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Babalola JA, Stracke A, Loeffler T, Schilcher I, Sideromenos S, Flunkert S, Neddens J, Lignell A, Prokesch M, Pazenboeck U, Strobl H, Tadic J, Leitinger G, Lass A, Hutter-Paier B, Hoefler G. Effect of astaxanthin in type-2 diabetes -induced APPxhQC transgenic and NTG mice. Mol Metab 2024; 85:101959. [PMID: 38763496 PMCID: PMC11153249 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aggregation and misfolding of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau proteins, suggested to arise from post-translational modification processes, are thought to be the main cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, a plethora of evidence exists that links metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and dyslipidemia to the pathogenesis of AD. We thus investigated the combinatory effect of T2D and human glutaminyl cyclase activity (pyroglutamylation), on the pathology of AD and whether astaxanthin (ASX) treatment ameliorates accompanying pathophysiological manifestations. METHODS Male transgenic AD mice, APPxhQC, expressing human APP751 with the Swedish and the London mutation and human glutaminyl cyclase (hQC) enzyme and their non-transgenic (NTG) littermates were used. Both APPxhQC and NTG mice were allocated to 3 groups, control, T2D-control, and T2D-ASX. Mice were fed control or high fat diet ± ASX for 13 weeks starting at an age of 11-12 months. High fat diet fed mice were further treated with streptozocin for T2D induction. Effects of genotype, T2D induction, and ASX treatment were evaluated by analysing glycemic readouts, lipid concentration, Aβ deposition, hippocampus-dependent cognitive function and nutrient sensing using immunosorbent assay, ELISA-based assays, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and behavioral testing via Morris water maze (MWM), respectively. RESULTS APPxhQC mice presented a higher glucose sensitivity compared to NTG mice. T2D-induced brain dysfunction was more severe in NTG compared to the APPxhQC mice. T2D induction impaired memory functions while increasing hepatic LC3B, ABCA1, and p65 levels in NTG mice. T2D induction resulted in a progressive shift of Aβ from the soluble to insoluble form in APPxhQC mice. ASX treatment reversed T2D-induced memory dysfunction in NTG mice and in parallel increased hepatic pAKT while decreasing p65 and increasing cerebral p-S6rp and p65 levels. ASX treatment reduced soluble Aβ38 and Aβ40 and insoluble Aβ40 levels in T2D-induced APPxhQC mice. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that T2D induction in APPxhQC mice poses additional risk for AD pathology as seen by increased Aβ deposition. Although ASX treatment reduced Aβ expression in T2D-induced APPxhQC mice and rescued T2D-induced memory impairment in NTG mice, ASX treatment alone may not be effective in cases of T2D comorbidity and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anika Stracke
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Spyridon Sideromenos
- QPS Austria GmbH, Grambach, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Ute Pazenboeck
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Strobl
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Tadic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Pang KS, Peng HB, Li BP, Wen B, Noh K, Xia R, Toscan A, Serson S, Fraser PE, Tirona RG, de Lannoy IAM. Aging and brain free cholesterol concentration on amyloid-β peptide accumulation in guinea pigs. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2024; 45:93-106. [PMID: 38488691 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder wherein age is a major risk factor. The appropriateness of the Hartley guinea pig (GP), which displays high sequence homologies of its amyloid-β (Aβ40 and Aβ42) peptides, Mdr1 and APP (amyloid precursor protein) and similarity in lipid handling to humans, was appraised among 9-40 weeks old guinea pigs. Protein expression levels of P-gp (Abcb1) and Cyp46a1 (24(S)-hydroxylase) for Aβ40, and Aβ42 efflux and cholesterol metabolism, respectively, were decreased with age, whereas those for Lrp1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1), Rage (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) for Aβ efflux and influx, respectively, and Abca1 (the ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1) for cholesterol efflux, were unchanged among the ages examined. There was a strong, negative correlation of the brain Aβ peptide concentrations and Abca1 protein expression levels with free cholesterol. The correlation of Aβ peptide concentrations with Cyp46a1 was, however, not significant, and concentrations of the 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol metabolite revealed a decreasing trend from 20 weeks old toward 40 weeks old guinea pigs. The composite data suggest a role for free cholesterol on brain Aβ accumulation. The decreases in P-gp and Lrp1 protein levels should further exacerbate the accumulation of Aβ peptides in guinea pig brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Benson Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Betty P Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Binyu Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keumhan Noh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Runyu Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anja Toscan
- Transpharmation Canada, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvia Serson
- Transpharmation Canada, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul E Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rommel G Tirona
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Ali NH, Al‐Kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Alnaaim SA, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Khalifa AA, Saad HM, Batiha GE. Neprilysin inhibitors and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A future perspective. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e17993. [PMID: 37847125 PMCID: PMC10826440 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with multifaceted neuropathological disorders. AD is characterized by intracellular accumulation of phosphorylated tau proteins and extracellular deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ). Various protease enzymes, including neprilysin (NEP), are concerned with the degradation and clearance of Aβ. Indeed, a defective neuronal clearance pathway due to the dysfunction of degradation enzymes might be a possible mechanism for the accumulation of Aβ and subsequent progression of AD neuropathology. NEP is one of the most imperative metalloproteinase enzymes involved in the clearance of Aβ. This review aimed to highlight the possible role of NEP inhibitors in AD. The combination of sacubitril and valsartan which is called angiotensin receptor blocker and NEP inhibitor (ARNI) may produce beneficial and deleterious effects on AD neuropathology. NEP inhibitors might increase the risk of AD by the inhibition of Aβ clearance, and increase brain bradykinin (BK) and natriuretic peptides (NPs), which augment the pathogenesis of AD. These verdicts come from animal model studies, though they may not be applied to humans. However, clinical studies revealed promising safety findings regarding the use of ARNI. Moreover, NEP inhibition increases various neuroprotective peptides involved in inflammation, glucose homeostasis and nerve conduction. Also, NEP inhibitors may inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) expression, ameliorating insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels. These findings proposed that NEP inhibitors may have a protective effect against AD development by increasing GLP-1, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and substance P, and deleterious effects by increasing brain BK. Preclinical and clinical studies are recommended in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical CollegeNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al‐Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Saud A. Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of MedicineKing Faisal UniversityHofufSaudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- AFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Asmaa A. Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of PharmacyPharos University in AlexandriaAlexandriaEgypt
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMatrouhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourAlBeheiraEgypt
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Geerts H, Walker M, Rose R, Bergeler S, van der Graaf PH, Schuck E, Koyama A, Yasuda S, Hussein Z, Reyderman L, Swanson C, Cabal A. A combined physiologically-based pharmacokinetic and quantitative systems pharmacology model for modeling amyloid aggregation in Alzheimer's disease. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:444-461. [PMID: 36632701 PMCID: PMC10088087 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated removal of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) is the current, most clinically advanced potential disease-modifying treatment approach for Alzheimer's disease. We describe a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) approach of the dynamics of Aβ monomers, oligomers, protofibrils, and plaque using a detailed microscopic model of Aβ40 and Aβ42 aggregation and clearance of aggregated Aβ by activated microglia cells, which is enhanced by the interaction of antibody-bound Aβ. The model allows for the prediction of Aβ positron emission tomography (PET) imaging load as measured by a standardized uptake value ratio. A physiology-based pharmacokinetic model is seamlessly integrated to describe target exposure of monoclonal antibodies and simulate dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma biomarkers, including CSF Aβ42 and plasma Aβ42 /Aβ40 ratio biomarkers. Apolipoprotein E genotype is implemented as a difference in microglia clearance. By incorporating antibody-bound, plaque-mediated macrophage activation in the perivascular compartment, the model also predicts the incidence of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities with edema (ARIA-E). The QSP platform is calibrated with pharmacological and clinical information on aducanumab, bapineuzumab, crenezumab, gantenerumab, lecanemab, and solanezumab, predicting adequately the change in PET imaging measured amyloid load and the changes in the plasma Aβ42 /Aβ40 ratio while slightly overestimating the change in CSF Aβ42 . ARIA-E is well predicted for all antibodies except bapineuzumab. This QSP model could support the clinical trial design of different amyloid-modulating interventions, define optimal titration and maintenance schedules, and provide a first step to understand the variability of biomarker response in clinical practice.
