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Todorovic S, Simeunovic V, Prvulovic M, Dakic T, Jevdjovic T, Sokanovic S, Kanazir S, Mladenovic A. Dietary restriction alters insulin signaling pathway in the brain. Biofactors 2024; 50:450-466. [PMID: 37975613 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is known to be a key hormone in the regulation of peripheral glucose homeostasis, but beyond that, its effects on the brain are now undisputed. Impairments in insulin signaling in the brain, including changes in insulin levels, are thought to contribute significantly to declines in cognitive performance, especially during aging. As one of the most widely studied experimental interventions, dietary restriction (DR) is considered to delay the neurodegenerative processes associated with aging. Recently, however, data began to suggest that the onset and duration of a restrictive diet play a critical role in the putative beneficial outcome. Because the effects of DR on insulin signaling in the brain have been poorly studied, we decided to examine the effects of DR that differed in onset and duration: long-term DR (LTDR), medium-term DR (MTDR), and short-term DR (STDR) on the expression of proteins involved in insulin signaling in the hippocampus of 18- and 24-month-old male Wistar rats. We found that DR-induced changes in insulin levels in the brain may be independent of what happens in the periphery after restricted feeding. Significantly changed insulin content in the hippocampus, together with altered insulin signaling were found under the influence of DR, but the outcome was highly dependent on the onset and duration of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smilja Todorovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Valentina Simeunovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Prvulovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Dakic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Jevdjovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srdjan Sokanovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Selma Kanazir
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Mladenovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Cui Y, Huang H, Gao J, Jiang T, Zhang C, Yu S. Mapping blood traits to structural organization of the brain in rhesus monkeys. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:247-257. [PMID: 35253862 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological and biochemical blood traits have been linked to brain structural characteristics in humans. However, the relationship between these two domains has not been systematically explored in nonhuman primates, which are crucial animal models for understanding the mechanisms of brain function and developing therapeutics for various disorders. Here we investigated the associations between hematological/biochemical parameters and the brain's gray matter volume and white matter integrity derived from T1-weighted and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in 36 healthy macaques. We found that intersubject variations in basophil count and hemoglobin levels correlated with gray matter volumes in the anterior cingulum, prefrontal cortex, and putamen. Through interactions between these key elements, the blood parameters' covariation network was linked with that of the brain structures, forming overarching networks connecting blood traits with structural brain features. These networks exhibited hierarchical small-world architecture, indicating highly effective interactions between their constituent elements. In addition, different subnetworks of the brain areas or fiber tracts tended to correlate with unique groups of blood indices, revealing previously unknown brain structural organization. These results provide a quantitative characterization of the interactions between blood parameters and brain structures in macaques and may increase the understanding of the body-brain relationship and the pathogenesis of relevant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cui
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haibin Huang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinquan Gao
- Model R&D Center, Life Biosciences Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China.,Technology Management Center, SAFE Pharmaceutical Technology Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shan Yu
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Kong Y, Li X, Chang L, Liu Y, Jia L, Gao L, Ren L. Hypertension With High Homocysteine Is Associated With Default Network Gray Matter Loss. Front Neurol 2021; 12:740819. [PMID: 34650512 PMCID: PMC8505539 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.740819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension with high homocysteine (Hcy, ≥10 μmol/L) is also known as H-type hypertension (HHT) and proposed as an independent risk factor for stroke and cognitive impairment. Although previous studies have established the relationships among hypertension, Hcy levels, and cognitive impairment, how they affect brain neuroanatomy remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether and to what extent hypertension and high Hcy may affect gray matter volume in 52 middle-aged HHT patients and 51 demographically matched normotensive subjects. Voxel-based morphological analysis suggested that HHT patients experienced significant gray matter loss in the default network. The default network atrophy was significantly correlated with Hcy level and global cognitive function. These findings provide, to our knowledge, novel insights into how HHT affects brain gray matter morphology through blood pressure and Hcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Kong
- Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Tongchuan City, Tongchuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Ultrasound, People's Hospital of Tongchuan City, Tongchuan, China
| | - Lina Chang
- Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Tongchuan City, Tongchuan, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Tongchuan City, Tongchuan, China
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Tongchuan City, Tongchuan, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Ren
- Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Tongchuan City, Tongchuan, China.,Department of Ultrasound, People's Hospital of Tongchuan City, Tongchuan, China
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4
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Ibáñez-Contreras A, Hernández-Arciga U, Poblano A, Arteaga-Silva M, Hernández-Godínez B, Mendoza-Cuevas GI, Toledo-Pérez R, Alarcón-Aguilar A, González-Puertos VY, Konigsberg M. Electrical activity of sensory pathways in female and male geriatric Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and its relation to oxidative stress. Exp Gerontol 2017; 101:80-94. [PMID: 29146475 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Synapses loss during aging has been related to decreased neuronal excitability and reduced electrophysiological activity in the nervous system, as well as to increased brain damage. Those physiological and biochemical alterations have been related to the oxidative stress increase associated with old age. The main substrate of lipid peroxidation (LPX) in the central and peripheral nervous systems are the myelin sheaths, and their damage generates a delayed nerve conduction velocity. However, studies in which the neural conduction velocity is related to changes in the redox state are still lacking. Therefore, our aim was to correlate the sensory neural pathways delay in healthy geriatric Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with the oxidative stress associated with physiological aging. Twenty-four monkeys were divided into four groups according to age and gender. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory evoked potentials were obtained. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymatic activity, as well as LPX, were determined from blood samples. Our results showed significant differences between the older and younger age groups in all neural generators of the different sensory pathways evaluated, along with an increase in LPX and the antioxidant enzymatic activities. It suggests that, even though the enzymatic activity was found to be higher in older monkeys, probably as a compensatory effect, it was not enough to avoid LPX damage and the declined electric activity associated with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ibáñez-Contreras
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México D.F., Mexico; APREXBIO S.A.S. de C.V., Laboratorio de Primatología, Ciudad de México, México D.F., Mexico; Biología Integral para Vertebrados (BIOINVERT®), Unidad de Experimentación Animal, Estado de México, Mexico; Centro de Investigación, Proyecto CAMINA A.C. Unidad de Primates No Humanos, Ciudad de México, México D.F., Mexico; Laboratorio de Bioenergética y envejecimiento celular, Depto. de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México D.F., Mexico
| | - U Hernández-Arciga
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y envejecimiento celular, Depto. de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México D.F., Mexico
| | - A Poblano
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Cognoscitiva, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Ciudad de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | - M Arteaga-Silva
- Depto. Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México D.F., Mexico
| | - B Hernández-Godínez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México D.F., Mexico; APREXBIO S.A.S. de C.V., Laboratorio de Primatología, Ciudad de México, México D.F., Mexico; Biología Integral para Vertebrados (BIOINVERT®), Unidad de Experimentación Animal, Estado de México, Mexico; Centro de Investigación, Proyecto CAMINA A.C. Unidad de Primates No Humanos, Ciudad de México, México D.F., Mexico; Centro Nacional de Investigación en Instrumentación e Imagenología Médica (CI3M), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa (UAM-I), México D.F., Mexico
| | - G I Mendoza-Cuevas
- APREXBIO S.A.S. de C.V., Laboratorio de Primatología, Ciudad de México, México D.F., Mexico; Biología Integral para Vertebrados (BIOINVERT®), Unidad de Experimentación Animal, Estado de México, Mexico; Centro de Investigación, Proyecto CAMINA A.C. Unidad de Primates No Humanos, Ciudad de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | - R Toledo-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y envejecimiento celular, Depto. de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México D.F., Mexico
| | - A Alarcón-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y envejecimiento celular, Depto. de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México D.F., Mexico
| | - V Y González-Puertos
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y envejecimiento celular, Depto. de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México D.F., Mexico
| | - M Konigsberg
- Laboratorio de Bioenergética y envejecimiento celular, Depto. de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México D.F., Mexico.
