35 and became stunted during week 5 with lower final body weight than H-Fe group pigs (6.6 compared with 9.6 kg, P < 0.05). In comparison with A-Fe, H-Fe increased hippocampal ferritin expression by 38% and L-Fe decreased its expression by 52% (P < 0.05), suggesting altered hippocampal iron stores. Pigs in the H-Fe group had greater dendritic complexity in CA1/3 pyramidal neurons than L-Fe group pigs as shown by more dendritic intersections with Sholl rings (P ≤ 0.04) and a greater number of dendrites (P ≤ 0.016). CONCLUSIONS In piglets, the developing hippocampus is susceptible to perturbations by dietary iron, with deficiency and overload differentially affecting dendritic arborization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Perng
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn R Klocke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shya E Navazesh
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Danna K Pinneles
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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18
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Xiong W, Li LF, Huang L, Liu Y, Xia ZC, Zhou XX, Tang BS, Guo JF, Lei LF. Different iron deposition patterns in akinetic/rigid-dominant and tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 198:106181. [PMID: 33022525 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The loss of dopaminergic cells and excessive iron deposition in some deep brain nuclei are associated with the pathophysiology of PD, and different clinical subtypes may indicate different pathological processes. This study was designed to investigate the relationships between regional iron in the cardinal subcortical nuclei and different clinical subtypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nine Arkinetic/Rigid-dominant Parkinson's disease (PDAR) patients, eight Tremor-dominant (PDTD)patients and 10 matched healthy controls were recruited for this study. The iron content in 8 cardinal subcortical nuclei was measured through SWI sequence scanning (3.0 T), and different patterns of iron deposition were analyzed not only between the PD patients and HC groups but also between the different clinical subtypes. RESULTS Compared with the healthy controls, the iron content in the substantia nigra pars compacta(SNc), substantia nigra pars reticulata(SNr) from both the severe and milder side in PD groups were significantly increased (P < 0.01 and P < 0.02 for SNc; both P < 0.01 for SNr), and the iron content in the GP of both the severe and milder side of the PDAR patients was significantly increased compared with the PDTD patients (P < 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively) CONCLUSION: SWI is a very good technique for the in vivo assessment of subcortical nucleus iron content, and abnormal deposition of iron in the SNc and SNr is an obvious characteristic in PD patients. Furthermore, our data indicates that PDAR patients have higher iron content in the GP than PDTD patients and HCs, indicating that abnormal iron deposition in GP is related to the phenotype of Akinetic/Rigid in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Li-Feng Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Zheng-Cai Xia
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Ji-Feng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Li-Fang Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China.
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19
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Shahandeh A, Bui BV, Finkelstein DI, Nguyen CTO. Therapeutic applications of chelating drugs in iron metabolic disorders of the brain and retina. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1889-1904. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shahandeh
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Bang V. Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | | | - Christine T. O. Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
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20
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Chang KH, Chen CM. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070597. [PMID: 32650609 PMCID: PMC7402083 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by progressive neurodegeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons with abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in substantia nigra (SN). Studies have suggested the potential involvement of dopamine, iron, calcium, mitochondria and neuroinflammation in contributing to overwhelmed oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in PD. Function studies on PD-causative mutations of SNCA, PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, LRRK2, FBXO7 and ATP13A2 further indicate the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, it is reasonable that molecules involved in oxidative stress, such as DJ-1, coenzyme Q10, uric acid, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosin, homocysteine, retinoic acid/carotenes, vitamin E, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase and products of lipid peroxidation, could be candidate biomarkers for PD. Applications of antioxidants to modulate oxidative stress could be a strategy in treating PD. Although a number of antioxidants, such as creatine, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, pioglitazone, melatonin and desferrioxamine, have been tested in clinical trials, none of them have demonstrated conclusive evidence to ameliorate the neurodegeneration in PD patients. Difficulties in clinical studies may be caused by the long-standing progression of neurodegeneration, lack of biomarkers for premotor stage of PD and inadequate drug delivery across blood–brain barrier. Solutions for these challenges will be warranted for future studies with novel antioxidative treatment in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-3281200 (ext. 8347); Fax: +886-3-3288849
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21
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Chiou B, Neely EB, Mcdevitt DS, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Transferrin and H-ferritin involvement in brain iron acquisition during postnatal development: impact of sex and genotype. J Neurochem 2020; 152:381-396. [PMID: 31339576 PMCID: PMC6980902 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Iron delivery to the developing brain is essential for energy and metabolic support needed for processes such as myelination and neuronal development. Iron deficiency, especially in the developing brain, can result in a number of long-term neurological deficits that persist into adulthood. There is considerable debate that excess access to iron during development may result in iron overload in the brain and subsequently predispose individuals to age-related neurodegenerative diseases. There is a significant gap in knowledge regarding how the brain acquires iron during development and how biological variables such as development, genetics, and sex impact brain iron status. In this study, we used a mouse model expressing a mutant form of the iron homeostatic regulator protein HFE, (Hfe H63D), the most common gene variant in Caucasians, to determine impact of the mutation on brain iron uptake. Iron uptake was assessed using 59 Fe bound to either transferrin or H-ferritin as the iron carrier proteins. We demonstrate that at postnatal day 22, mutant mice brains take up greater amounts of iron compared with wildtype. Moreover, we introduce H-ferritin as a key protein in brain iron transport during development and identify a sex and genotype effect demonstrating female mutant mice take up more iron by transferrin, whereas male mutant mice take up more iron from H-ferritin at PND22. Furthermore, we begin to elucidate the mechanism for uptake using immunohistochemistry to profile the regional distribution and temporal expression of transferrin receptor and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 2, the latter is the receptor for H-ferritin. These data demonstrate that sex and genotype have significant effects on iron uptake and that regional receptor expression may play a large role in the uptake patterns during development. Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/ Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14731.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Chiou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dillon S. Mcdevitt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ian A. Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R. Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Bergsland N, Tavazzi E, Schweser F, Jakimovski D, Hagemeier J, Dwyer MG, Zivadinov R. Targeting Iron Dyshomeostasis for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:1073-1086. [PMID: 31556017 PMCID: PMC6854324 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While iron has an important role in the normal functioning of the brain owing to its involvement in several physiological processes, dyshomeostasis has been found in many neurodegenerative disorders, as evidenced by both histopathological and imaging studies. Although the exact causes have remained elusive, the fact that altered iron levels have been found in disparate diseases suggests that iron may contribute to their development and/or progression. As such, the processes involved in iron dyshomeostasis may represent novel therapeutic targets. There are, however, many questions about the exact interplay between neurodegeneration and altered iron homeostasis. Some insight can be gained by considering the parallels with respect to what occurs in healthy aging, which is also characterized by increased iron throughout many regions in the brain along with progressive neurodegeneration. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of iron-mediated damage are likely disease specific to a certain degree, given that iron plays a crucial role in many disparate biological processes, which are not always affected in the same way across different neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, it is not even entirely clear yet whether iron actually has a causative role in all of the diseases where altered iron levels have been noted. For example, there is strong evidence of iron dyshomeostasis leading to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease, but there is still some question as to whether changes in iron levels are merely an epiphenomenon in multiple sclerosis. Recent advances in neuroimaging now offer the possibility to detect and monitor iron levels in vivo, which allows for an improved understanding of both the temporal and spatial dynamics of iron changes and associated neurodegeneration compared to post-mortem studies. In this regard, iron-based imaging will likely play an important role in the development of therapeutic approaches aimed at addressing altered iron dynamics in neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, the bulk of such therapies have focused on chelating excess iron. Although there is some evidence that these treatment options may yield some benefit, they are not without their own limitations. They are generally effective at reducing brain iron levels, as assessed by imaging, but clinical benefits are more modest. New drugs that specifically target iron-related pathological processes may offer the possibility to prevent, or at the least, slow down irreversible neurodegeneration, which represents an unmet therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Bergsland
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
| | - Eleonora Tavazzi
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ferdinand Schweser
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jesper Hagemeier
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael G. Dwyer
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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23
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Animal Models for Parkinson's Disease Research: Trends in the 2000s. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215402. [PMID: 31671557 PMCID: PMC6862023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive movement disorder and the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Although many studies have been conducted, there is an unmet clinical need to develop new treatments because, currently, only symptomatic therapies are available. To achieve this goal, clarification of the pathology is required. Attempts have been made to emulate human PD and various animal models have been developed over the decades. Neurotoxin models have been commonly used for PD research. Recently, advances in transgenic technology have enabled the development of genetic models that help to identify new approaches in PD research. However, PD animal model trends have not been investigated. Revealing the trends for PD research will be valuable for increasing our understanding of the positive and negative aspects of each model. In this article, we clarified the trends for animal models that were used to research PD in the 2000s, and we discussed each model based on these trends.
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Shen X, Yang H, Zhang D, Jiang H. Iron Concentration Does Not Differ in Blood but Tends to Decrease in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:939. [PMID: 31616238 PMCID: PMC6775209 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron accumulation in the substantia nigra in PD patients was acknowledged, but the studies on alteration of iron levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) reported inconsistent results. Objective To determinate the alterations of blood and CSF levels of iron in PD patients, a case-control study and a meta-analysis both in blood and CSF were conducted. Methods In the case-control study, 43 PD patients and 33 controls were recruited to test iron metabolism, 15 normal and 12 PD patients donated CSF. Levels in iron were quantified by inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry. Iron metabolism was analyzed by routine blood tests. In the meta-analysis, a comprehensive literature search was performed on relevant studies published from Jan 1980 to Dec 2018 in PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE databases. The pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with random effects model was selected to estimate the association between iron levels and PD. Results In the case-control study, the iron level in serum in the controls and PD patients were 110.00 ± 48.75 μg/dl and 107.21 ± 34.25 μg/dl, respectively, no significant difference was found between them (p = 0.850), with a small effect size (Cohen’s d: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.08–0.17). Ferritin level in PD patients was lower than controls (p = 0.014). The CSF levels of iron in control and the PD patients were 20.14 ± 3.35 ng/dl and 16.26 ± 4.82 ng/dl, respectively. CSF levels of iron were lower in PD compared with that of controls (p = 0.021), with a moderate effect size (Cohen’s d: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.43–0.65). In the meta-analysis, 22 eligible studies and a total of 3607 participants were identified. Blood levels of iron did not differ significant between PD patients and the controls [SMD (95% CI): −0.03 (−0.30, 0.24)], but CSF iron levels tended to be lower in PD patients compared with that in the controls [SMD (95% CI): −0.33 (−0.65, −0.00)]. Conclusion Iron homeostasis may be disturbed in CSF, but not in the peripheral blood in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huazhen Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Gahagan S, Delker E, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B. Randomized Controlled Trial of Iron-Fortified versus Low-Iron Infant Formula: Developmental Outcomes at 16 Years. J Pediatr 2019; 212:124-130.e1. [PMID: 31253407 PMCID: PMC7152502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test differences in cognitive outcomes among adolescents randomly assigned previously as infants to iron-fortified formula or low-iron formula as part of an iron deficiency anemia prevention trial. STUDY DESIGN Infants were recruited from community clinics in low- to middle-income neighborhoods in Santiago, Chile. Entrance criteria included term, singleton infants; birth weight of ≥3.0 kg; and no major congenital anomalies, perinatal complications, phototherapy, hospitalization >5 days, chronic illness, or iron deficiency anemia at 6 months. Six-month-old infants were randomized to iron-fortified (12 mg/L) or low-iron (2.3 mg/L) formula for 6 months. At 16 years of age, cognitive ability, visual perceptual ability, visual memory, and achievement in math, vocabulary, and comprehension were assessed, using standardized measures. We compared differences in developmental test scores according to randomization group. RESULTS At the follow-up assessment, the 405 participants averaged 16.2 years of age and 46% were male. Those randomized to iron-fortified formula had lower scores than those randomized to low-iron formula for visual memory, arithmetic achievement, and reading comprehension achievement. For visual motor integration, there was an interaction with baseline infancy hemoglobin, such that the iron-fortified group outperformed the low-iron group when 6-month hemoglobin was low and underperformed when 6-month hemoglobin was high. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents who received iron-fortified formula as infants from 6 to 12 months of age at levels recommended in the US had poorer cognitive outcomes compared with those who received a low-iron formula. The prevention of iron deficiency anemia in infancy is important for brain development. However, the optimal level of iron supplementation in infancy is unclear. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01166451.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Gahagan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Center for Human Growth and Development and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