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MacLachlan R, Evans CE, Chai SY, Good MA, Kehoe PG, Miners JS. Age-related reduction in brain ACE-2 is not exacerbated by Alzheimer's disease pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. AGING BRAIN 2023; 3:100062. [PMID: 36911263 PMCID: PMC9997187 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in the circulatory and organ-specific renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathways is associated with age-related dysfunction and disease including cardiovascular burden and more recently Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is currently unclear whether an age-associated imbalance in components of the RAS within the brain precedes the onset of AD or whether a RAS imbalance is associated with the onset of disease pathology and cognitive decline. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 (ACE-1) and -2 (ACE-2) protein (ELISA) and enzyme activity (FRET assay), markers of the classical and counter-regulatory RAS axis respectively, and Ang-II and Ang-(1-7) peptide levels (ELISA), were measured in the left cortex across four transgenic AD mouse models of amyloid pathology (5xFAD - 2, 6, and 12 months of age; Apd9 - 3-4, 12, and 18 months of age; Tg2576 - 3-4 and 24 months of age; and PDAPP - 3-4, 7, 11, 15, and 18 months of age) and littermate wild-type (WT) controls. ACE-1 level, and enzyme activity, was unaltered in relation to age in WT mice and across all four models. In contrast, ACE-2 level and enzyme activity, was reduced and Ang-II increased with ageing in both WT animals and disease models. The changes in ACE-2 and Ang-II in AD models mirrored WT mice, except for the 5xFAD model, when the reduction in ACE-2 (and elevated Ang-II) was observed at a younger age. These data indicate an age-related dysregulation of brain RAS is likely to be driven by a reduction in ACE-2. The reduction in ACE-2 occurs at a young age, coinciding with early pathological changes and the initial deposition of Aβ, and preceding neuronal loss and cognitive decline, in the transgenic AD models. However, the age-related loss was mirrored in WT mice suggesting that the change was independent of pathological Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert MacLachlan
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Charles E Evans
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mark A Good
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Gavin Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - J Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
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6
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Yamamoto N, Tokumon T, Obuchi A, Kono M, Saigo K, Tanida M, Ikeda-Matsuo Y, Sobue K. Poly(I:C) promotes neurotoxic amyloid β accumulation through reduced degradation by decreasing neprilysin protein levels in astrocytes. J Neurochem 2022; 163:517-530. [PMID: 36321194 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation associated with viral infection of the nervous system has been involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) is a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist that mimics the inflammatory response to systemic viral infections. Despite growing recognition of the role of glial cells in AD pathology, their involvement in the accumulation and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain of patients with AD is poorly understood. Neprilysin (NEP) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) are the main Aβ-degrading enzymes in the brain. This study investigated whether poly(I:C) regulated Aβ degradation and neurotoxicity by modulating NEP and IDE protein levels through TLR3 in astrocytes. To this aim, primary rat primary astrocyte cultures were treated with poly(I:C) and inhibitors of the TLR3 signaling. Protein levels were assessed by Western blot. Aβ toxicity to primary neurons was measured by lactate dehydrogenase release. Poly(I:C) induced a significant decrease in NEP levels on the membrane of astrocytes as well as in the culture medium. The degradation of exogenous Aβ was markedly delayed in poly(I:C)-treated astrocytes. This delay significantly increased the neurotoxicity of exogenous Aβ1-42. Altogether, these results suggest that viral infections induce Aβ neurotoxicity by decreasing NEP levels in astrocytes and consequently preventing Aβ degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokumon
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Obuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mari Kono
- Scientific Research, Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Katsuyasu Saigo
- Faculty of Nursing, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanida
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuri Ikeda-Matsuo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sobue
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
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Rodríguez-Giraldo M, González-Reyes RE, Ramírez-Guerrero S, Bonilla-Trilleras CE, Guardo-Maya S, Nava-Mesa MO. Astrocytes as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease-Comprehensive Review and Recent Developments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13630. [PMID: 36362415 PMCID: PMC9654484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a frequent and disabling neurodegenerative disorder, in which astrocytes participate in several pathophysiological processes including neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism (along with a critical role in apolipoprotein E function). Current evidence shows that astrocytes have both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects depending on the disease stage and microenvironmental factors. Furthermore, astrocytes appear to be affected by the presence of amyloid-beta (Aβ), with alterations in calcium levels, gliotransmission and proinflammatory activity via RAGE-NF-κB pathway. In addition, astrocytes play an important role in the metabolism of tau and clearance of Aβ through the glymphatic system. In this review, we will discuss novel pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments focused on astrocytes as therapeutic targets for AD. These interventions include effects on anti-inflammatory/antioxidant systems, glutamate activity, lipid metabolism, neurovascular coupling and glymphatic system, calcium dysregulation, and in the release of peptides which affects glial and neuronal function. According to the AD stage, these therapies may be of benefit in either preventing or delaying the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mauricio O. Nava-Mesa
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Centro de Neurociencias Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
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8
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Induction of ICAM1 in Brain Vessels is Implicated in an Early AD Pathogenesis by Modulating Neprilysin. Neuromolecular Med 2022:10.1007/s12017-022-08726-x. [PMID: 35948857 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) is a vessel adhesion protein induced during brain vascular inflammation, which could be closely linked with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated the effect of ICAM1 on amyloid-degrading enzymes (ADEs) in endothelial cells and their potential involvement in inflammation and AD progression. TNF-α treatment increased ICAM1 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) but decreased the neprilysin (NEP) protein level. Knock-down of ICAM1 using siRNA enhanced NEP, which increased the degradation of amyloid-β. In the brains of 4-month-old AD transgenic mice (APPswe/PSEN1dE9), there were significantly higher levels of ICAM1 expression and amyloid deposits but lower levels of NEP and insulin-degrading enzymes (IDE), demonstrating an inverse correlation of ICAM1 with NEP and IDE expression. Further studies demonstrated significantly increased GFAP protein levels in the brain, specifically localized near blood vessels, of both TNF-α-injected and 4-month-old AD transgenic mice. Taken together, the induction of ICAM1 in endothelial cells suppresses NEP expression, accelerating the accumulation of amyloid-β in blood vessels. It also enhances leukocyte adhesion to blood vessels stimulating the migration of leukocytes into the brain, subsequently triggering brain inflammation.
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Hicks A, Ponsford JL, Spitz G, Dore V, Krishnadas N, Roberts C, Rowe CC. Amyloid- and Tau Imaging in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: A Cross-sectional Study. Neurology 2022; 99:e1131-e1141. [PMID: 36096678 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been promoted as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. There is evidence of elevated amyloid-β and tau, the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, immediately following TBI. It is not clear whether amyloid-β and tau remain elevated in the chronic period. To address this issue, we assessed amyloid-β and tau burden in long-term TBI survivors and healthy controls using PET imaging. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, we recruited individuals following a single moderate to severe TBI at least 10 years previously from an inpatient rehabilitation program. A demographically similar healthy control group was recruited from the community. PET data were acquired using 18F-NAV4694 (amyloid-β) and 18F-MK6240 (tau) tracers. Amyloid-β deposition was quantified using the Centiloid scale. Tau deposition was quantified using the standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) in four regions of interest (ROI). As a secondary measure, PET scans were also visually read as positive or negative. We examined PET data in relation to time since injury and age at injury. PET data were analysed in a series of regression analyses. RESULTS The sample comprised 87 individuals with TBI (71.3% male; 28.7% female; M = 57.53 years, SD = 11.53) and 59 controls (59.3% male; 40.7% female; M = 60.34 years, SD = 11.97). Individuals with TBI did not have significantly higher 18F-NAV4694 Centiloid values (p = 0.067) or 18F-MK6240 tau SUVRs in any ROI (p = ≤ 0.001; SUVR greater for controls). Visual assessment was consistent with the quantification; individuals with TBI were not more likely than controls to have a positive amyloid-β (p = 0.505) or tau scan (p = 0.221). No associations were identified for amyloid-β or tau burden with time since injury (p = 0.057 to 0.332) or age at injury. DISCUSSION A single moderate to severe TBI was not associated with higher burden of amyloid-β or tau pathologies in the chronic period relative to healthy controls. Amyloid-β and tau burden did not show a significant increase with years since injury, and burden did not appear to be greater for those who were older at the time of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Hicks
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3168, Australia.
