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Imani Kashan A, Mirzaasgari Z, Nouri Shirazi S. Relationship between serum levels of folic acid and homocysteine with cognitive impairment in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38680. [PMID: 38996106 PMCID: PMC11245215 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), one of the most common neurological diseases, plays a major role in the ailments of adults. Studies on the role of homocysteine (Hcy) and folic acid in causing cognitive disorders in patients diagnosed with MS are still ongoing. This study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of folic acid and Hcy related to cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis. This prospective clinical study was conducted on 57 patients diagnosed with MS who were referred to Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran (Between November 2019 and September 2021). Demographic information and clinical characteristics of enrolled patients were recorded in a predesigned checklist. These characteristics were comprised of outcomes related to the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS, and the patient's Hcy and acid folic levels. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Out of 57 enrolled patients, 39 subjects (68.4%) were female and 18 subjects (31.6%) were male, with a mean age of 36.87 ± 9.40 years old. In terms of disease time span, there was a mean duration of 3.80 ± 4.94 years (range: 1-23 years). There were no significant differences between the mean score of Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS scale with patient's sex (P value: .88), and disease duration of patients (P value: .86). There was no significant relationship between the serum levels of acid folic and Hcy with cognitive impairment (P value > .05). The study results revealed that there were no significant relationships between the folic acid, Hcy levels, disease duration, and the type of MS disease with the severity of cognitive impairment. More randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm the relationships between the folic acid and Hcy levels with cognitive impairment in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Imani Kashan
- School of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mirzaasgari
- Department of Neurology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bell TR, Franz CE, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Puckett OK, Dorros SM, Panizzon MS, Pearce RC, Hagler DJ, Lyons MJ, Beck A, Elman JA, Kremen WS. Probable chronic pain, brain structure, and Alzheimer's plasma biomarkers in older men. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:104463. [PMID: 38199594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pain leads to tau accumulation and hippocampal atrophy in mice. In this study, we provide one of the first assessments in humans, examining the associations of probable chronic pain with hippocampal volume, integrity of the locus coeruleus (LC)-an upstream site of tau deposition-and Alzheimer's Disease-related plasma biomarkers. Participants were mostly cognitively unimpaired men. Probable chronic pain was defined as moderate-to-severe pain in 2+ study waves at average ages 56, 62, and 68. At age 68, 424 participants underwent structural magnestic resonance imaging (MRI) of hippocampal volume and LC-sensitive MRI providing an index of LC integrity (LC contrast-to-noise ratio). Analyses adjusted for confounders including major health conditions, depressive symptoms, and opioid use. Models showed that men with probable chronic pain had smaller hippocampal volume and lower rostral-middle-but not caudal-LC contrast-to-noise ratio compared to men without probable chronic pain. Men with probable chronic pain also had higher levels of plasma total tau, beta-amyloid-42, and beta-amyloid-40 compared to men without probable chronic pain. These findings suggest that probable chronic pain is associated with tau accumulation and reduced structural brain integrity in regions affected early in the development of Alzheimer's Disease. PERSPECTIVE: Probable chronic pain was associated with plasma biomarkers and brain regions that are affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reducing pain in midlife and elucidating biological mechanisms may help to reduce the risk of AD in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Olivia K Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Stephen M Dorros
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rahul C Pearce
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Asad Beck
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Schraen-Maschke S, Duhamel A, Vidal JS, Ramdane N, Vaudran L, Dussart C, Buée L, Sablonnière B, Delaby C, Allinquant B, Gabelle A, Bombois S, Lehmann S, Hanon O. The free plasma amyloid Aβ 1-42/Aβ 1-40 ratio predicts conversion to dementia for subjects with mild cognitive impairment with performance equivalent to that of the total plasma Aβ 1-42/Aβ 1-40 ratio. The BALTAZAR study. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 193:106459. [PMID: 38423192 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Blood-based biomarkers are a non-invasive solution to predict the risk of conversion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia. The utility of free plasma amyloid peptides (not bound to plasma proteins and/or cells) as an early indicator of conversion to dementia is still debated, as the results of studies have been contradictory. In this context, we investigated whether plasma levels of the free amyloid peptides Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 and the free plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio are associated with the conversion of MCI to dementia, in particular AD, over three years of follow-up in a subgroup of the BALTAZAR cohort. We also compared their predictive value to that of total plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 levels and the total plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio. METHODS The plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 peptide assay was performed using the INNO-BIA kit (Fujirebio Europe). Free amyloid levels (defined by the amyloid fraction directly accessible to antibodies of the assay) were obtained with the undiluted plasma, whereas total amyloid levels were obtained after the dilution of plasma (1/3) with a denaturing buffer. Free and total Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 levels were measured at inclusion for a subgroup of participants (N = 106) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from the BALTAZAR study (a large-scale longitudinal multicenter cohort with a three-year follow-up). Associations between conversion and the free/total plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 levels and Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio were analyzed using logistic and Cox Proportional Hazards models. Demographic, clinical, cognitive (MMSE, ADL and IADL), APOE, and MRI characteristics (relative hippocampal volume) were compared using non-parametric (Mann-Whitney) or parametric (Student) tests for quantitative variables and Chi-square or Fisher exact tests for qualitative variables. RESULTS The risk of conversion to dementia was lower for patients in the highest quartile of free plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 (≥ 25.8%) than those in the three lower quartiles: hazard ratio = 0.36 (95% confidence interval [0.15-0.87]), after adjustment for age, sex, education, and APOE ε4 (p-value = 0.022). This was comparable to the risk of conversion in the highest quartile of total plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40: hazard ratio = 0.37 (95% confidence interval [0.16-0.89], p-value = 0.027). However, while patients in the highest quartile of total plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 showed higher MMSE scores and a higher hippocampal volume than patients in the three lowest quartiles of total plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40, as well as normal CSF biomarker levels, the patients in the highest quartile of free plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 did not show any significant differences in MMSE scores, hippocampal volume, or CSF biomarker levels relative to the three lowest quartiles of free plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40. CONCLUSION The free plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio is associated with a risk of conversion from MCI to dementia within three years, with performance comparable to that of the total plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio. Threshold levels of the free and total plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio could be determined, with a 60% lower risk of conversion for patients above the threshold than those below.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schraen-Maschke
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, LiCEND, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France.
| | - A Duhamel
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des Technologies de Santé et des Pratiques Médicales, Lille, France
| | - J S Vidal
- Université de Paris, EA 4468 and APHP, Hôpital Broca, Memory Resource and Research Centre of de Paris-Broca-Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - N Ramdane
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des Technologies de Santé et des Pratiques Médicales, Lille, France
| | - L Vaudran
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, LiCEND, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - C Dussart
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, LiCEND, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - L Buée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, LiCEND, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - B Sablonnière
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, LiCEND, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - C Delaby
- LBPC-PPC, Université de Montpellier, INM INSERM, IRMB CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - B Allinquant
- UMR-S1266, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - A Gabelle
- CMRR, Université de Montpellier, INM INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - S Bombois
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, LiCEND, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Département de Neurologie, Centre des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - S Lehmann
- LBPC-PPC, Université de Montpellier, INM INSERM, IRMB CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - O Hanon
- Université de Paris, EA 4468 and APHP, Hôpital Broca, Memory Resource and Research Centre of de Paris-Broca-Ile de France, Paris, France.
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Kopčanová M, Tait L, Donoghue T, Stothart G, Smith L, Flores-Sandoval AA, Davila-Perez P, Buss S, Shafi MM, Pascual-Leone A, Fried PJ, Benwell CSY. Resting-state EEG signatures of Alzheimer's disease are driven by periodic but not aperiodic changes. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106380. [PMID: 38114048 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) has shown potential for identifying early-stage biomarkers of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). A large body of evidence shows that, compared to healthy controls (HC), AD is associated with power increases in lower EEG frequencies (delta and theta) and decreases in higher frequencies (alpha and beta), together with slowing of the peak alpha frequency. However, the pathophysiological processes underlying these changes remain unclear. For instance, recent studies have shown that apparent shifts in EEG power from high to low frequencies can be driven either by frequency specific periodic power changes or rather by non-oscillatory (aperiodic) changes in the underlying 1/f slope of the power spectrum. Hence, to clarify the mechanism(s) underlying the EEG alterations associated with AD, it is necessary to account for both periodic and aperiodic characteristics of the EEG signal. Across two independent datasets, we examined whether resting-state EEG changes linked to AD reflect true oscillatory (periodic) changes, changes in the aperiodic (non-oscillatory) signal, or a combination of both. We found strong evidence that the alterations are purely periodic in nature, with decreases in oscillatory power at alpha and beta frequencies (AD < HC) leading to lower (alpha + beta) / (delta + theta) power ratios in AD. Aperiodic EEG features did not differ between AD and HC. By replicating the findings in two cohorts, we provide robust evidence for purely oscillatory pathophysiology in AD and against aperiodic EEG changes. We therefore clarify the alterations underlying the neural dynamics in AD and emphasize the robustness of oscillatory AD signatures, which may further be used as potential prognostic or interventional targets in future clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kopčanová
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Luke Tait
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK; Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas Donoghue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | - Laura Smith
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aimee Arely Flores-Sandoval
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Davila-Perez
- Rey Juan Carlos University Hospital (HURJC), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie Buss
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mouhsin M Shafi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Peter J Fried
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher S Y Benwell
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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5
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Kopčanová M, Tait L, Donoghue T, Stothart G, Smith L, Sandoval AAF, Davila-Perez P, Buss S, Shafi MM, Pascual-Leone A, Fried PJ, Benwell CS. Resting-state EEG signatures of Alzheimer's disease are driven by periodic but not aperiodic changes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.11.544491. [PMID: 37398162 PMCID: PMC10312609 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.11.544491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) has shown potential for identifying early-stage biomarkers of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). A large body of evidence shows that, compared to healthy controls (HC), AD is associated with power increases in lower EEG frequencies (delta and theta) and decreases in higher frequencies (alpha and beta), together with slowing of the peak alpha frequency. However, the pathophysiological processes underlying these changes remain unclear. For instance, recent studies have shown that apparent shifts in EEG power from high to low frequencies can be driven either by frequency specific periodic power changes or rather by non-oscillatory (aperiodic) changes in the underlying 1/f slope of the power spectrum. Hence, to clarify the mechanism(s) underlying the EEG alterations associated with AD, it is necessary to account for both periodic and aperiodic characteristics of the EEG signal. Across two independent datasets, we examined whether resting-state EEG changes linked to AD reflect true oscillatory (periodic) changes, changes in the aperiodic (non-oscillatory) signal, or a combination of both. We found strong evidence that the alterations are purely periodic in nature, with decreases in oscillatory power at alpha and beta frequencies (AD < HC) leading to lower (alpha + beta) / (delta + theta) power ratios in AD. Aperiodic EEG features did not differ between AD and HC. By replicating the findings in two cohorts, we provide robust evidence for purely oscillatory pathophysiology in AD and against aperiodic EEG changes. We therefore clarify the alterations underlying the neural dynamics in AD and emphasise the robustness of oscillatory AD signatures, which may further be used as potential prognostic or interventional targets in future clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kopčanová
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Luke Tait
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas Donoghue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | - Laura Smith
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - Aimee Arely Flores Sandoval
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Davila-Perez
- Rey Juan Carlos University Hospital (HURJC), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie Buss
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mouhsin M. Shafi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston MA
| | - Peter J. Fried
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher S.Y. Benwell
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Tekin E, Aslan Karakelle N, Dinçer S. Effects of taurine on metal cations, transthyretin and LRP-1 in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127219. [PMID: 37229981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researches on diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, the most common type of dementia, are still ongoing. Taurine is frequently used in Alzheimer's disease models due to its protective effects. Metal cation dyshomeostasis is an important etiological factor for Alzheimer's disease. Transthyretin protein is thought to act as a transporter for the Aβ protein that accumulates in the brain and is eliminated in the liver and kidneys via the LRP-1 receptor. However, the effect of taurine on this mechanisms is not fully known. METHODS 30 male rats, aged 28 ± 4 months, were divided into 5 groups (n = 6) as follows: control group, sham group, Aβ 1-42 group, taurine group and taurine+Aβ 1-42 group. Oral taurine pre-supplementation was given as 1000 mg/kg-body weight/day for 6 weeks to taurine and taurine+Aβ 1-42 groups. RESULTS Plasma copper, heart transthyretin and Aβ 1-42, brain and kidney LRP-1 levels were found to be decreased in the Aβ 1-42 group. Brain transthyretin was higher in taurine+Aβ 1-42 group and brain Aβ 1-42 was higher in Aβ 1-42 and taurine+Aβ 1-42 groups. CONCLUSION Taurine pre-supplementation maintained cardiac transthyretin levels, decreased cardiac Aβ 1-42 levels and increased brain and kidney LRP-1 levels. Taurine may have a potential to be used as a protective agent for aged people at high risk for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Tekin
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nida Aslan Karakelle
- Lokman Hekim University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sibel Dinçer
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Ankara, Turkey.
