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Ebright B, Duro MV, Chen K, Louie S, Yassine HN. Effects of APOE4 on omega-3 brain metabolism across the lifespan. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:745-757. [PMID: 38609814 PMCID: PMC11321946 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have important roles in human nutrition and brain health by promoting neuronal functions, maintaining inflammatory homeostasis, and providing structural integrity. As Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology progresses, DHA metabolism in the brain becomes dysregulated, the timing and extent of which may be influenced by the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele. Here, we discuss how maintaining adequate DHA intake early in life may slow the progression to AD dementia in cognitively normal individuals with APOE4, how recent advances in DHA brain imaging could offer insights leading to more personalized preventive strategies, and how alternative strategies targeting PUFA metabolism pathways may be more effective in mitigating disease progression in patients with existing AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ebright
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Marlon V Duro
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stan Louie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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2
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Wang YT, Therriault J, Tissot C, Servaes S, Rahmouni N, Macedo AC, Fernandez-Arias J, Mathotaarachchi SS, Stevenson J, Lussier FZ, Benedet AL, Pascoal TA, Ashton NJ, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. Hormone therapy is associated with lower Alzheimer's disease tau biomarkers in post-menopausal females -evidence from two independent cohorts. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:162. [PMID: 39034389 PMCID: PMC11265084 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Females represent approximately 70% of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases and the literature has proposed a connection between the decreased estrogen levels during menopause and an increased AD risk. Previous investigations have predominantly focused on assessing how hormone therapy (HT) affects the likelihood of AD development and cognitive deterioration. However, as the research framework has shifted toward a biomarker-defined AD and alterations in specific biomarkers could take place years before cognitive decline becomes discernible, it is crucial to examine how HT influences AD biomarkers. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of HT on AD biomarker-informed pathophysiology in both cognitively unimpaired (CU) and cognitively impaired (CI) post-menopausal females across the aging and AD spectrum. METHODS This cross-sectional study included post-menopausal females without HT history (HT-) and with HT (HT+) at the time of PET imaging assessment from two cohorts: the Translational Biomarkers in Aging and Dementia (TRIAD) cohort, and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and biofluid collection. Voxel-based t-tests were performed to assess the differences in amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) loads between HT- and HT + females. Linear regression models with interaction terms were also conducted to examine the interactive effects of HT and Aβ-PET on regional tau-PET. RESULTS HT + females demonstrated significantly lower tau-PET standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) in Braak I-II ROIs (P < 0.05, Hedges' g = 0.73), Braak III-IV ROIs (P < 0.0001, Hedges' g = 0.74) and Braak V-VI ROIs (P < 0.0001, Hedges' g = 0.69) compared to HT- females. HT + females also showed significantly lower CSF p-tau181 (P < 0.001) and plasma p-tau181 (P < 0.0001) concentrations. Additionally, results from multivariate linear regression models indicated that HT interacts with cortical Aβ and is associated with lower regional NFT load. CONCLUSIONS Overall, findings from this observational study suggest that HT is associated with lower tau neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers in postmenopausal females. Due to the close link between tau and cognition, this study highlights the need for large randomized controlled trials designed to systemically study the influences of HT on AD biomarkers and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wang
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Joseph Therriault
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cécile Tissot
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stijn Servaes
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nesrine Rahmouni
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Arthur Cassa Macedo
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jaime Fernandez-Arias
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sulantha S Mathotaarachchi
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jenna Stevenson
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Firoza Z Lussier
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Andréa L Benedet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, H4H 1R3, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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3
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Givens DI. Animal board invited review: Dietary transition from animal to plant-derived foods: Are there risks to health? Animal 2024; 18:101263. [PMID: 39121724 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal-derived foods (ADFs) are a very varied group of foods, but many are nutrient rich and contain higher quality protein than provided by plant-derived foods such that a simple replacement of ADF protein is likely to lead to a reduction in overall protein quality. In addition, many ADFs are richer in some nutrients than plant-based foods (e.g. Fe, Ca) and these often have a higher bioavailability. ADFs also provide nutrients that plants cannot supply (e.g. vitamin B12) and some provide beneficial health functionality (e.g. hypotensive) which is not explained by traditional nutrition. However, there remains a good health reason to increase the proportion of plant-derived food in many diets to increase the intake of dietary fibre which is often consumed at very sub-optimal levels. It seems logical that the increased plant-derived foods should replace the ADFs that have the least benefit, the greatest risk to health and the highest environmental impact. Processed meat fits these characteristics and should be an initial target for replacement with plant-based based protein-rich foods that additionally provide the necessary nutrients and have high-quality dietary fibre. Processed meat covers a wide range of products including several traditional foods (e.g. sausages) which will make decisions on food replacement challenging. There is therefore an urgent need for research to better define the relative health risks associated with the range of processed meat-based foods. The aim of this review is to examine the evidence on the benefits and risks of this dietary transition including the absolute necessity to consider initial nutrient status before the replacement of ADFs is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, United Kingdom.