| | - Jennie L Ponsford
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3168, Australia
| | - Gershon Spitz
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3168, Australia
| | - Vincent Dore
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, 3084, Australia.,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Flagship, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Natasha Krishnadas
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, 3084, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Caroline Roberts
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3168, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, 3084, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
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Sasaguri H, Hashimoto S, Watamura N, Sato K, Takamura R, Nagata K, Tsubuki S, Ohshima T, Yoshiki A, Sato K, Kumita W, Sasaki E, Kitazume S, Nilsson P, Winblad B, Saito T, Iwata N, Saido TC. Recent Advances in the Modeling of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:807473. [PMID: 35431779 PMCID: PMC9009508 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.807473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1995, more than 100 transgenic (Tg) mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been generated in which mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) or APP/presenilin 1 (PS1) cDNA is overexpressed ( 1st generation models ). Although many of these models successfully recapitulate major pathological hallmarks of the disease such as amyloid β peptide (Aβ) deposition and neuroinflammation, they have suffered from artificial phenotypes in the form of overproduced or mislocalized APP/PS1 and their functional fragments, as well as calpastatin deficiency-induced early lethality, calpain activation, neuronal cell death without tau pathology, endoplasmic reticulum stresses, and inflammasome involvement. Such artifacts bring two important uncertainties into play, these being (1) why the artifacts arise, and (2) how they affect the interpretation of experimental results. In addition, destruction of endogenous gene loci in some Tg lines by transgenes has been reported. To overcome these concerns, single App knock-in mouse models harboring the Swedish and Beyreuther/Iberian mutations with or without the Arctic mutation (AppNL-G-F and AppNL-F mice) were developed ( 2nd generation models ). While these models are interesting given that they exhibit Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairment in an age-dependent manner, the model with the Artic mutation, which exhibits an extensive pathology as early as 6 months of age, is not suitable for investigating Aβ metabolism and clearance because the Aβ in this model is resistant to proteolytic degradation and is therefore prone to aggregation. Moreover, it cannot be used for preclinical immunotherapy studies owing to the discrete affinity it shows for anti-Aβ antibodies. The weakness of the latter model (without the Arctic mutation) is that the pathology may require up to 18 months before it becomes sufficiently apparent for experimental investigation. Nevertheless, this model was successfully applied to modulating Aβ pathology by genome editing, to revealing the differential roles of neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme in Aβ metabolism, and to identifying somatostatin receptor subtypes involved in Aβ degradation by neprilysin. In addition to discussing these issues, we also provide here a technical guide for the application of App knock-in mice to AD research. Subsequently, a new double knock-in line carrying the AppNL-F and Psen1 P117L/WT mutations was generated, the pathogenic effect of which was found to be synergistic. A characteristic of this 3rd generation model is that it exhibits more cored plaque pathology and neuroinflammation than the AppNL-G-F line, and thus is more suitable for preclinical studies of disease-modifying medications targeting Aβ. Furthermore, a derivative AppG-F line devoid of Swedish mutations which can be utilized for preclinical studies of β-secretase modifier(s) was recently created. In addition, we introduce a new model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy that may be useful for analyzing amyloid-related imaging abnormalities that can be caused by anti-Aβ immunotherapy. Use of the App knock-in mice also led to identification of the α-endosulfine-K ATP channel pathway as components of the somatostatin-evoked physiological mechanisms that reduce Aβ deposition via the activation of neprilysin. Such advances have provided new insights for the prevention and treatment of preclinical AD. Because tau pathology plays an essential role in AD pathogenesis, knock-in mice with human tau wherein the entire murine Mapt gene has been humanized were generated. Using these mice, the carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (CAPON) was discovered as a mediator linking tau pathology to neurodegeneration and showed that tau humanization promoted pathological tau propagation. Finally, we describe and discuss the current status of mutant human tau knock-in mice and a non-human primate model of AD that we have successfully created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sasaguri
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Shoko Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Naoto Watamura
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Kaori Sato
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Brain Science, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku City, Japan
| | - Risa Takamura
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Brain Science, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku City, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nagata
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsubuki
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Laboratory for Molecular Brain Science, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku City, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshiki
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenya Sato
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Wakako Kumita
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kitazume
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Per Nilsson
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Iwata
- Department of Genome-Based Drug Discovery and Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
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Zimmer-Bensch G, Zempel H. DNA Methylation in Genetic and Sporadic Forms of Neurodegeneration: Lessons from Alzheimer's, Related Tauopathies and Genetic Tauopathies. Cells 2021; 10:3064. [PMID: 34831288 PMCID: PMC8624300 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and sporadic forms of tauopathies, the most prevalent of which is Alzheimer's Disease, are a scourge of the aging society, and in the case of genetic forms, can also affect children and young adults. All tauopathies share ectopic expression, mislocalization, or aggregation of the microtubule associated protein TAU, encoded by the MAPT gene. As TAU is a neuronal protein widely expressed in the CNS, the overwhelming majority of tauopathies are neurological disorders. They are characterized by cognitive dysfunction often leading to dementia, and are frequently accompanied by movement abnormalities such as parkinsonism. Tauopathies can lead to severe neurological deficits and premature death. For some tauopathies there is a clear genetic cause and/or an epigenetic contribution. However, for several others the disease etiology is unclear, with few tauopathies being environmentally triggered. Here, we review current knowledge of tauopathies listing known genetic and important sporadic forms of these disease. Further, we discuss how DNA methylation as a major epigenetic mechanism emerges to be involved in the disease pathophysiology of Alzheimer's, and related genetic and non-genetic tauopathies. Finally, we debate the application of epigenetic signatures in peripheral blood samples as diagnostic tools and usages of epigenetic therapy strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch
- Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Zempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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12
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Choi H, Kim E, Choi JY, Park E, Lee HJ. Potent therapeutic targets for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Amyloid degrading enzymes. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Choi
- Department of Chemistry Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
| | - Eungchan Kim
- Department of Chemistry Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsik Park
- Department of Life Sport Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
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13
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Xiong WP, Yao WQ, Wang B, Liu K. BMSCs-exosomes containing GDF-15 alleviated SH-SY5Y cell injury model of Alzheimer's disease via AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:92-102. [PMID: 34536520 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy has great potential for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. Here, we investigated the roles of BMSCs-exosomes containing growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) in regulating SH-SY5Y cell injury in AD. METHODS The SH-SY5Y cell injury model was constructed by treating SH-SY5Y cells with 10 μM Aβ42. GDF-15 expression was assessed using qRT-PCR and western blot. CCK8 assay and flow cytometry assay were employed to elevate cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. The expression levels of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα and IL-8) and Aβ42 were detected using ELISA. Besides, the levels of apoptosis-related proteins and AKT pathway-related proteins were determined using western blot. RESULTS Our results displayed that BMSCs-EVs treatment elevated cell viability, while suppressed cell apoptosis and inflammation in Aβ42-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Exosomes secreted by BMSCs after GDF-15 silence lost the ability to restore Aβ42-induced SH-SY5Y cell damage. GDF-15 treatment restored Aβ42-induced SH-SY5Y cell damage, while it was eliminated by AKT pathway inhibition. BMSCs-exosomes containing GDF-15 upregulated NEP and IDE via activation of AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway, thereby degrading Aβ42 protein to relieve SH-SY5Y cell damage. CONCLUSION BMSCs-exosomes containing GDF-15 alleviated SH-SY5Y cell damage via AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin. Our work confers a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ping Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169, East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Wei-Qi Yao
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Human Stem Cell Preparation and Application and Resource Conservation, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169, East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Kui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169, East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, PR China.
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Synthesis of human amyloid restricted to liver results in an Alzheimer disease-like neurodegenerative phenotype. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001358. [PMID: 34520451 PMCID: PMC8439475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of study suggest that peripheral metabolism of amyloid beta (Aß) is associated with risk for Alzheimer disease (AD). In blood, greater than 90% of Aß is complexed as an apolipoprotein, raising the possibility of a lipoprotein-mediated axis for AD risk. In this study, we report that genetic modification of C57BL/6J mice engineered to synthesise human Aß only in liver (hepatocyte-specific human amyloid (HSHA) strain) has marked neurodegeneration concomitant with capillary dysfunction, parenchymal extravasation of lipoprotein-Aß, and neurovascular inflammation. Moreover, the HSHA mice showed impaired performance in the passive avoidance test, suggesting impairment in hippocampal-dependent learning. Transmission electron microscopy shows marked neurovascular disruption in HSHA mice. This study provides causal evidence of a lipoprotein-Aß /capillary axis for onset and progression of a neurodegenerative process. It has been suggested that peripheral metabolism of amyloid-beta is associated with risk for Alzheimer’s disease. This study reveals that the expression of human amyloid exclusively in the liver induces Alzheimer’s disease-like pathologies in mice, potentially indicating a completely novel pathway of Alzheimer’s disease aetiology and therapies.
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15
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Redox-Active Metal Ions and Amyloid-Degrading Enzymes in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147697. [PMID: 34299316 PMCID: PMC8307724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-active metal ions, Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III), are essential biological molecules for the normal functioning of the brain, including oxidative metabolism, synaptic plasticity, myelination, and generation of neurotransmitters. Dyshomeostasis of these redox-active metal ions in the brain could cause Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, regulating the levels of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III) is necessary for normal brain function. To control the amounts of metal ions in the brain and understand the involvement of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III) in the pathogenesis of AD, many chemical agents have been developed. In addition, since toxic aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) have been proposed as one of the major causes of the disease, the mechanism of clearing Aβ is also required to be investigated to reveal the etiology of AD clearly. Multiple metalloenzymes (e.g., neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, and ADAM10) have been reported to have an important role in the degradation of Aβ in the brain. These amyloid degrading enzymes (ADE) could interact with redox-active metal ions and affect the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we introduce and summarize the roles, distributions, and transportations of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III), along with previously invented chelators, and the structures and functions of ADE in the brain, as well as their interrelationships.