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5
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Colman RJ. Non-human primates as a model for aging. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:2733-2741. [PMID: 28729086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been, and continues to be, a dramatic shift in the human population towards older ages necessitating biomedical research aimed at better understanding the basic biology of aging and age-related diseases and facilitating new and improved therapeutic options. As it is not practical to perform the breadth of this research in humans, animal models are necessary to recapitulate the complexity of the aging environment. The mouse model is most frequently chosen for these endeavors, however, they are frequently not the most appropriate model. Non-human primates, on the other hand, are more closely related to humans and recapitulate the human aging process and development of age-related diseases. Extensive aging research has been performed in the well-characterized rhesus macaque aging model. More recently, the common marmoset, a small non-human primate with a shorter lifespan, has been explored as a potential aging model. This model holds particular promise as an aging disease model in part due to the successful creation of transgenic marmosets. Limitations to the use of non-human primates in aging research exist but can be mitigated somewhat by the existence of available resources supported by the National Institutes of Health. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Animal models of aging - edited by "Houtkooper Riekelt".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricki J Colman
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
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6
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Moussa YY, Tawfik SH, Haiba MM, Saad MI, Hanafi MY, Abdelkhalek TM, Oriquat GA, Kamel MA. Disturbed nitric oxide and homocysteine production are involved in the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in the F1 offspring of maternal obesity and malnutrition. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:611-620. [PMID: 28028785 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to evaluate the changes in levels of different independent risk factors for vascular diseases in the rat offspring of maternal obesity and malnutrition as maternal health disturbances are thought to have direct consequences on the offspring health. The effect of postnatal diet on the offspring was also assessed. METHODS Three groups of female Wistar rats were used (control, obese and malnourished). After the pregnancy and delivery, the offspring were weaned to control diet or high-caloric (HCD) diet and followed up for 30 weeks. Every 5 weeks postnatal, 20 pups (10 males and 10 females) of each subgroup were sacrificed after overnight fasting, the blood sample was obtained, and the rats were dissected out to obtain heart muscle. The following parameters were assessed; lipid profile, NEFA, homocysteine (Hcy), nitric oxide end product (NOx) and myocardial triglyceride content. RESULTS Maternal obesity and malnutrition caused significant elevation in the body weight, triglycerides, NEFA, Hcy and NOx in the F1 offspring especially those maintained under HCD. Also, the male offspring showed more prominent changes than female offspring. CONCLUSIONS Maternal malnutrition and obesity may increase the risk of the development of cardiovascular diseases in the offspring, especially the male ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Moussa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - S H Tawfik
- Molecular Medicine Department, Padova University, Padua, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - M M Haiba
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - M I Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - M Y Hanafi
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - T M Abdelkhalek
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - G A Oriquat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - M A Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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7
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Van Dam D, De Deyn PP. Non human primate models for Alzheimer’s disease-related research and drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 12:187-200. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1271320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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8
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Didier ES, MacLean AG, Mohan M, Didier PJ, Lackner AA, Kuroda MJ. Contributions of Nonhuman Primates to Research on Aging. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:277-90. [PMID: 26869153 PMCID: PMC5027759 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815622974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the biological process of declining physiologic function associated with increasing mortality rate during advancing age. Humans and higher nonhuman primates exhibit unusually longer average life spans as compared with mammals of similar body mass. Furthermore, the population of humans worldwide is growing older as a result of improvements in public health, social services, and health care systems. Comparative studies among a wide range of organisms that include nonhuman primates contribute greatly to our understanding about the basic mechanisms of aging. Based on their genetic and physiologic relatedness to humans, nonhuman primates are especially important for better understanding processes of aging unique to primates, as well as for testing intervention strategies to improve healthy aging and to treat diseases and disabilities in older people. Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are the predominant monkeys used in studies on aging, but research with lower nonhuman primate species is increasing. One of the priority topics of research about aging in nonhuman primates involves neurologic changes associated with cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Additional areas of research include osteoporosis, reproductive decline, caloric restriction, and their mimetics, as well as immune senescence and chronic inflammation that affect vaccine efficacy and resistance to infections and cancer. The purpose of this review is to highlight the findings from nonhuman primate research that contribute to our understanding about aging and health span in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - A G MacLean
