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Li Y, Pacoste LC, Gu W, Thygesen SJ, Stacey KJ, Ve T, Kobe B, Xu H, Nanson JD. Microcrystal electron diffraction structure of Toll-like receptor 2 TIR-domain-nucleated MyD88 TIR-domain higher-order assembly. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2024; 80:699-712. [PMID: 39268708 PMCID: PMC11394124 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798324008210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic TIR (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor protein) domains signal via TIR-TIR interactions, either by self-association or by interaction with other TIR domains. In mammals, TIR domains are found in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmic adaptor proteins involved in pro-inflammatory signaling. Previous work revealed that the MAL TIR domain (MALTIR) nucleates the assembly of MyD88TIR into crystalline arrays in vitro. A microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) structure of the MyD88TIR assembly has previously been solved, revealing a two-stranded higher-order assembly of TIR domains. In this work, it is demonstrated that the TIR domain of TLR2, which is reported to signal as a heterodimer with either TLR1 or TLR6, induces the formation of crystalline higher-order assemblies of MyD88TIR in vitro, whereas TLR1TIR and TLR6TIR do not. Using an improved data-collection protocol, the MicroED structure of TLR2TIR-induced MyD88TIR microcrystals was determined at a higher resolution (2.85 Å) and with higher completeness (89%) compared with the previous structure of the MALTIR-induced MyD88TIR assembly. Both assemblies exhibit conformational differences in several areas that are important for signaling (for example the BB loop and CD loop) compared with their monomeric structures. These data suggest that TLR2TIR and MALTIR interact with MyD88 in an analogous manner during signaling, nucleating MyD88TIR assemblies unidirectionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - L C Pacoste
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Frescativägen 8, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - S J Thygesen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - K J Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - T Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
| | - B Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - H Xu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Frescativägen 8, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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2
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Chae S, Lee HJ, Lee HE, Kim J, Jeong YJ, Lin Y, Kim HY, Leriche G, Ehrlich RS, Lingl SC, Seo MD, Lee YH, Yang J, Kim JI, Hoe HS. The dopamine analogue CA140 alleviates AD pathology, neuroinflammation, and rescues synaptic/cognitive functions by modulating DRD1 signaling or directly binding to Abeta. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:200. [PMID: 39129007 PMCID: PMC11317008 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported that the dopamine (DA) analogue CA140 modulates neuroinflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-injected wild-type (WT) mice and in 3-month-old 5xFAD mice, a model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effects of CA140 on Aβ/tau pathology and synaptic/cognitive function and its molecular mechanisms of action are unknown. METHODS To investigate the effects of CA140 on cognitive and synaptic function and AD pathology, 3-month-old WT mice or 8-month-old (aged) 5xFAD mice were injected with vehicle (10% DMSO) or CA140 (30 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 10, 14, or 17 days. Behavioral tests, ELISA, electrophysiology, RNA sequencing, real-time PCR, Golgi staining, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting were conducted. RESULTS In aged 5xFAD mice, a model of AD pathology, CA140 treatment significantly reduced Aβ/tau fibrillation, Aβ plaque number, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 activation. In addition, CA140 treatment downregulated the expression of cxcl10, a marker of AD-associated reactive astrocytes (RAs), and c1qa, a marker of the interaction of RAs with disease-associated microglia (DAMs) in 5xFAD mice. CA140 treatment also suppressed the mRNA levels of s100β and cxcl10, markers of AD-associated RAs, in primary astrocytes from 5xFAD mice. In primary microglial cells from 5xFAD mice, CA140 treatment increased the mRNA levels of markers of homeostatic microglia (cx3cr1 and p2ry12) and decreased the mRNA levels of a marker of proliferative region-associated microglia (gpnmb) and a marker of lipid-droplet-accumulating microglia (cln3). Importantly, CA140 treatment rescued scopolamine (SCO)-mediated deficits in long-term memory, dendritic spine number, and LTP impairment. In aged 5xFAD mice, these effects of CA140 treatment on cognitive/synaptic function and AD pathology were regulated by dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1)/Elk1 signaling. In primary hippocampal neurons and WT mice, CA140 treatment promoted long-term memory and dendritic spine formation via effects on DRD1/CaMKIIα and/or ERK signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CA140 improves neuronal/synaptic/cognitive function and ameliorates Aβ/tau pathology and neuroinflammation by modulating DRD1 signaling in primary hippocampal neurons, primary astrocytes/microglia, WT mice, and aged 5xFAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Chae
- Neurovascular Unit, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Lee
- Neurodegenerative Unit, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-Gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Neurodegenerative Unit, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Joo Jeong
- Neurodegenerative Unit, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuxi Lin
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, ChungBuk, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-Gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Geoffray Leriche
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Rachel S Ehrlich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Sascha Castro Lingl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Min-Duk Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, ChungBuk, 28119, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi , 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerry Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA.
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-Gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Neurodegenerative Unit, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Dorrity TJ, Shin H, Gertie JA, Chung H. The Sixth Sense: Self-nucleic acid sensing in the brain. Adv Immunol 2024; 161:53-83. [PMID: 38763702 PMCID: PMC11186578 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Our innate immune system uses pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as a first line of defense to detect microbial ligands and initiate an immune response. Viral nucleic acids are key ligands for the activation of many PRRs and the induction of downstream inflammatory and antiviral effects. Initially it was thought that endogenous (self) nucleic acids rarely activated these PRRs, however emerging evidence indicates that endogenous nucleic acids are able to activate host PRRs in homeostasis and disease. In fact, many regulatory mechanisms are in place to finely control and regulate sensing of self-nucleic acids by PRRs. Sensing of self-nucleic acids is particularly important in the brain, as perturbations to nucleic acid sensing commonly leads to neuropathology. This review will highlight the role of nucleic acid sensors in the brain, both in disease and homeostasis. We also indicate the source of endogenous stimulatory nucleic acids where known and summarize future directions for the study of this growing field.
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Key Words
- Brain
- DNA sensing PRRs: cGAS, AIM2, TLR9
- Neurodegeneration: Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Stroke, Traumatic brain injury
- Neurodevelopment
- Neuroinflammation
- Nuecleic acid immunity
- Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
- RNA sensing PRRs: MDA5, RIG-I, PKR, TLR3, TLR7/8
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Dorrity
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Heegwon Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jake A Gertie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hachung Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
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4
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Karati D, Mukherjee S, Roy S. A Promising Drug Candidate as Potent Therapeutic Approach for Neuroinflammation and Its In Silico Justification of Chalcone Congeners: a Comprehensive Review. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1873-1891. [PMID: 37801205 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple genetic, environmental, and immunological variables cause neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs). The induced inflammatory immune response is also connected to the severity and treatment outcomes of various NPDs. These reactions also significantly impact numerous brain functions such as GABAergic signaling and neurotransmitter synthesis through inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Chalcones (1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-ones) and their heterocyclic counterparts are flavonoids with various biological characteristics including anti-inflammatory activity. Several pure chalcones have been clinically authorized or studied in humans. Chalcones are favored for their diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy in neuroinflammation due to their tiny molecular size, easy manufacturing, and flexibility for changes to adjust lipophilicity ideal for BBB penetrability. These compounds reached an acceptable plasma concentration and were well-tolerated in clinical testing. As a result, they are attracting increasing attention from scientists. However, chalcones' therapeutic potential remains largely untapped. This paper is aimed at highlighting the causes of neuroinflammation, more potent chalcone congeners, their mechanisms of action, and relevant structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Karati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Swarupananda Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata, 124 B.L. Saha Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata, 124 B.L. Saha Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700053, India.