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16
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Rex DAB, Arun Kumar ST, Modi PK, Keshava Prasad TS. Broadening COVID-19 Interventions to Drug Innovation: Neprilysin Pathway as a Friend, Foe, or Promising Molecular Target? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:408-416. [PMID: 34191617 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is anticipated to transition to an endemic state as vaccines are providing relief in some, but not all, countries. Drug discovery for COVID-19 can offer another tool in the fight against the pandemic. Additionally, COVID-19 impacts multiple organs that call for a systems medicine approach to planetary health and therapeutics innovation. In this context, innovation for drugs that prevent and treat COVID-19 is timely and much needed. As the virus variants emerge under different ecological conditions and contexts in the long haul, a broad array of vaccine and drug options will be necessary. This expert review article argues for a need to expand the COVID-19 interventions, including and beyond vaccines, to stimulate discovery and development of novel medicines against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is known to play a major role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neprilysin (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) have emerged as the pharmaceutical targets of interest in the search for therapeutic interventions against COVID-19. While the NEP/ACE inhibitors offer promise for repurposing against COVID-19, they may display a multitude of effects in different organ systems, some beneficial, and others adverse, in modulating the inflammation responses in the course of COVID-19. This expert review offers an analysis and discussion to deepen our present understanding of the pathophysiological function of neprilysin in multiple organs, and the possible effects of NEP inhibitor-induced inflammatory responses in COVID-19-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devasahayam Arokia Balaya Rex
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sumaithangi Thattai Arun Kumar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Modi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
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17
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Nalivaeva NN, Zhuravin IA, Turner AJ. Neprilysin expression and functions in development, ageing and disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 192:111363. [PMID: 32987038 PMCID: PMC7519013 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP) participates in development and functions of most body organs It is an important brain neuropeptidase which cleaves amyloid β (Aβ) peptide NEP dysregulation leads to development of various diseases of old age Regulation of NEP expression and activity is an important therapeutic target
Neprilysin (NEP) is an integral membrane-bound metallopeptidase with a wide spectrum of substrates and physiological functions. It plays an important role in proteolytic processes in the kidney, cardiovascular regulation, immune response, cell proliferation, foetal development etc. It is an important neuropeptidase and amyloid-degrading enzyme which makes NEP a therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Moreover, it plays a preventive role in development of cancer, obesity and type-2 diabetes. Recently a role of NEP in COVID-19 pathogenesis has also been suggested. Despite intensive research into NEP structure and functions in different organisms, changes in its expression and regulation during brain development and ageing, especially in age-related pathologies, is still not fully understood. This prevents development of pharmacological treatments from various diseases in which NEP is implicated although recently a dual-acting drug sacubitril-valsartan (LCZ696) combining a NEP inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker has been approved for treatment of heart failure. Also, various natural compounds capable of upregulating NEP expression, including green tea (EGCG), have been proposed as a preventive medicine in prostate cancer and AD. This review summarizes the existing literature and our own research on the expression and activity of NEP in normal brain development, ageing and under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Nalivaeva
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - I A Zhuravin
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A J Turner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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18
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Ennerfelt HE, Lukens JR. The role of innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:225-246. [PMID: 32588460 PMCID: PMC7783860 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis has dominated Alzheimer's disease (AD) research for almost 30 years. This hypothesis hinges on the predominant clinical role of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide in propagating neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and eventual cognitive impairment in AD. Recent research in the AD field has identified the brain-resident macrophages, known as microglia, and their receptors as integral regulators of both the initiation and propagation of inflammation, Aβ accumulation, neuronal loss, and memory decline in AD. Emerging studies have also begun to reveal critical roles for distinct innate immune pathways in AD pathogenesis, which has led to great interest in harnessing the innate immune response as a therapeutic strategy to treat AD. In this review, we will highlight recent advancements in our understanding of innate immunity and inflammation in AD onset and progression. Additionally, there has been mounting evidence suggesting pivotal contributions of environmental factors and lifestyle choices in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, we will also discuss recent findings, suggesting that many of these AD risk factors influence AD progression via modulation of microglia and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Ennerfelt
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John R. Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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19
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Paroni G, Bisceglia P, Seripa D. Understanding the Amyloid Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:493-510. [PMID: 30883346 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis (AH) is still the most accepted model to explain the pathogenesis of inherited Alzheimer's disease (IAD). However, despite the neuropathological overlapping with the non-inherited form (NIAD), AH waver in explaining NIAD. Thus, 30 years after its first statement several questions are still open, mainly regarding the role of amyloid plaques (AP) and apolipoprotein E (APOE). Accordingly, a pathogenetic model including the role of AP and APOE unifying IAD and NIAD pathogenesis is still missing. In the present understanding of the AH, we suggested that amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides production and AP formation is a physiological aging process resulting from a systemic age-related decrease in the efficiency of the proteins catabolism/clearance machinery. In this pathogenetic model Aβ peptides act as neurotoxic molecules, but only above a critical concentration [Aβ]c. A threshold mechanism triggers IAD/NIAD onset only when [Aβ]≥[Aβ]c. In this process, APOE modifies [Aβ]c threshold in an isoform-specific way. Consequently, all factors influencing Aβ anabolism, such as amyloid beta precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) gene mutations, and/or Aβ catabolism/clearance could contribute to exceed the threshold [Aβ]c, being characteristic of each individual. In this model, AP formation does not depend on [Aβ]c. The present interpretation of the AH, unifying the pathogenetic theories for IAD and NIAD, will explain why AP and APOE4 may be observed in healthy aging and why they are not the cause of AD. It is clear that further studies are needed to confirm our pathogenetic model. Nevertheless, our suggestion may be useful to better understand the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Paroni
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paola Bisceglia
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
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Inflammation: major denominator of obesity, Type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease-like pathology? Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:547-570. [PMID: 32167154 DOI: 10.1042/cs20191313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an active metabolic organ that contributes to processes such as energy storage and utilization and to the production of a number of metabolic agents, such as adipokines, which play a role in inflammation. In this review, we try to elucidate the connections between peripheral inflammation at obesity and Type 2 diabetes and the central inflammatory process. Multiple lines of evidence highlight the importance of peripheral inflammation and its link to neuroinflammation, which can lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease. In addition to the accumulation of misfolded amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the brain, activated microglia and reactive astrocytes are the main indicators of AD progression. They were found close to Aβ plaques in the brains of both AD patients and rodent models of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Cytokines are key players in pro- and anti-inflammatory processes and are also produced by microglia and astrocytes. The interplay of seemingly unrelated pathways between the periphery and the brain could, in fact, have a common denominator, with inflammation in general being a key factor affecting neuronal processes in the brain. An increased amount of white adipose tissue throughout the body seems to be an important player in pro-inflammatory processes. Nevertheless, other important factors should be studied to elucidate the pathological processes of and the relationship among obesity, Type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Hosseini M, Poljak A, Braidy N, Crawford J, Sachdev P. Blood fatty acids in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 60:101043. [PMID: 32194194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plasma fatty acids have been reported to be dysregulated in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), though outcomes are not always consistent, and subject numbers often small. Our aim was to use a meta-analysis and systematic review approach to identify if plasma fatty acid dysregulation would be observed in case control studies of AD and MCI. Six databases were searched for studies reporting quantified levels of fatty acids in MCI and/or AD individuals, relative to cognitively normal controls. Docosahexaenoic (DHA) and vaccenic acids were significantly lower and higher respectively in MCI relative to controls. Total fatty acids were 27.2% lower in AD relative to controls, and this was reflected almost uniformly in all specific fatty acids in AD. Changes to plasma/serum fatty acids were identified in both MCI and AD relative to age and gender matched controls. Differences were greatest in AD, in both total number of fatty acids significantly altered, and the degree of change. Docosahexaenoic acid was lower in both MCI and AD, suggesting that it may be a driver of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Hosseini
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Anne Poljak
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - John Crawford
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Lin Y, Chen T, Mao G, Qiu T, Lan Y, Xiang X, Huang J, Huang J, Lu T, Gan S, Sun XD, Zhang J. Long-term and in vivo assessment of Aβ protein-induced brain atrophy in a zebrafish model by optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000067. [PMID: 32306519 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a neurotoxicity model of zebrafish induced by amyloid beta (Aβ) protein was developed and evaluated in vivo by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Aβ protein and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) were separately injected into the head of two groups of adult zebrafish (n = 6 per group). Congo-red staining results confirmed that Aβ protein had penetrated into brain tissue. All zebrafish were imaged with OCT on the 0th, 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th day postinjection. OCT images showed that PBS is not toxic to brain tissue. However, significant brain atrophy could be seen in the OCT images of zebrafish injected with Aβ-protein that was verified by histological consequences. In addition, zebrafish in the model group showed memory decline in behavioral tests. This study verified the feasibility of in vivo long-term assessment of Aβ protein-induced brain atrophy in adult zebrafish by OCT that has great potential to be applied in the neurological diseases research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Lin
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingru Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangjuan Mao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Qiu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yintao Lan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Xiang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Lu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqi Gan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Sun
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Rao CV, Asch AS, Carr DJJ, Yamada HY. "Amyloid-beta accumulation cycle" as a prevention and/or therapy target for Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13109. [PMID: 31981470 PMCID: PMC7059149 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle and its regulators are validated targets for cancer drugs. Reagents that target cells in a specific cell cycle phase (e.g., antimitotics or DNA synthesis inhibitors/replication stress inducers) have demonstrated success as broad-spectrum anticancer drugs. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are drivers of cell cycle transitions. A CDK inhibitor, flavopiridol/alvocidib, is an FDA-approved drug for acute myeloid leukemia. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is another serious issue in contemporary medicine. The cause of AD remains elusive, although a critical role of latent amyloid-beta accumulation has emerged. Existing AD drug research and development targets include amyloid, amyloid metabolism/catabolism, tau, inflammation, cholesterol, the cholinergic system, and other neurotransmitters. However, none have been validated as therapeutically effective targets. Recent reports from AD-omics and preclinical animal models provided data supporting the long-standing notion that cell cycle progression and/or mitosis may be a valid target for AD prevention and/or therapy. This review will summarize the recent developments in AD research: (a) Mitotic re-entry, leading to the "amyloid-beta accumulation cycle," may be a prerequisite for amyloid-beta accumulation and AD pathology development; (b) AD-associated pathogens can cause cell cycle errors; (c) thirteen among 37 human AD genetic risk genes may be functionally involved in the cell cycle and/or mitosis; and (d) preclinical AD mouse models treated with CDK inhibitor showed improvements in cognitive/behavioral symptoms. If the "amyloid-beta accumulation cycle is an AD drug target" concept is proven, repurposing of cancer drugs may emerge as a new, fast-track approach for AD management in the clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V. Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug DevelopmentDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Adam S. Asch