| | - Erin Delker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093-0927,Epidemiology, San Diego State University / University of California at San Diego Joint Doctoral Program, 4305 University Avenue, San Diego, CA, USA, 92105
| | - Estela Blanco
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093-0927,Public Health, University of Chile, Doctoral Program, Avenida Independencia 939, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Av. El Líbano 5524, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls Bldg. 1063NE, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Multi-copper ferroxidase deficiency leads to iron accumulation and oxidative damage in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9437. [PMID: 31263155 PMCID: PMC6603037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of iron has been associated with the pathobiology of various disorders of the central nervous system. Our previous work has shown that hephaestin (Heph) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) double knockout (KO) mice induced iron accumulation in multiple brain regions and that this was paralleled by increased oxidative damage and deficits in cognition and memory. In this study, we enriched astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from the cerebral cortex of neonatal wild-type (WT), Heph KO and Cp KO mice. We demonstrated that Heph is highly expressed in oligodendrocytes, while Cp is mainly expressed in astrocytes. Iron efflux was impaired in Cp KO astrocytes and Heph KO oligodendrocytes and was associated with increased oxidative stress. The expression of Heph, Cp, and other iron-related genes was examined in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes both with and without iron treatment. Interestingly, we found that the expression of the mRNA encoding ferroportin 1, a transmembrane protein that cooperates with CP and HEPH to export iron from cells, was positively correlated with Cp expression in astrocytes, and with Heph expression in oligodendrocytes. Our findings collectively demonstrate that HEPH and CP are important for the prevention of glial iron accumulation and thus may be protective against oxidative damage.
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Li T, Wang X, Zhu C. Iron Metabolism and Brain Development in Premature Infants. Front Physiol 2019; 10:463. [PMID: 31105583 PMCID: PMC6494966 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is important for a remarkable array of essential functions during brain development, and it needs to be provided in adequate amounts, especially to preterm infants. In this review article, we provide an overview of iron metabolism and homeostasis at the cellular level, as well as its regulation at the mRNA translation level, and we emphasize the importance of iron for brain development in fetal and early life in preterm infants. We also review the risk factors for disrupted iron metabolism that lead to high risk of developing iron deficiency and subsequent adverse effects on neurodevelopment in preterm infants. At the other extreme, iron overload, which is usually caused by excess iron supplementation in iron-replete preterm infants, might negatively impact brain development or even induce brain injury. Maintaining the balance of iron during the fetal and neonatal periods is important, and thus iron status should be monitored routinely and evaluated thoroughly during the neonatal period or before discharge of preterm infants so that iron supplementation can be individualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Department of Neonatology (NICU), Children’s Hospital Affiliated Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yanan Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neonatology (NICU), Children’s Hospital Affiliated Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Billings JL, Gordon SL, Rawling T, Doble PA, Bush AI, Adlard PA, Finkelstein DI, Hare DJ. l
‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (
l
‐DOPA) modulates brain iron, dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor dysfunction in iron overload and mutant alpha‐synuclein mouse models of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 150:88-106. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Billings
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Sarah L. Gordon
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales Australia
| | - Philip A. Doble
- Elemental Bio‐imaging Facility University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Paul A. Adlard
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
- Elemental Bio‐imaging Facility University of Technology Sydney Broadway New South Wales Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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29
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Agrawal S, Fox J, Thyagarajan B, Fox JH. Brain mitochondrial iron accumulates in Huntington's disease, mediates mitochondrial dysfunction, and can be removed pharmacologically. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:317-329. [PMID: 29625173 PMCID: PMC5940499 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction is involved in neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease (HD). Iron is critical for normal mitochondrial bioenergetics but can also contribute to pathogenic oxidation. The accumulation of iron in the brain occurs in mouse models and in human HD. Yet the role of mitochondria-related iron dysregulation as a contributor to bioenergetic pathophysiology in HD is unclear. We demonstrate here that human HD and mouse model HD (12-week R6/2 and 12-month YAC128) brains accumulated mitochondrial iron and showed increased expression of iron uptake protein mitoferrin 2 and decreased iron-sulfur cluster synthesis protein frataxin. Mitochondria-enriched fractions from mouse HD brains had deficits in membrane potential and oxygen uptake and increased lipid peroxidation. In addition, the membrane-permeable iron-selective chelator deferiprone (1 μM) rescued these effects ex-vivo, whereas hydrophilic iron and copper chelators did not. A 10-day oral deferiprone treatment in 9-week R6/2 HD mice indicated that deferiprone removed mitochondrial iron, restored mitochondrial potentials, decreased lipid peroxidation, and improved motor endurance. Neonatal iron supplementation potentiates neurodegeneration in mouse models of HD by unknown mechanisms. We found that neonatal iron supplementation increased brain mitochondrial iron accumulation and potentiated markers of mitochondrial dysfunction in HD mice. Therefore, bi-directional manipulation of mitochondrial iron can potentiate and protect against markers of mouse HD. Our findings thus demonstrate the significance of iron as a mediator of mitochondrial dysfunction and injury in mouse models of human HD and suggest that targeting the iron-mitochondrial pathway may be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Agrawal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, United States
| | - Julia Fox
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, United States
| | | | - Jonathan H Fox
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, United States.