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Djurišić M. Immune receptors and aging brain. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20222267. [PMID: 38299364 PMCID: PMC10866841 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging brings about a myriad of degenerative processes throughout the body. A decrease in cognitive abilities is one of the hallmark phenotypes of aging, underpinned by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration occurring in the brain. This review focuses on the role of different immune receptors expressed in cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems. We will discuss how immune receptors in the brain act as sentinels and effectors of the age-dependent shift in ligand composition. Within this 'old-age-ligand soup,' some immune receptors contribute directly to excessive synaptic weakening from within the neuronal compartment, while others amplify the damaging inflammatory environment in the brain. Ultimately, chronic inflammation sets up a positive feedback loop that increases the impact of immune ligand-receptor interactions in the brain, leading to permanent synaptic and neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Djurišić
- Departments of Biology, Neurobiology, and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
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6
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Ni J, Xie Z, Quan Z, Meng J, Qing H. How brain 'cleaners' fail: Mechanisms and therapeutic value of microglial phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2024; 72:227-244. [PMID: 37650384 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident phagocytes of the brain, where they primarily function in the clearance of dead cells and the removal of un- or misfolded proteins. The impaired activity of receptors or proteins involved in phagocytosis can result in enhanced inflammation and neurodegeneration. RNA-seq and genome-wide association studies have linked multiple phagocytosis-related genes to neurodegenerative diseases, while the knockout of such genes has been demonstrated to exert protective effects against neurodegeneration in animal models. The failure of microglial phagocytosis influences AD-linked pathologies, including amyloid β accumulation, tau propagation, neuroinflammation, and infection. However, a precise understanding of microglia-mediated phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still lacking. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in microglial phagocytosis in AD across a wide range of pre-clinical, post-mortem, ex vivo, and clinical studies and review the current limitations regarding the detection of microglia phagocytosis in AD. Finally, we discuss the rationale of targeting microglial phagocytosis as a therapeutic strategy for preventing AD or slowing its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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7
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Thomas R, Connolly KJ, Brekk OR, Hinrich AJ, Hastings ML, Isacson O, Hallett PJ. Viral-like TLR3 induction of cytokine networks and α-synuclein are reduced by complement C3 blockade in mouse brain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15164. [PMID: 37704739 PMCID: PMC10499893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and mechanisms are of central importance in neurodegenerative diseases. In the brain, α-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD) show immune cytokine network activation and increased toll like receptor 3 (TLR3) levels for viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Brain inflammatory reactions caused by TLR3 activation are also relevant to understand pathogenic cascades by viral SARS-CoV-2 infection causing post- COVID-19 brain-related syndromes. In the current study, following regional brain TLR3 activation induced by dsRNA in mice, an acute complement C3 response was seen at 2 days. A C3 splice-switching antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that promotes the splicing of a non-productive C3 mRNA, prevented downstream cytokines, such as IL-6, and α-synuclein changes. This report is the first demonstration that α-synuclein increases occur downstream of complement C3 activation. Relevant to brain dysfunction, post-COVID-19 syndromes and pathological changes leading to PD and LBD, viral dsRNA TLR3 activation in the presence of C3 complement blockade further revealed significant interactions between complement systems, inflammatory cytokine networks and α-synuclein changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Kyle J Connolly
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Oeystein R Brekk
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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8
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Brandt A, Kromm F, Hernández-Arriaga A, Martínez Sánchez I, Bozkir HÖ, Staltner R, Baumann A, Camarinha-Silva A, Heijtz RD, Bergheim I. Cognitive Alterations in Old Mice Are Associated with Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Induced Toll-like Receptor 2 and 4 Signaling in Different Brain Regions. Cells 2023; 12:2153. [PMID: 37681885 PMCID: PMC10486476 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicate the 'microbiota-gut-brain axis' in cognitive aging and neuroinflammation; however, underlying mechanisms still remain to be elucidated. Here, we assessed if potential alterations in intestinal barrier function and microbiota composition as well as levels of two key pattern-recognition receptors namely Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4, in blood and different brain regions, and depending signaling cascades are paralleling aging associated alterations of cognition in healthy aging mice. Cognitive function was assessed in the Y-maze and intestinal and brain tissue and blood were collected in young (4 months old) and old (24 months old) male C57BL/6 mice to determine intestinal microbiota composition by Illumina amplicon sequencing, the concentration of TLR2 and TLR4 ligands in plasma and brain tissue as well as to determine markers of intestinal barrier function, senescence and TLR2 and TLR4 signaling. Cognitive function was significantly impaired in old mice. Also, in old mice, intestinal microbiota composition was significantly altered, while the relative abundance of Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria in the small and large intestines at different ages was not altered. Moreover, intestinal barrier function was impaired in small intestine of old mice, and the levels of TLR2 and TLR4 ligands were also significantly higher in both portal and peripheral blood. Furthermore, levels of TLR2 and TLR4 ligands, and downstream markers of TLR signaling were higher in the hippocampal and prefrontal cortex of old mice compared to young animals. Taken together, our results suggest that even in 'healthy' aging, cognitive function is impaired in mice going along with an increased intestinal translocation of TLR ligands and alterations of TLR signaling in several brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Brandt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Kromm
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angélica Hernández-Arriaga
- Animal Nutrition Department, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Inés Martínez Sánchez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Biomedicum, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haktan Övül Bozkir
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Raphaela Staltner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Baumann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- Animal Nutrition Department, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rochellys Diaz Heijtz
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Biomedicum, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Zhang W, Xiao D, Mao Q, Xia H. Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:267. [PMID: 37433768 PMCID: PMC10336149 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and so on, have suggested that inflammation is not only a result of neurodegeneration but also a crucial player in this process. Protein aggregates which are very common pathological phenomenon in neurodegeneration can induce neuroinflammation which further aggravates protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. Actually, inflammation even happens earlier than protein aggregation. Neuroinflammation induced by genetic variations in CNS cells or by peripheral immune cells may induce protein deposition in some susceptible population. Numerous signaling pathways and a range of CNS cells have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, although they are still far from being completely understood. Due to the limited success of traditional treatment methods, blocking or enhancing inflammatory signaling pathways involved in neurodegeneration are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, and many of them have got exciting results in animal models or clinical trials. Some of them, although very few, have been approved by FDA for clinical usage. Here we comprehensively review the factors affecting neuroinflammation and the major inflammatory signaling pathways involved in the pathogenicity of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We also summarize the current strategies, both in animal models and in the clinic, for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
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10
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Ibrahim WW, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Budzyńska B, El Sayed NS. NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition and M1-to-M2 microglial polarization shifting via scoparone-inhibited TLR4 axis in ovariectomy/D-galactose Alzheimer's disease rat model. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110239. [PMID: 37137264 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia activation is a critical contributor to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Dysregulated microglia polarization in terms of M1 overactivation with M2 inhibition is involved in AD pathological damage. Scoparone (SCO), a coumarin derivative, displays several beneficial pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, however, its neurological effect in AD is still elusive. This study investigated the neuroprotective potential of SCO in AD animal model focusing on determining its effect on M1/M2 microglia polarization and exploring the plausible mechanism involved via investigating its modulatory role on TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. Sixty female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups. Two groups were sham-operated and treated or untreated with SCO, and the other two groups were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) and received D-galactose (D-Gal; 150 mg/kg/day, i.p) alone or with SCO (12.5 mg/kg/day, i.p) for 6 weeks. SCO improved memory functions of OVX/D-Gal rats in the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. It also reduced the hippocampal burden of amyloid-β42 and p-Tau, additionally, the hippocampal histopathological architecture was prominently preserved. SCO inhibited the gene expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF-6, and TAK-1, additionally, p-JNK and NF-κBp65 levels were significantly curbed. This was associated with repression of NLRP3 inflammasome along with M1-to-M2 microglia polarization shifting as exemplified by mitigating pro-inflammatory M1 marker (CD86) and elevating M2 neuroprotective marker (CD163). Therefore, SCO could promote microglia transition towards M2 through switching off TLR4/MyD88/TRAF-6/TAK-1/NF-κB axis and inhibiting NLRP3 pathway, with consequent mitigation of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in OVX/D-Gal AD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weam W Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Barbara Budzyńska
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Bodagh N, Kotadia I, Gharaviri A, Zelaya F, Birns J, Bhalla A, Sommerville P, Niederer S, O’Neill M, Williams SE. The Impact of Atrial Fibrillation Treatment Strategies on Cognitive Function. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3050. [PMID: 37176490 PMCID: PMC10179566 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest that atrial fibrillation is associated with a heightened risk of dementia. The mechanism of interaction is unclear. Atrial fibrillation-induced cerebral infarcts, hypoperfusion, systemic inflammation, and anticoagulant therapy-induced cerebral microbleeds, have been proposed to explain the link between these conditions. An understanding of the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation-associated cognitive decline may enable the development of treatment strategies targeted towards the prevention of dementia in atrial fibrillation patients. The aim of this review is to explore the impact that existing atrial fibrillation treatment strategies may have on cognition and the putative mechanisms linking the two conditions. This review examines how components of the 'Atrial Fibrillation Better Care pathway' (stroke risk reduction, rhythm control, rate control, and risk factor management) may influence the trajectory of atrial fibrillation-associated cognitive decline. The requirements for further prospective studies to understand the mechanistic link between atrial fibrillation and dementia and to develop treatment strategies targeted towards the prevention of atrial fibrillation-associated cognitive decline, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Bodagh
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Irum Kotadia
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ali Gharaviri
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Fernando Zelaya
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jonathan Birns
- St Thomas’ Hospital, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ajay Bhalla
- St Thomas’ Hospital, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Peter Sommerville
- St Thomas’ Hospital, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Steven Niederer
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mark O’Neill
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- St Thomas’ Hospital, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Steven E. Williams
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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12
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Traumatic MicroRNAs: Deconvolving the Signal After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1061-1075. [PMID: 35852739 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
History of traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant risk factor for development of dementia and neurodegenerative disorders in later life. While histopathological sequelae and neurological diagnostics of TBI are well defined, the molecular events linking the post-TBI signaling and neurodegenerative cascades remain unknown. It is not only due to the brain's inaccessibility to direct molecular analysis but also due to the lack of well-defined and highly informative peripheral biomarkers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in blood are promising candidates to address this gap. Using integrative bioinformatics pipeline including miRNA:target identification, pathway enrichment, and protein-protein interactions analysis we identified set of genes, interacting proteins, and pathways that are connected to previously reported peripheral miRNAs, deregulated following severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) in humans. This meta-analysis revealed a spectrum of genes closely related to critical biological processes, such as neuroregeneration including axon guidance and neurite outgrowth, neurotransmission, inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis, cell adhesion, and response to DNA damage. More importantly, we have identified molecular pathways associated with neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, based on purely peripheral markers. The pathway signature after acute sTBI is similar to the one observed in chronic neurodegenerative conditions, which implicates a link between the post-sTBI signaling and neurodegeneration. Identified key hub interacting proteins represent a group of novel candidates for potential therapeutic targets or biomarkers.