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - M Mohan
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - P J Didier
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - A A Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - M J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
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9
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Catena A, Muñoz-Machicao JA, Torres-Espínola FJ, Martínez-Zaldívar C, Diaz-Piedra C, Gil A, Haile G, Györei E, Molloy AM, Decsi T, Koletzko B, Campoy C. Folate and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy has long-term effects on the attention system of 8.5-y-old offspring: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:115-27. [PMID: 26561619 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.109108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During fetal and perinatal periods, many nutrients, such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids [contained in fish oil (FO)] and folate, are important in achieving normal brain development. Several studies have shown the benefits of early nutrition on children's neurocognitive development. However, the evidence with regard to the attention system is scarce. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term effects of FO, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), or FO+5-MTHF prenatal supplementation on attention networks. DESIGN Participants were 136 children born to mothers from the NUHEAL (Nutraceuticals for a Healthy Life) project (randomly assigned to receive FO and/or 5-MTHF or placebo prenatal supplementation) who were recalled for a new examination 8.5 y later. The response conflict-resolution ability (using congruent and incongruent conditions)), alerting, and spatial orienting of attention were evaluated with behavioral measures (Attention Network Test), electroencephalography/event-related potentials (ERPs), and standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). RESULTS Children born to mothers supplemented with 5-MTHF alone solved the response conflict more quickly than did the placebo and the FO+5-MTHF groups (all P < 0.05). Differences between ERP amplitudes for the conflict conditions were also observed. sLORETA analysis showed higher activation of the right midcingulate cortex for the incongruent condition. In addition, a significant slowing down of response speed depending on the warning cue in the 5-MTHF and FO groups was observed. CONCLUSIONS Folate supplementation during pregnancy, rather than FO or FO+5-MTHF supplementation, improves children's ability to solve response conflicts. This advantage seems to be based on the higher activation of the midcingulate cortex, indicating that early nutrition influences the functionality of specific brain areas involved in executive functions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01180933.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Angel Gil
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Gudrun Haile
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Eszter Györei
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and
| | - Anne M Molloy
- School of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tamás Decsi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Cristina Campoy
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Center for Pediatric Research, and Pediatrics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain;
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10
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Willette AA, Kapogiannis D. Does the brain shrink as the waist expands? Ageing Res Rev 2015; 20:86-97. [PMID: 24768742 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that being overweight or obese is related to worse cognitive performance, particularly executive function. Obesity may also increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Consequently, there has been increasing interest in whether adiposity is related to gray or white matter (GM, WM) atrophy. In this review, we identified and critically evaluated studies assessing obesity and GM or WM volumes either globally or in specific regions of interest (ROIs). Across all ages, higher adiposity was consistently associated with frontal GM atrophy, particularly in prefrontal cortex. In children and adults <40 years of age, most studies found no relationship between adiposity and occipital or parietal GM volumes, whereas findings for temporal lobe were mixed. In middle-aged and aged adults, a majority of studies found that higher adiposity is associated with parietal and temporal GM atrophy, whereas results for precuneus, posterior cingulate, and hippocampus were mixed. Higher adiposity had no clear association with global or regional WM in any age group. We conclude that higher adiposity may be associated with frontal GM atrophy across all ages and parietal and temporal GM atrophy in middle and old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriel A Willette
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, 3001 S. Hanover St, NM531, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, 3001 S. Hanover St, NM531, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA.
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11
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Hsu JL, Chen WH, Bai CH, Leu JG, Hsu CY, Viergever MA, Leemans A. Microstructural white matter tissue characteristics are modulated by homocysteine: a diffusion tensor imaging study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116330. [PMID: 25693199 PMCID: PMC4334653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine level can lead to adverse effects on the brain white matter through endothelial dysfunction, microstructural inflammation, and neurotoxin effects. Despite previously observed associations between elevated homocysteine and macroscopic structural brain changes, it is still unknown whether microstructural associations of homocysteine on brain tissue properties can be observed in healthy subjects with routine MRI. To this end, we investigated potential relationships between homocysteine levels and microstructural measures computed with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in a cohort of 338 healthy participants. Significant positive correlations were observed between homocysteine levels and diffusivity measures in the bilateral temporal WM, the brainstem, and the bilateral cerebellar peduncle. This is the first study demonstrating that DTI is sufficiently sensitive to relate microstructural WM properties to homocysteine levels in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Lung Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Section of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Huey Bai