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Chaari N, Akdağ HC, Rekik I. Comparative survey of multigraph integration methods for holistic brain connectivity mapping. Med Image Anal 2023; 85:102741. [PMID: 36638747 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2023.102741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest scientific challenges in network neuroscience is to create a representative map of a population of heterogeneous brain networks, which acts as a connectional fingerprint. The connectional brain template (CBT), also named network atlas, presents a powerful tool for capturing the most representative and discriminative traits of a given population while preserving its topological patterns. The idea of a CBT is to integrate a population of heterogeneous brain connectivity networks, derived from different neuroimaging modalities or brain views (e.g., structural and functional), into a unified holistic representation. Here we review current state-of-the-art methods designed to estimate well-centered and representative CBT for populations of single-view and multi-view brain networks. We start by reviewing each CBT learning method, then we introduce the evaluation measures to compare CBT representativeness of populations generated by single-view and multigraph integration methods, separately, based on the following criteria: Centeredness, biomarker-reproducibility, node-level similarity, global-level similarity, and distance-based similarity. We demonstrate that the deep graph normalizer (DGN) method significantly outperforms other multi-graph and all single-view integration methods for estimating CBTs using a variety of healthy and disordered datasets in terms of centeredness, reproducibility (i.e., graph-derived biomarkers reproducibility that disentangle the typical from the atypical connectivity variability), and preserving the topological traits at both local and global graph-levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Chaari
- BASIRA lab, Faculty of Computer and Informatics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Management, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Islem Rekik
- BASIRA lab, Faculty of Computer and Informatics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; Computing, Imperial-X Translation and Innovation Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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8
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Hanon O, Vidal JS, Lehmann S, Bombois S, Allinquant B, Baret-Rose C, Tréluyer JM, Abdoul H, Gelé P, Delmaire C, Blanc F, Mangin JF, Buée L, Touchon J, Hugon J, Vellas B, Galbrun E, Benetos A, Berrut G, Paillaud E, Wallon D, Castelnovo G, Volpe-Gillot L, Paccalin M, Robert P, Godefroy O, Camus V, Belmin J, Vandel P, Novella JL, Duron E, Rigaud AS, Schraen-Maschke S, Gabelle A. Plasma amyloid beta predicts conversion to dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: The BALTAZAR study. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2537-2550. [PMID: 35187794 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood-based biomarkers are the next challenge for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and prognosis. METHODS Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants (N = 485) of the BALTAZAR study, a large-scale longitudinal multicenter cohort, were followed-up for 3 years. A total of 165 of them converted to dementia (95% AD). Associations of conversion and plasma amyloid beta (Aβ)1-42 , Aβ1-40 , Aβ1-42 /Aβ1-40 ratio were analyzed with logistic and Cox models. RESULTS Converters to dementia had lower level of plasma Aβ1-42 (37.1 pg/mL [12.5] vs. 39.2 [11.1] , P value = .03) and lower Aβ1-42 /Aβ1-40 ratio than non-converters (0.148 [0.125] vs. 0.154 [0.076], P value = .02). MCI participants in the highest quartile of Aβ1-42 /Aβ1-40 ratio (>0.169) had a significant lower risk of conversion (hazard ratio adjusted for age, sex, education, apolipoprotein E ε4, hippocampus atrophy = 0.52 (95% confidence interval [0.31-0.86], P value = .01). DISCUSSION In this large cohort of MCI subjects we identified a threshold for plasma Aβ1-42 /Aβ1-40 ratio that may detect patients with a low risk of conversion to dementia within 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Hanon
- Memory Resource and Research Centre of de Paris-Broca-Ile de France, Université de Paris, EA 4468, APHP, Hopital Broca, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Vidal
- Memory Resource and Research Centre of de Paris-Broca-Ile de France, Université de Paris, EA 4468, APHP, Hopital Broca, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- CHU Montpellier, LBPC, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Bombois
- CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog, LiCEND, LabEx DISTALZ, Université de Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - Bernadette Allinquant
- UMR-S 1266, Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatric and Neurosciences, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Baret-Rose
- UMR-S 1266, Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatric and Neurosciences, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Tréluyer
- Clinical Research Unit, Université de Paris, APHP, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Hendy Abdoul
- Clinical Research Unit, Université de Paris, APHP, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Gelé
- CHU Lille, CRB/CIC1403, Université de Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - Christine Delmaire
- CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog, LiCEND, LabEx DISTALZ, Université de Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - Fredéric Blanc
- CM2R, pôle de Gériatrie, Laboratoire ICube, FMTS, CNRS, équipe IMIS, Université de Strasbourg, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-François Mangin
- Neurospin, CEA, CNRS, cati-neuroimaging.com, CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Luc Buée
- CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog, LiCEND, LabEx DISTALZ, Université de Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - Jacques Touchon
- Department of Neurology, Memory Research and Resources Center of Montpellier, Inserm INM NeuroPEPs Team, Excellence Center of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Université de Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis-Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Center of Cognitive Neurology, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Memory Resource and Research Centre of Midi-Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse III, CHU La Grave-Casselardit, Toulouse, France
| | - Evelyne Galbrun
- Department of Gérontology 2, Sorbonne Université, APHP, Centre Hospitalier Dupuytren, Draveil, France
| | - Athanase Benetos
- Memory Resource and Research Centre of Lorraine, Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Gilles Berrut
- Department of Clinical Gerontology, Memory Research Resource Center of Nantes, Université de Nantes, EA 4334 Movement-Interactions-Performance, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Elena Paillaud
- Service de Gériatrie, Université de Paris, APHP, Hôpital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - David Wallon
- CHU de Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Rouen, France
| | | | - Lisette Volpe-Gillot
- Service de Neuro-Psycho-Gériatrie, Memory Clinic, Hôpital Léopold Bellan, Paris, France
| | - Marc Paccalin
- Memory Resource and Research Centre of Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Philippe Robert
- Memory Research Resource Center of Nice, CoBTek lab, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Olivier Godefroy
- Memory Resource and Research Centre of Amiens Picardie, CHU d'Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Vincent Camus
- CHRU de Tours, UMR Inserm U1253, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Joël Belmin
- Service de Gériatrie Ambulatoire, Sorbonne Université, APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Vandel
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, CHU de Besançon, Memory Resource and Research Centre of Besançon Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Novella
- Memory Resource and Research Centre of Champagne-Ardenne, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA 3797, CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Emmanuelle Duron
- Département de gériatrie, Équipe MOODS, Inserm 1178, Université Paris-Saclay, APHP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Rigaud
- Memory Resource and Research Centre of de Paris-Broca-Ile de France, Université de Paris, EA 4468, APHP, Hopital Broca, Paris, France
| | | | - Audrey Gabelle
- Department of Neurology, Memory Research and Resources Center of Montpellier, Inserm INM NeuroPEPs Team, Excellence Center of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Université de Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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9
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Fu J, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Liu Q, Duan H, Huang L, Zhou D, Wang Z, Zhao J, Li Z, Du Y, Liu H, Ma F, Chen Y, Sun C, Wang G, Li W, Huang G. Circulating Amyloid-β and Methionine-Related Metabolites to Predict the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Nested Case-Control Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:389-404. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The high cost, limited availability, and perceived invasiveness of amyloid PET and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers limit their use for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Objective: The present study aimed to assess the associations of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with circulating amyloid-β (Aβ), methionine circulating metabolites (MCMs), and their downstream products, and to develop a nomogram based on these easily accessible blood indexes for the individualized prediction of MCI risk in older adults. Methods: In this nested case-control study, we recruited 74 MCI patients and, for each, 3 matched controls (n = 222) within the context of the Tianjin Elderly Nutrition and Cognition (TENC) cohort, a population-based prospective study in China. Concentrations of Aβ, MCMs, and their circulating downstream factors (i.e., leukocyte telomere length and inflammatory cytokines) were evaluated in fasting blood sample using standard procedures. We constructed a nomogram for MCI harnessed multivariable logistic models incorporating variables selected in the Lasso regression. Results: Among the many biomarkers examined, the final prediction nomogram retained only 3 factors: Aβ 42/Aβ 40 ratio, Hcy, and SAM/SAH ratio. The model achieved favorable discrimination, with a C-statistic of 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.69–0.81) in internal validation after adjustment of optimism. The calibration accuracy was satisfactory; the Brier score of the model was 0.161 in internal validation after adjustment of optimism. Conclusion: his study presents an individualized prediction nomogram incorporating only three blood biomarkers (i.e., Aβ 42/Aβ 40 ratio, Hcy, and SAM/SAH ratio), which can be conveniently utilized to facilitate early identification and the development of high-risk prevention strategies for MCI in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhu Fu
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Huilian Duan
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Dezheng Zhou
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Zehao Wang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenshu Li
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Du
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Changqing Sun
- Neurosurgical Department of Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangshun Wang
- Department of Tumor, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
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10
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Zhao Y, Dong X, Chen B, Zhang Y, Meng S, Guo F, Guo X, Zhu J, Wang H, Cui H, Li S. Blood levels of circulating methionine components in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:934070. [PMID: 35936764 PMCID: PMC9354989 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.934070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCirculating methionine components have been reported to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), although outcomes are not always consistent.Materials and methodsDatabase searching was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to 26 December 2021. In this study, two reviewers independently identified eligible articles and extracted the data. We used Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tools to assess the overall quality of the included studies. STATA software was employed to perform meta-analysis evaluating the standardized mean difference (SMD) with its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects models. Evidence quality was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria.ResultsTotally, 30 observational studies were eligible for inclusion. Compared with cognitively normal controls, patients with AD had increased homocysteine (Hcy) levels in the blood [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36–0.82, P = 0.000], plasma (SMD = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.23–0.55, P = 0.000), and serum (SMD = 1.56, 95% CI: 0.59–2.95, P = 0.002). Patients with MCI were not significantly different from controls (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI: –0.07–0.58, P = 0.127). Patients with AD or MCI did not significantly differ from controls of blood vitamin B12 levels, AD (SMD = –0.05, 95% CI: –0.19–0.08, P = 0.440), or MCI (SMD = 0.01, 95% CI: –0.16–0.17, P = 0.94). Some cohort studies have suggested that higher Hcy, methionine, and S-adenosylmethionine levels may accelerate cognitive decline in patients with MCI or AD, and vitamin B12 deficiency is a risk factor for the disease; however, the results of other studies were inconsistent. According to the GRADE system, all these outcomes scored very low to low quality, and no high-quality evidence was found.ConclusionOnly Hcy levels in the plasma and serum were found to be inversely related to the risk of AD. However, due to the low quality of supporting these results, high-quality studies are needed to verify these findings.Systematic Review Registrationhttp://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022308961.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinyi Dong
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bingyu Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sijia Meng
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fangzhen Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jialei Zhu
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haoyue Wang
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China
- Huixian Cui,
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Li,
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11
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Rivastigmine Reverses the Decrease in Synapsin and Memory Caused by Homocysteine: Is There Relation to Inflammation? Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4517-4534. [PMID: 35578101 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy) in the blood, called hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is a prevalent risk factor for it has been shown that Hcy induces oxidative stress and increases microglial activation and neuroinflammation, as well as causes cognitive impairment, which have been linked to the neurodegenerative process. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mild hyperhomocysteinemia with or without ibuprofen and rivastigmine treatments on the behavior and neurochemical parameters in male rats. The chronic mild HHcy model was chemically induced in Wistar rats by subcutaneous administration of Hcy (4055 mg/kg body weight) twice daily for 30 days. Ibuprofen (40 mg/kg) and rivastigmine (0.5 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally once daily. Motor damage (open field, balance beam, rotarod, and vertical pole test), cognitive deficits (Y-maze), neurochemical parameters (oxidative status/antioxidant enzymatic defenses, presynaptic protein synapsin 1, inflammatory profile parameters, calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), iNOS gene expression), and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway were investigated. Results showed that mild HHcy caused cognitive deficits in working memory, and impaired motor coordination reduced the amount of synapsin 1 protein, altered the neuroinflammatory picture, and caused changes in the activity of catalase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes. Both rivastigmine and ibuprofen treatments were able to mitigate this damage caused by mild HHcy. Together, these neurochemical changes may be associated with the mechanisms by which Hcy has been linked to a risk factor for AD. Treatments with rivastigmine and ibuprofen can effectively reduce the damage caused by increased Hcy levels.
