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Karunanayaka PR, Lu J, Elyan R, Yang QX, Sathian K. Olfactory-trigeminal integration in the primary olfactory cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26772. [PMID: 38962966 PMCID: PMC11222875 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans naturally integrate signals from the olfactory and intranasal trigeminal systems. A tight interplay has been demonstrated between these two systems, and yet the neural circuitry mediating olfactory-trigeminal (OT) integration remains poorly understood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), combined with psychophysics, this study investigated the neural mechanisms underlying OT integration. Fifteen participants with normal olfactory function performed a localization task with air-puff stimuli, phenylethyl alcohol (PEA; rose odor), or a combination thereof while being scanned. The ability to localize PEA to either nostril was at chance. Yet, its presence significantly improved the localization accuracy of weak, but not strong, air-puffs, when both stimuli were delivered concurrently to the same nostril, but not when different nostrils received the two stimuli. This enhancement in localization accuracy, exemplifying the principles of spatial coincidence and inverse effectiveness in multisensory integration, was associated with multisensory integrative activity in the primary olfactory (POC), orbitofrontal (OFC), superior temporal (STC), inferior parietal (IPC) and cingulate cortices, and in the cerebellum. Multisensory enhancement in most of these regions correlated with behavioral multisensory enhancement, as did increases in connectivity between some of these regions. We interpret these findings as indicating that the POC is part of a distributed brain network mediating integration between the olfactory and trigeminal systems. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Psychophysical and neuroimaging study of olfactory-trigeminal (OT) integration. Behavior, cortical activity, and network connectivity show OT integration. OT integration obeys principles of inverse effectiveness and spatial coincidence. Behavioral and neural measures of OT integration are correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna R. Karunanayaka
- Department of RadiologyPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Neural and Behavioral SciencesPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Public Health SciencesPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department of RadiologyPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Drum Tower HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Rommy Elyan
- Department of RadiologyPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Qing X. Yang
- Department of RadiologyPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of NeurosurgeryPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - K. Sathian
- Department of Neural and Behavioral SciencesPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of NeurologyPenn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical CenterHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of PsychologyPennsylvania State University College of Liberal ArtsState CollegePennsylvaniaUSA
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Chung YH, Chen SJ, Lee CL, Chang YS. Kokedama and essential oils had a relaxing psychophysiological effect on Taiwanese women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Explore (NY) 2024; 20:371-379. [PMID: 37777433 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, we designed an indoor nature activity program for citizens with a relaxing effect similar to forest bathing to promote their physical and mental health. We integrated an indoor horticultural activity (Kokedama) with the breathing of Pseudotsuga menziesii (P. menziesii) and Lavandula angustifolia (L. angustifolia) essential oils (EOs) with the goal of creating a nature-inspired environment in an indoor setting where participants would feel as if immersed in a forest atmosphere. METHODS Taiwanese women participated in the experiment, using two Saturday mornings, one Saturday in a university classroom in the city center; and the other Saturday in a workshop in a Suburban Park. Intra-group comparisons were used to assess the Physiological responses to urban and suburban environmental stimuli and measured self-reported psychological responses. We recorded parameters associated with heart-rate variability and brainwaves. We also administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S) questionnaire before and after the participants had completed the entire program. RESULTS After the participants had breathed the P. menziesii and L. angustifolia EOs, the levels of some physiological parameters increased (standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals, normalized high frequency, and high alpha wave) and those of others decreased (normalized low frequency, low- to high-frequency ratio power, high beta wave, and gamma wave). These findings were corroborated by the data from the STAI-S questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS The psychophysiological data from this study provide significant scientific evidence for the health benefits of an indoor nature activity program in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chung
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Jen Chen
- College of Nursing and Health, Kang Ning University, Taipei 11485, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Luug Lee
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sen Chang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Liu K, Aierken A, Liu M, Parhat N, Kong W, Yin X, Liu G, Yu D, Hong J, Ni J, Quan Z, Liu X, Ji S, Mao J, Peng W, Chen C, Yan Y, Qing H. The decreased astrocyte-microglia interaction reflects the early characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. iScience 2024; 27:109281. [PMID: 38455972 PMCID: PMC10918213 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease often associated with olfactory dysfunction. Aβ is a typical AD hall marker, but Aβ-induced molecular alterations in olfactory memory remain unclear. In this study, we used a 5xFAD mouse model to investigate Aβ-induced olfactory changes. Results showed that 4-month-old 5xFAD have olfactory memory impairment accompanied by piriform cortex neuron activity decline and no sound or working memory impairment. In addition, synapse and glia functional alteration is consistent across different ages at the proteomic level. Microglia and astrocyte specific proteins showed strong interactions in the conserved co-expression network module. Moreover, this interaction declines only in mild cognitive impairment patients in human postmortem brain proteomic data. This suggests that astrocytes-microglia interaction may play a leading role in the early stage of Aβ-induced olfactory memory impairment, and the decreasing of their synergy may accelerate the neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ailikemu Aierken
- MOE Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengyao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Nazakat Parhat