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyu-Gang Leu
- College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yeh Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Max A. Viergever
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Leemans
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Madsen SK, Rajagopalan P, Joshi SH, Toga AW, Thompson PM. Higher homocysteine associated with thinner cortical gray matter in 803 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S203-10. [PMID: 25444607 PMCID: PMC4268346 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A significant portion of our risk for dementia in old age is associated with lifestyle factors (diet, exercise, and cardiovascular health) that are modifiable, at least in principle. One such risk factor, high-homocysteine levels in the blood, is known to increase risk for Alzheimer's disease and vascular disorders. Here, we set out to understand how homocysteine levels relate to 3D surface-based maps of cortical gray matter distribution (thickness, volume, and surface area) computed from brain magnetic resonance imaging in 803 elderly subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data set. Individuals with higher plasma levels of homocysteine had lower gray matter thickness in bilateral frontal, parietal, occipital, and right temporal regions and lower gray matter volumes in left frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital regions, after controlling for diagnosis, age, and sex and after correcting for multiple comparisons. No significant within-group associations were found in cognitively healthy people, patients with mild cognitive impairment, or patients with Alzheimer's disease. These regional differences in gray matter structure may be useful biomarkers to assess the effectiveness of interventions, such as vitamin B supplements, that aim to prevent homocysteine-related brain atrophy by normalizing homocysteine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Madsen
- Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priya Rajagopalan
- Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shantanu H Joshi
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Fang M, Wang J, Yan H, Zhao YX, Liu XY. A proteomics study of hyperhomocysteinemia injury of the hippocampal neurons using iTRAQ. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2511-6. [PMID: 25215643 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of homocysteine, caused by abnormal methionine metabolism, can induce degeneration of mouse hippocampal neurons. iTRAQ™ technology has been widely used in the field of proteomics research and through employing this technology, the present study identified that hyperhomocysteinemia induced the downregulation of 52 proteins and upregulation of 44 proteins in the mouse hippocampus. Through gene ontology and pathway analysis, the upregulation of components of the cytoskeleton, actin, regulators of focal adhesion, calcium signaling pathways, tight junctions, ErbB and gonadotrophin‑releasing hormone signaling, leukocyte, transendothelial migration, propanoate and pyruvate metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies and benzoate degradation via CoA ligation pathway, was identified. It was additionally verified that tau protein was highly expressed in the hyperhomocysteinemic neurons. Further analysis revealed that tau network proteins played functional roles in homocysteine‑induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Xin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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Willette AA, Coe CL, Birdsill AC, Bendlin BB, Colman RJ, Alexander AL, Allison DB, Weindruch RH, Johnson SC. Interleukin-8 and interleukin-10, brain volume and microstructure, and the influence of calorie restriction in old rhesus macaques. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:2215-2227. [PMID: 23463321 PMCID: PMC3825005 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Higher systemic levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) were found to be associated with lower gray matter volume and tissue density in old rhesus macaques. This association between IL-6, and these brain indices were attenuated by long-term 30 % calorie restriction (CR). To extend these findings, the current analysis determined if a CR diet in 27 aged rhesus monkeys compared to 17 normally fed controls reduced circulating levels of another proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and raised levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10). Further, these cytokines were regressed onto imaged brain volume and microstructure using voxel-wise regression analyses. CR significantly lowered IL-8 and raised IL-10 levels. Across the two dietary conditions, higher IL-8 predicted smaller gray matter volumes in bilateral hippocampus. Higher IL-10 was associated with more white matter volume in visual areas and tracts. Consuming a CR diet reduced the association between systemic IL-8 and hippocampal volumes. Conversely, CR strengthened associations between IL-10 and microstructural tissue density in the prefrontal cortex and other areas, particularly in a region of dorsal prefrontal cortex, which concurred with our prior findings for IL-6. Consumption of a CR diet lowered proinflammatory and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations, which lessened the statistical association between systemic inflammation and the age-related alterations in important brain regions, including the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Willette
- />Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, D-4225 Veterans Administration Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- />Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- />Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - C. L. Coe
- />Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- />Harlow Primate Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715 USA
| | - A. C. Birdsill
- />Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, D-4225 Veterans Administration Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- />Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - B. B. Bendlin