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13
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Park JM, Lee SC, Ham C, Kim YW. Effect of probiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, motor, non-motor symptoms and mental health in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:9. [PMID: 36879342 PMCID: PMC9990363 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Gut dysbiosis is hypothesized to cause PD; therefore, whether probiotics can be used as adjuvants in the treatment of PD is being actively investigated. AIMS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotic therapy in PD patients. METHODS PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases were searched till February 20, 2023. The meta-analysis used a random effects model and the effect size was calculated as mean difference or standardized mean difference. We assessed the quality of the evidence using the Grade of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. RESULTS Eleven studies involving 840 participants were included in the final analysis. This meta-analysis showed high-quality evidence of improvement in Unified PD Rating Scale Part III motor scale (standardized mean difference [95% confidence interval]) (- 0.65 [- 1.11 to - 0.19]), non-motor symptom (- 0.81 [- 1.12 to - 0.51]), and depression scale (- 0.70 [- 0.93 to -0.46]). Moderate to low quality evidence of significant improvement was observed in gastrointestinal motility (0.83 [0.45-1.10]), quality of life (- 1.02 [- 1.66 to - 0.37]), anxiety scale (- 0.72 [- 1.10 to - 0.35]), serum inflammatory markers (- 5.98 [- 9.20 to - 2.75]), and diabetes risk (- 3.46 [- 4.72 to - 2.20]). However, there were no significant improvements in Bristol Stool Scale scores, constipation, antioxidant capacity, and risk of dyslipidemia. In a subgroup analysis, probiotic capsules improved gastrointestinal motility compared to fermented milk. CONCLUSION Probiotic supplements may be suitable for improving the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD and reducing depression. Further research is warranted to determine the mechanism of action of probiotics and to determine the optimal treatment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Mi Park
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chorom Ham
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Wook Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Das TK, Ganesh BP. Interlink between the gut microbiota and inflammation in the context of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease progression. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2206504. [PMID: 37127846 PMCID: PMC10153019 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2206504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis is an important pathway of communication and may dynamically contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Pathological commensal gut microbiota alterations, termed as dysbiosis, can influence intestinal permeability and break the blood-brain barrier which may trigger AD pathogenesis via redox signaling, neuronal, immune, and metabolic pathways. Dysbiosis increases the oxidative stress. Oxidants affect the innate immune system through recognizing microbial-derived pathogens by Toll-like receptors and initiating the inflammatory process. Most of the gut microbiome research work highlights the relationship between the gut microbiota and AD, but the contributory connection between precise bacteria and brain dysfunction in AD pathology cannot be fully demonstrated. Here, we summarize the current information of the fundamental connections between oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis in AD. This review emphasizes on the involvement of gut microbiota in the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, immune responses including central and peripheral cross-talk. It provides insights for novel preventative and therapeutic approaches in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Das
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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The Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1315248. [PMID: 36211819 PMCID: PMC9534688 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1315248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Increasing evidence supports the view that dysfunction of innate immune cells initiated by accumulated and misfolded proteins plays essential roles in the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases. The TLR family was found to be involved in the regulation of microglial function in the pathogenesis and progression of AD or PD, making it as double-edged sword in these diseases. Altered function of peripheral innate immune cells was found in AD and PD and thus contributed to the development and progression of AD and PD. Alteration of different subsets of T cells was found in the peripheral blood and CNS in AD and PD. The CNS-infiltrating T cells can exert both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects in the pathogenesis and progression. Here, we review recent evidences for the roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in the pathogenesis and progression of AD and PD.
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16
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Ganz T, Fainstein N, Ben-Hur T. When the infectious environment meets the AD brain. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:53. [PMID: 35986296 PMCID: PMC9388962 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Amyloid theory of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suggests that the deposition of Amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain triggers a chain of events, involving the deposition of phosphorylated Tau and other misfolded proteins, leading to neurodegeneration via neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurovascular factors. The infectious theory linked various infectious agents with the development of AD, raising the possibility that they serve as etiological causes of the disease. Are these theories mutually exclusive, or do they coincide? Main body In this review, we will discuss how the two theories converge. We present a model by which (1) the systemic infectious burden accelerates the development of AD brain pathology via bacterial Amyloids and other pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and (2) the developing AD brain pathology increases its susceptibility to the neurotoxicity of infectious agents -derived PAMPs, which drive neurodegeneration via activated microglia. Conclusions The reciprocal effects of amyloid deposition and systemic infectious burden may lead to a vicious cycle fueling Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis.
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17
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Sušjan-Leite P, Ramuta TŽ, Boršić E, Orehek S, Hafner-Bratkovič I. Supramolecular organizing centers at the interface of inflammation and neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940969. [PMID: 35979366 PMCID: PMC9377691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases involves the accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates. These deposits are both directly toxic to neurons, invoking loss of cell connectivity and cell death, and recognized by innate sensors that upon activation release neurotoxic cytokines, chemokines, and various reactive species. This neuroinflammation is propagated through signaling cascades where activated sensors/receptors, adaptors, and effectors associate into multiprotein complexes known as supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the SMOCs, involved in neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, such as myddosomes, inflammasomes, and necrosomes, their assembly, and evidence for their involvement in common neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss the multifaceted role of neuroinflammation in the progression of neurodegeneration. Recent progress in the understanding of particular SMOC participation in common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease offers novel therapeutic strategies for currently absent disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sušjan-Leite
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Taja Železnik Ramuta
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elvira Boršić
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Orehek
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Thangaleela S, Sivamaruthi BS, Kesika P, Bharathi M, Chaiyasut C. Role of the Gut-Brain Axis, Gut Microbial Composition, Diet, and Probiotic Intervention in Parkinson's Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1544. [PMID: 36013962 PMCID: PMC9412530 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric disease, affecting 1% of seniors worldwide. The gut microbiota (GM) is one of the key access controls for most diseases and disorders. Disturbance in the GM creates an imbalance in the function and circulation of metabolites, resulting in unhealthy conditions. Any dysbiosis could affect the function of the gut, consequently disturbing the equilibrium in the intestine, and provoking pro-inflammatory conditions in the gut lumen, which send signals to the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus enteric nervous system, possibly disturbing the blood-brain barrier. The neuroinflammatory conditions in the brain cause accumulation of α-syn, and progressively develop PD. An important aspect of understanding and treating the disease is access to broad knowledge about the influence of dietary supplements on GM. Probiotics are live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotic supplementation improves the function of the CNS, and improves the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Probiotic supplementation could be an adjuvant therapeutic method to manage PD. This review summarizes the role of GM in health, the GM-brain axis, the pathogenesis of PD, the role of GM and diet in PD, and the influence of probiotic supplementation on PD. The study encourages further detailed clinical trials in PD patients with probiotics, which aids in determining the involvement of GM, intestinal mediators, and neurological mediators in the treatment or management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Thangaleela
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.T.); (P.K.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Periyanaina Kesika
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.T.); (P.K.); (M.B.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Muruganantham Bharathi
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.T.); (P.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.T.); (P.K.); (M.B.)
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19
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The Neuroprotective Effects of Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma Supplementation Involve the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112211. [PMID: 35684013 PMCID: PMC9183112 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with spray-dried porcine plasma (SDP) reduces the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) hallmarks in SAMP8 mice. Since gut microbiota can play a critical role in the AD progression, we have studied if the neuroprotective effects of SDP involve the microbiota−gut−brain axis. Experiments were performed on two-month-old SAMP8 mice fed a standard diet and on six-month-old SAMP8 mice fed a control diet or an 8% SDP supplemented diet for four months. Senescence impaired short- and long-term memory, reduced cortical brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) abundance, increased interleukin (Il)-1β, Il-6, and Toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2) expression, and reduced transforming growth factor β (Tgf-β) expression and IL-10 concentration (all p < 0.05) and these effects were mitigated by SDP (all p < 0.05). Aging also increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum and colon (all p < 0.05). SDP attenuated both colonic and systemic inflammation in aged mice (all p < 0.05). SDP induced the proliferation of health-promoting bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Pediococcus, while reducing the abundance of inflammation-associated bacteria, such as Johnsonella and Erysipelothrix (both q < 0.1). In conclusion, SDP has mucosal and systemic anti-inflammatory effects as well as neuroprotective properties in senescent mice; these effects are well correlated with SDP promotion of the abundance of probiotic species, which indicates that the gut−brain axis could be involved in the peripheral effects of SDP supplementation.