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4
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Liu QQ, Wu GH, Wang XC, Xiong XW, Rui-Wang, Yao BL. The role of Foxo3a in neuron-mediated cognitive impairment. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1424561. [PMID: 38962803 PMCID: PMC11220205 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1424561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment (COI) is a prevalent complication across a spectrum of brain disorders, underpinned by intricate mechanisms yet to be fully elucidated. Neurons, the principal cell population of the nervous system, orchestrate cognitive processes and govern cognitive balance. Extensive inquiry has spotlighted the involvement of Foxo3a in COI. The regulatory cascade of Foxo3a transactivation implicates multiple downstream signaling pathways encompassing mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis, collectively affecting neuronal activity. Notably, the expression and activity profile of neuronal Foxo3a are subject to modulation via various modalities, including methylation of promoter, phosphorylation and acetylation of protein. Furthermore, upstream pathways such as PI3K/AKT, the SIRT family, and diverse micro-RNAs intricately interface with Foxo3a, engendering alterations in neuronal function. Through several downstream routes, Foxo3a regulates neuronal dynamics, thereby modulating the onset or amelioration of COI in Alzheimer's disease, stroke, ischemic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. Foxo3a is a potential therapeutic cognitive target, and clinical drugs or multiple small molecules have been preliminarily shown to have cognitive-enhancing effects that indirectly affect Foxo3a. Particularly noteworthy are multiple randomized, controlled, placebo clinical trials illustrating the significant cognitive enhancement achievable through autophagy modulation. Here, we discussed the role of Foxo3a in neuron-mediated COI and common cognitively impaired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bao-Le Yao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, China
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5
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Saadedine M, Faubion SS, Kling JM, Kapoor E. Cognitive Health Update in Midlife Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:5-9. [PMID: 37944105 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Saadedine
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephanie S Faubion
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Juliana M Kling
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Women's Health Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Ekta Kapoor
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Menopause and Women's Sexual Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Women's Health Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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6
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Vauzour D, Scholey A, White DJ, Cohen NJ, Cassidy A, Gillings R, Irvine MA, Kay CD, Kim M, King R, Legido-Quigley C, Potter JF, Schwarb H, Minihane AM. A combined DHA-rich fish oil and cocoa flavanols intervention does not improve cognition or brain structure in older adults with memory complaints: results from the CANN randomized, controlled parallel-design study. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:369-381. [PMID: 37315924 PMCID: PMC10447509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that both omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) and cocoa flavanols can improve cognitive performance in both healthy individuals and in those with memory complaints. However, their combined effect is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the combined effect of EPA/DHA and cocoa flavanols (OM3FLAV) on cognitive performance and brain structures in older adults with memory complaints. METHODS A randomized placebo-controlled trial of DHA-rich fish oil (providing 1.1 g/d DHA and 0.4 g/d EPA) and a flavanol-rich dark chocolate (providing 500 mg/d flavan-3-ols) was conducted in 259 older adults with either subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment. Participants underwent assessment at baseline, 3 mo, and 12 mo. The primary outcome was the number of false-positives on a picture recognition task from the Cognitive Drug Research computerized assessment battery. Secondary outcomes included other cognition and mood outcomes, plasma lipids, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glucose levels. A subset of 110 participants underwent structural neuroimaging at baseline and at 12 mo. RESULTS 197 participants completed the study. The combined intervention had no significant effect on any cognitive outcomes, with the exception of reaction time variability (P = 0.007), alertness (P < 0.001), and executive function (P < 0.001), with a decline in function observed in the OM3FLAV group (118.6 [SD 25.3] at baseline versus 113.3 [SD 25.4] at 12 mo for executive function) relative to the control, and an associated decrease in cortical volume (P = 0.039). Compared with the control group, OM3FLAV increased plasma HDL, total cholesterol ratio (P < 0.001), and glucose (P = 0.008) and reduced TG concentrations (P < 0.001) by 3 mo, which were sustained to 12 mo, with no effect on BDNF. Changes in plasma EPA and DHA and urinary flavonoid metabolite concentrations confirmed compliance to the intervention. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cosupplementation with ω-3 PUFAs and cocoa flavanols for 12 mo does not improve cognitive outcomes in those with cognitive impairment. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02525198.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Australia.
| | - David J White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Australia
| | - Neal J Cohen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Rachel Gillings
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Irvine
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Colin D Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Min Kim
- Translational and Clinical Chemistry, Kings College London, London, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca King
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Australia
| | | | - John F Potter
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary Schwarb
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Minihane
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom; Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (NIHA), UEA, Norwich, Norwich, United Kingdom
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7
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Zhou X, Shi Q, Zhang X, Gu L, Li J, Quan S, Zhao X, Li Q. ApoE4-mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Alzheimer's Disease: Progress and Prospects. Brain Res Bull 2023; 199:110670. [PMID: 37224887 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease, is expected in the elderly population and adversely affects families and society. The extensive debate on the deposition of amyloid (Aβ), abnormal phosphorylation of Tau protein, and neuroinflammation hypothesis in the pathogenesis of AD has been recognized by many scholars. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an essential physical barrier that protects the brain from external material interference, and its integrity affects the process of AD. Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) has shown a critical regulatory role in many studies and is a crucial protein that affects AD. Numerous current studies on ApoE4 are based on complementary hypotheses to the three hypotheses above, ignoring the effect of ApoE4 on BBB constitutive cells and the role of the BBB in AD. In this review, we summarize the findings of the role of ApoE4 in the composition of the BBB and the value of ApoE4 for maintaining BBB integrity, which may play an essential role in changing the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 310013, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiyuan Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 310013, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 310013, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 310013, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 310013, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengli Quan