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30
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Jia F, Song N, Wang W, Du X, Chi Y, Jiang H. High Dietary Iron Supplement Induces the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons Lesion in Transgenic Mice Expressing Mutant A53T Human Alpha-Synuclein. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:97. [PMID: 29681846 PMCID: PMC5897504 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both alpha-synuclein aggregation and iron deposits are neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD). We are particularly interested in whether iron could synergize with alpha-synuclein pathology in vivo, especially in the nigrostriatal system. In the present study, we reported transgenic mice with overexpressing human A53T alpha-synuclein, as well as WT mice with high dietary iron displayed hyperactive motor coordination and impaired colonic motility, compared with those with basal dietary iron. Only A53T mice, but not WT mice with high dietary iron exhibited nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss, lower levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the substantia nigra (SN) and decreased dopamine contents in the striatum. Although there was no obvious elevation of iron contents in the SN in WT mice with high dietary iron, we observed iron contents in the SN were especially higher than the other brain regions in 12-month aged mice with either high or basal dietary iron. These results suggested high dietary iron supplement could induce nigral dopaminergic neurons lesion in A53T mice, which might be due to the vulnerability of SN to accumulate iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengju Jia
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yajing Chi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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31
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da Silva VK, de Freitas BS, Dornelles VC, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Silva MC, Streck EL, Hallak JE, Zuardi AW, Crippa JAS, Schröder N. Novel insights into mitochondrial molecular targets of iron-induced neurodegeneration: Reversal by cannabidiol. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:1-8. [PMID: 29374603 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has demonstrated iron accumulation in specific brain regions of patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders, and this metal has been recognized as a contributing factor for neurodegeneration. Using an experimental model of brain iron accumulation, we have shown that iron induces severe memory deficits that are accompanied by oxidative stress, increased apoptotic markers, and decreased synaptophysin in the hippocampus of rats. The present study aims to characterize iron loading effects as well as to determine the molecular targets of cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychomimetic compound of Cannabis sativa, on mitochondria. Rats received iron in the neonatal period and CBD for 14 days in adulthood. Iron induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions, decreased epigenetic modulation of mtDNA, mitochondrial ferritin levels, and succinate dehydrogenase activity. CBD rescued mitochondrial ferritin and epigenetic modulation of mtDNA, and restored succinate dehydrogenase activity in iron-treated rats. These findings provide new insights into molecular targets of iron neurotoxicity and give support for the use of CBD as a disease modifying agent in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kappel da Silva
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Betânia Souza de Freitas
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Victória Campos Dornelles
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Milena Carvalho Silva
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Emílio Luiz Streck
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaime Eduardo Hallak
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14048-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Waldo Zuardi
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14048-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre S Crippa
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14048-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nadja Schröder
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil.
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32
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Neurological effects of iron supplementation in infancy: finding the balance between health and harm in iron-replete infants. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2017; 2:144-156. [PMID: 30169236 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(17)30159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron mediates many biochemical processes in neural networks that proliferate during brain development. Insufficient iron causes irreversible neurodevelopmental deficits, and most high-income countries recommend that infants older than 4-6 months receive additional iron via food fortification or supplementation to prevent iron-deficiency anaemia. Now that the prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia in children has decreased to less than 10% in most developed countries, concerns that the recommended intakes far exceed those required to prevent iron-deficiency anaemia have been raised, and emerging evidence suggests that iron overexposure could be linked to adverse outcomes later in life. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the importance of iron for neurodevelopment, investigate the biochemical markers used to assess iron stores, summarise the disparity in public health policies among high-income countries, and discuss the potential association between iron overexposure and adverse neurological outcomes later in life. We present a case for new studies to establish the optimal amount of iron that both prevents deficiency and reduces the potential risk of long-term negative health outcomes.