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20
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Acioglu C, Heary RF, Elkabes S. Roles of neuronal toll-like receptors in neuropathic pain and central nervous system injuries and diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:163-178. [PMID: 35176442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors that are expressed in immune cells as well as glia and neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are best known for their role in the host defense in response to pathogens and for the induction of inflammation in infectious and non-infectious diseases. In the central nervous system (CNS), TLRs modulate glial and neuronal functions as well as innate immunity and neuroinflammation under physiological or pathophysiological conditions. The majority of the studies on TLRs in CNS pathologies investigated their overall contribution without focusing on a particular cell type, or they analyzed TLRs in glia and infiltrating immune cells in the context of neuroinflammation and cellular activation. The role of neuronal TLRs in CNS diseases and injuries has received little attention and remains underappreciated. The primary goal of this review is to summarize findings demonstrating the pivotal and unique roles of neuronal TLRs in neuropathic pain, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and CNS injuries. We discuss how the current findings warrant future investigations to better define the specific contributions of neuronal TLRs to these pathologies. We underline the paucity of information regarding the role of neuronal TLRs in other neurodegenerative, demyelinating, and psychiatric diseases. We draw attention to the importance of broadening research on neuronal TLRs in view of emerging evidence demonstrating their distinctive functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Acioglu
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Robert F Heary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Mountainside Medical Center, Montclair, NJ 07042, United States
| | - Stella Elkabes
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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21
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Chavarría C, Ivagnes R, Souza JM. Extracellular Alpha-Synuclein: Mechanisms for Glial Cell Internalization and Activation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:655. [PMID: 35625583 PMCID: PMC9138387 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a small protein composed of 140 amino acids and belongs to the group of intrinsically disordered proteins. It is a soluble protein that is highly expressed in neurons and expressed at low levels in glial cells. The monomeric protein aggregation process induces the formation of oligomeric intermediates and proceeds towards fibrillar species. These α-syn conformational species have been detected in the extracellular space and mediate consequences on surrounding neurons and glial cells. In particular, higher-ordered α-syn aggregates are involved in microglial and oligodendrocyte activation, as well as in the induction of astrogliosis. These phenomena lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species formation, and the induction of an inflammatory response, associated with neuronal cell death. Several receptors participate in cell activation and/or in the uptake of α-syn, which can vary depending on the α-syn aggregated state and cell types. The receptors involved in this process are of outstanding relevance because they may constitute potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD and related synucleinopathies. This review article focuses on the mechanism associated with extracellular α-syn uptake in glial cells and the consequent glial cell activation that contributes to the neuronal death associated with synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José M. Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; (C.C.); (R.I.)
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22
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Fan W, Huang W, Chen J, Li N, Mao L, Hou S. Retinal microglia: Functions and diseases. Immunology 2022; 166:268-286. [PMID: 35403700 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Chongqing China
- Chongqing Eye Institute Chongqing China
- Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases Chongqing China
| | - Weidi Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Na Li
- College of Basic Medicine Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Liming Mao
- Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road Nantong Jiangsu China
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Chongqing China
- Chongqing Eye Institute Chongqing China
- Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases Chongqing China
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23
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García-Martínez M, Cortez LM, Otero A, Betancor M, Serrano-Pérez B, Bolea R, Badiola JJ, Garza MC. Distinctive Toll-like Receptors Gene Expression and Glial Response in Different Brain Regions of Natural Scrapie. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073579. [PMID: 35408945 PMCID: PMC8998348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are chronic and fatal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc), spongiform changes, neuronal loss, and gliosis. Growing evidence shows that the neuroinflammatory response is a key component of prion diseases and contributes to neurodegeneration. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been proposed as important mediators of innate immune responses triggered in the central nervous system in other human neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, little is known about the role of TLRs in prion diseases, and their involvement in the neuropathology of natural scrapie has not been studied. We assessed the gene expression of ovine TLRs in four anatomically distinct brain regions in natural scrapie-infected sheep and evaluated the possible correlations between gene expression and the pathological hallmarks of prion disease. We observed significant changes in TLR expression in scrapie-infected sheep that correlate with the degree of spongiosis, PrPSc deposition, and gliosis in each of the regions studied. Remarkably, TLR4 was the only gene upregulated in all regions, regardless of the severity of neuropathology. In the hippocampus, we observed milder neuropathology associated with a distinct TLR gene expression profile and the presence of a peculiar microglial morphology, called rod microglia, described here for the first time in the brain of scrapie-infected sheep. The concurrence of these features suggests partial neuroprotection of the hippocampus. Finally, a comparison of the findings in naturallyinfected sheep versus an ovinized mouse model (tg338 mice) revealed distinct patterns of TLRgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta García-Martínez
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.-M.); (M.B.); (R.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Leonardo M. Cortez
- Department of Medicine and Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Correspondence: (L.M.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.-M.); (M.B.); (R.B.); (J.J.B.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Marina Betancor
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.-M.); (M.B.); (R.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Beatriz Serrano-Pérez
- Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.-M.); (M.B.); (R.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Juan J. Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.G.-M.); (M.B.); (R.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - María Carmen Garza
- Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humanas, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
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24
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Cutuli D, Giacovazzo G, Decandia D, Coccurello R. Alzheimer's disease and depression in the elderly: A trajectory linking gut microbiota and serotonin signaling. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1010169. [PMID: 36532180 PMCID: PMC9750201 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in the elderly is viewed as an early sign of subsequent cognitive deterioration and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. The prognosis in terms of both the severity and progression of clinical dementia is generally aggravated by the comorbidity of neuropsychiatric symptoms and decline in cognitive function. Undeniably, aging and in particular unhealthy aging, is a silent "engine of neuropathology" over which multiple changes take place, including drastic alterations of the gut microbial ecosystem. This narrative review evaluates the role of gut microbiota changes as a possible unifying concept through which the comorbidity of neuropsychiatric symptoms and Alzheimer's disease can be considered. However, since the heterogeneity of neuropsychiatric symptoms, it is improbable to describe the same type of alterations in the bacteria population observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease, as well as it is improbable that the variety of drugs used to treat neuropsychiatric symptoms might produce changes in gut bacterial diversity similar to that observed in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Depression seems to be another very intriguing exception, as it is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and a mood disorder frequently associated with brain aging. Antidepressants (i.e., serotonin reuptake inhibitors) or tryptophan dietary supplementation have been shown to reduce Amyloid β-loading, reinstate microbial diversity and reduce the abundance of bacterial taxa dominant in depression and Alzheimer's disease. This review briefly examines this trajectory by discussing the dysfunction of gut microbiota composition, selected bacterial taxa, and alteration of tryptophan and serotonin metabolism/neurotransmission as overlapping in-common mechanisms involved with depression, Alzheimer's disease, and unhealthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Cutuli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Decandia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Complex Systems (ISC), National Council of Research (CNR), Rome, Italy
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25
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Tran AA, De Smet M, Grant GD, Khoo TK, Pountney DL. Investigating the Convergent Mechanisms between Major Depressive Disorder and Parkinson's Disease. Complex Psychiatry 2021; 6:47-61. [PMID: 34883500 DOI: 10.1159/000512657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects more than cognition, having a temporal relationship with neuroinflammatory pathways of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although this association is supported by epidemiological and clinical studies, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Microglia and astrocytes play crucial roles in the pathophysiology of both MDD and PD. In PD, these cells can be activated by misfolded forms of the protein α-synuclein to release cytokines that can interact with multiple different physiological processes to produce depressive symptoms, including monoamine transport and availability, the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, and neurogenesis. In MDD, glial cell activation can be induced by peripheral inflammatory agents that cross the blood-brain barrier and/or c-Fos signalling from neurons. The resulting neuroinflammation can cause neurodegeneration due to oxidative stress and glutamate excitotoxicity, contributing to PD pathology. Astrocytes are another major link due to their recognized role in the glymphatic clearance mechanism. Research suggesting that MDD causes astrocytic destruction or structural atrophy highlights the possibility that accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain is facilitated as the brain cannot adequately clear the protein aggregates. This review examines research into the overlapping pathophysiology of MDD and PD with particular focus on the roles of glial cells and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Tran
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Myra De Smet
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary D Grant
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dean L Pountney
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Orlacchio A, Mazzone P. The Role of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) Mediated Inflammation in Pancreatic Cancer Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12743. [PMID: 34884547 PMCID: PMC8657588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, characterized by its aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Despite significant improvements in PC treatment and management, the complexity of the molecular pathways underlying its development has severely limited the available therapeutic opportunities. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in inflammation and immune response, as they are involved in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Activation of TLRs initiates a signaling cascade, which in turn, leads to the transcription of several genes involved in inflammation and anti-microbial defense. TLRs are also deregulated in several cancers and can be used as prognostic markers and potential targets for cancer-targeted therapy. In this review we discuss the current knowledge about the role of TLRs in PC progression, focusing on the available TLRs-targeting compounds and their possible use in PC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Orlacchio
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pellegrino Mazzone
- Biogem Scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche Gaetano Salvatore, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
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27
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Trimebutine suppresses Toll-like receptor 2/4/7/8/9 signaling pathways in macrophages. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 711:109029. [PMID: 34517011 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Because of the critical roles of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) in the pathophysiology of various acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, continuous efforts have been made to discover novel therapeutic inhibitors of TLRs and RAGE to treat inflammatory disorders. A recent study by our group has demonstrated that trimebutine, a spasmolytic drug, suppresses the high mobility group box 1‒RAGE signaling that is associated with triggering proinflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages. Our present work showed that trimebutine suppresses interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a stimulant of TLR4)-stimulated macrophages of RAGE-knockout mice. In addition, trimebutine suppresses the LPS-induced production of various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Importantly, trimebutine suppresses IL-6 production induced by TLR2-and TLR7/8/9 stimulants. Furthermore, trimebutine greatly reduces mortality in a mouse model of LPS-induced sepsis. Studies exploring the action mechanism of trimebutine revealed that it inhibits the LPS-induced activation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), and the subsequent activations of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). These findings suggest that trimebutine exerts anti-inflammatory effects on TLR signaling by downregulating IRAK1‒ERK1/2‒JNK pathway and NF-κB activity, thereby indicating the therapeutic potential of trimebutine in inflammatory diseases. Therefore, trimebutine can be a novel anti-inflammatory drug-repositioning candidate and may provide an important scaffold for designing more effective dual anti-inflammatory drugs that target TLR/RAGE signaling.