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 310013, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 310013, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 310013, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Martinsen A, Saleh RNM, Chouinard-Watkins R, Bazinet R, Harden G, Dick J, Tejera N, Pontifex MG, Vauzour D, Minihane AM. The Influence of APOE Genotype, DHA, and Flavanol Intervention on Brain DHA and Lipidomics Profile in Aged Transgenic Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:2032. [PMID: 37432149 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype is predictive of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The brain is highly enriched with the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n3-PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA's metabolism is defective in APOE4 carriers. Flavanol intake can play a role in modulating DHA levels. However, the impact of flavanol co-supplementation with fish oil on brain DHA uptake, status and partitioning, and according to APOE genotype is currently unknown. Here, using a humanised APOE3 and APOE4 targeted replacement transgenic mouse model, the interactive influence of cocoa flavanols (FLAV) and APOE genotype on the blood and subcortical brain PUFA status following the supplementation of a high fat (HF) enriched with DHA from fish oil (FO) was investigated. DHA levels increased in the blood (p < 0.001) and brain (p = 0.001) following supplementation. Compared to APOE3, a higher red blood cell (RBC) DHA (p < 0.001) was evident in APOE4 mice following FO and FLAV supplementation. Although FO did not increase the percentage of brain DHA in APOE4, a 17.1% (p < 0.05) and 20.0% (p < 0.001) higher DHA level in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction in the HF FO and HF FO FLAV groups, and a 14.5% (p < 0.05) higher DHA level in the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) fraction in the HF FO FLAV group was evident in these animals relative to the HF controls. The addition of FLAV (+/- FO) did not significantly increase the percentage of brain DHA in the group as a whole. However, a higher brain: RBC DHA ratio was evident in APOE3 only (p < 0.05) for HF FLAV versus HF. In conclusion, our data shows only modest effects of FLAV on the brain DHA status, which is limited to APOE3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasha N M Saleh
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Raphael Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Richard Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Glenn Harden
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - James Dick
- Nutrition Analytical Service, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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9
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Song R, Li W, Deng S, Zhao Y, Tao N. Assessment of lipid composition and eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid bioavailability in fish oil obtained through different enrichment methods. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1136490. [PMID: 36998903 PMCID: PMC10043196 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1136490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) lipid composition of fish oil obtained through enzymatic treatment, fractional distillation and silica gel column purification, and further assessed EPA/DHA bioavailability. Lipid subclass composition information was obtained through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), and bioavailability tests were performed using the Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Results showed that enzymatic treatment improved the incorporation of EPA/DHA as diacylglycerol (DG) while silica gel column chromatography enriched the content of EPA/DHA as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (12.58%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (4.99%). Furthermore, increasing the purity of EPA/DHA could improve its bioavailability and after 24 incubation, binding forms of triglyceride (TG) was superior to ethyl ester (EE) (p < 0.05) at the same purity level. Those findings are helpful to provide research basis for exploring the bioactivity of fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanggui Deng
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yueliang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningping Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ningping Tao,
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10
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Saleh RNM, Hornberger M, Ritchie CW, Minihane AM. Hormone replacement therapy is associated with improved cognition and larger brain volumes in at-risk APOE4 women: results from the European Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (EPAD) cohort. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:10. [PMID: 36624497 PMCID: PMC9830747 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of dementia is higher in women than men. The metabolic consequences of estrogen decline during menopause accelerate neuropathology in women. The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the prevention of cognitive decline has shown conflicting results. Here we investigate the modulating role of APOE genotype and age at HRT initiation on the heterogeneity in cognitive response to HRT. METHODS The analysis used baseline data from participants in the European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia (EPAD) cohort (total n= 1906, women= 1178, 61.8%). Analysis of covariate (ANCOVA) models were employed to test the independent and interactive impact of APOE genotype and HRT on select cognitive tests, such as MMSE, RBANS, dot counting, Four Mountain Test (FMT), and the supermarket trolley test (SMT), together with volumes of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions by MRI. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the impact of age of HRT initiation according to APOE4 carrier status on these cognitive and MRI outcomes. RESULTS APOE4 HRT users had the highest RBANS delayed memory index score (P-APOE*HRT interaction = 0.009) compared to APOE4 non-users and to non-APOE4 carriers, with 6-10% larger entorhinal (left) and amygdala (right and left) volumes (P-interaction= 0.002, 0.003, and 0.005 respectively). Earlier introduction of HRT was associated with larger right (standardized β= -0.555, p=0.035) and left hippocampal volumes (standardized β= -0.577, p=0.028) only in APOE4 carriers. CONCLUSION HRT introduction is associated with improved delayed memory and larger entorhinal and amygdala volumes in APOE4 carriers only. This may represent an effective targeted strategy to mitigate the higher life-time risk of AD in this large at-risk population subgroup. Confirmation of findings in a fit for purpose RCT with prospective recruitment based on APOE genotype is needed to establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha N M Saleh
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | | | - Craig W Ritchie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Zhu Z, Ma X, Wu J, Xiao Z, Wu W, Ding S, Zheng L, Liang X, Luo J, Ding D, Zhao Q. Altered Gut Microbiota and Its Clinical Relevance in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: Shanghai Aging Study and Shanghai Memory Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193959. [PMID: 36235612 PMCID: PMC9570603 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered gut microbiota has been reported in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous research has suggested that specific bacterial species might be associated with the decline of cognitive function. However, the evidence was insufficient, and the results were inconsistent. To determine whether there is an alteration of gut microbiota in patients with MCI and AD and to investigate its correlation with clinical characteristics, the fecal samples from 94 cognitively normal controls (NC), 125 participants with MCI, and 83 patients with AD were collected and analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. The overall microbial compositions and specific taxa were compared. The clinical relevance was analyzed. There was no significant overall difference in the alpha and beta diversity among the three groups. Patients with AD or MCI had increased bacterial taxa including Erysipelatoclostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichales, Patescibacteria, Saccharimonadales, and Saccharimonadia, compared with NC group (p < 0.05), which were positively correlated with APOE 4 carrier status and Clinical Dementia Rating (correlation coefficient: 0.11~0.31, p < 0.05), and negatively associated with memory (correlation coefficient: −0.19~−0.16, p < 0.01). Our results supported the hypothesis that intestinal microorganisms change in MCI and AD. The alteration in specific taxa correlated closely with clinical manifestations, indicating the potential role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaoxi Ma