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12
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Investigating the combination of plasma amyloid-beta and geroscience biomarkers on the incidence of clinically meaningful cognitive decline in older adults. GeroScience 2022; 44:1489-1503. [PMID: 35445358 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated combining a core AD neuropathology measure (plasma amyloid-beta [Aβ] 42/40) with five plasma markers of inflammation, cellular stress, and neurodegeneration to predict cognitive decline. Among 401 participants free of dementia (median [IQR] age, 76 [73-80] years) from the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT), 28 (7.0%) participants developed dementia, and 137 (34.2%) had worsening of clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale over 4 years. In the models utilizing plasma Aβ alone, a tenfold increased risk of incident dementia (nonsignificant) and a fivefold increased risk of worsening CDR were observed as each nature log unit increased in plasma Aβ levels. Models incorporating Aβ plus multiple plasma biomarkers performed similarly to models included Aβ alone in predicting dementia and CDR progression. However, improving Aβ model performance for composite cognitive score (CCS) decline, a proxy of dementia, was observed after including plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) as covariates. Participants with abnormal Aβ, GDF15, and MCP1 presented higher CCS decline (worsening cognitive function) compared to their normal-biomarker counterparts (adjusted β [95% CI], - 0.21 [- 0.35 to - 0.06], p = 0.005). In conclusion, our study found limited added values of multi-biomarkers beyond the basic Aβ models for predicting clinically meaningful cognitive decline among non-demented older adults. However, a combined assessment of inflammatory and cellular stress status with Aβ pathology through measuring plasma biomarkers may improve the evaluation of cognitive performance.
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13
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Manzine PR, Vatanabe IP, Grigoli MM, Pedroso RV, de Almeida MPOMEP, de Oliveira DDSMS, Crispim Nascimento CM, Peron R, de Souza Orlandi F, Cominetti MR. Potential Protein Blood-Based Biomarkers in Different Types of Dementia: A Therapeutic Overview. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1170-1186. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220408124809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Biomarkers capable of identifying and distinguishing types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) have been become increasingly relentless. Studies of possible biomarker proteins in the blood that can help formulate new diagnostic proposals and therapeutic visions of different types of dementia are needed. However, due to several limitations of these biomarkers, especially in discerning dementia, their clinical applications are still undetermined. Thus, the updating of biomarker blood proteins that can help in the diagnosis and discrimination of these main dementia conditions is essential to enable new pharmacological and clinical management strategies, with specificities for each type of dementia. To review the literature concerning protein blood-based AD and non-AD biomarkers as new pharmacological targets and/or therapeutic strategies. Recent findings for protein-based AD, PDD, LBD, and FTD biomarkers are focused on in this review. Protein biomarkers were classified according to the pathophysiology of the dementia types. The diagnosis and distinction of dementia through protein biomarkers is still a challenge. The lack of exclusive biomarkers for each type of dementia highlights the need for further studies in this field. Only after this, blood biomarkers may have a valid use in clinical practice as they are promising to help in diagnosis and in the differentiation of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Regina Manzine
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil. Highway Washington Luis, Km 235. Monjolinho
| | - Izabela Pereira Vatanabe
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil. Highway Washington Luis, Km 235. Monjolinho
| | - Marina Mantellatto Grigoli
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil. Highway Washington Luis, Km 235. Monjolinho
| | - Renata Valle Pedroso
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil. Highway Washington Luis, Km 235. Monjolinho
| | | | | | | | - Rafaela Peron
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil. Highway Washington Luis, Km 235. Monjolinho
| | - Fabiana de Souza Orlandi
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil. Highway Washington Luis, Km 235. Monjolinho
| | - Márcia Regina Cominetti
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil. Highway Washington Luis, Km 235. Monjolinho
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14
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Yang YH, Situmeang RFV, Ong PA. Can blood amyloid levels be used as a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease? BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2021.9050004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) increasingly affects society due to aging populations. Even at pre‐clinical stages, earlier and accurate diagnoses are essential for optimal AD management and improved clinical outcomes. Biomarkers such as beta‐amyloid (Aβ) or tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been used as reliable markers to distinguish AD from non‐AD, and predicting clinical outcomes, to attain these goals. However, given CSF access methods’ invasiveness, these biomarkers are not used extensively in clinical settings. Blood Aβ has been proposed as an alternative biomarker since it is less invasive than CSF; however, sampling heterogeneity has limited its clinical applicability. In this review, we investigated blood Aβ as a biomarker in AD and explored how Aβ can be facilitated as a viable biomarker for successful AD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, China
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta‐Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, China
| | - Rocksy FV Situmeang
- Siloam Hospitals Lippo Village, Pelita Harapan University, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Paulus Anam Ong
- Department of Neurology, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
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15
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Hu P, Lee J, Beaumaster S, Kim JK, Dey S, Weir D, Crimmins EM. Cognitive Function and Cardiometabolic-Inflammatory Risk Factors Among Older Indians and Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 68 Suppl 3:S36-S44. [PMID: 32815598 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate how cardiometabolic-inflammatory risk factors are related to cognition among older adults in India and the United States. DESIGN The Longitudinal Aging Study in India-Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia (LASI-DAD) and the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS-HCAP) in the United States conducted an in-depth assessment of cognition, using protocols designed for international comparison. SETTING Cognitive tests were conducted in hospital or household settings in India and in household settings in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Respondents aged 60 years and older from LASI-DAD (N = 1,865) and respondents aged 65 years and older from HRS-HCAP (N = 2,111) who provided venous blood specimen. MEASUREMENTS We used total composite scores from the common cognitive tests administered. Cardiovascular risk was indicated by systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (proBNP), and homocysteine. Metabolic risk was measured by body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipoprotein (a) (only in India). Inflammatory risk was indicted by white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, albumin, and uric acid (only in India). RESULTS The distribution of both total cognition scores and of cardiometabolic risk factors differed significantly between India and the United States. In both countries, lower cognition was associated with older age, lower education, elevated homocysteine, elevated proBNP, and lower albumin levels. The associations between HbA1c levels and cognitive measures were statistically significant in both countries, but in the opposite direction, with a coefficient of 1.5 (P < .001) in India and -2.4 (P < .001) in the United States for one percentage increase in absolute HbA1c value. CONCLUSION Cardiometabolic-inflammatory biomarkers are associated with cognitive functional levels in each country, but the relationships may vary across countries. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:S36-S44, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Hu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jinkook Lee
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Economics, University of Southern California and RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Sidney Beaumaster
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jung Ki Kim
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sharmistha Dey
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - David Weir
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eileen M Crimmins
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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16
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Feinkohl I, Schipke CG, Kruppa J, Menne F, Winterer G, Pischon T, Peters O. Plasma Amyloid Concentration in Alzheimer's Disease: Performance of a High-Throughput Amyloid Assay in Distinguishing Alzheimer's Disease Cases from Controls. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:1285-1294. [PMID: 32176645 PMCID: PMC7242850 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for measurement of amyloid-β (Aβ) species is a gold standard in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis, but has risks. Thus, establishing a low-risk blood Aβ test with high AD sensitivity and specificity is of outmost interest. Objective: We evaluated the ability of a commercially available plasma Aβ assay to distinguish AD patients from biomarker-healthy controls. Method: In a case-control design, we examined plasma samples from 44 AD patients (A + N+) and 49 controls (A–N–) from a memory clinic. AD was diagnosed using a combination of neuropsychological examination, CSF biomarker analysis and brain imaging. Total Aβ40 and total Aβ42 in plasma were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology using ABtest40 and ABtest42 test kits (Araclon Biotech Ltd.). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses with outcome AD were performed, and sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results: Plasma Aβ42/40 was weakly positively correlated with CSF Aβ42/40 (Spearman’s rho 0.22; p = 0.037). Plasma Aβ42/40 alone was not able to statistically significantly distinguish between AD patients and controls (AUC 0.58; 95% CI 0.46, 0.70). At a cut-point of 0.076 maximizing sensitivity and specificity, plasma Aβ42/40 had a sensitivity of 61.2% and a specificity of 63.6%. Conclusion: In this sample, the high-throughput blood Aβ assay was not able to distinguish well between AD patients and controls. Whether or not the assay may be useful in large-scale epidemiological settings remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Feinkohl
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola G Schipke
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Experimental & Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Kruppa
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biometrie und Klinische Epidemiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Menne
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Winterer
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Pharmaimage Biomarker Solutions GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,MDC/BIH Biobank, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Peters
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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17
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Endogenous Aβ peptide promote Aβ oligomerization tendency of spiked synthetic Aβ in Alzheimer's disease plasma. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 111:103588. [PMID: 33422673 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of age-associated dementia. Several studies have predicted that AD is caused by the production and deposition of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain, which is one of pathologic hallmarks of AD. In particular, Aβ oligomers are reportedly the most toxic and pathogenic of other peptide forms. We previously developed Multimer Detection System-Oligomeric Amyloid-β (MDS-OAβ), a technique for measuring Aβ oligomerization in plasma to diagnose AD. Here, we clarified the molecular sizes of oligomers that can be detected by the MDS and investigated differences in plasma spiking with a synthetic Aβ peptide in the plasma of AD patients and individuals with non-AD neurological conditions. To determine Aβ oligomer sizes detectable by MDS, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was first performed on incubated samples of synthetic Aβ42 peptides. As a result, no MDS signals were observed for the Aβ42 monomer fractions, but strong signals were found for oligomers of 7-35-mers long. Also, an amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay-linked immunoassay (AlphaLISA) was used to confirm that synthetic Aβ peptides not only recruited endogenous Aβ in plasma but also induced significantly stronger seeding in AD plasma than in healthy control plasma. In addition, the absence of the MDS signals in Aβ-depleted plasma confirmed that the increased oligomerization tendency in AD plasma is dependent on the presence of endogenous Aβ in plasma. Therefore, the MDS-OAβ measurement of oligomerization differences in plasma after incubation with spiked synthetic Aβ peptides has significant potential in AD diagnosis.