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Lönnerdal B. Excess iron intake as a factor in growth, infections, and development of infants and young children. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:1681S-1687S. [PMID: 29070544 PMCID: PMC5701711 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.156042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The provision of iron via supplementation or the fortification of foods has been shown to be effective in preventing and treating iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in infants and young children. However, iron is a pro-oxidative element and can have negative effects on biological systems even at moderate amounts. An increasing number of studies have reported adverse effects of iron that was given to infants and young-children populations who initially were iron replete. These effects include decreased growth (both linear growth and weight), increased illness (usually diarrhea), interactions with other trace elements such as copper and zinc, altered gut microbiota to more pathogenic bacteria, increased inflammatory markers, and impaired cognitive and motor development. If these results can be confirmed by larger and well-controlled studies, it may have considerable programmatic implications (e.g., the necessity to screen for iron status before interventions to exclude iron-replete individuals). A lack of understanding of the mechanisms underlying these adverse outcomes limits our ability to modify present supplementation and fortification strategies. This review summarizes studies on the adverse effects of iron on various outcomes; suggests possible mechanisms that may explain these observations, which are usually made in clinical studies and intervention trials; and gives examples from animal models and in vitro studies. With a better understanding of these mechanisms, it may be possible to find novel ways of providing iron in a form that causes fewer or no adverse effects even when subjects are iron replete. However, it is apparent that our understanding is limited, and research in this area is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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Yu L, Wang X, Chen H, Yan Z, Wang M, Li Y. Neurochemical and Behavior Deficits in Rats with Iron and Rotenone Co-treatment: Role of Redox Imbalance and Neuroprotection by Biochanin A. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:657. [PMID: 29217997 PMCID: PMC5703859 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidences show that the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is multifactorial. Studying the combined effect of several factors is becoming a hot topic in PD research. On one hand, iron is one of the essential trace metals for human body; on the other hand, iron may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of PD. In our present study, the rats with increased neonatal iron (120 μg/g bodyweight) supplementation were treated with rotenone (0.5 mg/kg) when they were aged to 14 weeks. We observed that iron and rotenone co-treatment induced significant behavior deficits (time-dependent) and striatal dopamine depletion in the male and female rats, while they did not do so when they were used alone. No significant change in striatal 5-hydroxytryptamine content was observed in the male and female rats with iron and rotenone co-treatment. Also, iron and rotenone co-treatment significantly decreased substantia nigra TH expression in the male rats. Furthermore, co-treatment with iron and rotenone significantly induced malondialdehyde increase and glutathione decrease in the substantia nigra of male and female rats. There was no significant change in cerebellar malondialdehyde and glutathione content of the rats co-treated with iron and rotenone. Interestingly, biochanin A significantly attenuated striatal dopamine depletion and improved behavior deficits (dose-dependently) in the male and female rats with iron and rotenone co-treatment. Biochanin A treatment also significantly alleviated substantia nigra TH expression reduction in the male rats co-treated with iron and rotenone. Finally, biochanin A significantly decreased malondialdehyde content and increased glutathione content in the substantia nigra of male and female rats with iron and rotenone co-treatment. Our results indicate that iron and rotenone co-treatment may result in aggravated neurochemical and behavior deficits through inducing redox imbalance and increased neonatal iron supplementation may participate in the etiopathogenesis of PD. Moreover, biochanin A may exert dopaminergic neuroprotection by maintaining redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Yu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanqing Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhong Li
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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35
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Peters DG, Purnell CJ, Haaf MP, Yang QX, Connor JR, Meadowcroft MD. Dietary lipophilic iron accelerates regional brain iron-load in C57BL6 mice. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1519-1536. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Piloni NE, Reiteri M, Hernando MP, Cervino CO, Puntarulo S. Differential Effect of Acute Iron Overload on Oxidative Status and Antioxidant Content in Regions of Rat Brain. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:1067-1076. [PMID: 29020889 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317734847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of this study is that the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of the rat brain are differentially affected in terms of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity by acute Fe overload because Fe is distributed in a heterogeneous fashion among different regions and cells of the brain. The effects on the lipophilic and hydrophilic cellular environment were compared between regions and with the whole brain. A single dose of Fe-dextran increased Fe deposits, reaching a maximum after 6 hr. Both in whole brain and in cortex region, the ascorbyl/ascorbate content ratio was increased after 6 hr of Fe administration, while in striatum and hippocampus, there was no significant changes after Fe overload. Total thiol content decreased in whole brain and cortex, while there were no significant changes in striatum and hippocampus after Fe overload. The content of α-tocopherol (α-T), whether measured in the whole brain or in the isolated regions, did not change following Fe treatment. Lipid radical (LR•) generation rate after Fe-dextran overload only increased in the cortex region. The LR•/α-T content ratio was increased by Fe treatment in cortex but not in the whole brain, striatum, or hippocampus, in agreement with the study tested hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha E Piloni
- 1 Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,2 Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Macarena Reiteri
- 3 Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Neurociencias-Cátedra de Fisiología, Universidad de Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo P Hernando
- 3 Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Neurociencias-Cátedra de Fisiología, Universidad de Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,4 Depto Radiobiología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio O Cervino
- 3 Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Neurociencias-Cátedra de Fisiología, Universidad de Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Puntarulo
- 1 Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,2 Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pietracupa S, Martin-Bastida A, Piccini P. Iron metabolism and its detection through MRI in parkinsonian disorders: a systematic review. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:2095-2101. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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An altered blood-brain barrier contributes to brain iron accumulation and neuroinflammation in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2017; 362:141-151. [PMID: 28842186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron accumulation is a common feature shared by several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease. However, what produces this accumulation of iron is still unknown. In this study, the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) hemi-parkinsonian rat model was used to investigate abnormal iron accumulation in substantia nigra. We investigated three possible causes of iron accumulation; a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB), abnormal expression of ferritin, and neuroinflammation. We identified alterations in the BBB subsequent to the injection of 6-OHDA using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, detection of extravasated IgG suggested that peripheral components are able to enter the brain through a leaky BBB. Presence of iron following dopamine cell degeneration was studied by MRI, which revealed hypointense signals in the substantia nigra. The presence of iron deposits was further validated in histological evaluations. Furthermore, iron inclusions were closely associated with active microglia and with increased levels of L-ferritin indicating a putative role for microglia and L-ferritin in brain iron accumulation and dopamine neurodegeneration.