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhenxu Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Saineng Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaoniu Liang
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jianfeng Luo
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Duchaine CS, Fiocco AJ, Carmichael PH, Cunnane SC, Plourde M, Lampuré A, Allès B, Belleville S, Gaudreau P, Presse N, Ferland G, Laurin D. Serum ω-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Domains in Community-Dwelling Older Adults from the NuAge Study: Exploring the Associations with Other Fatty Acids and Sex. J Nutr 2022; 152:2117-2124. [PMID: 35575619 PMCID: PMC9445853 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs are suggested to play a role in the prevention of cognitive decline. The evidence may be inconsistent due to methodologic issues, including interrelations with other long-chain (14 or more carbons) fatty acids (LCFAs) and use of sex as a confounding factor rather than an effect modifier. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the association between serum n-3 PUFAs and performance across 4 cognitive domains, overall and by sex, while controlling for other LCFAs. METHODS In total, 386 healthy older adults (aged 77.4 ± 3.8 y; 53% females) from the Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging underwent a cognitive evaluation and blood sampling. Verbal and nonverbal episodic memory, executive functioning, and processing speed were evaluated. Serum LCFA concentrations were measured by gas chromatography. LCFAs were grouped according to standard fatty acid classes and factor analysis using principal component analysis (FA-PCA). Multivariate linear regression models were performed, including unadjusted and adjusted models for other LCFAs. RESULTS Higher n-3 PUFA concentrations were associated with better nonverbal memory and processing speed in fully adjusted models not including other LCFAs (βs of 0.21 and 0.19, respectively). The magnitude of these associations varied when other LCFAs were entered in the model (βs of 0.27 and 0.32, respectively) or when FA-PCA factors were considered (βs of 0.27 and 0.21, respectively). Associations with verbal episodic memory were limited to higher concentrations of EPA, whereas there was no association between n-3 PUFAs and executive functioning. Higher n-3 PUFAs were associated with better verbal and nonverbal episodic memory in females and with better executive functioning and processing speed in males. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that other LCFAs should be considered when evaluating the association between n-3 PUFAs and cognitive performance in healthy older adults. Sex differences across cognitive domains warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Duchaine
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, VITAM-Centre de recherche en santé durable, CIUSSS-Capitale Nationale and Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés, Quebec, Canada,Centre d'excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra J Fiocco
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Stephen C Cunnane
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement du CIUSSS-de-l'Estrie-CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement du CIUSSS-de-l'Estrie-CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurélie Lampuré
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Center and Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Allès
- Équipe de recherche en épidémiologie nutritionnelle, UMR U1153 Inserm/U1125 INRAE/Cnam/Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, UFR SMBH, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Belleville
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierrette Gaudreau
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Center and Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nancy Presse
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement du CIUSSS-de-l'Estrie-CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Wakasugi N, Hanakawa T. It Is Time to Study Overlapping Molecular and Circuit Pathophysiologies in Alzheimer's and Lewy Body Disease Spectra. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:777706. [PMID: 34867224 PMCID: PMC8637125 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.777706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia due to neurodegeneration and is characterized by extracellular senile plaques composed of amyloid β1 - 42 (Aβ) as well as intracellular neurofibrillary tangles consisting of phosphorylated tau (p-tau). Dementia with Lewy bodies constitutes a continuous spectrum with Parkinson's disease, collectively termed Lewy body disease (LBD). LBD is characterized by intracellular Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein (α-syn). The core clinical features of AD and LBD spectra are distinct, but the two spectra share common cognitive and behavioral symptoms. The accumulation of pathological proteins, which acquire pathogenicity through conformational changes, has long been investigated on a protein-by-protein basis. However, recent evidence suggests that interactions among these molecules may be critical to pathogenesis. For example, Aβ/tau promotes α-syn pathology, and α-syn modulates p-tau pathology. Furthermore, clinical evidence suggests that these interactions may explain the overlapping pathology between AD and LBD in molecular imaging and post-mortem studies. Additionally, a recent hypothesis points to a common mechanism of prion-like progression of these pathological proteins, via neural circuits, in both AD and LBD. This suggests a need for understanding connectomics and their alterations in AD and LBD from both pathological and functional perspectives. In AD, reduced connectivity in the default mode network is considered a hallmark of the disease. In LBD, previous studies have emphasized abnormalities in the basal ganglia and sensorimotor networks; however, these account for movement disorders only. Knowledge about network abnormalities common to AD and LBD is scarce because few previous neuroimaging studies investigated AD and LBD as a comprehensive cohort. In this paper, we review research on the distribution and interactions of pathological proteins in the brain in AD and LBD, after briefly summarizing their clinical and neuropsychological manifestations. We also describe the brain functional and connectivity changes following abnormal protein accumulation in AD and LBD. Finally, we argue for the necessity of neuroimaging studies that examine AD and LBD cases as a continuous spectrum especially from the proteinopathy and neurocircuitopathy viewpoints. The findings from such a unified AD and Parkinson's disease (PD) cohort study should provide a new comprehensive perspective and key data for guiding disease modification therapies targeting the pathological proteins in AD and LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Wakasugi
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Li L, Xu W, Tan CC, Cao XP, Wei BZ, Dong CW, Tan L. A gene-environment interplay between omega-3 supplementation and APOE ε4 provides insights for Alzheimer's disease precise prevention amongst high-genetic-risk population. Eur J Neurol 2021; 29:422-431. [PMID: 34710256 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The present study aimed to explore whether and how omega-3 (ω-3) supplementation could interact with genetic factors to modulate cognitive functions, amyloid pathologies, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. METHODS A total of 1,670 non-demented participants (mean age 73 years, 47% females, 41% APOE ε4 carriers) were followed up for 10 years. Hierarchical regressions, linear mixed-effects models, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the interaction effects of ω-3 supplementation with APOE ε4 and polygenic hazard scores, after adjusting for age, gender, education, cognitive diagnosis, insomnia, depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular risk score. RESULTS Individuals who progress to AD during the follow-up tend to take a shorter duration of ω-3 at baseline than those stable, for whom the difference remained significant only amongst APOE ε4 carriers (p < 0.01). The interaction term (APOE ε4 × ω-3) accounted for a significant amount of variance in cognition and cerebral amyloid burden. Long-term ω-3 use protected cognition (especially memory function) and lowered amyloid burden and AD risk only amongst APOE ε4 carriers. Mediation analysis suggested that amyloid pathologies, brain reserve capacities, and brain metabolism mediated the relationships of ω-3 use with memory and global cognition for APOE ε4 (+) carriers. Similar interaction and mediation effects were also indicated amongst high-risk subjects defined by polygenic hazard scores. CONCLUSIONS Long-term ω-3 intake may have a role in AD prevention in genetically at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi-Peng Cao