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18
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Deniz K, Ho CCG, Malphrus KG, Reddy JS, Nguyen T, Carnwath TP, Crook JE, Lucas JA, Graff-Radford NR, Carrasquillo MM, Ertekin-Taner N. Plasma Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease in African Americans. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:323-334. [PMID: 33252078 PMCID: PMC7902984 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if plasma concentrations of 5 surrogate markers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology and neuroinflammation are associated with disease status in African Americans. Methods: We evaluated 321 African Americans (159 AD, 162 controls) from the Florida Consortium for African-American Alzheimer’s Disease Studies (FCA3DS). Five plasma proteins reflecting AD neuropathology or inflammation (Aβ42, tau, IL6, IL10, TNFα) were tested for associations with AD, age, sex, APOE and MAPT genotypes, and for pairwise correlations. Results: Plasma tau levels were higher in AD when adjusted for biological and technical covariates. APOEɛ4 was associated with lower plasma Aβ42 and tau levels. Older age was associated with higher plasma Aβ42, tau, and TNFα. Females had lower IL10 levels. Inflammatory proteins had strong pairwise correlations amongst themselves and with Aβ42. Conclusion: We identified effects of demographic and genetic variants on five potential plasma biomarkers in African Americans. Plasma inflammatory biomarkers and Aβ42 may reflect correlated pathologies and elevated plasma tau may be a biomarker of AD in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaancan Deniz
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph S Reddy
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Health Science Research, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thuy Nguyen
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Troy P Carnwath
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Julia E Crook
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Health Science Research, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - John A Lucas
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Mayo Clinic, Department of Neurology, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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19
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Manzine PR, Vatanabe IP, Peron R, Grigoli MM, Pedroso RV, Nascimento CMC, Cominetti MR. Blood-based Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: The Long and Winding Road. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1300-1315. [PMID: 31942855 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200114105515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-based biomarkers can be very useful in formulating new diagnostic and treatment proposals in the field of dementia, especially in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, due to the influence of several factors on the reproducibility and reliability of these markers, their clinical use is still very uncertain. Thus, up-to-date knowledge about the main blood biomarkers that are currently being studied is extremely important in order to discover clinically useful and applicable tools, which could also be used as novel pharmacological strategies for the AD treatment. METHODS A narrative review was performed based on the current candidates of blood-based biomarkers for AD to show the main results from different studies, focusing on their clinical applicability and association with AD pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to carry out a literature review on the major blood-based biomarkers for AD, connecting them with the pathophysiology of the disease. RESULTS Recent advances in the search of blood-based AD biomarkers were summarized in this review. The biomarkers were classified according to the topics related to the main hallmarks of the disease such as inflammation, amyloid, and tau deposition, synaptic degeneration and oxidative stress. Moreover, molecules involved in the regulation of proteins related to these hallmarks were described, such as non-coding RNAs, neurotrophins, growth factors and metabolites. Cells or cellular components with the potential to be considered as blood-based AD biomarkers were described in a separate topic. CONCLUSION A series of limitations undermine new discoveries on blood-based AD biomarkers. The lack of reproducibility of findings due to the small size and heterogeneity of the study population, different analytical methods and other assay conditions make longitudinal studies necessary in this field to validate these structures, especially when considering a clinical evaluation that includes a broad panel of these potential and promising blood-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Manzine
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, CEP 13565-905, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Izabela P Vatanabe
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, CEP 13565-905, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Peron
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, CEP 13565-905, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina M Grigoli
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, CEP 13565-905, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata V Pedroso
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, CEP 13565-905, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla M C Nascimento
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, CEP 13565-905, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia R Cominetti
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, CEP 13565-905, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
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20
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Longitudinal survival analysis and two-group comparison for predicting the progression of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 341:108698. [PMID: 32534272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal studies using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological measurements (NMs) allow a noninvasive means of following the subtle anatomical changes occurring during the evolution of AD. NEW METHOD This paper compared two approaches for the construction of longitudinal predictive models: a) two-group comparison between converter and nonconverter MCI subjects and b) longitudinal survival analysis. Predictive models combined MRI-based markers with NMs and included demographic and clinical information as covariates. Both approaches employed linear mixed effects modeling to capture the longitudinal trajectories of the markers. The two-group comparison approaches used linear discriminant analysis and the survival analysis used risk ratios obtained from the extended Cox model and logistic regression. RESULTS The proposed approaches were developed and evaluated using the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset with a total of 1330 visits from 321 subjects. With both approaches, a very small number of features were selected. These markers are easily interpretable, generating robust, verifiable and reliable predictive models. Our best models predicted conversion with 78% accuracy at baseline (AUC = 0.860, 79% sensitivity, 76% specificity). As more visits were made, longitudinal predictive models improved their predictions with 85% accuracy (AUC = 0.944, 86% sensitivity, 85% specificity). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Unlike the recently published models, there was also an improvement in the prediction accuracy of the conversion to AD when considering the longitudinal trajectory of the patients. CONCLUSIONS The survival-based predictive models showed a better balance between sensitivity and specificity with respect to the models based on the two-group comparison approach.
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21
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Chen TB, Lai YH, Ke TL, Chen JP, Lee YJ, Lin SY, Lin PC, Wang PN, Cheng IH. Changes in Plasma Amyloid and Tau in a Longitudinal Study of Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2020; 48:180-195. [PMID: 31991443 DOI: 10.1159/000505435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in cerebrospinal fluid, neuroimaging, and cognitive functions have been used as diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate the temporal trajectories of plasma biomarkers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and patients with AD relative to healthy controls (HCs). METHODS In this longitudinal study, 82 participants (31 HCs, 33 MCI patients, and 18 AD patients) were enrolled. After 3 years, 7 HCs had transitioned to MCI and 10 subjects with MCI had converted to AD. We analyzed plasma amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau proteins at baseline and annually to correlate with biochemical data and neuropsychological scores. RESULTS Longitudinal data analysis showed an evolution of Aβ-related biomarkers over time within patients, whereas tau-related biomarkers differed primarily across diagnostic classifications. An initial steady increase in Aβ42 in the MCI stage was followed by a decrease just prior to clinical AD onset. Hyperphosphorylated tau protein levels correlated with cognitive decline in the MCI stage, but not in the AD stage. CONCLUSION Plasma Aβ and tau levels change in a dynamic, nonlinear, nonparallel manner over the AD continuum. Changes in plasma Aβ concentration are time-dependent, whereas changes in hyperphosphorylated tau protein levels paralleled the clinical progression of MCI. It remains to be clarified whether diagnostic efficiency can be improved by combining multiple plasma markers or combining plasma markers with other diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Bin Chen
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Dementia and Parkinson's Disease Integrated Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Lai
- Department of Neurology, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ling Ke
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Peng Chen
- Biostatistics Task Force of Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jung Lee
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ying Lin
- Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Lin
- Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ning Wang
- Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Irene H Cheng
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, .,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan,
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22
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Stylianaki I, Polizopoulou ZS, Theodoridis A, Koutouzidou G, Baka R, Papaioannou NG. Amyloid-beta plasma and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in aged dogs with cognitive dysfunction syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1532-1540. [PMID: 32557873 PMCID: PMC7379053 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is a common progressive neurodegenerative disease that is poorly defined. Specific multitargeted protocols do not exist for setting the diagnosis and the prognosis of the syndrome. Hypothesis/Objectives To quantify Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to investigate their contribution to CCDS. Animals A total of 61 dogs from a hospital population. Methods Case‐control study. Six young (YG: 0‐4 years old), 8 middle‐aged (4‐8 years old), 17 cognitively unimpaired and aged (CU: 8‐20 years old), and 30 cognitively impaired and aged (CI: 8‐17 years). From the CI group, 10 dogs exhibited mild impairment (CI‐MCI) and 20 exhibited severe impairment (CI‐SCI). Cognitive status was assessed using a validated owner‐based questionnaire. Direct and indirect Aβ markers were determined in plasma fractions (total‐TP, free‐FP, bound to plasma components‐CP) and CSF using commercial ELISA assays (AΒtest, Araclon Biotech). Results TPAβ42/40 facilitated discrimination between CI‐MCI and CU aged dogs with area under curve ≥ 0.79. CSFAβ42 levels were higher (P = .09) in CU (1.25 ± 0.28 ng/mL) than in MCI (1.04 ± 0.32 ng/mL) dogs. CSF Aβ42 levels were correlated with the CP fragment (CPAβ40: P = .02, CPAβ42: P = .02). CPAβ42 was higher in the CI‐MCI (23.03 ± 11.79 pg/μL) group compared to the other aged dogs (CU: 10.42 ± 7.18 pg/μL, P = .02, SCI: 11.40 ± 12.98 pg/μL, P = .26). Conclusion and Clinical Importance The Aβ should be determined in all of the 3 plasma fractions (TP, FP, CP). In the clinical approach, TPAβ42/40 could be used as an efficient preselection tool for the aged canine population targeting dogs with mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Stylianaki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoe S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Animal Production Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Koutouzidou
- Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rania Baka
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Papaioannou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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23
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Lombardi G, Crescioli G, Cavedo E, Lucenteforte E, Casazza G, Bellatorre A, Lista C, Costantino G, Frisoni G, Virgili G, Filippini G. Structural magnetic resonance imaging for the early diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease in people with mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 3:CD009628. [PMID: 32119112 PMCID: PMC7059964 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009628.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease is the symptomatic predementia phase of Alzheimer's disease dementia, characterised by cognitive and functional impairment not severe enough to fulfil the criteria for dementia. In clinical samples, people with amnestic MCI are at high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease dementia, with annual rates of progression from MCI to Alzheimer's disease estimated at approximately 10% to 15% compared with the base incidence rates of Alzheimer's disease dementia of 1% to 2% per year. OBJECTIVES To assess the diagnostic accuracy of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the early diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease in people with MCI versus the clinical follow-up diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia as a reference standard (delayed verification). To investigate sources of heterogeneity in accuracy, such as the use of qualitative visual assessment or quantitative volumetric measurements, including manual or automatic (MRI) techniques, or the length of follow-up, and age of participants. MRI was evaluated as an add-on test in addition to clinical diagnosis of MCI to improve early diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease in people with MCI. SEARCH METHODS On 29 January 2019 we searched Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement's Specialised Register and the databases, MEDLINE, Embase, BIOSIS Previews, Science Citation Index, PsycINFO, and LILACS. We also searched the reference lists of all eligible studies identified by the electronic searches. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered cohort studies of any size that included prospectively recruited people of any age with a diagnosis of MCI. We included studies that compared the diagnostic test accuracy of baseline structural MRI versus the clinical follow-up diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia (delayed verification). We did not exclude studies on the basis of length of follow-up. We included studies that used either qualitative visual assessment or quantitative volumetric measurements of MRI to detect atrophy in the whole brain or in specific brain regions, such as the hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, lateral ventricles, entorhinal cortex, medial temporal gyrus, lateral temporal lobe, amygdala, and cortical grey matter. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Four teams of two review authors each independently reviewed titles and abstracts of articles identified by the search strategy. Two teams of two review authors each independently assessed the selected full-text articles for eligibility, extracted data and solved disagreements by consensus. Two review authors independently assessed the quality of studies using the QUADAS-2 tool. We used the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) model to fit summary ROC curves and to obtain overall measures of relative accuracy in subgroup analyses. We also used these models to obtain pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity when sufficient data sets were available. MAIN RESULTS We included 33 studies, published from 1999 to 2019, with 3935 participants of whom 1341 (34%) progressed to Alzheimer's disease dementia and 2594 (66%) did not. Of the participants who did not progress to Alzheimer's disease dementia, 2561 (99%) remained stable MCI and 33 (1%) progressed to other types of dementia. The median proportion of women was 53% and the mean age of participants ranged from 63 to 87 years (median 73 years). The mean length of clinical follow-up ranged from 1 to 7.6 years (median 2 years). Most studies were of poor methodological quality due to risk of bias for participant selection or the index test, or both. Most of the included studies reported data on the volume of the total hippocampus (pooled mean sensitivity 0.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64 to 0.80); pooled mean specificity 0.71 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.77); 22 studies, 2209 participants). This evidence was of low certainty due to risk of bias and inconsistency. Seven studies reported data on the atrophy of the medial temporal lobe (mean sensitivity 0.64 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.73); mean specificity 0.65 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.76); 1077 participants) and five studies on the volume of the lateral ventricles (mean sensitivity 0.57 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.65); mean specificity 0.64 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.70); 1077 participants). This evidence was of moderate certainty due to risk of bias. Four studies with 529 participants analysed the volume of the total entorhinal cortex and four studies with 424 participants analysed the volume of the whole brain. We did not estimate pooled sensitivity and specificity for the volume of these two regions because available data were sparse and heterogeneous. We could not statistically evaluate the volumes of the lateral temporal lobe, amygdala, medial temporal gyrus, or cortical grey matter assessed in small individual studies. We found no evidence of a difference between studies in the accuracy of the total hippocampal volume with regards to duration of follow-up or age of participants, but the manual MRI technique was superior to automatic techniques in mixed (mostly indirect) comparisons. We did not assess the relative accuracy of the volumes of different brain regions measured by MRI because only indirect comparisons were available, studies were heterogeneous, and the overall accuracy of all regions was moderate. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The volume of hippocampus or medial temporal lobe, the most studied brain regions, showed low sensitivity and specificity and did not qualify structural MRI as a stand-alone add-on test for an early diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease in people with MCI. This is consistent with international guidelines, which recommend imaging to exclude non-degenerative or surgical causes of cognitive impairment and not to diagnose dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. In view of the low quality of most of the included studies, the findings of this review should be interpreted with caution. Future research should not focus on a single biomarker, but rather on combinations of biomarkers to improve an early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Lombardi
- University of FlorenceDepartment of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA)Largo Brambilla, 3FlorenceItaly50134
| | - Giada Crescioli
- University of FlorenceDepartment of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA)Largo Brambilla, 3FlorenceItaly50134
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- Pitie‐Salpetriere Hospital, Sorbonne UniversityAlzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP‐HP47 boulevard de l'HopitalParisFrance75013
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- University of PisaDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineVia Savi 10PisaItaly56126
| | - Giovanni Casazza
- Università degli Studi di MilanoDipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco"via GB Grassi 74MilanItaly20157
| | | | - Chiara Lista
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaNeuroepidemiology UnitVia Celoria, 11MilanoItaly20133
| | - Giorgio Costantino
- Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di MilanoUOC Pronto Soccorso e Medicina D'Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' GrandaMilanItaly
| | | | - Gianni Virgili
- University of FlorenceDepartment of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA)Largo Brambilla, 3FlorenceItaly50134
| | - Graziella Filippini
- Carlo Besta Foundation and Neurological InstituteScientific Director’s Officevia Celoria, 11MilanItaly20133
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Henneghan A, Haley AP, Kesler S. Exploring Relationships Among Peripheral Amyloid Beta, Tau, Cytokines, Cognitive Function, and Psychosomatic Symptoms in Breast Cancer Survivors. Biol Res Nurs 2020; 22:126-138. [PMID: 31707784 PMCID: PMC7068749 DOI: 10.1177/1099800419887230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accelerated brain aging has been proposed to explain cancer-related cognitive impairment, but empirical evidence for this relationship is lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau, biomarkers of neurodegeneration, in relation to cognition in breast cancer survivors (BCSs). We explored relationships among peripheral concentrations of Aβ42, Aβ-40, tau, and cytokines; cognitive function; and psychosomatic symptoms in a cohort of BCSs post-chemotherapy. METHODS This secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study was conducted with 65 BCSs. Serum total Aβ-42, Aβ-40, and tau levels were measured with single molecule array technology. Cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], interferon [IFN]-g, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL1-b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, and IL-8) were simultaneously measured in serum using multiplex assays. Cognitive function was measured with five standardized neuropsychological tests and psychosomatic symptoms (stress, loneliness, anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness) with self-report questionnaires. Data analyses included correlations and random forest regression (RFR). RESULTS Significant correlations were identified among hip-to-waste ratio, number of treatment modalities, Aβ-42, Aβ-40, and tau levels (rs = .27-.35, ps < .05). RFR modeling including Aβ-42, Aβ-40, tau, and cytokines as features explained significant variance in cognitive function (R2 = .71, F = 9.01, p < .0001) and psychosomatic symptoms (R2 = .74, F = 10.22, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that neurodegenerative biomarkers interact with cytokines to influence cognitive functioning and psychosomatic symptoms in BCSs following chemotherapy, but additional research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Henneghan
- School of Nursing; Department of Oncology, University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX, USA
| | - Andreana P. Haley
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Shelli Kesler
- School of Nursing; Department of Oncology, University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX, USA
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25
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Plasma Aβ42 and Total Tau Predict Cognitive Decline in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13984. [PMID: 31562355 PMCID: PMC6764975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau peptides in brain have been associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). The current study investigated the abilities of plasma Aβ42 and total-tau (t-tau) levels in predicting cognitive decline in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Plasma Aβ42 and t-tau levels were quantified in 22 participants with amnestic MCI through immunomagnetic reduction (IMR) assay at baseline. The cognitive performance of participants was measured through neuropsychological tests at baseline and annual follow-up (average follow-up period of 1.5 years). The predictive value of plasma Aβ42 and t-tau for cognitive status was evaluated. We found that higher levels of Aβ42 and t-tau are associated with lower episodic verbal memory performance at baseline and cognitive decline over the course of follow-up. While Aβ42 or t-tau alone had moderate-to-high discriminatory value in the identification of future cognitive decline, the product of Aβ42 and t-tau offered greater differential value. These preliminary results might suggest that high levels of plasma Aβ42 and t-tau in amnestic MCI are associated with later cognitive decline. A further replication with a larger sample over a longer time period to validate and determine their long-term predictive value is warranted.