- Stephenson Cancer CenterDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Daniel J. J. Carr
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Hiroshi Y. Yamada
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug DevelopmentDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOKUSA
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24
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Xiao L, Liao F, Ide R, Horie T, Fan Y, Saiki C, Miwa N. Enzyme-digested Colla Corii Asini (E'jiao) prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death and accelerates amyloid beta clearance in neuronal-like PC12 cells. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2270-2272. [PMID: 32594048 PMCID: PMC7749479 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.285000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As an aging-associated degenerative disease, Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ), oxidative stress, inflammation, dysfunction and loss of cholinergic neurons. Colla Corii Asini (CCA) is a traditional Chinese medicine which has been used for feebleness-related diseases and anti-aging. CCA might delay aging-induced degenerative changes in neurons. In the present study, we evaluated antioxidant activity, cytoprotective effects, and Aβ removability of enzyme-digested Colla Corii Asini (CCAD). Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activity assay showed that, as compared to gelatins from the skin of porcine, bovine and cold water fish, CCA exhibited the highest ORAC activity. The ORAC activity of CCA and CCAD was increased gradually by the length of time in storage. Ultrastructure analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed that among CCA manufactured in 2008, 2013, 2017 and gelatin from cold water fish skin, CCA manufactured in 2008 presented the smoothest surface structure. We further tested the protective effects of CCAD (manufactured in 2008) and enzyme-digested gelatin from cold water fish skin (FGD) on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell death in nerve growth factor-differentiated neuronal-like PC12 cells. Presto blue assay showed that both FGD and CCAD at 0.5 mg/mL increased cell viability in H2O2-treated neuronal-like PC12 cells. The protection of CCAD was significantly superior to that of FGD. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) assay showed that both FGD and CCAD inhibited AchE activity in nerve growth factor-differentiated neuronal-like PC12 cells to 89.1% and 74.5% of that in non-treated cells, respectively. The data suggest that CCAD might be able to increase the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Although CCAD inhibited AchE activity in neuronal-like PC12 cells, CCAD prevented H2O2-induced abnormal deterioration of AchE. ELISA and neprilysin activity assay results indicated that CCAD reduced amyloid beta accumulation and increased neprilysin activity in Aβ1–42-treated neuronal-like PC12 cells, suggesting that CCAD can enhance Aβ clearance. Our results suggest that CCA might be useful for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Feng Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ryoji Ide
- Department of Physiology, The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Horie
- Research Center, The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumei Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chikako Saiki
- Department of Physiology, The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Miwa
- Department of Life Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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25
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Grimmer T, Goldhardt O, Yakushev I, Ortner M, Sorg C, Diehl-Schmid J, Förstl H, Kurz A, Perneczky R, Miners S. Associations of Neprilysin Activity in CSF with Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2019; 19:43-50. [DOI: 10.1159/000500811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neprilysin (NEP) cleaves amyloid-β 1–42 (Aβ42) in the brain. Hence, we aimed to elucidate the effect of NEP on Aβ42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and on in vivo brain amyloid load using amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]PiB (Pittsburgh compound B). In addition, associations with the biomarkers for neuronal injury, CSF-tau and FDG-PET, were investigated. Methods: Associations were calculated using global and voxel-based (SPM8) linear regression analyses in the same cohort of 23 highly characterized Alzheimer’s disease patients. Results: CSF-NEP was significantly inversely associated with CSF-Aβ42 and positively with the extent of neuronal injury as measured by CSF-tau and FDG-PET. Conclusions: Our results on CSF-NEP are compatible with the assumption that local degradation, amongst other mechanisms of amyloid clearance, plays a role in the development of Alzheimer’s pathology. In addition, CSF-NEP is associated with the extent and the rate of neurodegeneration.
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26
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Lewitt MS, Boyd GW. The Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Proteins in the Nervous System. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2019; 12:1178626419842176. [PMID: 31024217 PMCID: PMC6472167 DOI: 10.1177/1178626419842176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and their receptors are widely expressed in nervous tissue from early embryonic life. They also cross the blood brain barriers by active transport, and their regulation as endocrine factors therefore differs from other tissues. In brain, IGFs have paracrine and autocrine actions that are modulated by IGF-binding proteins and interact with other growth factor signalling pathways. The IGF system has roles in nervous system development and maintenance. There is substantial evidence for a specific role for this system in some neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroprotective actions make this system an attractive target for new therapeutic approaches. In developing new therapies, interaction with IGF-binding proteins and other growth factor signalling pathways should be considered. This evidence is reviewed, gaps in knowledge are highlighted, and recommendations are made for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira S Lewitt
- School of Health & Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Gary W Boyd
- School of Health & Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
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27
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Huat TJ, Camats-Perna J, Newcombe EA, Valmas N, Kitazawa M, Medeiros R. Metal Toxicity Links to Alzheimer's Disease and Neuroinflammation. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1843-1868. [PMID: 30664867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the median age of the population increases, the number of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the associated socio-economic burden are predicted to worsen. While aging and inherent genetic predisposition play major roles in the onset of AD, lifestyle, physical fitness, medical condition, and social environment have emerged as relevant disease modifiers. These environmental risk factors can play a key role in accelerating or decelerating disease onset and progression. Among known environmental risk factors, chronic exposure to various metals has become more common among the public as the aggressive pace of anthropogenic activities releases excess amount of metals into the environment. As a result, we are exposed not only to essential metals, such as iron, copper, zinc and manganese, but also to toxic metals including lead, aluminum, and cadmium, which perturb metal homeostasis at the cellular and organismal levels. Herein, we review how these metals affect brain physiology and immunity, as well as their roles in the accumulation of toxic AD proteinaceous species (i.e., β-amyloid and tau). We also discuss studies that validate the disruption of immune-related pathways as an important mechanism of toxicity by which metals can contribute to AD. Our goal is to increase the awareness of metals as players in the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tee Jong Huat
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Estella A Newcombe
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas Valmas
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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28
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Bossak-Ahmad K, Mital M, Płonka D, Drew SC, Bal W. Oligopeptides Generated by Neprilysin Degradation of β-Amyloid Have the Highest Cu(II) Affinity in the Whole Aβ Family. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:932-943. [PMID: 30582328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The catabolism of β-amyloid (Aβ) is carried out by numerous endopeptidases including neprilysin, which hydrolyzes peptide bonds preceding positions 4, 10, and 12 to yield Aβ4-9 and a minor Aβ12- x species. Alternative processing of the amyloid precursor protein by β-secretase also generates the Aβ11- x species. All these peptides contain a Xxx-Yyy-His sequence, also known as an ATCUN or NTS motif, making them strong chelators of Cu(II) ions. We synthesized the corresponding peptides, Phe-Arg-His-Asp-Ser-Gly-OH (Aβ4-9), Glu-Val-His-His-Gln-Lys-am (Aβ11-16), Val-His-His-Gln-Lys-am (Aβ12-16), and pGlu-Val-His-His-Gln-Lys-am (pAβ11-16), and investigated their Cu(II) binding properties using potentiometry, and UV-vis, circular dichroism, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. We found that the three peptides with unmodified N-termini formed square-planar Cu(II) complexes at pH 7.4 with analogous geometries but significantly varied Kd values of 6.6 fM (Aβ4-9), 9.5 fM (Aβ12-16), and 1.8 pM (Aβ11-16). Cyclization of the N-terminal Glu11 residue to the pyroglutamate species pAβ11-16 dramatically reduced the affinity (5.8 nM). The Cu(II) affinities of Aβ4-9 and Aβ12-16 are the highest among the Cu(II) complexes of Aβ peptides. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, we demonstrated that the Cu(II) exchange between the Phe-Arg-His and Val-His-His motifs is very slow, on the order of days. These results are discussed in terms of the relevance of Aβ4-9, a major Cu(II) binding Aβ fragment generated by neprilysin, as a possible Cu(II) carrier in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Bossak-Ahmad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Mariusz Mital
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Dawid Płonka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Simon C Drew
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
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29
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Yun J, Yeo IJ, Hwang CJ, Choi DY, Im HS, Kim JY, Choi WR, Jung MH, Han SB, Hong JT. Estrogen deficiency exacerbates Aβ-induced memory impairment through enhancement of neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis and NF-ĸB activation in ovariectomized mice. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:282-293. [PMID: 29782911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is well known to have a preventative effect in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Several studies have demonstrated that nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-ĸB) can contribute to the effects of estrogen on the development of AD. We investigated whether NF-ĸB affects amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced memory impairment in an estrogen-lacking condition. In the present study, nine-week-old Institute cancer research (ICR) mice were ovariectomized to block estrogen stimulation. Ten weeks after the ovariectomization, mice were administered with Aβ (300 pmol) via intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion for 2 weeks. Memory impairment, neuroinflammatory protein expression, and amyloidogenic pathways were then measured. Ovariectomized mice demonstrated severe memory impairment, Aβ accumulation, neprilysin downregulation, and activation of NF-ĸB signaling compared to sham-control mice. In vitro experiments demonstrated that β-estradiol (10 μM) inhibited Aβ (1 μM)-induced neuroinflammation in microglial BV-2 cells and prevented Aβ-induced cell death in primary cultured neuronal cells. As in in vivo experiments, NF-ĸB activation was significantly upregulated in in vitro experiments. Furthermore β-estradiol treatment inhibited NF-ĸB activation in both of microglial BV-2 cells and cultured neuronal cells. These findings suggest that estrogen may protect against memory impairment through the regulation of Aβ accumulation and neurogenic inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksandaero 460, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Ju Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Im
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Youg Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Rak Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Ding M, Shen Y, Wang P, Xie Z, Xu S, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Lyu Y, Wang D, Xu L, Bi J, Yang H. Exosomes Isolated From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Neuroinflammation and Reduce Amyloid-Beta Deposition by Modulating Microglial Activation in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2165-2177. [PMID: 30259257 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by excessive accumulation of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain, which has been considered to mediate the neuroinflammation process. Microglial activation is the main component of neuroimmunoregulation. In recent years, exosomes isolated from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSC-exosomes) have been demonstrated to mimic the therapeutic effects of hucMSCs in many inflammation-related diseases. In this study, exosomes from the supernatant of hucMSCs were injected into AD mouse models. We observed that hucMSC-exosomes injection could repair cognitive disfunctions and help to clear Aβ deposition in these mice. Moreover, we found that hucMSC-exosomes injection could modulate the activation of microglia in brains of the mice to alleviated neuroinflammation. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood and brains of mice were increased and the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were decreased. We also treated BV2 cells with hucMSC-exosomes in culture medium. HucMSC-exosomes also had inflammatory regulating effects to alternatively activate microglia and modulate the levels of inflammatory cytokines in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Ding
- Medicine School, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Medicine School, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Zhaohong Xie
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Shunliang Xu
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - ZhengYu Zhu
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Yongtao Lyu
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Dewei Wang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Linlin Xu
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - JianZhong Bi
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China.