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bao-Zhen Wei
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cheng-Wen Dong
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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15
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Abstract
With growing and ageing populations, the incidence of dementia is expected to triple globally by 2050. In the absence of effective drugs to treat or reverse the syndrome, dietary approaches which prevent or delay disease onset have considerable population health potential. Prospective epidemiological studies and mechanistic insight from experimental models strongly support a positive effect of a high fish and long chain n-3 fatty acid (EPA and DHA) intake on a range of cognitive outcomes and dementia risk, with effect sizes equivalent to several years of ageing between the highest and lowest consumers. As reviewed here, an effect of EPA and DHA on neuroinflammation and oxylipin production is likely to in part mediate the neurophysiological benefits. However, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with EPA and DHA supplementation have produced mixed findings. Insight into the likely modulators of response to intervention and factors which should be considered for future RCTs are given. Furthermore, the impact of APOE genotype on disease risk and response to EPA and DHA supplementation is summarised. The prevalence of dementia is several-fold higher in APOE4 females (about 13% Caucasian populations) relative to the general population, who are emerging as a subgroup who may particularly benefit from DHA intervention, prior to the development of significant pathology.
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16
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Pontifex MG, Martinsen A, Saleh RNM, Harden G, Tejera N, Müller M, Fox C, Vauzour D, Minihane AM. APOE4 genotype exacerbates the impact of menopause on cognition and synaptic plasticity in APOE-TR mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21583. [PMID: 33891334 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002621rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of sex and menopausal status in Alzheimer's disease remains understudied despite increasing evidence of greater female risk, particularly in APOE4 carriers. Utilizing female APOE-TR mice maintained on a high-fat diet background we induced ovarian failure through repeated VCD injections, to mimic human menopause. At 12 months of age, recognition memory and spatial memory were assessed using object recognition, Y-maze spontaneous alternation, and Barnes maze. A VCD*genotype interaction reduced the recognition memory (P < .05), with APOE4 VCD-treated animals unable to distinguish between novel and familiar objects. APOE4 mice displayed an additional 37% and 12% reduction in Barnes (P < .01) and Y-maze (P < .01) performance, indicative of genotype-specific spatial memory impairment. Molecular analysis indicated both VCD and genotype-related deficits in synaptic plasticity with BDNF, Akt, mTOR, and ERK signaling compromised. Subsequent reductions in the transcription factors Creb1 and Atf4 were also evident. Furthermore, the VCD*genotype interaction specifically diminished Ephb2 expression, while Fos, and Cnr1 expression reduced as a consequence of APOE4 genotype. Brain DHA levels were 13% lower in VCD-treated animals independent of genotype. Consistent with this, we detected alterations in the expression of the DHA transporters Acsl6 and Fatp4. Our results indicate that the combination of ovarian failure and APOE4 leads to an exacerbation of cognitive and neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Glenn Harden
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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17
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Businaro R, Vauzour D, Sarris J, Münch G, Gyengesi E, Brogelli L, Zuzarte P. Therapeutic Opportunities for Food Supplements in Neurodegenerative Disease and Depression. Front Nutr 2021; 8:669846. [PMID: 34055858 PMCID: PMC8160227 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.669846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence is showing nutrition as a crucial factor in the high prevalence and incidence of neurodegenerative mental disorders. Preventive interventions on neuroinflammation seem to be able to interfere with neurodegeneration. Supplementation of essential nutrients, such as long-chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E and mineral elements, may minimize inflammation, enhancing antioxidative defense, and lowering the risk and incidence of age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. This manuscript reviews the current evidence on the role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and mental disorders, and preventive strategies for food supplementation in these neuropsychiatric diseases. Dietary supplementation-based strategies have been demonstrated to be effective in subjects with mild cognitive impairment, while weaker results have been obtained in patients with advance neurodegenerative disease. Adjunctive supplementation has also been demonstrated to improve depression, this being of marked benefit considering the comorbidity between cognitive impairment/dementia and depression. Further research is needed to improve the prescriptive precision of supplementation in patients, and to better understand potential interactions with clinical and pharmacokinetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Vauzour
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Sarris
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Professorial Unit, The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Pedro Zuzarte
- Psychiatric Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Neuropsychiatry Research Department, GNR Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
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18
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Importance of EPA and DHA Blood Levels in Brain Structure and Function. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041074. [PMID: 33806218 PMCID: PMC8066148 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain structure and function depend on a constant and sufficient supply with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by blood. Blood levels of EPA and DHA reflect dietary intake and other variables and are preferably assessed as percentage in erythrocytes with a well-documented and standardized analytical method (HS-Omega-3 Index®). Every human being has an Omega-3 Index between 2 and 20%, with an optimum of 8–11%. Compared to an optimal Omega-3 Index, a lower Omega-3 Index was associated with increased risk for total mortality and ischemic stroke, reduced brain volume, impaired cognition, accelerated progression to dementia, psychiatric diseases, compromises of complex brain functions, and other brain issues in epidemiologic studies. Most intervention trials, and their meta-analyses considered EPA and DHA as drugs with good bioavailability, a design tending to produce meaningful results in populations characterized by low baseline blood levels (e.g., in major depression), but otherwise responsible for many neutral results and substantial confusion. When trial results were evaluated using blood levels of EPA and DHA measured, effects were larger than comparing EPA and DHA to placebo groups, and paralleled epidemiologic findings. This indicates future trial design, and suggests a targeted use EPA and DHA, based on the Omega-3 Index.