- />Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, D-4225 Veterans Administration Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- />Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - R. J. Colman
- />Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715 USA
| | - A. L. Alexander
- />Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - D. B. Allison
- />Office of Energetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - R. H. Weindruch
- />Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, D-4225 Veterans Administration Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- />Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - S. C. Johnson
- />Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, D-4225 Veterans Administration Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- />Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- />Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- />Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715 USA
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Sundaram S, Johnson AR, Makowski L. Obesity, metabolism and the microenvironment: Links to cancer. J Carcinog 2013; 12:19. [PMID: 24227994 PMCID: PMC3816318 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.119606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, cancer research has focused on identifying mutations or amplification of genes within the tumor, which informed the development of targeted therapies against affected pathways. This work often considers tumor cells in isolation; however, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the microenvironment surrounding tumor cells strongly influences tumor onset and progression. This is the so-called “seed and soil” hypothesis wherein the seed (cancer cell) is fed and molded by the metabolites, growth factors, modifications of the extracellular matrix or angiogenic factors provided by the soil (or stroma). Currently, 65% of the US population is obese or overweight; similarly staggering figures are reported in US children and globally. Obesity mediates and can exacerbate, both normal and tumor microenvironment dysfunction. Many obesity-associated endocrine, metabolic and inflammatory mediators are suspected to play a role in oncogenesis by modifying systemic nutrient metabolism and the nutrient substrates available locally in the stroma. It is vitally important to understand the biological processes linking obesity and cancer to develop better intervention strategies aimed at curbing the carcinogenic events associated with obesity. In this review, obesity-driven changes in both the normal and tumor microenvironment, alterations in metabolism, and release of signaling molecules such as endocrine, growth, and inflammatory mediators will be highlighted. In addition, we will discuss the effects of the timing of obesity onset or particular “windows of susceptibility,” with a focus on breast cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sundaram
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7461, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Sridharan A, Pehar M, Salamat MS, Pugh TD, Bendlin BB, Willette AA, Anderson RM, Kemnitz JW, Colman RJ, Weindruch RH, Puglielli L, Johnson SC. Calorie restriction attenuates astrogliosis but not amyloid plaque load in aged rhesus macaques: a preliminary quantitative imaging study. Brain Res 2013; 1508:1-8. [PMID: 23473840 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While moderate calorie restriction (CR) in the absence of malnutrition has been consistently shown to have a systemic, beneficial effect against aging in several animals models, its effect on the brain microstructure in a non-human primate model remains to be studied using post-mortem histopathologic techniques. In the present study, we investigated differences in expression levels of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and β-amyloid plaque load in the hippocampus and the adjacent cortical areas of 7 Control (ad libitum)-fed and 6 CR male rhesus macaques using immunostaining methods. CR monkeys expressed significantly lower levels (∼30% on average) of GFAP than Controls in the CA region of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, suggesting a protective effect of CR in limiting astrogliosis. These results recapitulate the neuroprotective effects of CR seen in shorter-lived animal models. There was a significant positive association between age and average amyloid plaque pathology in these animals, but there was no significant difference in amyloid plaque distribution between the two groups. Two of the seven Control animals (28.6%) and one of the six CR animal (16.7%) did not express any amyloid plaques, five of seven Controls (71.4%) and four of six CR animals (66.7%) expressed minimal to moderate amyloid pathology, and one of six CR animals (16.7%) expressed severe amyloid pathology. That CR affects levels of GFAP expression but not amyloid plaque load provides some insight into the means by which CR is beneficial at the microstructural level, potentially by offsetting the increased load of oxidatively damaged proteins, in this non-human primate model of aging. The present study is a preliminary post-mortem histological analysis of the effects of CR on brain health, and further studies using molecular and biochemical techniques are warranted to elucidate underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadhavi Sridharan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Sridharan A, Willette AA, Bendlin BB, Alexander AL, Coe CL, Voytko ML, Colman RJ, Kemnitz JW, Weindruch RH, Johnson SC. Brain volumetric and microstructural correlates of executive and motor performance in aged rhesus monkeys. Front Aging Neurosci 2012; 4:31. [PMID: 23162464 PMCID: PMC3492760 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2012.