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31
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Newcombe EA, Camats-Perna J, Silva ML, Valmas N, Huat TJ, Medeiros R. Inflammation: the link between comorbidities, genetics, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:276. [PMID: 30249283 PMCID: PMC6154824 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, most cases of which lack a clear causative event. This has made the disease difficult to characterize and, thus, diagnose. Although some cases are genetically linked, there are many diseases and lifestyle factors that can lead to an increased risk of developing AD, including traumatic brain injury, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and other metabolic syndromes, in addition to aging. Identifying common factors and trends between these conditions could enhance our understanding of AD and lead to the development of more effective treatments. Although the immune system is one of the body’s key defense mechanisms, chronic inflammation has been increasingly linked with several age-related diseases. Moreover, it is now well accepted that chronic inflammation has an important role in the onset and progression of AD. In this review, the different inflammatory signals associated with AD and its risk factors will be outlined to demonstrate how chronic inflammation may be influencing individual susceptibility to AD. Our goal is to bring attention to potential shared signals presented by the immune system during different conditions that could lead to the development of successful treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estella A Newcombe
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Mallone L Silva
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Valmas
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Tee Jong Huat
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
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32
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Rapley SA, Prickett TCR, Dalrymple-Alford JC, Espiner EA. Environmental Enrichment Elicits a Transient Rise of Bioactive C-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Young but Not Aged Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:142. [PMID: 30072880 PMCID: PMC6060231 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial molecular and neuroplastic changes have been demonstrated in response to environmental enrichment (EE) in laboratory animals across the lifespan. Here, we investigated whether these effects extend to C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP), a widely expressed neuropeptide with putative involvement in neuroprotection, neuroplasticity, anxiety, and learning and memory. We determined the CNP response in 36 young (8-9 months) and 36 aged (22-23 months) male PVGc hooded rats that were rehoused with new cage mates in either standard laboratory cages or EE for periods of 14 or 28 days. Tissues were rapidly excised from four brain regions associated with memory formation (dorsal hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and mammillary bodies) plus the occipital cortex and hypothalamus, and immediately frozen. Radioimmunoassay was used to measure bioactive CNP and the amino-terminal fragment of proCNP, NTproCNP. Because CNP but not NTproCNP is rapidly degraded at source, NTproCNP reflects CNP production whereas the ratio NTproCNP:CNP is a biomarker of CNP's local degradation rate. EE increased CNP at 14 days in all brain regions in young, but not old rats; this effect in young rats was lost at 28 days in all regions of interest. NTproCNP:CNP ratio, but not NTproCNP, was reduced in all regions by EE at 14 days in young rats, but not in old rats, which suggests a period of reduced degradation or receptor mediated clearance, rather than increased production of CNP in these young EE rats. Aged rats tended to show reduced NTproCNP:CNP ratios but this did not occur in dorsal hippocampus or mammillary bodies. This is the first study demonstrating modulation of CNP protein concentrations, and the effect of age, in response to environmental stimulation. Furthermore, it is the first to show that changes in degradation rate in vivo may be an important component in determining CNP bioactivity in neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Rapley
- Brain Research New Zealand and Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Eric A. Espiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Loera-Valencia R, Piras A, Ismail MAM, Manchanda S, Eyjolfsdottir H, Saido TC, Johansson J, Eriksdotter M, Winblad B, Nilsson P. Targeting Alzheimer's disease with gene and cell therapies. J Intern Med 2018; 284:2-36. [PMID: 29582495 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes dementia in both young and old people affecting more than 40 million people worldwide. The two neuropathological hallmarks of the disease, amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles consisting of protein tau are considered the major contributors to the disease. However, a more complete picture reveals significant neurodegeneration and decreased cell survival, neuroinflammation, changes in protein and energy homeostasis and alterations in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. In addition, gene and cell therapies for severe neurodegenerative disorders have recently improved technically in terms of safety and efficiency and have translated to the clinic showing encouraging results. Here, we review broadly current data within the field for potential targets that could modify AD through gene and cell therapy strategies. We envision that not only Aβ will be targeted in a disease-modifying treatment strategy but rather that a combination of treatments, possibly at different intervention times may prove beneficial in curing this devastating disease. These include decreased tau pathology, neuronal growth factors to support neurons and modulation of neuroinflammation for an appropriate immune response. Furthermore, cell based therapies may represent potential strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loera-Valencia
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - A Piras
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - M A M Ismail
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Neuro, Diseases of the Nervous System Patient Flow, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - S Manchanda
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - H Eyjolfsdottir
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - T C Saido
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - J Johansson
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - M Eriksdotter
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - B Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - P Nilsson
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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34
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Mital M, Bal W, Frączyk T, Drew SC. Interplay between Copper, Neprilysin, and N-Truncation of β-Amyloid. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6193-6197. [PMID: 29774745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with an inefficient clearance of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide from the central nervous system. The protein levels and activity of the Zn2+-dependent endopeptidase neprilysin (NEP) inversely correlate with brain Aβ levels during aging and in AD. The present study considered the ability of Cu2+ ions to inhibit human recombinant NEP and the role for NEP in generating N-truncated Aβ fragments with high-affinity Cu2+ binding motifs that can prevent this inhibition. Divalent copper noncompetitively inhibited NEP ( Ki = 1.0 μM), while proteolysis of Aβ yielded the soluble, Aβ4-9 fragment that can bind Cu2+ with femtomolar affinity at pH 7.4. This provides Aβ4-9 with the potential to act as a Cu2+ carrier and to mediate its own production by preventing NEP inhibition. Enzyme inhibition at high Zn2+ concentrations ( Ki = 20 μM) further suggests a mechanism for modulating NEP activity, Aβ4-9 production, and Cu2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Mital
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Tomasz Frączyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland.,Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Simon C Drew
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital) , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
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35
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Sakai M, Ueda S, Daito T, Asada-Utsugi M, Komatsu Y, Kinoshita A, Maki T, Kuzuya A, Takahashi R, Makino A, Tomonaga K. Degradation of amyloid β peptide by neprilysin expressed from Borna disease virus vector. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:467-472. [PMID: 29771464 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ40 and Aβ42) in the brain is a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because neprilysin (NEP) is a major Aβ-degrading enzyme, NEP delivery in the brain is a promising gene therapy for AD. Borna disease virus (BoDV) vector enables long-term transduction of foreign genes in the central nerve system. Here, we evaluated the proteolytic ability of NEP transduced by the BoDV vector and found that the amounts of Aβ40 and Aβ42 significantly decreased, which suggests that NEP expressed from the BoDV vector is functional to degrade Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Sakai
- Laboratory of RNA viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Sakiho Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- School of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuji Daito
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Biologics Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Megumi Asada-Utsugi
- School of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yumiko Komatsu
- Laboratory of RNA viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- K-CONNEX, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ayae Kinoshita
- School of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Kuzuya
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akiko Makino
- Laboratory of RNA viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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36