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26
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Wolf D, Fischer FU, Fellgiebel A. Impact of Resilience on the Association Between Amyloid-β and Longitudinal Cognitive Decline in Cognitively Healthy Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 70:361-370. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Mental Health in Old Age, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian U. Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Mental Health in Old Age, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Fellgiebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Mental Health in Old Age, Mainz, Germany
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Beydoun MA, Tajuddin SM, Shaked D, Beydoun HA, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. One-carbon metabolism gene polymorphisms are associated with cognitive trajectory among African-American adults. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:238.e5-238.e18. [PMID: 31208817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The sex-specific link between longitudinal annual rate of cognitive change (LARCC) and polymorphisms in one-carbon metabolism enzymatic genes remains unclear, particularly among African-American adults. We tested associations of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from MTHFR, MTRR, MTR, and SHMT genes and select MTHFR haplotypes and latent classes (SNPHAP/SNPLC) with LARCC. Up to 797 African-American participants in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study (age: 30-64 y, 52% women) had 1.6-1.7 (i.e., 1 or 2) repeated measures (follow-up time, mean = 4.69 y) on 9 cognitive test scores, reflecting verbal and visual memory, verbal fluency, psychomotor speed, attention, and executive function: California Verbal Learning Test-immediate recall (CVLT-List A), CVLT-DFR (delayed free recall), Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), Animal Fluency (AF), Digits Span Forward and Backward tests, and Trail Making Test parts A and B (Trails A and B). Multiple linear mixed-effects and multiple linear regression models were conducted. Overall, MTHFR SNPs rs4846051(A1317G, G>A) and rs1801131(A1298C, G>T) were associated with slower and faster declines on AF, respectively, whereas rs2066462(C1056T, A>G) was related to slower decline on Trails B (executive function). Among men, rs4846051(A1317G, G>A) was linked to faster decline on BVRT (visual memory), whereas rs2066462(C1056T, A>G) and rs9651118(C>T) were associated with slower decline on CVLT-List A and rs9651118(C>T) with faster decline on CVLT-DFR. Among women, a slower decline on the domain "verbal memory/fluency" was observed with rs1801133(C677T, A>G). MTHFR2SNPHAP [rs1801133(C677T, A>G)/rs1801131(A1298C, G>T): GG] was associated with slower decline on AF among women, whereas MTHFR3SNPHAP(AT) was linked with slower decline on CVLT-List A among men but faster decline on "verbal memory/fluency" among women. Similar patterns were observed for MTHFR SNPLCs. In sum, MTHFR gene variations can differentially impact longitudinal changes in multiple cognitive domains among African-American adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- May A Beydoun
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Salman M Tajuddin
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Danielle Shaked
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville, MD, USA
| | - Hind A Beydoun
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Moretti R, Caruso P. The Controversial Role of Homocysteine in Neurology: From Labs to Clinical Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010231. [PMID: 30626145 PMCID: PMC6337226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is generated during methionine metabolism. Physiologic Hcy levels are determined primarily by dietary intake and vitamin status. Elevated plasma levels of Hcy can be caused by deficiency of either vitamin B12 or folate. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) can be responsible of different systemic and neurological disease. Actually, HHcy has been considered as a risk factor for systemic atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and HHcy has been reported in many neurologic disorders including cognitive impairment and stroke, independent of long-recognized factors such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. HHcy is typically defined as levels >15 micromol/L. Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia with folic acid and B vitamins seems to be effective in the prevention of the development of atherosclerosis, CVD, and strokes. However, data from literature show controversial results regarding the significance of homocysteine as a risk factor for CVD and stroke and whether patients should be routinely screened for homocysteine. HHcy-induced oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have been considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases including atherosclerosis and stroke. The aim of our research is to review the possible role of HHcy in neurodegenerative disease and stroke and to understand its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Paola Caruso
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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29
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Bi XA, Xu Q, Luo X, Sun Q, Wang Z. Analysis of Progression Toward Alzheimer's Disease Based on Evolutionary Weighted Random Support Vector Machine Cluster. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:716. [PMID: 30349454 PMCID: PMC6186825 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) could be described into following four stages: healthy control (HC), early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI), late MCI (LMCI) and AD dementia. The discriminations between different stages of AD are considerably important issues for future pre-dementia treatment. However, it is still challenging to identify LMCI from EMCI because of the subtle changes in imaging which are not noticeable. In addition, there were relatively few studies to make inferences about the brain dynamic changes in the cognitive progression from EMCI to LMCI to AD. Inspired by the above problems, we proposed an advanced approach of evolutionary weighted random support vector machine cluster (EWRSVMC). Where the predictions of numerous weighted SVM classifiers are aggregated for improving the generalization performance. We validated our method in multiple binary classifications using Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset. As a result, the encouraging accuracy of 90% for EMCI/LMCI and 88.89% for LMCI/AD were achieved respectively, demonstrating the excellent discriminating ability. Furthermore, disease-related brain regions underlying the AD progression could be found out on the basis of the amount of discriminative information. The findings of this study provide considerable insight into the neurophysiological mechanisms in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-An Bi
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Xu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianhao Luo
- College of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Kumar A, Singh S, Verma A, Mishra VN. Proteomics based identification of differential plasma proteins and changes in white matter integrity as markers in early detection of mild cognitive impaired subjects at high risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 676:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Paraskevaidi M, Martin-Hirsch PL, Martin FL. Progress and Challenges in the Diagnosis of Dementia: A Critical Review. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:446-461. [PMID: 29390184 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Longer life expectancies have led to an increased number of neurodegenerative disease cases globally. Accurate diagnosis of this devastating disorder is of crucial importance but is still feasible only by a brain biopsy after death. An enormous amount of attention and research has been in place over the years toward the better understanding of the mechanisms, as well as the early diagnosis, of neurodegeneration. However, numerous studies have been contradictory from time to time, while new diagnostic methods are constantly developed in a tireless effort to tackle the disease. Nonetheless, there is not yet a conclusive report covering a broader range of techniques for the diagnosis of different types of dementia. In this paper, we critically review current knowledge on the different hypotheses about the pathogenesis of distinct types of dementia, as well as risk factors and current diagnostic approaches in a clinical setting, including neuroimaging, cerebrospinal (CSF), and blood tests. Encouraging research results for the diagnosis and investigation of neurodegenerative disorders are also reported. Particular attention is given to the field of spectroscopy as an emerging tool to detect dementias, follow-up patients, and potentially monitor the patients' response to a therapeutic approach. Spectroscopic techniques, such as infrared and Raman spectroscopy, have facilitated numerous disease-related studies, including neurodegenerative disorders, and are currently undergoing trials for clinical implementation. This review constitutes a comprehensive report with an in-depth focus on promising imaging, molecular biomarker and spectroscopic tests in the field of dementive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paraskevaidi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdon
| | - Pierre L. Martin-Hirsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Central Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston PR2 9HT, United Kingdom
| | - Francis L. Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdon
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32
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Folate and microRNA: Bidirectional interactions. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 474:60-66. [PMID: 28882489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Low folate status is linked to increased risk of a number of conditions, including developmental disorders, some cancers, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Some of the mechanisms of these associations are known, but much remains to be elucidated. Aberrant microRNA (miRNA) profiles are also signatures of these conditions, and as such, the association between folate status and miRNA are now being investigated. Potential associations are bidirectional, with miRNA linked to regulation of folate-mediated pathways, and folate linked to modulation of miRNA expression. miRNA are short non-coding RNA, involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression via complementary binding to mRNA. Evidence is emerging that links folate levels to the regulation of miRNA levels, and miRNA to the regulation of the expression of enzymes involved in folate mediated one carbon metabolism. One carbon metabolism is the source of methyl groups for methylation reactions, including DNA methylation and is important in DNA synthesis and repair. miRNA may be modulated by DNA methylation and other epigenetic mechanisms directly, or indirectly via modulation of upstream signalling pathways. As such, there may be bi-directional associations between folate status and miRNA profiles. miRNA may also act as biomarkers for diagnosis or prognosis of conditions associated with folate status.
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Han X, Zhang Y, Shao Y. Application of Concordance Probability Estimate to Predict Conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1:105-118. [PMID: 30854502 DOI: 10.1080/24709360.2017.1342187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have a substantially increased risk of developing dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Identifying MCI subjects who have high progression risk to AD is important in clinical management. Existing risk prediction models of AD among MCI subjects generally use either the AUC or Harrell's C-statistic to evaluate predictive accuracy. AUC is aimed at binary outcome and Harrell's C-statistic depends on the unknown censoring distribution. Gönen & Heller's K-index, also known as concordance probability estimate (CPE), is another measure of overall predictive accuracy for Cox proportional hazards (PH) models, which does not depend on censoring distribution. As a comprehensive example, using Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset, we built a Cox PH model to predict the conversion from MCI to AD where the prognostic accuracy was evaluated using K-index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Han
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | | | - Yongzhao Shao
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
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34
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Risk factors associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review of the evidence. Neurotoxicology 2017; 61:143-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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Beckett EL, Martin C, Boyd L, Porter T, King K, Niblett S, Yates Z, Veysey M, Lucock M. Reduced plasma homocysteine levels in elderly Australians following mandatory folic acid fortification – A comparison of two cross-sectional cohorts. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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36
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Stillman CM, Lopez OL, Becker JT, Kuller LH, Mehta PD, Tracy RP, Erickson KI. Physical activity predicts reduced plasma β amyloid in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:284-291. [PMID: 28491896 PMCID: PMC5420805 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Higher levels of physical activity (PA) reduce the risk of cognitive impairment, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Using longitudinal data from the Cardiovascular Health Study, we examined whether PA predicted plasma Aβ levels and risk for cognitive decline 9–13 years later. Methods Linear and logistic regressions (controlling for APOE status, age, gender, body mass index, cardiovascular disease, brain white matter lesions, and cystatin C levels) tested associations between PA, Aβ, and cognitive impairment in a sample of 149 cognitively normal older adults (mean age 83 years). Results More PA at baseline predicted lower levels of Aβ 9–13 years later. Higher Aβ levels at year 9 predicted greater risk for cognitive impairment at year 13. Levels of Aβ at year 9 mediated the relationship between PA and cognitive impairment. Interpretation Greater PA may reduce plasma levels of a neurotoxic peptide at an age when the risk for cognitive impairment is especially high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - James T Becker
- Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Lewis H Kuller
- Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Pankaj D Mehta
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island New York
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington Vermont
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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37
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Park JC, Han SH, Cho HJ, Byun MS, Yi D, Choe YM, Kang S, Jung ES, Won SJ, Kim EH, Kim YK, Lee DY, Mook-Jung I. Chemically treated plasma Aβ is a potential blood-based biomarker for screening cerebral amyloid deposition. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:20. [PMID: 28330509 PMCID: PMC5361707 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma β-amyloid (Aβ) is a potential candidate for an Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker because blood is an easily accessible bio-fluid, which can be collected routinely, and Aβ is one of the major hallmarks of AD pathogenesis in the brain. However, the association between plasma Aβ levels and AD diagnosis is still unclear due to the instability and inaccurate measurements of plasma Aβ levels in the blood of patients with AD. If a consistent value of plasma Aβ from the blood can be obtained, this might help determine whether plasma Aβ is a potential biomarker for AD diagnosis. METHODS We predicted the brain amyloid deposit by measuring the plasma Aβ levels. This cross-sectional study included 353 participants (215 cognitively normal, 79 with mild cognitive impairment, and 59 with AD dementia) who underwent Pittsburgh-compound B positron emission tomography (PiB-PET) scans. We treated a mixture of protease inhibitors and phosphatase inhibitors (MPP) and detected plasma Aβ42 and Aβ40 (MPP-Aβ42 and MPP-Aβ40) in a stable manner using xMAP technology. RESULTS MPP-Aβ40 and MPP-Aβ42/40 (MPP-Aβs) were significantly different between subjects with positive amyloid deposition (PiB+) and those with negative amyloid deposition (PiB-) (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, MPP-Aβ40 (P < 0.0001, r = 0.23) and MPP-Aβ42/40 ratio (P < 0.0001, r = -0.23) showed significant correlation with global PiB deposition (standardized uptake value ratio). In addition, our integrated multivariable (MPP-Aβ42/40, gender, age, and apolipoprotein E genotypes) logistic regression model proposes a new standard for the prediction of cerebral amyloid deposition. CONCLUSIONS MPP-Aβ might be one of the potential blood biomarkers for the prediction of PiB-PET positivity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Young Min Choe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, 682-714, South Korea
| | - Seokjo Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Won
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Eun Hye Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea.