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aged rhesus macaque exhibits brain atrophy and behavioral deficits similar to normal aging in humans. Here we studied the association between cognitive and motor performance and anatomic and microstructural brain integrity measured with 3T magnetic resonance imaging in aged monkeys. About half of these animals were maintained on moderate calorie restriction (CR), the only intervention shown to delay the aging process in lower animals. T1-weighted anatomic and diffusion tensor images were used to obtain gray matter (GM) volume and fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), respectively. We tested the extent to which brain health indexed by GM volume, FA, and MD were related to executive and motor function, and determined the effect of the dietary intervention on this relationship. We hypothesized that fewer errors on the executive function test and faster motor response times would be correlated with higher volume, higher FA, and lower MD in frontal areas that mediate executive function, and in motor, premotor, subcortical, and cerebellar areas underlying goal-directed motor behaviors. Higher error percentage on a cognitive conceptual shift task was significantly associated with lower GM volume in frontal and parietal cortices, and lower FA in major association fiber bundles. Similarly, slower performance time on the motor task was significantly correlated with lower volumetric measures in cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar areas and decreased FA in several major association fiber bundles. Notably, performance during the acquisition phase of the hardest level of the motor task was significantly associated with anterior mesial temporal lobe volume. Finally, these brain-behavior correlations for the motor task were attenuated in CR animals compared to controls, indicating a potential protective effect of the dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadhavi Sridharan
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
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Willette AA, Bendlin BB, Colman RJ, Kastman EK, Field AS, Alexander AL, Sridharan A, Allison DB, Anderson R, Voytko ML, Kemnitz JW, Weindruch RH, Johnson SC. Calorie restriction reduces the influence of glucoregulatory dysfunction on regional brain volume in aged rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 2012; 61:1036-42. [PMID: 22415875 PMCID: PMC3331743 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling dysregulation is related to neural atrophy in hippocampus and other areas affected by neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. It is not known if long-term calorie restriction (CR) can ameliorate this relationship through improved insulin signaling or if such an effect might influence task learning and performance. To model this hypothesis, magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on 27 CR and 17 control rhesus monkeys aged 19-31 years from a longitudinal study. Voxel-based regression analyses were used to associate insulin sensitivity with brain volume and microstructure cross-sectionally. Monkey motor assessment panel (mMAP) performance was used as a measure of task performance. CR improved glucoregulation parameters and related indices. Higher insulin sensitivity predicted more gray matter in parietal and frontal cortices across groups. An insulin sensitivity × dietary condition interaction indicated that CR animals had more gray matter in hippocampus and other areas per unit increase relative to controls, suggesting a beneficial effect. Finally, bilateral hippocampal volume adjusted by insulin sensitivity, but not volume itself, was significantly associated with mMAP learning and performance. These results suggest that CR improves glucose regulation and may positively influence specific brain regions and at least motor task performance. Additional studies are warranted to validate these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriel A. Willette
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Barbara B. Bendlin
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ricki J. Colman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Erik K. Kastman
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Aaron S. Field
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew L. Alexander
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Aadhavi Sridharan
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David B. Allison
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rozalyn Anderson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mary-Lou Voytko
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Joseph W. Kemnitz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Richard H. Weindruch
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Corresponding author: Sterling C. Johnson,
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Toledano A, Álvarez MI, López-Rodríguez AB, Toledano-Díaz A, Fernández-Verdecia CI. [Does Alzheimer's disease exist in all primates? Alzheimer pathology in non-human primates and its pathophysiological implications (II)]. Neurologia 2011; 29:42-55. [PMID: 21871692 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the ageing process there are some species of non-human primates which can show some of the defining characteristics of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) of man, both in neuropathological changes and cognitive-behavioural symptoms. The study of these species is of prime importance to understand AD and develop therapies to combat this neurodegenerative disease. DEVELOPMENT In this second part of the study, these AD features are discussed in the most important non-experimental AD models (Mouse Lemur -Microcebus murinus, Caribbean vervet -Chlorocebus aethiops, and the Rhesus and stump-tailed macaque -Macaca mulatta and M. arctoides) and experimental models (lesional, neurotoxic, pharmacological, immunological, etc.) non-human primates. In all these models cerebral amyloid neuropathology can occur in senility, although with different levels of incidence (100% in vervets;<30% in macaques). The differences between normal and pathological (Alzheimer's) senility in these species are difficult to establish due to the lack of cognitive-behavioural studies in the many groups analysed, as well as the controversy in the results of these studies when they were carried out. However, in some macaques, a correlation between a high degree of functional brain impairment and a large number of neuropathological changes ("possible AD") has been found. CONCLUSIONS In some non-human primates, such as the macaque, the existence of a possible continuum between "normal" ageing process, "normal" ageing with no deep neuropathological and cognitive-behavioural changes, and "pathological ageing" (or "Alzheimer type ageing"), may be considered. In other cases, such as the Caribbean vervet, neuropathological changes are constant and quite marked, but its impact on cognition and behaviour does not seem to be very important. This does assume the possible existence in the human senile physiological regression of a stable phase without dementia even if neuropathological changes appeared.
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