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Nagata K, Mano T, Murayama S, Saido TC, Iwata A. DNA methylation level of the neprilysin promoter in Alzheimer's disease brains. Neurosci Lett 2018; 670:8-13. [PMID: 29339171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP), a membrane-bound metalloprotease, has been shown to play an essential role in the clearance of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. Previous studies have reported that NEP expression is downregulated in the normal aging brain as well as in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, providing evidence that the downregulation of NEP expression contributes to the age-dependent deposition of Aβ-containing plaques, a pathological hallmark of AD. However, the mechanisms underlying the downregulation remain unclear. In this study, we explored the relationship between DNA methylation status of CpG islands in the NEP promoter and its expression level in AD brains. We performed pyrosequencing analyses to detect the DNA methylation level in 31 postmortem AD brains and 40 normal control brains. All 30 CpG sites showed no clear difference in methylation level. To further focus on methylation changes specific to neuronal cells, we performed methylation array experiments using neuronal nuclei from postmortem brains and found no clear difference in the methylation level between AD and normal control samples. Our detailed analyses, with a substantial number of brain samples, provide the first convincing evidence that DNA methylation of the NEP promoter is not involved in AD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagata
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Mano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Neuropathology, The Brain Bank for Aging Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwata
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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37
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Yamamoto N, Shibata M, Ishikuro R, Tanida M, Taniguchi Y, Ikeda-Matsuo Y, Sobue K. Epigallocatechin gallate induces extracellular degradation of amyloid β-protein by increasing neprilysin secretion from astrocytes through activation of ERK and PI3K pathways. Neuroscience 2017; 362:70-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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38
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Zhang H, Liu D, Wang Y, Huang H, Zhao Y, Zhou H. Meta-analysis of expression and function of neprilysin in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2017; 657:69-76. [PMID: 28778804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP) is one of the most important Aβ-degrading enzymes, and its expression and activity in Alzheimer's brain have been widely reported, but the results remain debatable. Thus, the meta-analysis was performed to elucidate the role of NEP in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The relevant case-control or cohort studies were retrieved according to our inclusion/exclusion criteria. Six studies with 123 controls and 141 AD cases, seven studies with 102 controls and 90 AD cases, and four studies with 93 controls and 132 AD cases were included in meta-analysis of NEP's protein, mRNA, and enzyme activity respectively. We conducted Meta regression to detect the sources of heterogeneity and further performed cumulative meta-analysis or subgroup analysis. Our meta-analysis revealed a significantly lower level of NEP mRNA (SMD=-0.44, 95%CI: -0.87, -0.00, p=0.049) in AD cases than in non-AD cases, and such pattern was not altered over time in the cumulative meta-analysis. However, the decrease of NEP protein (SMD=-0.18, 95%CI: -0.62, 0.25) and enzyme activity (SMD=-0.35, 95%CI: -1.03, 0.32) in AD cases did not pass the significance check, while the cumulative meta-analysis by average age showed the pooled effect became insignificant as adding the studies with younger subjects, which indicates that the protein expression and enzyme activity of NEP in the cortex are affected by age. Therefore, the present meta-analysis suggests the need of further investigation of roles of NEP in AD pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yixing Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yujia Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Sasaguri H, Nilsson P, Hashimoto S, Nagata K, Saito T, De Strooper B, Hardy J, Vassar R, Winblad B, Saido TC. APP mouse models for Alzheimer's disease preclinical studies. EMBO J 2017; 36:2473-2487. [PMID: 28768718 PMCID: PMC5579350 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of human diseases that accurately recapitulate clinical pathology are indispensable for understanding molecular mechanisms and advancing preclinical studies. The Alzheimer's disease (AD) research community has historically used first‐generation transgenic (Tg) mouse models that overexpress proteins linked to familial AD (FAD), mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP), or APP and presenilin (PS). These mice exhibit AD pathology, but the overexpression paradigm may cause additional phenotypes unrelated to AD. Second‐generation mouse models contain humanized sequences and clinical mutations in the endogenous mouse App gene. These mice show Aβ accumulation without phenotypes related to overexpression but are not yet a clinical recapitulation of human AD. In this review, we evaluate different APP mouse models of AD, and review recent studies using the second‐generation mice. We advise AD researchers to consider the comparative strengths and limitations of each model against the scientific and therapeutic goal of a prospective preclinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sasaguri
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan .,Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Per Nilsson
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan.,Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Shoko Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nagata
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Department for Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Research Laboratories and the Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
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40
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Drew SC. The Case for Abandoning Therapeutic Chelation of Copper Ions in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:317. [PMID: 28626387 PMCID: PMC5455140 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The "therapeutic chelation" approach to treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) evolved from the metals hypothesis, with the premise that small molecules can be designed to prevent transition metal-induced amyloid deposition and oxidative stress within the AD brain. Over more than 20 years, countless in vitro studies have been devoted to characterizing metal binding, its effect on Aβ aggregation, ROS production, and in vitro toxicity. Despite a lack of evidence for any clinical benefit, the conjecture that therapeutic chelation is an effective approach for treating AD remains widespread. Here, the author plays the devil's advocate, questioning the experimental evidence, the dogma, and the value of therapeutic chelation, with a major focus on copper ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Drew
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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41
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Andreeva TV, Lukiw WJ, Rogaev EI. Biological Basis for Amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:122-139. [PMID: 28320296 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Certain cellular proteins normally soluble in the living organism under certain conditions form aggregates with a specific cross-β sheet structure called amyloid. These intra- or extracellular insoluble aggregates (fibers or plaques) are hallmarks of many neurodegenerative pathologies including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, prion disease, and other progressive neurological diseases that develop in the aging human central nervous system. Amyloid diseases (amyloidoses) are widespread in the elderly human population, a rapidly expanding demographic in many global populations. Increasing age is the most significant risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases associated with amyloid plaques. To date, nearly three dozen different misfolded proteins targeting brain and other organs have been identified in amyloid diseases and AD, the most prevalent neurodegenerative amyloid disease affecting over 15 million people worldwide. Here we (i) highlight the latest data on mechanisms of amyloid formation and further discuss a hypothesis on the amyloid cascade as a primary mechanism of AD pathogenesis and (ii) review the evolutionary aspects of amyloidosis, which allow new insight on human-specific mechanisms of dementia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Andreeva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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42
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Nezu A, Kubota T, Maruyama S, Nagata M, Nohno K, Morozumi T, Yoshie H. Expression of neprilysin in periodontitis-affected gingival tissues. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 79:35-41. [PMID: 28285126 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the pathogeneses of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and periodontal diseases have overlapping features, including ageing and chronic inflammation, the association between AD and periodontitis remains unclear. To explore the pathogenesis of periodontitis, a comprehensive gene expression/transcriptome analysis in periodontitis-affected gingival tissues found that the AD pathway was significantly up-regulated in periodontitis-affected gingival tissues. AD-related genes, amyloid beta precursor protein (APP), interleukin-1 beta and compliment 1QA, were significantly elevated in periodontitis. In the present study, balance between mRNA expression of APP and a potent amyloid degradation enzyme, neprilysin (NEP), as well as protein localisation of APP and NEP were analysed. DESIGN Eighteen periodontitis-affected and 18 clinically healthy control gingival tissues were taken from patients with severe chronic periodontitis or undergoing tooth extraction. Total RNA was purified and used for quantitative reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The localisation of APP and NEP was analysed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS Both APP and NEP genes were up-regulated in periodontitis-affected gingival tissues. APP-expressing macrophages and NEP-expressing neutrophils and fibroblasts, reflecting inflammatory stages, were detected in inflamed gingival tissues by IHC. CONCLUSION The up-regulation of APP and NEP mRNA levels in periodontitis-affected gingival tissues compared with healthy controls was confirmed by qRT-PCR analyses. Since NEP is one of the primary enzymes that degrades amyloid beta, increased NEP mRNA levels in periodontitis may act as an inhibitor of amyloid beta accumulation in gingival tissues, balancing increased APP mRNA expression. However, NEP has several effects including degradation of vasoactive substances; therefore, further sresearch is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nezu
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - T Kubota
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan; Division of Periodontics, Department of Preventive and Conservative Dentistry, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan.