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- A. David Smith
- OPTIMA, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom;
| | - Helga Refsum
- OPTIMA, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom;
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
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McDonough IM, Bischof GN, Kennedy KM, Rodrigue KM, Farrell ME, Park DC. Discrepancies between fluid and crystallized ability in healthy adults: a behavioral marker of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 46:68-75. [PMID: 27460151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Measures of core cognitive processes (fluid abilities) are highly correlated with measures of knowledge (crystallized abilities) in healthy adults. In early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), fluid abilities, however, decline more rapidly than crystallized abilities. We hypothesized that cognitively normal older adults who evidenced lower fluid ability compared with crystallized ability (an ability discrepancy) would show evidence of early AD neuropathology indexed via in vivo measures of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and cortical thickness in AD-vulnerable regions. A sample of older adults (n = 112) aged 65 to 89 underwent a cognitive battery, structural magnetic resonance imaging, and a subset (n = 75) also completed positron emission tomography scanning to measure Aβ deposition using F-18 Florbetapir. Of this sample, 60 older adults (43 with available positron emission tomography scans) evidenced a discrepancy where fluid ability was lower than crystallized ability. The magnitude of the ability discrepancy was independently associated with a greater Aβ deposition and thinner cortex in AD-vulnerable regions, as well as age. The data suggest that such a discrepancy may be a marker of preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M McDonough
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Gérard N Bischof
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA; Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne & Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM-3) Research Centre, Juelich, Germany
| | - Kristen M Kennedy
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Karen M Rodrigue
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michelle E Farrell
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Denise C Park
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA
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40
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Zamolodchikov D, Renné T, Strickland S. The Alzheimer's disease peptide β-amyloid promotes thrombin generation through activation of coagulation factor XII. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:995-1007. [PMID: 26613657 PMCID: PMC4870142 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials How the Alzheimer's disease (AD) peptide β-amyloid (Aβ) disrupts neuronal function in the disease is unclear. Factor (F) XII initiates blood clotting via FXI, and thrombosis has been implicated in AD. Aβ triggers FXII-dependent FXI and thrombin activation, evidence of which is seen in AD plasma. Aβ-triggered clotting could contribute to neuronal dysfunction in AD and be a novel therapeutic target. SUMMARY Background β-Amyloid (Aβ) is a key pathologic element in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms by which it disrupts neuronal function in vivo are not completely understood. AD is characterized by a prothrombotic state, which could contribute to neuronal dysfunction by affecting cerebral blood flow and inducing inflammation. The plasma protein factor XII triggers clot formation via the intrinsic coagulation cascade, and has been implicated in thrombosis. Objectives To investigate the potential for Aβ to contribute to a prothrombotic state. Methods and results We show that Aβ activates FXII, resulting in FXI activation and thrombin generation in human plasma, thereby establishing Aβ as a possible driver of prothrombotic states. We provide evidence for this process in AD by demonstrating decreased levels of FXI and its inhibitor C1 esterase inhibitor in AD patient plasma, suggesting chronic activation, inhibition and clearance of FXI in AD. Activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway in AD is further supported by elevated fibrin levels in AD patient plasma. Conclusions The ability of Aβ to promote coagulation via the FXII-driven contact system identifies new mechanisms by which it could contribute to neuronal dysfunction and suggests potential new therapeutic targets in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Zamolodchikov
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Renné
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm S-171 76, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Baird AL, Westwood S, Lovestone S. Blood-Based Proteomic Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Front Neurol 2015; 6:236. [PMID: 26635716 PMCID: PMC4644785 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and its long prodromal phase poses challenges for early diagnosis and yet allows for the possibility of the development of disease modifying treatments for secondary prevention. It is, therefore, of importance to develop biomarkers, in particular, in the preclinical or early phases that reflect the pathological characteristics of the disease and, moreover, could be of utility in triaging subjects for preventative therapeutic clinical trials. Much research has sought biomarkers for diagnostic purposes by comparing affected people to unaffected controls. However, given that AD pathology precedes disease onset, a pathology endophenotype design for biomarker discovery creates the opportunity for detection of much earlier markers of disease. Blood-based biomarkers potentially provide a minimally invasive option for this purpose and research in the field has adopted various “omics” approaches in order to achieve this. This review will, therefore, examine the current literature regarding blood-based proteomic biomarkers of AD and its associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Baird
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Sarah Westwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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Strain JF, Womack KB, Didehbani N, Spence JS, Conover H, Hart J, Kraut MA, Cullum CM. Imaging Correlates of Memory and Concussion History in Retired National Football League Athletes. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72:773-80. [PMID: 25985094 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE To our knowledge, this is the first study to show an association between concussion, cognition, and anatomical structural brain changes across the age spectrum in former National Football League athletes. OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship of hippocampal volume, memory performance, and the influence of concussion history in retired National Football League athletes with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cohort study assessed differences between groups, mean hippocampal volumes, and memory performance by computing age quintiles based on group-specific linear regression models corrected for multiple comparisons for both athletes and control participants. The study was conducted starting in November 2010 and is ongoing at a research center in the northern region of Texas. This current analysis was conducted from October 9, 2013, to August 21, 2014. Participants included 28 retired National Football League athletes, 8 of whom had MCI and a history of concussion, 21 cognitively healthy control participants, and 6 control participants with MCI without concussion. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Hippocampal volume, age, California Verbal Learning Test scores, and the number of grade 3 (G3) concussions. In addition, the number of games played was examined as an objective variable pertaining to football history. RESULTS The mean (SD) age was 58.1 (13) years for the 28 former athletes and 59.0 (12) years for the 27 control participants. Retired athletes with concussion history but without cognitive impairment had normal but significantly lower California Verbal Learning Test scores compared with control participants (mean [SD], 52.5 [8] vs 60.24 [7]; P = .002); those with a concussion history and MCI performed worse (mean [SD], 37 [8.62]) compared with both control participants (P < .001) and athletes without memory impairment (P < .001). Among the athletes, 17 had a G3 concussion and 11 did not. Older retired athletes with at least 1 G3 concussion had significantly smaller bilateral hippocampal volumes compared with control participants at the 40th age percentile (left, P = .04; right, P = .03), 60th percentile (left, P = .009; right, P = .01), and 80th percentile (left, P = .001; right, P = .002) and a smaller right hippocampal volume compared with athletes without a G3 concussion at the 40th percentile (P = .03), 60th percentile (P = .02), and 80th percentile (P = .02). Athletes with a history of G3 concussion were more likely to have MCI (7 of 7) compared with retired athletes without a history of G3 concussion (1 of 5) older than 63 years (P = .01). In addition, the left hippocampal volume in retired athletes with MCI and concussion was significantly smaller compared with control participants with MCI (P = .03). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Prior concussion that results in loss of consciousness is a risk factor for increased hippocampal atrophy and the development of MCI. In individuals with MCI, hippocampal volume loss appears greater among those with a history of concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Strain
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas
| | - Kyle B Womack
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas3Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Nyaz Didehbani
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas
| | - Jeffrey S Spence
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas
| | - Heather Conover
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas
| | - John Hart
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas2Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas3Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas
| | - Michael A Kraut
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas4Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - C Munro Cullum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas3Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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Donohue MC, Moghadam SH, Roe AD, Sun CK, Edland SD, Thomas RG, Petersen RC, Sano M, Galasko D, Aisen PS, Rissman RA. Longitudinal plasma amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1069-79. [PMID: 25301682 PMCID: PMC4387108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.07.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the utility of plasma amyloid beta (Aβ) in clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We analyzed longitudinal plasma samples from two large multicenter clinical trials: (1) donezepil and vitamin E in mild cognitive impairment (n = 405, 24 months) and (2) simvastatin in mild to moderate AD (n = 225, 18 months). RESULTS Baseline plasma Aβ was not related to cognitive or clinical progression. We observed a decrease in plasma Aβ40 and 42 among apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE ε4) carriers relative to noncarriers in the mild cognitive impairment trial. Patients treated with simvastatin showed a significant increase in Aβ compared with placebo. We found significant storage time effects and considerable plate-to-plate variation. DISCUSSION We found no support for the utility of plasma Aβ as a prognostic factor or correlate of cognitive change. Analysis of stored specimens requires careful standardization and experimental design, but plasma Aβ may prove useful in pharmacodynamic studies of antiamyloid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Donohue
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Family Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Setareh H Moghadam
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Allyson D Roe
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chung-Kai Sun
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven D Edland
- Department of Family Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald G Thomas
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Family Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Health Sciences Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mary Sano
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; Mount Sinai School of Medicine and James J. Peters Veterans Association Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paul S Aisen
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Soldan A, Pettigrew C, Lu Y, Wang MC, Selnes O, Albert M, Brown T, Ratnanather JT, Younes L, Miller MI. Relationship of medial temporal lobe atrophy, APOE genotype, and cognitive reserve in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2826-41. [PMID: 25879865 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the utility of baseline and longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of medial temporal lobe brain regions collected when participants were cognitively normal and largely in middle age (mean age 57 years) to predict the time to onset of clinical symptoms associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Furthermore, we examined whether the relationship between MRI measures and clinical symptom onset was modified by apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype and level of cognitive reserve (CR). MRI scans and measures of CR were obtained at baseline from 245 participants who had been followed for up to 18 years (mean follow-up 11 years). A composite score based on reading, vocabulary, and years of education was used as an index of CR. Cox regression models showed that lower baseline volume of the right hippocampus and smaller baseline thickness of the right entorhinal cortex predicted the time to symptom onset independently of CR and ApoE-ɛ4 genotype, which also predicted the onset of symptoms. The atrophy rates of bilateral entorhinal cortex and amygdala volumes were also associated with time to symptom onset, independent of CR, ApoE genotype, and baseline volume. Only one measure, the left entorhinal cortex baseline volume, interacted with CR, such that smaller volumes predicted symptom onset only in individuals with lower CR. These results suggest that MRI measures of medial temporal atrophy, ApoE-ɛ4 genotype, and the protective effects of higher CR all predict the time to onset of symptoms associated with MCI in a largely independent, additive manner during the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Soldan
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Corinne Pettigrew
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mei-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ola Selnes
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn Albert
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Timothy Brown
- Center for Imaging Science and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Tilak Ratnanather
- Center for Imaging Science and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laurent Younes
- Center for Imaging Science and Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael I Miller
- Center for Imaging Science and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Chouraki V, Beiser A, Younkin L, Preis SR, Weinstein G, Hansson O, Skoog I, Lambert JC, Au R, Launer L, Wolf PA, Younkin S, Seshadri S. Plasma amyloid-β and risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Heart Study. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:249-57.e1. [PMID: 25217292 PMCID: PMC4362883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide levels have been examined as a low-cost accessible marker for risk of incident Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia, but results have varied between studies. We reassessed these associations in one of the largest, prospective, community-based studies to date. METHODS A total of 2189 dementia-free, Framingham Study participants aged >60 years (mean age, 72 ± 8 years; 56% women) had plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 measured and were followed prospectively (mean, 7.6 ± 3.0 years) for dementia/AD. RESULTS Increased plasma Aβ1-42 levels were associated with lower risk of dementia (Aβ1-42: hazard ratio [HR] = 0.80 [0.71‒0.90], P < .001; Aβ1-42-to-Aβ1-40 ratio: HR = 0.86 [0.76‒0.98], P = .027) and AD (Aβ1-42: HR = 0.79 [0.69‒0.90], P < .001; Aβ1-42-to-Aβ1-40 ratio: HR = 0.83 [0.72‒0.96], P = .012). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that lower plasma Aβ levels are associated with risk of incident AD and dementia. They encourage further evaluation of plasma Aβ levels as a biomarker for risk of developing clinical AD and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chouraki
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alexa Beiser
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sarah Rosner Preis
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galit Weinstein
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- Inserm UMR 744, Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rhoda Au
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lenore Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip A Wolf
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sudha Seshadri
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Zhao L, Zhao Y, Zhang H. Effect of stent-assisted angioplasty on cognitive status and serum levels of amyloid beta in patients with intracranial and/or extracranial artery stenosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:471-5. [PMID: 25750527 PMCID: PMC4348142 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s79950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study reported here aimed to examine how stent-assisted angioplasty affects cognitive status and serum levels of amyloid betas (Aβs) 1-40 and 1-42 in patients with cerebral arterial stenosis. METHODS Patients with cerebral arterial stenosis were given stent-assisted angioplasty plus conventional treatment (stent-assisted angioplasty group) or conventional treatment alone (control group). Cognitive status and Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 serum levels were determined before treatment and at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. RESULTS At 4 weeks after treatment, cognitive status in patients with stent-assisted angioplasty had clearly improved. Aβ1-42 serum levels changed insignificantly in all patients. However, Aβ1-40 serum levels and Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 ratio decreased further in patients with stent-assisted angioplasty than in patients who received conventional treatment (controls). Eight weeks after treatment, cognitive status in patients who had undergone stent-assisted angioplasty were continuing to improve, Aβ1-42 serum levels had begun to increase dramatically, and Aβ1-40 serum levels and Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 ratio had declined further. CONCLUSION Stent-assisted angioplasty could improve cognitive status and decrease Aβ1-40 serum levels and Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liandong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an and The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Huai'an, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an and The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Huai'an, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Cerebral and blood correlates of reduced functional connectivity in mild cognitive impairment. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:631-45. [PMID: 25366971 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that decreased functional connectivity in cortical networks precedes clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), although our knowledge about cerebral and biological correlates of this phenomenon is limited. To shed light on this issue, we have investigated whether resting-state oscillatory connectivity patterns in healthy older (HO) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) subjects are related to anatomical grey matter (GM) and functional (2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-PET) changes of neuroelectric sources of alpha rhythms, and/or to changes in plasma amyloid-beta (Aβ) and serum lipid levels, blood markers tied to AD pathogenesis and aging-related cognitive decline. We found that aMCI subjects showed decreased levels of cortical connectivity, reduced FDG-PET intake of the precuneus, and GM atrophy of the thalamus, together with higher levels of Aβ and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) compared to HO. Interestingly, levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were positively correlated with the strength of neural-phase coupling in aMCI subjects, and increased triglycerides accompanied bilateral GM loss in the precuneus of aMCI subjects. Together, these findings provide peripheral blood correlates of reduced resting-state cortical connectivity in aMCI, supported by anatomo-functional changes in cerebral sources of alpha rhythms. This framework constitutes an integrated approach to assess functional changes in cortical networks through neuroimaging and peripheral blood markers during early stages of neurodegeneration.