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19
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Sala-Vila A, Arenaza-Urquijo EM, Sánchez-Benavides G, Suárez-Calvet M, Milà-Alomà M, Grau-Rivera O, González-de-Echávarri JM, Crous-Bou M, Minguillón C, Fauria K, Operto G, Falcón C, Salvadó G, Cacciaglia R, Ingala S, Barkhof F, Schröder H, Scarmeas N, Gispert JD, Molinuevo JL. DHA intake relates to better cerebrovascular and neurodegeneration neuroimaging phenotypes in middle-aged adults at increased genetic risk of Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:1627-1635. [PMID: 33733657 PMCID: PMC8168359 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of APOE-ε4 alleles is a major nonmodifiable risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). There is increasing evidence on the benefits of dietary DHA (22:6n-3) before the onset of AD symptoms, particularly in APOE-ε4 carriers. Brain alterations in the preclinical stage can be detected by structural MRI. OBJECTIVES We aimed, in middle-aged cognitively unimpaired individuals at increased risk of AD, to cross-sectionally investigate whether dietary DHA intake relates to cognitive performance and to MRI-based markers of cerebral small vessel disease and AD-related neurodegeneration, exploring the effect modification by APOE-ε4 status. METHODS In 340 participants of the ALFA (ALzheimer and FAmilies) study, which is enriched for APOE-ε4 carriership (n = 122, noncarriers; n = 157, 1 allele; n = 61, 2 alleles), we assessed self-reported DHA intake through an FFQ. We measured cognitive performance by administering episodic memory and executive function tests. We performed high-resolution structural MRI to assess cerebral small vessel disease [white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs)] and AD-related brain atrophy (cortical thickness in an AD signature). We constructed regression models adjusted for potential confounders, exploring the interaction DHA × APOE-ε4. RESULTS We observed no significant associations between DHA and cognitive performance or WMH burden. We observed a nonsignificant inverse association between DHA and prevalence of lobar CMBs (OR: 0.446; 95% CI: 0.195, 1.018; P = 0.055). DHA was found to be significantly related to greater cortical thickness in the AD signature in homozygotes but not in nonhomozygotes (P-interaction = 0.045). The association strengthened when analyzing homozygotes and nonhomozygotes matched for risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In cognitively unimpaired APOE-ε4 homozygotes, dietary DHA intake related to structural patterns that may result in greater resilience to AD pathology. This is consistent with the current hypothesis that those subjects at highest risk would obtain the largest benefits from DHA supplementation in the preclinical stage.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01835717.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eider M Arenaza-Urquijo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research Network on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research Network on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research Network on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain,Neurology Service, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Milà-Alomà
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research Network on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oriol Grau-Rivera
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Neurology Service, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M González-de-Echávarri
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research Network on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Crous-Bou
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research Network on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)–Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Minguillón
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karine Fauria
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Grégory Operto
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research Network on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Falcón
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research Network on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN), Madrid, Spain,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Salvadó
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research Network on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raffaele Cacciaglia
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research Network on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Ingala
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Healthcare Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helmut Schröder
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research Network on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece,Department of Neurology, The Gertrude H Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan-Domingo Gispert
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Center for Biomedical Research Network on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN), Madrid, Spain,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Cognitive Differences in the Older Adults Living in the General Community: Gender and Mental Occupational State Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063106. [PMID: 33802961 PMCID: PMC8002664 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Older adults are particularly vulnerable to cognitive impairment with age, and gender differences are remarkable. However, there is very little evidence to identify both baseline cognitive and occupational gender differences prior to older adults' retirement to design more efficient personalized cognitive interventions. This descriptive observational study examined gender differences in initial cognitive performance in 367 older adults with subjective memory complaints from a primary healthcare center in Zaragoza (Spain). To evaluate initial cognitive performance, the Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MEC-35) and the set test were used to measure verbal fluency. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated, and cognitive and occupational differences were analyzed per gender. Men had higher educational and occupational levels, were older and more of them were married (p < 0.001) than women. Regarding cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes and cerebrovascular accidents were more frequent in women, while hypercholesterolemia and obesity were more frequent in men (p < 0.001). High blood pressure was more frequent in women, but not significantly so (p = 0.639). Global cognition was higher in men (p < 0.001) for attention, calculation, and language (p < 0.001). Verbal fluency was higher in women, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.105). These results could be generalized to other health centers in the province and other Spanish autonomous communities as their sociodemographic variables are similar. Individualized interventions that adapt to gender, cognitive and initial occupational performance should be developed and adapted to elderly populations living in the general community to maintain their cognitive capacity and prevent their cognitive impairment and the social health costs this would imply.