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28
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Scheiblich H, Bousset L, Schwartz S, Griep A, Latz E, Melki R, Heneka MT. Microglial NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation upon TLR2 and TLR5 Ligation by Distinct α-Synuclein Assemblies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2143-2154. [PMID: 34507948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by the formation of cellular inclusions inside neurons that are rich in an abnormal form of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn). Microglia are the CNS resident immune cells that react to misfolded proteins through pattern recognition receptor ligation and activation of signaling transduction pathways. Here, we studied activation of primary microglia isolated from wild-type mouse by distinct α-syn forms and their clearance. Internalization of α-syn monomers and oligomers efficiently activated the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome via TLR2 and TLR5 ligation, thereby acting on different signaling checkpoints. We found that primary microglia effectively engulf α-syn but hesitate in its degradation. NLRP3 inhibition by the selective inhibitor CRID3 sodium salt and NLRP3 deficiency improved the overall clearance of α-syn oligomers. Together, these data show that distinct α-syn forms exert different microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation properties, thereby compromising its degradation, which can be prevented by NLRP3 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Scheiblich
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luc Bousset
- Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; and
| | - Stephanie Schwartz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Angelika Griep
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; and
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany; .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
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29
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de Oliveira J, Kucharska E, Garcez ML, Rodrigues MS, Quevedo J, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Budni J. Inflammatory Cascade in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: A Review of Experimental Findings. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102581. [PMID: 34685563 PMCID: PMC8533897 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Most AD patients develop the disease in late life, named late onset AD (LOAD). Currently, the most recognized explanation for AD pathology is the amyloid cascade hypothesis. It is assumed that amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation and deposition are critical pathogenic processes in AD, leading to the formation of amyloid plaques, as well as neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal cell death, synaptic degeneration, and dementia. In LOAD, the causes of Aβ accumulation and neuronal loss are not completely clear. Importantly, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption seems to present an essential role in the induction of neuroinflammation and consequent AD development. In addition, we propose that the systemic inflammation triggered by conditions like metabolic diseases or infections are causative factors of BBB disruption, coexistent inflammatory cascade and, ultimately, the neurodegeneration observed in AD. In this regard, the use of anti-inflammatory molecules could be an interesting strategy to treat, delay or even halt AD onset and progression. Herein, we review the inflammatory cascade and underlying mechanisms involved in AD pathogenesis and revise the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds as emerging therapeutic drugs against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90050-000, Brazil; (J.d.O.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Ewa Kucharska
- Faculty of Education, Institute of Educational Sciences, Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Michelle Lima Garcez
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Santa Catarina, Brazil;
| | - Matheus Scarpatto Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90050-000, Brazil; (J.d.O.); (M.S.R.)
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth, The University of Texas Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, IBIMA, 29010 Malaga, Spain;
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Josiane Budni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciuma 88806-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-48431-2539
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30
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Venezia S, Kaufmann WA, Wenning GK, Stefanova N. Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency facilitates α-synuclein propagation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of prodromal Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 91:59-65. [PMID: 34530328 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The evidence linking innate immunity mechanisms and neurodegenerative diseases is growing, but the specific mechanisms are incompletely understood. Experimental data suggest that microglial TLR4 mediates the uptake and clearance of α-synuclein also termed synucleinophagy. The accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein throughout the brain is central to Parkinson's disease (PD). The distribution and progression of the pathology is often attributed to the propagation of α-synuclein. Here, we apply a classical α-synuclein propagation model of prodromal PD in wild type and TLR4 deficient mice to study the role of TLR4 in the progression of the disease. Our data suggest that TLR4 deficiency facilitates the α-synuclein seed spreading associated with reduced lysosomal activity of microglia. Three months after seed inoculation, more pronounced proteinase K-resistant α-synuclein inclusion pathology is observed in mice with TLR4 deficiency. The facilitated propagation of α-synuclein is associated with early loss of dopamine transporter (DAT) signal in the striatum and loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta of TLR4 deficient mice. These new results support TLR4 signaling as a putative target for disease modification to slow the progression of PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Venezia
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Walter A Kaufmann
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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31
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Giovannelli I, Bayatti N, Brown A, Wang D, Mickunas M, Camu W, Veyrune JL, Payan C, Garlanda C, Locati M, Juntas-Morales R, Pageot N, Malaspina A, Andreasson U, Suehs C, Saker S, Masseguin C, de Vos J, Zetterberg H, Al-Chalabi A, Leigh PN, Tree T, Bensimon G, Heath PR, Shaw PJ, Kirby J. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transcriptomics reveals immunological effects of low-dose interleukin-2. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab141. [PMID: 34409288 PMCID: PMC8364666 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease causing upper and lower motor neuron loss and currently no effective disease-modifying treatment is available. A pathological feature of this disease is neuroinflammation, a mechanism which involves both CNS-resident and peripheral immune system cells. Regulatory T-cells are immune-suppressive agents known to be dramatically and progressively decreased in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Low-dose interleukin-2 promotes regulatory T-cell expansion and was proposed as an immune-modulatory strategy for this disease. A randomized placebo-controlled pilot phase-II clinical trial called Immuno-Modulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis was carried out to test safety and activity of low-dose interleukin-2 in 36 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (NCT02059759). Participants were randomized to 1MIU, 2MIU-low-dose interleukin-2 or placebo and underwent one injection daily for 5 days every 28 days for three cycles. In this report, we describe the results of microarray gene expression profiling of trial participants' leukocyte population. We identified a dose-dependent increase in regulatory T-cell markers at the end of the treatment period. Longitudinal analysis revealed an alteration and inhibition of inflammatory pathways occurring promptly at the end of the first treatment cycle. These responses are less pronounced following the end of the third treatment cycle, although an activation of immune-regulatory pathways, involving regulatory T-cells and T helper 2 cells, was evident only after the last cycle. This indicates a cumulative effect of repeated low-dose interleukin-2 administration on regulatory T-cells. Our analysis suggested the existence of inter-individual variation amongst trial participants and we therefore classified patients into low, moderate and high-regulatory T-cell-responders. NanoString profiling revealed substantial baseline differences between participant immunological transcript expression profiles with the least responsive patients showing a more inflammatory-prone phenotype at the beginning of the trial. Finally, we identified two genes in which pre-treatment expression levels correlated with the magnitude of drug responsiveness. Therefore, we proposed a two-biomarker based regression model able to predict patient regulatory T-cell-response to low-dose interleukin-2. These findings and the application of this methodology could be particularly relevant for future precision medicine approaches to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Nadhim Bayatti
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Abigail Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Dennis Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Marius Mickunas
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK
| | - William Camu
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Veyrune
- Clinique du Motoneurone, CHU Gui de Chaliac, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Christine Payan
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier 34000, France.,Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Pharmacology, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, 75013 France.,Humanitas Clinical & Research Center-IRCCS, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan 20090, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Raul Juntas-Morales
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nicolas Pageot
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience and Trauma Centre, Institute of Cell and Molecular Medicine, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal 41345, Sweden
| | - Carey Suehs
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France.,Department of Medical Information, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Safa Saker
- DNA and Cell Bank, Genethon, Evry 91000, France
| | - Christophe Masseguin
- Delegation for Clinical Research and Innovation, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France
| | - John de Vos