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Ansari R, Mahta A, Mallack E, Luo JJ. Hyperhomocysteinemia and neurologic disorders: a review. J Clin Neurol 2014; 10:281-8. [PMID: 25324876 PMCID: PMC4198708 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2014.10.4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is generated during methionine metabolism. It has a physiologic role in DNA metabolism via methylation, a process governed by the presentation of folate, and vitamins B6 and B12. Physiologic Hcy levels are determined primarily by dietary intake and vitamin status. Elevated plasma levels of Hcy (eHcy) can be caused by deficiency of either vitamin B12 or folate, or a combination thereof. Certain genetic factors also cause eHcy, such as C667T substitution of the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. eHcy has been observed in several medical conditions, such as cardiovascular disorders, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, minimal cognitive impairment, dementia, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and eclampsia. There is evidence from laboratory and clinical studies that Hcy, and especially eHcy, exerts direct toxic effects on both the vascular and nervous systems. This article provides a review of the current literature on the possible roles of eHcy relevant to various neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ansari
- Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ali Mahta
- Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric Mallack
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jin Jun Luo
- Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ritchie C, Smailagic N, Noel‐Storr AH, Takwoingi Y, Flicker L, Mason SE, McShane R. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD008782. [PMID: 24913723 PMCID: PMC6465069 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008782.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the latest revised National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (now known as the Alzheimer's Association) (NINCDS-ADRDA) diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease dementia of the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer Association, the confidence in diagnosing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease dementia is raised with the application of biomarkers based on measures in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or imaging. These tests, added to core clinical criteria, might increase the sensitivity or specificity of a testing strategy. However, the accuracy of biomarkers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias has not yet been systematically evaluated. A formal systematic evaluation of sensitivity, specificity, and other properties of plasma and CSF amyloid beta (Aß) biomarkers was performed. OBJECTIVES To determine the accuracy of plasma and CSF Aß levels for detecting those patients with MCI who would convert to Alzheimer's disease dementia or other forms of dementia over time. SEARCH METHODS The most recent search for this review was performed on 3 December 2012. We searched MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), BIOSIS Previews (ISI Web of Knowledge), Web of Science and Conference Proceedings (ISI Web of Knowledge), PsycINFO (OvidSP), and LILACS (BIREME). We also requested a search of the Cochrane Register of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies (managed by the Cochrane Renal Group).No language or date restrictions were applied to the electronic searches and methodological filters were not used so as to maximise sensitivity. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected those studies that had prospectively well defined cohorts with any accepted definition of cognitive decline, but no dementia, with baseline CSF or plasma Aß levels, or both, documented at or around the time the above diagnoses were made. We also included studies which looked at data from those cohorts retrospectively, and which contained sufficient data to construct two by two tables expressing plasma and CSF Aß biomarker results by disease status. Moreover, studies were only selected if they applied a reference standard for Alzheimer's dementia diagnosis, for example the NINCDS-ADRDA or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We screened all titles generated by the electronic database searches. Two review authors independently assessed the abstracts of all potentially relevant studies. We assessed the identified full papers for eligibility and extracted data to create standard two by two tables. Two independent assessors performed quality assessment using the QUADAS-2 tool. Where data allowed, we derived estimates of sensitivity at fixed values of specificity from the model we fitted to produce the summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. MAIN RESULTS Alzheimer's disease dementia was evaluated in 14 studies using CSF Aß42. Of the 1349 participants included in the meta-analysis, 436 developed Alzheimer's dementia. Individual study estimates of sensitivity were between 36% and 100% while the specificities were between 29% and 91%. Because of the variation in assay thresholds, we did not estimate summary sensitivity and specificity. However, we derived estimates of sensitivity at fixed values of specificity from the model we fitted to produce the summary ROC curve. At the median specificity of 64%, the sensitivity was 81% (95% CI 72 to 87). This equated to a positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 2.22 (95% CI 2.00 to 2.47) and a negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 0.31 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.48).The accuracy of CSF Aß42 for all forms of dementia was evaluated in four studies. Of the 464 participants examined, 188 developed a form of dementia (Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia).The thresholds used were between 209 mg/ml and 512 ng/ml. The sensitivities were between 56% and 75% while the specificities were between 47% and 76%. At the median specificity of 75%, the sensitivity was estimated to be 63% (95% CI 22 to 91) from the meta-analytic model. This equated to a LR+ of 2.51 (95% CI 1.30 to 4.86) and a LR- of 0.50 (95% CI 0.16 to 1.51).The accuracy of CSF Aß42 for non-Alzheimer's disease dementia was evaluated in three studies. Of the 385 participants examined, 61 developed non-Alzheimer's disease dementia. Since there were very few studies and considerable variation between studies, the results were not meta-analysed. The sensitivities were between 8% and 63% while the specificities were between 35% and 67%.Only one study examined the accuracy of plasma Aß42 and the plasma Aß42/Aß40 ratio for Alzheimer's disease dementia. The sensitivity of 86% (95% CI 81 to 90) was the same for both tests while the specificities were 50% (95% CI 44 to 55) and 70% (95% CI 64 to 75) for plasma Aß42 and the plasma Aß42/Aß40 ratio respectively. Of the 565 participants examined, 245 developed Alzheimer's dementia and 87 non-Alzheimer's disease dementia.There was substantial heterogeneity between studies. The accuracy of Aß42 for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia did not differ significantly (P = 0.8) between studies that pre-specified the threshold for determining test positivity (n = 6) and those that only determined the threshold at follow-up (n = 8). One study excluded a sample of MCI non-Alzheimer's disease dementia converters from their analysis. In sensitivity analyses, the exclusion of this study had no impact on our findings. The exclusion of eight studies (950 patients) that were considered at high (n = 3) or unclear (n = 5) risk of bias for the patient selection domain also made no difference to our findings. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The proposed diagnostic criteria for prodromal dementia and MCI due to Alzheimer's disease, although still being debated, would be fulfilled where there is both core clinical and cognitive criteria and a single biomarker abnormality. From our review, the measure of abnormally low CSF Aß levels has very little diagnostic benefit with likelihood ratios suggesting only marginal clinical utility. The quality of reports was also poor, and thresholds and length of follow-up were inconsistent. We conclude that when applied to a population of patients with MCI, CSF Aß levels cannot be recommended as an accurate test for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadja Smailagic
- University of CambridgeInstitute of Public HealthForvie SiteRobinson WayCambridgeUKCB2 0SR
| | - Anna H Noel‐Storr
- University of OxfordRadcliffe Department of MedicineRoom 4401c (4th Floor)John Radcliffe Hospital, HeadingtonOxfordUKOX3 9DU
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- University of BirminghamPublic Health, Epidemiology and BiostatisticsEdgbastonBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Leon Flicker
- University of Western AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health & Ageing ‐ WACHACrawleyPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia6014
| | | | - Rupert McShane
- University of OxfordRadcliffe Department of MedicineRoom 4401c (4th Floor)John Radcliffe Hospital, HeadingtonOxfordUKOX3 9DU
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Forlenza OV, Diniz BS, Teixeira AL, Stella F, Gattaz W. Mild cognitive impairment. Part 2: Biological markers for diagnosis and prediction of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 35:284-94. [PMID: 24142092 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2012-3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a critical review of publications reporting on the rationale and clinical implications of the use of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases, limited to articles published in English between 1999 and 2012, and based on the following terms: mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease OR dementia, biomarkers. We retrieved 1,130 articles, of which 175 were reviews. Overall, 955 original articles were eligible. RESULTS The following points were considered relevant for the present review: a) rationale for biomarkers research in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI); b) usefulness of distinct biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of AD; c) the role of multimodality biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of AD; d) the role of biomarkers in clinical trials of patients with AD and MCI; and e) current limitations to the widespread use of biomarkers in research and clinical settings. CONCLUSION Different biomarkers are useful for the early diagnosis and prediction of AD in at-risk subjects. Nonetheless, important methodological limitations need to be overcome for widespread use of biomarkers in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestes V Forlenza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, São PauloSP, Brazil
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