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21
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Liu Y, Song JH, Xu W, Hou XH, Li JQ, Yu JT, Tan L, Chi S. The Associations of Cerebrospinal Fluid ApoE and Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Exploring Interactions With Sex. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:633576. [PMID: 33746700 PMCID: PMC7968417 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.633576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-related difference in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been proposed, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoforms have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ApoE is associated with AD biomarkers and whether the associations are different (between sexes). METHODS Data of 309 participants [92 with normal cognition, 148 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 69 with AD dementia] from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) were cross-sectionally evaluated with the multiple linear regression model and longitudinally with the multivariate linear mixed-effects model for the associations of CSF ApoE with AD biomarkers. Sex-ApoE interaction was used to estimate whether sex moderates the associations of CSF ApoE and AD biomarkers. RESULTS Significant interactions between CSF ApoE and sex on AD biomarkers were observed [amyloid-β (Aβ): p = 0.0169 and phosphorylated-tau (p-tau): p = 0.0453]. In women, baseline CSF ApoE levels were significantly associated with baseline Aβ (p = 0.0135) and total-tau (t-tau) (p < 0.0001) as well as longitudinal changes of the biomarkers (Aβ: p = 0.0104; t-tau: p = 0.0110). In men, baseline CSF ApoE levels were only correlated with baseline p-tau (p < 0.0001) and t-tau (p < 0.0001) and did not aggravate AD biomarkers longitudinally. CONCLUSION The associations between CSF ApoE and AD biomarkers were sex-specific. Elevated CSF ApoE was associated with longitudinal changes of AD biomarkers in women, which indicates that CSF ApoE might be involved in the pathogenesis of AD pathology in a sex-specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing-Hui Song
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-He Hou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Song Chi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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22
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Minihane AM. Nutrition and brain health. NUTR BULL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Minihane
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Norwich Medical School BCRE University of East Anglia (UEA) Norwich UK
- Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing Norwich UK
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23
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Kuszewski JC, Howe PRC, Wong RHX. An Exploratory Analysis of Changes in Mental Wellbeing Following Curcumin and Fish Oil Supplementation in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102902. [PMID: 32977404 PMCID: PMC7598152 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin has previously been shown to enhance mood in non-depressed older adults. However, observed benefits were limited to short-term supplementation (4 weeks). In a 16 week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial design trial, we supplemented overweight or obese non-depressed adults (50–80 years) with curcumin (160 mg/day), fish oil (2000 mg docosahexaenoic acid +400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid/day), or a combination of both. Secondary outcomes included mental wellbeing measures (mood states and subjective memory complaints (SMCs)) and quality of life (QoL). Furthermore, plasma apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) was measured to determine whether APOE4 status influences responses to fish oil. Curcumin improved vigour (p = 0.044) compared to placebo and reduced SMCs compared to no curcumin treatment (p = 0.038). Fish oil did not affect any mood states, SMCs or QoL; however, responses to fish oil were affected by APOE4 status. In APOE4 non-carriers, fish oil increased vigour (p = 0.030) and reduced total mood disturbances (p = 0.048) compared to placebo. Improvements in mental wellbeing were correlated with increased QoL. Combining curcumin with fish oil did not result in additive effects. This exploratory analysis indicates that regular supplementation with either curcumin or fish oil (limited to APOE4 non-carriers) has the potential to improve some aspects of mental wellbeing in association with better QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Kuszewski
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia; (J.C.K.); (R.H.X.W.)
| | - Peter R. C. Howe
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia; (J.C.K.); (R.H.X.W.)
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central 4300, Australia
- UniSA Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-4921-7309
| | - Rachel H. X. Wong
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia; (J.C.K.); (R.H.X.W.)
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central 4300, Australia
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Jennings
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UK, UK
| | - Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging and Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UK, UK,
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25
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Stevenson EJ, Shannon OM, Minihane AM, Adamson A, Burns A, Hill T, Sniehotta F, Muniz‐Terrera G, Ritchie CW. NuBrain: UK consortium for optimal nutrition for healthy brain ageing. NUTR BULL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Stevenson
- Faculty of Medical Sciences Human Nutrition Research Centre Population Health Sciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - O. M. Shannon
- Faculty of Medical Sciences Human Nutrition Research Centre Population Health Sciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - A. M. Minihane
- Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - A. Adamson
- Faculty of Medical Sciences Human Nutrition Research Centre Population Health Sciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - A. Burns
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - T. Hill
- Faculty of Medical Sciences Human Nutrition Research Centre Population Health Sciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - F. Sniehotta
- Faculty of Medical Sciences Population Health Sciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - G. Muniz‐Terrera
- Centre for Dementia Prevention University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - C. W. Ritchie
- Centre for Dementia Prevention University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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26
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Espeland MA, Hayden KM, Lockhart SN, Yassine HN, Hoscheidt S, Yasar S, Luchsinger JA, Neiberg RH, Diaz Brinton R, Carmichael O. Sex-Related Differences in Brain Volumes and Cerebral Blood Flow Among Overweight and Obese Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Exploratory Analyses From the Action for Health in Diabetes Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:771-778. [PMID: 30997482 PMCID: PMC7205422 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex may be an important modifier of brain health in response to risk factors. We compared brain structure and function of older overweight and obese women and men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Cross-sectional cognitive assessments and magnetic resonance images were obtained in 224 women and 95 men (mean age 69 years) with histories of type 2 diabetes mellitus and overweight or obesity. Prior to magnetic resonance images, participants had completed an average of 10 years of random assignment to either multidomain intervention targeting weight loss or a control condition of diabetes support and education. Total (summed gray and white) matter volumes, white matter hyperintensity volumes, and cerebral blood flow across five brain regions of interest were analyzed using mixed-effects models. RESULTS After covariate adjustment, women, compared with men, averaged 10.9 [95% confidence interval 3.3, 18.5; ≈1%] cc greater summed region of interest volumes and 1.39 [0.00002, 2.78; ≈54%] cc greater summed white matter hyperintensity volumes. Sex differences could not be attributed to risk factor profiles or intervention response. Their magnitude did not vary significantly with respect to age, body mass index, intervention assignment, or APOE-ε4 genotype. Sex differences in brain magnetic resonance images outcomes did not account for the better levels of cognitive functioning in women than men. CONCLUSIONS In a large cohort of older overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, differences in brain volumes and white matter disease were apparent between women and men, but these did not account for a lower prevalence of cognitive impairment in women compared with men in this cohort. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00017953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Espeland