- Clinique du Motoneurone, CHU Gui de Chaliac, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal 41345, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal 43180, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London SE5 9RX, UK.,Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - P Nigel Leigh
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, The Trafford Centre for Biomedical Research, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RY, UK
| | - Timothy Tree
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gilbert Bensimon
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier 34000, France.,Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France.,Department of Pharmacology, Sorbonne University Médecine, F-75013 Paris 75013, France
| | - Paul R Heath
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Janine Kirby
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
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32
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Rehman R, Tar L, Olamide AJ, Li Z, Kassubek J, Böckers T, Weishaupt J, Ludolph A, Wiesner D, Roselli F. Acute TBK1/IKK-ε Inhibition Enhances the Generation of Disease-Associated Microglia-Like Phenotype Upon Cortical Stab-Wound Injury. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:684171. [PMID: 34326766 PMCID: PMC8313992 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.684171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury has a poorer prognosis in elderly patients, possibly because of the enhanced inflammatory response characteristic of advanced age, known as “inflammaging.” Recently, reduced activation of the TANK-Binding-Kinase 1 (Tbk1) pathway has been linked to age-associated neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Here we investigated how the blockade of Tbk1 and of the closely related IKK-ε by the small molecule Amlexanox could modify the microglial and immune response to cortical stab-wound injury in mice. We demonstrated that Tbk1/IKK-ε inhibition resulted in a massive expansion of microglial cells characterized by the TMEM119+/CD11c+ phenotype, expressing high levels of CD68 and CD317, and with the upregulation of Cst7a, Prgn and Ccl4 and the decrease in the expression levels of Tmem119 itself and P2yr12, thus a profile close to Disease-Associated Microglia (DAM, a subset of reactive microglia abundant in Alzheimer’s Disease and other neurodegenerative conditions). Furthermore, Tbk1/IKK-ε inhibition increased the infiltration of CD3+ lymphocytes, CD169+ macrophages and CD11c+/CD169+ cells. The enhanced immune response was associated with increased expression of Il-33, Ifn-g, Il-17, and Il-19. This upsurge in the response to the stab wound was associated with the expanded astroglial scars and increased deposition of chondroitin-sulfate proteoglycans at 7 days post injury. Thus, Tbk1/IKK-ε blockade results in a massive expansion of microglial cells with a phenotype resembling DAM and with the substantial enhancement of neuroinflammatory responses. In this context, the induction of DAM is associated with a detrimental outcome such as larger injury-related glial scars. Thus, the Tbk1/IKK-ε pathway is critical to repress neuroinflammation upon stab-wound injury and Tbk1/IKK-ε inhibitors may provide an innovative approach to investigate the consequences of DAM induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Rehman
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lilla Tar
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adeyemi Jubril Olamide
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Master in Translational and Molecular Neuroscience, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zhenghui Li
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Böckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Weishaupt
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Diana Wiesner
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Pascual M, Calvo-Rodriguez M, Núñez L, Villalobos C, Ureña J, Guerri C. Toll-like receptors in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and alcohol-induced brain damage. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:900-915. [PMID: 34033211 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or pattern recognition receptors respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or internal damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). TLRs are integral membrane proteins with both extracellular leucine-rich and cytoplasmic domains that initiate downstream signaling through kinases by activating transcription factors like AP-1 and NF-κB, which lead to the release of various inflammatory cytokines and immune modulators. In the central nervous system, different TLRs are expressed mainly in microglia and astroglial cells, although some TLRs are also expressed in oligodendroglia and neurons. Activation of TLRs triggers signaling cascades by the host as a defense mechanism against invaders to repair damaged tissue. However, overactivation of TLRs disrupts the sustained immune homeostasis-induced production of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, miRNAs, and inflammatory components of extracellular vesicles. These inflammatory mediators can, in turn, induce neuroinflammation, and neural tissue damage associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses the critical role of TLRs response in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and alcohol-induced brain damage and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pascual
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Calvo-Rodriguez
- Alzheimer's Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucía Núñez
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and National Research Council (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos Villalobos
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and National Research Council (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Ureña
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
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Tiwari RK, Moin A, Rizvi SMD, Shahid SMA, Bajpai P. Modulating neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration-related dementia: can microglial toll-like receptors pull the plug? Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:829-847. [PMID: 33704660 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration-associated dementia disorders (NADDs), namely Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, are developed by a significant portion of the elderly population globally. Extensive research has provided critical insights into the molecular basis of the pathological advancements of these diseases, but an efficient curative therapy seems elusive. A common attribute of NADDs is neuroinflammation due to a chronic inflammatory response within the central nervous system (CNS), which is primarily modulated by microglia. This response within the CNS is positively regulated by cytokines, chemokines, secondary messengers or cyclic nucleotides, and free radicals. Microglia mediated immune activation is regulated by a positive feedback loop in NADDs. The present review focuses on evaluating the crosstalk between inflammatory mediators and microglia, which aggravates both the clinical progression and extent of NADDs by forming a persistent chronic inflammatory milieu within the CNS. We also discuss the role of the human gut microbiota and its effect on NADDs as well as the suitability of targeting toll-like receptors for an immunotherapeutic intervention targeting the deflation of an inflamed milieu within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Monowar Alam Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Preeti Bajpai
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, 845401, India.
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Bi C, Zhou S, Liu X, Zhu Y, Yu J, Zhang X, Shi M, Wu R, He H, Zhan C, Lin Y, Shen B. NDDRF: a risk factor knowledgebase for personalized prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. J Adv Res 2021; 40:223-231. [PMID: 36100329 PMCID: PMC9481935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A risk factor knowledgebase (NDDRF) is built for neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). NDDRF collects the risk factors associated with diagnosis and prevention of NDDs. NDDRF is helpful to the systematic understanding of the heterogeneous NDDs NDDRF provides knowledge for personalized diagnosis and prevention of NDDs. NDDRF can be used to the future explainable artificial intelligent modeling.
Introduction Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are a series of chronic diseases, which are associated with progressive loss of neuronal structure or function. The complex etiologies of the NDDs remain unclear, thus the prevention and early diagnosis of NDDs are critical to reducing the mortality and morbidity of these diseases. Objectives To provide a systematic understanding of the heterogeneity of the risk factors associated with different NDDs (pan-neurodegenerative diseases or pan-NDDs), the knowledgebase is established to facilitate the personalized and knowledge-guided diagnosis, prevention and prediction of NDDs. Methods Before data collection, the medical, life science and informatics experts as well as the potential users of the database were consulted and discussed for the scope of data and the classification of risk factors. The PubMed database was used as the resource of the data and knowledge extraction. Risk factors of NDDs were manually collected from literature published between 1975 and 2020. Results The comprehensive risk factors database for NDDs (NDDRF) was established including 998 single or combined risk factors, 2293 records and 1071 articles relevant to the 14 most common NDDs. The single risk factors are classified into 3 categories, i.e. epidemiological factors (469), genetic factors (324) and biochemical factors (153). Among all the factors, 179 factors are positive and protective, while 880 factors have negative influence for NDDs. The knowledgebase is available at http://sysbio.org.cn/NDDRF/. Conclusion NDDRF provides the structured information and knowledge resource on risk factors of NDDs. It could benefit the future systematic and personalized investigation of pan-NDDs genesis and progression. Meanwhile it may be used for the future explainable artificial intelligence modeling for smart diagnosis and prevention of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Bi
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China; Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengrong Zhou
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingyun Liu
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China; Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China; Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manhong Shi
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China; Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxin He
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaoying Zhan
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China; Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Lin
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China.