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Jiang C, Wu D, Haacke EM. Ferritin-EGFP Chimera as an Endogenous Dual-Reporter for Both Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Human Glioma U251 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:1-8. [PMID: 30042970 PMCID: PMC6024424 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2015.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A unique hybrid protein ferritin–enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was built to serve as an endogenous dual reporter for both fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It consists of a human ferritin heavy chain (an iron-storage protein) at the N terminus, a flexible polypeptide in the middle as a linker, and an EGFP at the C terminus. Through antibiotic screening, we established stable human glioma U251 cell strains that expressed ferritin–EGFP under the control of tetracycline. These cells emitted bright green fluorescence and were easily detected by a fluorescent microscope. Ferritin–EGFP overexpression proved effective in triggering obvious intracellular iron accumulation as shown by Prussian blue staining and by MRI. Further, we found that ferritin–EGFP overexpression did not cause proliferation differences between experimental and control group cells when ferritin–EGFP was expressed for <96 hours. Application of this novel ferritin–EGFP chimera has a promising future for combined optical and MRI approaches to study in vivo imaging at a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China and
| | - E Mark Haacke
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China and.,Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Effects of iron supplementation on growth, gut microbiota, metabolomics and cognitive development of rat pups. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179713. [PMID: 28662197 PMCID: PMC5491036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is common during infancy and therefore iron supplementation is recommended. Recent reports suggest that iron supplementation in already iron replete infants may adversely affect growth, cognitive development, and morbidity. METHODS Normal and growth restricted rat pups were given iron daily (30 or 150 μg/d) from birth to postnatal day (PD) 20, and followed to PD56. At PD20, hematology, tissue iron, and the hepatic metabolome were measured. The plasma metabolome and colonic microbial ecology were assessed at PD20 and PD56. T-maze (PD35) and passive avoidance (PD40) tests were used to evaluate cognitive development. RESULTS Iron supplementation increased iron status in a dose-dependent manner in both groups, but no significant effect of iron on growth was observed. Passive avoidance was significantly lower only in normal rats given high iron compared with controls. In plasma and liver of normal and growth-restricted rats, excess iron increased 3-hydroxybutyrate and decreased several amino acids, urea and myo-inositol. While a profound difference in gut microbiota of normal and growth-restricted rats was observed, with iron supplementation differences in the abundance of strict anaerobes were observed. CONCLUSION Excess iron adversely affects cognitive development, which may be a consequence of altered metabolism and/or shifts in gut microbiota.
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Deferiprone Rescues Behavioral Deficits Induced by Mild Iron Exposure in a Mouse Model of Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation. Neuromolecular Med 2017. [PMID: 28623611 PMCID: PMC5570801 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, and its causes remain unknown. A major hallmark of the disease is the increasing presence of aggregated alpha-synuclein (aSyn). Furthermore, there is a solid consensus on iron (Fe) accumulation in several regions of PD brains during disease progression. In our study, we focused on the interaction of Fe and aggregating aSyn in vivo in a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human aSyn bearing the A53T mutation (prnp.aSyn.A53T). We utilized a neonatal iron-feeding model to exacerbate the motor phenotype of the transgenic mouse model. Beginning from day 100, mice were treated with deferiprone (DFP), a ferric chelator that is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and is currently used in clinics as treatment for hemosiderosis. Our paradigm resulted in an impairment of the learning abilities in the rotarod task and the novel object recognition test. DFP treatment significantly improved the performance in both tasks. Although this was not accompanied by alterations in aSyn aggregation, our results support DFP as possible therapeutic option in PD.
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Agrawal S, Berggren KL, Marks E, Fox JH. Impact of high iron intake on cognition and neurodegeneration in humans and in animal models: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:456-470. [PMID: 28505363 PMCID: PMC5914328 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Accumulation of brain iron is linked to aging and protein-misfolding neurodegenerative diseases. High iron intake may influence important brain health outcomes in later life. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to examine evidence from animal and human studies of the effects of high iron intake or peripheral iron status on adult cognition, brain aging, and neurodegeneration. Data Sources MEDLINE, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, the Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials, and OpenGrey databases were searched. Study Selection Studies investigating the effect of elevated iron intake at all postnatal life stages in mammalian models and humans on measures of adult brain health were included. Data Extraction Data were extracted and evaluated by two authors independently, with discrepancies resolved by discussion. Neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and/or behavioral/cognitive, biochemical, and brain morphologic findings were used to study the effects of iron intake or peripheral iron status on brain health. Risk of bias was assessed for animal and human studies. PRISMA guidelines for reporting systematic reviews were followed. Results Thirty-four preclinical and 14 clinical studies were identified from database searches. Thirty-three preclinical studies provided evidence supporting an adverse effect of nutritionally relevant high iron intake in neonates on brain-health-related outcomes in adults. Human studies varied considerably in design, quality, and findings; none investigated the effects of high iron intake in neonates/infants. Conclusions Human studies are needed to verify whether dietary iron intake levels used in neonates/infants to prevent iron deficiency have effects on brain aging and neurodegenerative disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Agrawal
- S. Agrawal and J.H. Fox are with the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. K.L. Berggren is with the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. E. Marks is with the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kiersten L. Berggren
- S. Agrawal and J.H. Fox are with the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. K.L. Berggren is with the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. E. Marks is with the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Eileen Marks
- S. Agrawal and J.H. Fox are with the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. K.L. Berggren is with the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. E. Marks is with the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Fox
- S. Agrawal and J.H. Fox are with the Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. K.L. Berggren is with the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. E. Marks is with the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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43