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Samuel N Lockhart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA
| | - Siobhan Hoscheidt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Sevil Yasar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jose A Luchsinger
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- University of Arizona Center for Innovation in Brain Science, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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27
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Liang Y, Zhou Z, Wang H, Cheng X, Zhong S, Zhao C. Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes with epilepsy risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 98:27-35. [PMID: 31299529 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify the association between certain genotypes or alleles of the APOE (Apolipoprotein E) gene and the epilepsy risk. METHODS All studies on human APOE genotypes associated with epilepsy were included. Separate meta-analyses were conducted between the patients with epilepsy and the control group from the following three aspects: ε4 carriers or ε2 carriers vs ε3/ε3 (the ε2/ε4 genotype was excluded), ε4 carriers vs ε2 carriers, and five genotypes vs ε3/ε3. The subgroup analysis was conducted on the ethnicity, the control group was healthy or not, and type of epilepsy. RESULTS Nine studies with 2210 individuals were included. Compared with ε3/ε3 genotype, ε4 carriers increased the epilepsy risk (odds ratios [ORs]: 1.27; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.01 to 1.59; P = 0.042), while ε2 carriers had no association with epilepsy risk (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.66 to 1.18; P = 0.184). The risk of epilepsy was 1.45 times greater in ε4 carriers compared with ε2 carriers (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.04; P = 0.037). When the number of APOE ε4 allele increased, the ORs increased progressively (no ε4 alleles, OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.66 to 1.18; one ε4 allele, OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.57; two ε4 alleles, OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 0.83 to 4.10). Apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers had a higher epilepsy risk in the population without primary diseases (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.88), and a higher risk in Asian populations (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.49). CONCLUSIONS Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele genotype was associated with an increased epilepsy risk, which was more prominent in the Asian and the population without primary diseases. These findings may be used to guide the directions of prevention and treatment on epilepsy. Larger clinical studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhike Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huibin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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28
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Martinsen A, Tejera N, Vauzour D, Harden G, Dick J, Shinde S, Barden A, Mori TA, Minihane AM. Altered SPMs and age-associated decrease in brain DHA in APOE4 female mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:10315-10326. [PMID: 31251078 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900423r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 genotype is the most important, common genetic determinant for Alzheimer disease (AD), and female APOE4 carriers present with an increased risk compared with males. The study quantified cortical and hippocampal fatty acid and phospholipid profiles along with select eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)- and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-derived specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) in 2-, 9-, and 18-mo-old APOE3 and APOE4 male and female mice. A 10% lower cortical DHA was evident in APOE4 females at 18 mo compared with 2 mo, with no significant decrease in APOE3 or APOE4 males. This decrease was associated with a reduction in DHA-phosphatidylethanolamine. Older APOE4 females had a 15% higher oleic acid content compared with young mice. Although no sex*APOE genotype interactions were observed for SPMs expressed as a ratio of their parent compound, higher cortical 18R/S-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E-EPA, resolvin D3, protectin D1, 10S,17S-dihydroxy-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z-DHA (10S,17S-diHDHA), maresin 1, 17S-hydroxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-DHA, and 14S-hydroxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-DHA were evident in females, and lower cortical 17R-resolvin D1, 10S,17S-diHDHA, and 18-HEPE in APOE4. Our findings show a strong association between age, female sex, and an APOE4 genotype, with decreased cortical DHA and a number of SPMs, which together may contribute to the development of cognitive decline and AD pathology.-Martinsen, A., Tejera, N., Vauzour, D., Harden, G., Dick, J., Shinde, S., Barden, A., Mori, T. A., Minihane, A. M. Altered SPMs and age-associated decrease in brain DHA in APOE4 female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneloes Martinsen
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - David Vauzour
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn Harden
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - James Dick
- Nutrition Analytical Service, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Sujata Shinde
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anne Barden
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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29
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Tran TTT, Corsini S, Kellingray L, Hegarty C, Le Gall G, Narbad A, Müller M, Tejera N, O'Toole PW, Minihane AM, Vauzour D. APOE genotype influences the gut microbiome structure and function in humans and mice: relevance for Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. FASEB J 2019; 33:8221-8231. [PMID: 30958695 PMCID: PMC6593891 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900071r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is the strongest prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Numerous studies have provided insights into the pathologic mechanisms. However, a comprehensive understanding of the impact of APOE genotype on microflora speciation and metabolism is completely lacking. In this study, we investigated the association between APOE genotype and the gut microbiome composition in human and APOE-targeted replacement (TR) transgenic mice. Fecal microbiota amplicon sequencing from matched individuals with different APOE genotypes revealed no significant differences in overall microbiota diversity in group-aggregated human APOE genotypes. However, several bacterial taxa showed significantly different relative abundance between APOE genotypes. Notably, we detected an association of Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae and several butyrate-producing genera abundances with APOE genotypes. These findings were confirmed by comparing the gut microbiota of APOE-TR mice. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis of murine fecal water detected significant differences in microbe-associated amino acids and short-chain fatty acids between APOE genotypes. Together, these findings indicate that APOE genotype is associated with specific gut microbiome profiles in both humans and APOE-TR mice. This suggests that the gut microbiome is worth further investigation as a potential target to mitigate the deleterious impact of the APOE4 allele on cognitive decline and the prevention of AD.-Tran, T. T. T., Corsini, S., Kellingray, L., Hegarty, C., Le Gall, G., Narbad, A., Müller, M., Tejera, N., O'Toole, P. W., Minihane, A.-M., Vauzour, D. APOE genotype influences the gut microbiome structure and function in humans and mice: relevance for Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T T Tran
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simone Corsini
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lee Kellingray
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Hegarty
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gwénaëlle Le Gall
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne-Marie Minihane
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
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