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Ernest James Phillips T, Maguire E. Phosphoinositides: Roles in the Development of Microglial-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:652593. [PMID: 33841102 PMCID: PMC8032904 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.652593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are increasingly recognized as vital players in the pathology of a variety of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) disease. While microglia have a protective role in the brain, their dysfunction can lead to neuroinflammation and contributes to disease progression. Also, a growing body of literature highlights the seven phosphoinositides, or PIPs, as key players in the regulation of microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. These small signaling lipids are phosphorylated derivates of phosphatidylinositol, are enriched in the brain, and have well-established roles in both homeostasis and disease.Disrupted PIP levels and signaling has been detected in a variety of dementias. Moreover, many known AD disease modifiers identified via genetic studies are expressed in microglia and are involved in phospholipid metabolism. One of these, the enzyme PLCγ2 that hydrolyzes the PIP species PI(4,5)P2, displays altered expression in AD and PD and is currently being investigated as a potential therapeutic target.Perhaps unsurprisingly, neurodegenerative conditions exhibiting PIP dyshomeostasis also tend to show alterations in aspects of microglial function regulated by these lipids. In particular, phosphoinositides regulate the activities of proteins and enzymes required for endocytosis, toll-like receptor signaling, purinergic signaling, chemotaxis, and migration, all of which are affected in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions. These functions are crucial to allow microglia to adequately survey the brain and respond appropriately to invading pathogens and other abnormalities, including misfolded proteins. AD and PD therapies are being developed to target many of the above pathways, and although not yet investigated, simultaneous PIP manipulation might enhance the beneficial effects observed. Currently, only limited therapeutics are available for dementia, and although these show some benefits for symptom severity and progression, they are far from curative. Given the importance of microglia and PIPs in dementia development, this review summarizes current research and asks whether we can exploit this information to design more targeted, or perhaps combined, dementia therapeutics. More work is needed to fully characterize the pathways discussed in this review, but given the strength of the current literature, insights in this area could be invaluable for the future of neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Maguire
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Friker LL, Scheiblich H, Hochheiser IV, Brinkschulte R, Riedel D, Latz E, Geyer M, Heneka MT. β-Amyloid Clustering around ASC Fibrils Boosts Its Toxicity in Microglia. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3743-3754.e6. [PMID: 32187546 PMCID: PMC8729885 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the world’s most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is associated with neuroinflammation involving activation of microglia by β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits. Based on previous studies showing apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) binding and cross-seeding extracellular Aβ, we investigate the propagation of ASC between primary microglia and the effects of ASC-Aβ composites on microglial inflammasomes and function. Indeed, ASC released by a pyroptotic cell can be functionally built into the neighboring microglia NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP3) inflammasome. Compared with protein-only application, exposure to ASC-Aβ composites amplifies the proinflammatory response, resulting in pyroptotic cell death, setting free functional ASC and inducing a feedforward stimulating vicious cycle. Clustering around ASC fibrils also compromises clearance of Aβ by microglia. Together, these data enable a closer look at the turning point from acute to chronic Aβ-related neuroinflammation through formation of ASC-Aβ composites. Friker et al. investigate the reaction of primary microglia to exogenous ASC and ASC-Aβ composites. They uncover a vicious circle involving amplified NLRP3 inflammasome activity and reduced Aβ clearance in the presence of ASC that might play a key role in Alzheimer’s disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea L Friker
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannah Scheiblich
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Inga V Hochheiser
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Riedel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Structural Dynamics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Rodrigues Lima-Junior J, Sulzer D, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A. The role of immune-mediated alterations and disorders in ALS disease. Hum Immunol 2021; 82:155-161. [PMID: 33583639 PMCID: PMC7942756 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to neuronal death in the brain and spinal cord. Over the last decades, evidence has emerged regarding the functional diversity of astrocytes, microglia, and T cells in the central nervous system (CNS), and the role of neuroinflammation in ALS. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding neuroinflammation in ALS, both at the level of specific molecular pathways and potential cellular pathways as well as outline questions about the immune mechanisms involved in ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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39
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Forloni G, La Vitola P, Cerovic M, Balducci C. Inflammation and Parkinson's disease pathogenesis: Mechanisms and therapeutic insight. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 177:175-202. [PMID: 33453941 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
After Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. Although numerous treatments have been developed to control the disease symptomatology, with some successes, an efficacious therapy affecting the causes of PD is still a goal to pursue. The genetic evidence and the identification of α-synuclein as the main component of intracellular Lewy bodies, the neuropathological hallmark of PD and related disorders, have changed the approach to these disorders. More recently, the detrimental role of α-synuclein has been further extended to explain the wide spread of cerebral pathology through its oligomers. To emphasize the central pathogenic role of these soluble aggregates, we have defined synucleinopathies and other neurodegenerative disorders associated with protein misfolding as oligomeropathies. Another common element in the pathogenesis of oligomeropathies is the role played by inflammation, both at the peripheral and cerebral levels. In the brain parenchyma, inflammatory reaction has been considered an obvious consequence of neuronal degeneration, but recent observations indicate a direct contribution of glial alteration in the early phase of the disease. Furthermore, systemic inflammation also influences the development of neuronal dysfunction caused by specific elements, β amyloid, α-synuclein, tau or prion. However, each disorder has its own specific pathological process and within the same pathological condition, it is possible to find inter-individual differences. This heterogeneity might explain the difficulties developing efficacious therapeutic approaches, even though the possibility of intervention is supported by robust biological evidence. We have recently demonstrated that peripheral inflammation can amplify the neuronal dysfunction induced by α-synuclein oligomers and the neuropathological consequences observed in a Parkinson's disease model. In both cases, activation of microglia was incremented by the "double hit" process, compared to the single treatment. In contrast, astrocyte activation was attenuated and these cells appeared damaged when chronic inflammation was combined with α-synuclein exposure. This evidence might indicate a more specific anti-inflammatory strategy rather than the generic anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Forloni
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
| | - Pietro La Vitola
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Milica Cerovic
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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40
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Reich N, Hölscher C. Acylated Ghrelin as a Multi-Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:614828. [PMID: 33381011 PMCID: PMC7767977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.614828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much thought has been given to the impact of Amyloid Beta, Tau and Alpha-Synuclein in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the clinical failures of the recent decades indicate that there are further pathological mechanisms at work. Indeed, besides amyloids, AD and PD are characterized by the culminative interplay of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and hyperfission, defective autophagy and mitophagy, systemic inflammation, BBB and vascular damage, demyelination, cerebral insulin resistance, the loss of dopamine production in PD, impaired neurogenesis and, of course, widespread axonal, synaptic and neuronal degeneration that leads to cognitive and motor impediments. Interestingly, the acylated form of the hormone ghrelin has shown the potential to ameliorate the latter pathologic changes, although some studies indicate a few complications that need to be considered in the long-term administration of the hormone. As such, this review will illustrate the wide-ranging neuroprotective properties of acylated ghrelin and critically evaluate the hormone's therapeutic benefits for the treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, A Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Danger-Sensing/Patten Recognition Receptors and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239036. [PMID: 33261147 PMCID: PMC7731137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrillar aggregates and soluble oligomers of both Amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) and hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins (p-Tau-es), as well as a chronic neuroinflammation are the main drivers causing progressive neuronal losses and dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms are still much disputed. Several endogenous neurotoxic ligands, including Aβs, and/or p-Tau-es activate innate immunity-related danger-sensing/pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) thereby advancing AD’s neuroinflammation and progression. The major PRR families involved include scavenger, Toll-like, NOD-like, AIM2-like, RIG-like, and CLEC-2 receptors, plus the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). This quite intricate picture stresses the need to identify the pathogenetically topmost Aβ-activated PRR, whose signaling would trigger AD’s three main drivers and their intra-brain spread. In theory, the candidate might belong to any PRR family. However, results of preclinical studies using in vitro nontumorigenic human cortical neurons and astrocytes and in vivo AD-model animals have started converging on the CaSR as the pathogenetically upmost PRR candidate. In fact, the CaSR binds both Ca2+ and Aβs and promotes the spread of both Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and AD’s three main drivers, causing a progressive neurons’ death. Since CaSR’s negative allosteric modulators block all these effects, CaSR’s candidacy for topmost pathogenetic PRR has assumed a growing therapeutic potential worth clinical testing.
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Timmerman R, Burm SM, Bajramovic JJ. Tissue-specific features of microglial innate immune responses. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104924. [PMID: 33248205 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As tissue-resident macrophages of the brain, microglia are increasingly considered as cellular targets for therapeutical intervention. Innate immune responses in particular have been implicated in central nervous system (CNS) infections, neuro-oncology, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. We here review the impact of 'nature and nurture' on microglial innate immune responses and summarize documented tissue-specific adaptations. Overall, such adaptations are associated with regulatory processes rather than with overt differences in the expressed repertoire of activating receptors of different tissue-resident macrophages. Microglial responses are characterized by slower kinetics, by a more persistent nature and by a differential usage of downstream enzymes and accessory receptors. We further consider factors like aging, previous exposure to inflammatory stimuli, and differences in the microenvironment that can modulate innate immune responses. The long-life span of microglia in the metabolically active CNS renders them susceptible to the phenomenon of 'inflammaging', and major challenges lie in the unraveling of the factors that underlie age-related alterations in microglial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Timmerman
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - S M Burm
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J J Bajramovic
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
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43
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Toll-like receptors in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Swanson MEV, Scotter EL, Smyth LCD, Murray HC, Ryan B, Turner C, Faull RLM, Dragunow M, Curtis MA. Identification of a dysfunctional microglial population in human Alzheimer's disease cortex using novel single-cell histology image analysis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:170. [PMID: 33081847 PMCID: PMC7576851 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglia are affected by disease processes, but may also drive pathogenesis. AD pathology-associated microglial populations have been identified with single-cell RNA-Seq, but have not been validated in human brain tissue with anatomical context. Here, we quantified myeloid cell markers to identify changes in AD pathology-associated microglial populations. We performed fluorescent immunohistochemistry on normal (n = 8) and AD (n = 8) middle temporal gyri, co-labelling the pan-myeloid cell marker, Iba1, with one of 11 markers of interest (MOIs): CD45, HLA-DR, CD14, CD74, CD33, CD206, CD32, CD163, P2RY12, TMEM119, L-Ferritin. Novel image analyses quantified the single-cell abundance of Iba1 and each MOI. Each cell was gated into one Iba1-MOI population (Iba1low MOIhigh, Iba1high MOIhigh, or Iba1high MOIlow) and the abundance of each population was compared between AD and control. Triple-labelling of L-Ferritin and Iba1 with a subset of MOIs was performed to investigate L-Ferritin-MOI co-expression on Iba1low cells. Iba1low MOIhigh myeloid cell populations delineated by MOIs CD45, HLA-DR, CD14, CD74, CD33, CD32, and L-Ferritin were increased in AD. Further investigation of the Iba1low MOIhigh populations revealed that their abundances correlated with tau, but not amyloid beta, load in AD. The Iba1low microglial population highly expressed L-Ferritin, reflecting microglial dysfunction. The L-Ferritinhigh CD74high HLA-DRhigh phenotype of the Iba1low population mirrors that of a human AD pathology-associated microglial subpopulation previously identified using single-cell RNA-Seq. Our high-throughput immunohistochemical data with anatomical context support the microglial dysfunction hypothesis of AD.