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Hare DJ, Cardoso BR, Raven EP, Double KL, Finkelstein DI, Szymlek-Gay EA, Biggs BA. Excessive early-life dietary exposure: a potential source of elevated brain iron and a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2017; 3:1. [PMID: 28649601 PMCID: PMC5460187 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-016-0004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulates gradually in the ageing brain. In Parkinson's disease, iron deposition within the substantia nigra is further increased, contributing to a heightened pro-oxidant environment in dopaminergic neurons. We hypothesise that individuals in high-income countries, where cereals and infant formulae have historically been fortified with iron, experience increased early-life iron exposure that predisposes them to age-related iron accumulation in the brain. Combined with genetic factors that limit iron regulatory capacity and/or dopamine metabolism, this may increase the risk of Parkinson's diseases. We propose to (a) validate a retrospective biomarker of iron exposure in children; (b) translate this biomarker to adults; (c) integrate it with in vivo brain iron in Parkinson's disease; and (d) longitudinally examine the relationships between early-life iron exposure and metabolism, brain iron deposition and Parkinson's disease risk. This approach will provide empirical evidence to support therapeutically addressing brain iron deposition in Parkinson's diseases and produce a potential biomarker of Parkinson's disease risk in preclinical individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Hare
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital) at the Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW Australia
| | - Bárbara Rita Cardoso
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika P Raven
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington DC, USA
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kay L Double
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Ewa A Szymlek-Gay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - Beverley-Ann Biggs
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital) at the Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC Australia
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44
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Mode of oral iron administration and the amount of iron habitually consumed do not affect iron absorption, systemic iron utilisation or zinc absorption in iron-sufficient infants: a randomised trial. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:1046-60. [PMID: 27546308 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Different metabolic pathways of supplemental and fortification Fe, or inhibition of Zn absorption by Fe, may explain adverse effects of supplemental Fe in Fe-sufficient infants. We determined whether the mode of oral Fe administration or the amount habitually consumed affects Fe absorption and systemic Fe utilisation in infants, and assessed the effects of these interventions on Zn absorption, Fe and Zn status, and growth. Fe-sufficient 6-month-old infants (n 72) were randomly assigned to receive 6·6 mg Fe/d from a high-Fe formula, 1·3 mg Fe/d from a low-Fe formula or 6·6 mg Fe/d from Fe drops and a formula with no added Fe for 45 d. Fractional Fe absorption, Fe utilisation and fractional Zn absorption were measured with oral (57Fe and 67Zn) and intravenous (58Fe and 70Zn) isotopes. Fe and Zn status, infection and growth were measured. At 45 d, Hb was 6·3 g/l higher in the high-Fe formula group compared with the Fe drops group, whereas serum ferritin was 34 and 35 % higher, respectively, and serum transferrin 0·1 g/l lower in the high-Fe formula and Fe drops groups compared with the low-Fe formula group (all P<0·05). No intervention effects were observed on Fe absorption, Fe utilisation, Zn absorption, other Fe status indices, plasma Zn or growth. We concluded that neither supplemental or fortification Fe nor the amount of Fe habitually consumed altered Fe absorption, Fe utilisation, Zn absorption, Zn status or growth in Fe-sufficient infants. Consumption of low-Fe formula as the only source of Fe was insufficient to maintain Fe stores.
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45
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Lan AP, Chen J, Chai ZF, Hu Y. The neurotoxicity of iron, copper and cobalt in Parkinson's disease through ROS-mediated mechanisms. Biometals 2016; 29:665-78. [PMID: 27349232 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons. Despite extensive research in the past decades, the etiology of PD remains elusive. Nevertheless, multiple lines of evidence suggest that oxidative stress is one of the common causes in the pathogenesis of PD. It has also been suggested that heavy metal-associated oxidative stress may be implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of PD. Here we review the roles of redox metals, including iron, copper and cobalt, in PD. Iron is a highly reactive element and deregulation of iron homeostasis is accompanied by concomitant oxidation processes in PD. Copper is a key metal in cell division process, and it has been shown to have an important role in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. Cobalt induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage in brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - J Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Z F Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.,School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Y Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
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46
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Jiang H, Wang J, Rogers J, Xie J. Brain Iron Metabolism Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3078-3101. [PMID: 27039308 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of iron metabolism, which includes its uptake, storage, and release, plays a key role in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Understanding how iron accumulates in the substantia nigra (SN) and why it specifically targets dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is particularly warranted for PD, as this knowledge may provide new therapeutic avenues for a more targeted neurotherapeutic strategy for this disease. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction describing brain iron metabolism and its regulation. We then provide a detailed description of how iron accumulates specifically in the SN and why DAergic neurons are especially vulnerable to iron in PD. Furthermore, we focus on the possible mechanisms involved in iron-induced cell death of DAergic neurons in the SN. Finally, we present evidence in support that iron chelation represents a plausable therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jack Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatric Neurosciences and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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47
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Billings JL, Hare DJ, Nurjono M, Volitakis I, Cherny RA, Bush AI, Adlard PA, Finkelstein DI. Effects of Neonatal Iron Feeding and Chronic Clioquinol Administration on the Parkinsonian Human A53T Transgenic Mouse. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:360-6. [PMID: 26712118 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased nigral iron (Fe) is a cardinal feature of Parkinson's disease, as is the accumulation of aggregates comprising α-synuclein. We used wild-type mice and transgenic mice overexpressing the human A53T mutation to α-synuclein to examine the influence of increased Fe (days 10-17 postpartum) on the parkinsonian development phenotype of these animals (including abnormal nigral Fe levels and deficits in both cell numbers and locomotor activity), and to explore the impact of the Fe chelator clioquinol in the model. Both untreated and Fe-loaded A53T mice showed similar levels of nigral cell loss, though 5 months of clioquinol treatment was only able to prevent the loss in the non-Fe-loaded A53T group. Iron levels in the Fe-loaded A53T mice returned to normal at 8 months, though effects of dopamine denervation remained, demonstrated by limited locomotor activity and sustained neuron loss. These data suggest that Fe exposure during a critical developmental window, combined with the overexpression mutant α-synuclein, presents a disease phenotype resistant to intervention using clioquinol later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Billings
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Elemental
Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Milawaty Nurjono
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Irene Volitakis
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Robert A. Cherny
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul A. Adlard
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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48
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Deas E, Cremades N, Angelova PR, Ludtmann MHR, Yao Z, Chen S, Horrocks MH, Banushi B, Little D, Devine MJ, Gissen P, Klenerman D, Dobson CM, Wood NW, Gandhi S, Abramov AY. Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers Interact with Metal Ions to Induce Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Death in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:376-91. [PMID: 26564470 PMCID: PMC4999647 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Protein aggregation and oxidative stress are both key pathogenic processes in Parkinson's disease, although the mechanism by which misfolded proteins induce oxidative stress and neuronal death remains unknown. In this study, we describe how aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-S) from its monomeric form to its soluble oligomeric state results in aberrant free radical production and neuronal toxicity. RESULTS We first demonstrate excessive free radical production in a human induced pluripotent stem-derived α-S triplication model at basal levels and on application of picomolar doses of β-sheet-rich α-S oligomers. We probed the effects of different structural species of α-S in wild-type rat neuronal cultures and show that both oligomeric and fibrillar forms of α-S are capable of generating free radical production, but that only the oligomeric form results in reduction of endogenous glutathione and subsequent neuronal toxicity. We dissected the mechanism of oligomer-induced free radical production and found that it was interestingly independent of several known cellular enzymatic sources. INNOVATION The oligomer-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was entirely dependent on the presence of free metal ions as addition of metal chelators was able to block oligomer-induced ROS production and prevent oligomer-induced neuronal death. CONCLUSION Our findings further support the causative role of soluble amyloid oligomers in triggering neurodegeneration and shed light into the mechanisms by which these species cause neuronal damage, which, we show here, can be amenable to modulation through the use of metal chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Deas
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nunilo Cremades
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Plamena R Angelova
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marthe H R Ludtmann
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi Yao
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom .,3 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serene Chen
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew H Horrocks
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Blerida Banushi
- 4 MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL , London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Little
- 4 MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL , London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Devine
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Gissen
- 4 MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL , London, United Kingdom
| | - David Klenerman
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom .,3 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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Berggren KL, Lu Z, Fox JA, Dudenhoeffer M, Agrawal S, Fox JH. Neonatal Iron Supplementation Induces Striatal Atrophy in Female YAC128 Huntington's Disease Mice. J Huntingtons Dis 2016; 5:53-63. [PMID: 27079948 PMCID: PMC4899980 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-150182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of iron homeostasis is implicated in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. We have previously shown that increased iron intake in R6/2 HD neonatal mice, but not adult R6/2 HD mice potentiates disease outcomes at 12-weeks of age corresponding to advanced HD [Redox Biol. 2015;4 : 363-74]. However, whether these findings extend to other HD models is unknown. In particular, it is unclear if increased neonatal iron intake can promote neurodegeneration in mouse HD models where disease onset is delayed to mid-adult life. OBJECTIVE To determine if increased dietary iron intake in neonatal and adult life-stages potentiates HD in the slowly progressive YAC128 HD mouse model. METHODS Female neonatal mice were supplemented daily from days 10-17 with 120μg/g body weight of carbonyl iron. Adult mice were provided diets containing low (50 ppm), medium (150 ppm) and high (500 ppm) iron concentrations from 2-months of age. HD progression was determined using behavioral, brain morphometric and biochemical approaches. RESULTS Neonatal-iron supplemented YAC128 HD mice had significantly lower striatal volumes and striatal neuronal cell body volumes as compared to control HD mice at 1-year of age. Neonatal-iron supplementation of HD mice had no effect on rota-rod motor endurance and brain iron or glutathione status. Adult iron intake level had no effect on HD progression. YAC128 HD mice had altered peripheral responses to iron intake compared to iron-matched wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS Female YAC128 HD mice supplemented with nutritionally-relevant levels of iron as neonates demonstrate increased striatal degeneration 1-year later.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Julia A. Fox
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Megan Dudenhoeffer
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Sonal Agrawal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Fox
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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Chen H, Wang X, Wang M, Yang L, Yan Z, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Behavioral and Neurochemical Deficits in Aging Rats with Increased Neonatal Iron Intake: Silibinin's Neuroprotection by Maintaining Redox Balance. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:206. [PMID: 26578951 PMCID: PMC4623400 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a critical risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Silibinin, a major flavonoid in Silybum marianum, has been suggested to display neuroprotective properties against various neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we observed that neonatal iron (120 μg/g body weight) supplementation resulted in significant abnormality of behavior and depletion of striatal dopamine (DA) in the aging male and female rats while it did not do so in the young male and female rats. No significant change in striatal serotonin content was observed in the aging male and female rats with neonatal supplementation of the same dose of iron. Furthermore, we found that the neonatal iron supplementation resulted in significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and decrease in glutathione (GSH) in the substantia nigra (SN) of the aging male and female rats. No significant change in content of MDA and GSH was observed in the cerebellum of the aging male and female rats with the neonatal iron supplementation. Interestingly, silibinin (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) treatment significantly and dose-dependently attenuated depletion of striatal DA and improved abnormality of behavior in the aging male and female rats with the neonatal iron supplementation. Moreover, silibinin significantly reduced MDA content and increased GSH content in the SN of the aging male and female rats. Taken together, our results indicate that elevated neonatal iron supplementation may result in neurochemical and behavioral deficits in the male and female rats with aging and silibinin may exert dopaminergic neuroprotection by maintaining redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China ; School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Meihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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