| | - S Maruyama
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
| | - M Nagata
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - K Nohno
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - T Morozumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan; Division of Periodontics, Department of Preventive and Conservative Dentistry, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
| | - H Yoshie
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan; Division of Periodontics, Department of Preventive and Conservative Dentistry, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
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43
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Janssen L, Dubbelaar ML, Holtman IR, de Boer-Bergsma J, Eggen BJL, Boddeke HWGM, De Deyn PP, Van Dam D. Aging, microglia and cytoskeletal regulation are key factors in the pathological evolution of the APP23 mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:395-405. [PMID: 27838490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the key risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is considered a critical neurotoxic agent in AD pathology. However, the connection between these factors is unclear. We aimed to provide an extensive characterization of the gene expression profiles of the amyloidosis APP23 model for AD and control mice and to evaluate the effect of aging on these profiles. We also correlated our findings to changes in soluble Aβ-levels and other pathological and symptomatic features of the model. We observed a clear biphasic expression profile. The first phase displayed a maturation profile, which resembled features found in young carriers of familial AD mutations. The second phase reflected aging processes and showed similarities to the progression of human AD pathology. During this phase, the model displayed a clear upregulation of microglial activation and lysosomal pathways and downregulation of neuron differentiation and axon guidance pathways. Interestingly, the changes in expression were all correlated to aging in general, but appeared more extensive/accelerated in APP23 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Janssen
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marissa L Dubbelaar
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical Physiology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge R Holtman
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical Physiology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelkje de Boer-Bergsma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical Physiology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus W G M Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical Physiology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, Groningen, The Netherlands; Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Banerjee P, Sahoo A, Anand S, Bir A, Chakrabarti S. The Oral Iron Chelator, Deferasirox, Reverses the Age-Dependent Alterations in Iron and Amyloid-β Homeostasis in Rat Brain: Implications in the Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 49:681-93. [PMID: 26484920 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The altered metabolism of iron impacts the brain function in multiple deleterious ways during normal aging as well as in Alzheimer's disease. We have shown in this study that chelatable iron accumulates in the aged rat brain along with overexpression of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and ferritin, accompanied by significant alterations in amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide homeostasis in the aging brain, such as an increased production of the amyloid-β protein precursor, a decreased level of neprilysin, and increased accumulation of Aβ42. When aged rats are given daily the iron chelator, deferasirox, over a period of more than 4 months starting from the 18th month, the age-related accumulation of iron and overexpression of TfR1 and ferritin in the brain are significantly prevented. More interestingly, the chelator treatment also considerably reverses the altered Aβ peptide metabolism in the aging brain implying a significant role of iron in the latter phenomenon. Further, other results indicate that iron accumulation results in oxidative stress and the activation of NF-κB in the aged rat brain, which are also reversed by the deferasirox treatment. The analysis of the results together suggests that iron accumulation and oxidative stress interact at multiple levels that include transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms to bring about changes in the expression levels of TfR1 and ferritin and also alterations in Aβ peptide metabolism in the aging rat brain. The efficacy of deferasirox in preventing age-related changes in iron and Aβ peptide metabolism in the aging brain, as shown here, has obvious therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanjalee Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical and Educational Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Arghyadip Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical and Educational Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Shruti Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical and Educational Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Aritri Bir
- Department of Biochemistry, ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Haldia, India
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry, ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Haldia, India
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45
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Duarte AC, Hrynchak MV, Gonçalves I, Quintela T, Santos CRA. Sex Hormone Decline and Amyloid β Synthesis, Transport and Clearance in the Brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27632792 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones (SH) are essential regulators of the central nervous system. The decline in SH levels along with ageing may contribute to compromised neuroprotection and set the grounds for neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. In Alzheimer's disease, besides other pathological features, there is an imbalance between amyloid β (Aβ) production and clearance, leading to its accumulation in the brain of older subjects. Aβ accumulation is a primary cause for brain inflammation and degeneration, as well as concomitant cognitive decline. There is mounting evidence that SH modulate Aβ production, transport and clearance. Importantly, SH regulate most of the molecules involved in the amyloidogenic pathway, their transport across brain barriers for elimination, and their degradation in the brain interstitial fluid. This review brings together data on the regulation of Aβ production, metabolism, degradation and clearance by SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Duarte
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M V Hrynchak
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - I Gonçalves
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - T Quintela
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C R A Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre - CICS-UBI, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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46
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Brain-Wide Insulin Resistance, Tau Phosphorylation Changes, and Hippocampal Neprilysin and Amyloid-β Alterations in a Monkey Model of Type 1 Diabetes. J Neurosci 2016; 36:4248-58. [PMID: 27076423 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4640-14.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epidemiological findings suggest that diabetic individuals are at a greater risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). To examine the mechanisms by which diabetes mellitus (DM) may contribute to AD pathology in humans, we examined brain tissue from streptozotocin-treated type 1 diabetic adult male vervet monkeys receiving twice-daily exogenous insulin injections for 8-20 weeks. We found greater inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 in each brain region examined of the diabetic monkeys when compared with controls, consistent with a pattern of brain insulin resistance that is similar to that reported in the human AD brain. Additionally, a widespread increase in phosphorylated tau was seen, including brain areas vulnerable in AD, as well as relatively spared structures, such as the cerebellum. An increase in active ERK1/2 was also detected, consistent with DM leading to changes in tau-kinase activity broadly within the brain. In contrast to these widespread changes, we found an increase in soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) levels that was restricted to the temporal lobe, with the greatest increase seen in the hippocampus. Consistent with this localized Aβ increase, a hippocampus-restricted decrease in the protein and mRNA for the Aβ-degrading enzyme neprilysin (NEP) was found, whereas various Aβ-clearing and -degrading proteins were unchanged. Thus, we document multiple biochemical changes in the insulin-controlled DM monkey brain that can link DM with the risk of developing AD, including dysregulation of the insulin-signaling pathway, changes in tau phosphorylation, and a decrease in NEP expression in the hippocampus that is coupled with a localized increase in Aβ. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Given that diabetes mellitus (DM) appears to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), understanding the mechanisms by which DM promotes AD is important. We report that DM in a nonhuman primate brain leads to changes in the levels or posttranslational processing of proteins central to AD pathobiology, including tau, amyloid-β (Aβ), and the Aβ-degrading protease neprilysin. Additional evidence from this model suggests that alterations in brain insulin signaling occurred that are reminiscent of insulin signaling pathway changes seen in human AD. Thus, in an in vivo model highly relevant to humans, we show multiple alterations in the brain resulting from DM that are mechanistically linked to AD risk.
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47
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Alzheimer Disease and Its Growing Epidemic: Risk Factors, Biomarkers, and the Urgent Need for Therapeutics. Neurol Clin 2016; 34:941-953. [PMID: 27720002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) represents one of the greatest medical challenges of this century; the condition is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide and no effective treatments have been developed for this terminal disease. Because the disease manifests at a late stage after a long period of clinically silent neurodegeneration, knowledge of the modifiable risk factors and the implementation of biomarkers is crucial in the primary prevention of the disease and presymptomatic detection of AD, respectively. This article discusses the growing epidemic of AD and antecedent risk factors in the disease process. Disease biomarkers are discussed, and the implications that this may have for the treatment of this currently incurable disease.
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48
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Chen PT, Chen ZT, Hou WC, Yu LC, Chen RPY. Polyhydroxycurcuminoids but not curcumin upregulate neprilysin and can be applied to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29760. [PMID: 27407064 PMCID: PMC4942833 DOI: 10.1038/srep29760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP) is the most important Aβ-degrading enzyme. Its expression level decreases with age and inversely correlated with amyloid accumulation, suggesting its correlation with the late-onset of Alzheimer's disease. Recently, many reports showed that upregulating NEP level is a promising strategy in the prevention and therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Here, we used a sensitive fluorescence-based Aβ digestion assay to screen 25 curcumin analogs for their ability to upregulate NEP activity. To our surprise, four compounds, dihydroxylated curcumin, monohydroxylated demethoxycurcumin, and mono- and di-hydroxylated bisdemethoxycurcumin, increased NEP activity, while curcumin did not. The ability of these polyhydroxycurcuminoids to upregulate NEP was further confirmed by mRNA and protein expression levels in the cell and mouse models. Finally, feeding monohydroxylated demethoxycurcumin (also named demethylcurcumin) or dihydroxylated bisdemethoxycurcumin (also named bisdemethylcurcumin) to APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mice upregulated NEP levels in the brain and reduced Aβ accumulation in the hippocampus and cortex. These polyhydroxycurcuminoids offer hope in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ting Chen
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Zih-ten Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Hou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chih Yu
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Rita P.-Y. Chen
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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49
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Aydemir EA, Şimşek E, Korcum AF, Fişkin K. Endostatin and irradiation modifies the activity of ADAM10 and neprilysin in breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2343-51. [PMID: 27430992 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is regarded as a key cancer cell property. Endostatin (ES) is a potential antiangiogenic agent and it may be useful when implemented in combination with other cancer therapeutic strategies. The present study investigated the in vitro effects of ES, radiotherapy (RT) or combination therapy (ES + RT) on two important proteases, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain‑containing protein 10 (ADAM10) and neprilysin (NEP) in 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells and the more metastatic phenotype of 4THMpc breast cancer cells. 4T1 and 4THMpc cells were treated with recombinant murine ES (4 µg/ml) alone, RT (45 Gy) alone or with ES + RT. ADAM10 enzyme activity was determined using a tumor necrosis factor‑α converting enzyme (α‑secretase) activity assay kit, and NEP enzyme activity was measured with a fluorometric assay based on the generation of free dansyl‑D‑Ala‑Gly from N-dansyl-Ala-Gly-D-nitro-Phe-Gly, the substrate of NEP. Western blotting analysis was performed to determine whether the altered enzyme activity levels of the two cell lines occurred due to changes in expression level. These data indicate that ES independently potentiates the activity of ADAM10 and NEP enzymes in 4T1 and 4THMpc breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Arslan Aydemir
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Ece Şimşek
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Antalya School of Health, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Aylin Fidan Korcum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Kayahan Fişkin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Antalya School of Health, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
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50
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Zheng K, Dai X, Xiao N, Wu X, Wei Z, Fang W, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Chen X. Curcumin Ameliorates Memory Decline via Inhibiting BACE1 Expression and β-Amyloid Pathology in 5×FAD Transgenic Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1967-1977. [PMID: 26910813 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia and the trigger of its pathological cascade is widely believed to be the overproduction and accumulation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) in the affected brain. However, effective AD remedies are still anxiously awaited. Recent evidence suggests that curcumin may be a potential agent for AD treatment. In this study, we used 5×FAD transgenic mice as an AD model to investigate the effects of curcumin on AD. Our results showed that curcumin administration (150 or 300 mg/kg/day, intragastrically, for 60 days) dramatically reduced Aβ production by downregulating BACE1 expression, preventing synaptic degradation, and improving spatial learning and memory impairment of 5×FAD mice. These findings suggest that curcumin is a potential candidate for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunmu Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Xiaoman Dai
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Nai'an Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Xilin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Wenting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yuangui Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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