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Ciesielska A, Matyjek M, Kwiatkowska K. TLR4 and CD14 trafficking and its influence on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1233-1261. [PMID: 33057840 PMCID: PMC7904555 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) of Gram-negative bacteria and sequentially triggers two signaling cascades: the first one involving TIRAP and MyD88 adaptor proteins is induced in the plasma membrane, whereas the second engaging adaptor proteins TRAM and TRIF begins in early endosomes after endocytosis of the receptor. The LPS-induced internalization of TLR4 and hence also the activation of the TRIF-dependent pathway is governed by a GPI-anchored protein, CD14. The endocytosis of TLR4 terminates the MyD88-dependent signaling, while the following endosome maturation and lysosomal degradation of TLR4 determine the duration and magnitude of the TRIF-dependent one. Alternatively, TLR4 may return to the plasma membrane, which process is still poorly understood. Therefore, the course of the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses depends strictly on the rates of TLR4 endocytosis and trafficking through the endo-lysosomal compartment. Notably, prolonged activation of TLR4 is linked with several hereditary human diseases, neurodegeneration and also with autoimmune diseases and cancer. Recent studies have provided ample data on the role of diverse proteins regulating the functions of early, late, and recycling endosomes in the TLR4-induced inflammation caused by LPS or phagocytosis of E. coli. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of the internalization and intracellular trafficking of TLR4 and CD14, and also of LPS, in immune cells and discuss how dysregulation of the endo-lysosomal compartment contributes to the development of diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciesielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Matyjek
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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Holloway OG, King AE, Ziebell JM. Microglia Demonstrate Local Mixed Inflammation and a Defined Morphological Shift in an APP/PS1 Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:1765-1781. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-200098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Microglia are traditionally described as the immune cells of the brain and have an inflammatory role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Microglial morphological and phenotypic shifts in AD have not been fully characterized; however, microglia are often described as either pro- or anti-inflammatory. Objective: To determine microglial if microglial morphology and phenotype changes with disease status. Methods: This study observed morphology through Iba1 immunohistochemistry on tissue sections encompassing the primary motor cortex and somatosensory barrel fields. Immunohistochemistry for pro-inflammatory markers: CD14 and CD40; and anti-inflammatory markers: CD16 and TREM2, was performed at 3, 6, and 12 months of age which correlated with pre-plaque, onset, and significant plaque load in APP/PS1 brains (n = 6) and compared to age-matched littermate controls (n = 6). Results: Microglia demonstrated a defined morphological shift with time. Deramified morphologies increased in the APP/PS1, at both 6 months (p < 0.0001) and 12 months (p < 0.0001). At 12 months, there were significantly lower numbers of ramified microglia (p < 0.001). Results indicated that microglia have a heterogenic marker immunoreactivity as CD16, TREM2, and CD40 were associated with an activated morphology at the same time points. All inflammatory markers were significantly upregulated at 12 months in the APP/PS1 mice (TREM2 (F (2,30) = 10.75, p = 0.0003), CD40 (F (2,30) = 15.86, p < 0.0001), CD14 (F (2,30) = 6.84, p = 0.0036), and CD16 (F (2,30) = 3.026, p = 0.0635)). Conclusion: Our data indicate that pro- and anti-inflammatory factors of microglia occur in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Holloway
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anna E. King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jenna M. Ziebell
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
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Bonfili L, Cecarini V, Gogoi O, Gong C, Cuccioloni M, Angeletti M, Rossi G, Eleuteri AM. Microbiota modulation as preventative and therapeutic approach in Alzheimer's disease. FEBS J 2020; 288:2836-2855. [PMID: 32969566 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota coevolves with its host, and numerous factors like diet, lifestyle, drug intake and geographical location continuously modify its composition, deeply influencing host health. Recent studies demonstrated that gut dysbiosis can alter normal brain function through the so-called gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication network between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, thus playing a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this perspective, in the constant search for novel treatments in AD, the rational modulation of gut microbiota composition could represent a promising approach to prevent or delay AD onset or to counteract its progression. Preclinical and human studies on microbiota modulation through oral bacteriotherapy and faecal transplantation showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, upregulation of plasma concentration of neuroprotective hormones, restoration of impaired proteolytic pathways, amelioration of energy homeostasis with consequent decrease of AD molecular hallmarks and improvement of behavioural and cognitive performances. In this review, we dissect the role of gut microbiota in AD and highlight recent advances in the development of new multitarget strategies for microbiota modulation to be used as possible preventative and therapeutic approaches in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bonfili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Valentina Cecarini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Olee Gogoi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Chunmei Gong
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Angeletti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Ifuku M, Hinkelmann L, Kuhrt LD, Efe IE, Kumbol V, Buonfiglioli A, Krüger C, Jordan P, Fulde M, Noda M, Kettenmann H, Lehnardt S. Activation of Toll-like receptor 5 in microglia modulates their function and triggers neuronal injury. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:159. [PMID: 32912327 PMCID: PMC7488138 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune-competent cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and sense both pathogen- and host-derived factors through several receptor systems including the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Although TLR5 has previously been implicated in different CNS disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, its mode of action in the brain remained largely unexplored. We sought to determine the expression and functional consequences of TLR5 activation in the CNS. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that microglia is the major CNS cell type that constitutively expresses TLR5. Using Tlr5−/− mice and inhibitory TLR5 antibody we found that activation of TLR5 in microglial cells by its agonist flagellin, a principal protein component of bacterial flagella, triggers their release of distinct inflammatory molecules, regulates chemotaxis, and increases their phagocytic activity. Furthermore, while TLR5 activation does not affect tumor growth in an ex vivo GL261 glioma mouse model, it triggers microglial accumulation and neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex in vivo. TLR5-mediated microglial function involves the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, as specific inhibitors of this signaling pathway abolish microglial activation. Taken together, our findings establish TLR5 as a modulator of microglial function and indicate its contribution to inflammatory and injurious processes in the CNS.
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Long-term, West Nile virus-induced neurological changes: A comparison of patients and rodent models. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100105. [PMID: 34589866 PMCID: PMC8474605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus that can cause severe neurological disease in those infected. Those surviving infection often present with long-lasting neurological changes that can severely impede their lives. The most common reported symptoms are depression, memory loss, and motor dysfunction. These sequelae can persist for the rest of the patients’ lives. The pathogenesis behind these changes is still being determined. Here, we summarize current findings in human cases and rodent models, and discuss how these findings indicate that WNV induces a state in the brain similar neurodegenerative diseases. Rodent models have shown that infection leads to persistent virus and inflammation. Initial infection in the hippocampus leads to neuronal dysfunction, synapse elimination, and astrocytosis, all of which contribute to memory loss, mimicking findings in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). WNV infection acts on pathways, such as ubiquitin-signaled protein degradation, and induces the production of molecules, including IL-1β, IFN-γ, and α-synuclein, that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. These findings indicate that WNV induces neurological damage through similar mechanisms as neurodegenerative diseases, and that pursuing research into the similarities will help advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of WNV-induced neurological sequelae. In patients with and without diagnosed WNND, there are long-lasting neurological sequelae that can mimic neurodegenerative diseases. Some rodent models of WNV reproduce some of these changes with mechanisms similar to neurodegenerative diseases. There is significant overlap between WNV and ND pathogenesis and this has been understudied. Further research needs to be done to determine accuracy of animal models compared to human patients.
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Exosomes: Potential Therapies for Disease via Regulating TLRs. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:2319616. [PMID: 32565722 PMCID: PMC7273472 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2319616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that retain various substances such as proteins, nucleic acids, and small RNAs. Exosomes play crucial roles in many physiological and pathological processes, including innate immunity. Innate immunity is an important process that protects the organism through activating pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which then can induce inflammatory factors to resist pathogen invasion. Toll-like receptor (TLR) is one member of PRRs and is important in pathogen clearance and nervous disease development. Although exosomes and TLRs are two independent materials, abundant evidences imply exosomes can regulate innate immunity through integrating with TLRs. Herein, we review the most recent data regarding exosome regulation of TLR pathways. Specifically, exosome-containing materials can regulate TLR pathways through the interaction with TLRs. This is a new strategy regulating immunity to resist pathogens and therapy diseases, which provide a potential method to cure diseases.
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