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingyu Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Ding Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Simei Ji
- Department of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Jian Mao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Company, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Weijun Peng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Chao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China
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Naffaa MM. Significance of the anterior cingulate cortex in neurogenesis plasticity: Connections, functions, and disorders across postnatal and adult stages. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300160. [PMID: 38135889 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a complex and continually evolving brain region that remains a primary focus of research due to its multifaceted functions. Various studies and analyses have significantly advanced our understanding of how the ACC participates in a wide spectrum of memory and cognitive processes. However, despite its strong connections to brain areas associated with hippocampal and olfactory neurogenesis, the functions of the ACC in regulating postnatal and adult neurogenesis in these regions are still insufficiently explored. Investigating the intricate involvement of the ACC in neurogenesis could enhance our comprehension of essential aspects of brain plasticity. This involvement stems from its complex circuitry with other relevant brain regions, thereby exerting both direct and indirect impacts on the neurogenesis process. This review sheds light on the promising significance of the ACC in orchestrating postnatal and adult neurogenesis in conditions related to memory, cognitive behavior, and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moawiah M Naffaa
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Alahäivälä ALI, Thaploo D, Wein S, Seidel P, Riebel M, Hummel T, Schwarzbach JV. Inhalation-modulated detection of olfactory BOLD responses in the human brain. FRONTIERS IN NEUROIMAGING 2023; 2:1260893. [PMID: 38107774 PMCID: PMC10725246 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2023.1260893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction In contrast to other sensory domains, detection of primary olfactory processes using functional magnetic resonance imaging has proven to be notably challenging with conventional block designs. This difficulty arises from significant habituation and hemodynamic responses in olfactory areas that do not appear to align with extended boxcar functions convolved with a generic hemodynamic response model. Consequently, some researchers have advocated for a transition to event-related designs, despite their known lower detection power compared to block designs. Methods Here, we conducted a block design experiment with 16s of continuous odorant stimulation alternating with 16s of continuous odorless air stimulation in 33 healthy participants. We compared four statistical analyses that relied either on standard block designs (SBD1-2) or on block designs that were modulated by the participants' individual breathing patterns (MBD1-2). Results We found that such modulated block designs were comparatively more powerful than standard block designs, despite having a substantially lower design efficiency. Using whole-brain effect size maps, we observed that the right insular and medial aspects of the left piriform cortex exhibited a preference for a breathing-modulated analysis approach. Discussion Research in olfaction that necessitates designs with longer-lasting blocks, such as those employed in the investigation of state-dependent processing, will benefit from the breathing-modulated analyses outlined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino-Lotta I. Alahäivälä
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Divesh Thaploo
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Wein
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Seidel
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marco Riebel
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmar Schwarzbach
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Chung YH, Chen SJ, Lee CL, Wu CW, Chang YS. Relaxing Effects of Breathing Pseudotsuga menziesii and Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oils on Psychophysiological Status in Older Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15251. [PMID: 36429972 PMCID: PMC9690885 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of breathing Pseudotsuga menziesii (P. menziesii) and Lavandula angustifolia (L. angustifolia) essential oils (EOs) during a horticultural activity on older adults. A total number of 92 older adult (71.2 ± 7.7 years old) participants were guided through a leaf printing procedure. In the meantime, water vapor and EOs were diffused in an orderly manner. The heart rate variability-related parameters as well as the brain waves were recorded. In addition, we also collected data for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S) questionnaires before and after the whole indoor natural activity program. The physiological parameters including standard deviation of normal to normal intervals, normalized high frequency (nHF), and high alpha wave increased while the normalized low frequency (nLF), the ratio of LF-to-HF power, high beta wave, and gamma wave decreased following the breathing of P. menziesii and L. angustifolia EOs. These changes indicated a relaxing effect of breathing both EOs during a horticultural activity on older adults. Our results demonstrated a beneficial effect of P. menziesii EO which is as good as a well-known relaxant L. angustifolia EO. This notion was supported by the results of STAI-S. Here we developed an indoor natural activity program for older adults to promote physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chung
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Jen Chen
- College of Nursing and Health, Kang Ning University, Taipei 11485, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Luug Lee
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Wu
- Department of Horticulture, Hungkuo Delin University of Technology, New Taipei 236354, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sen Chang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Lucas JC, Arambula Z, Arambula AM, Yu K, Farrokhian N, D'Silva L, Staecker H, Villwock JA. Olfactory, Auditory, and Vestibular Performance: Multisensory Impairment Is Significantly Associated With Incident Cognitive Impairment. Front Neurol 2022; 13:910062. [PMID: 35899262 PMCID: PMC9309388 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.910062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundDysfunction in the olfactory, auditory, and vestibular systems are commonly seen in aging and are associated with dementia. The impact of sensory loss(es) on cognition is not well understood. Our aim was to assess the relationships between performance on objective multisensory testing and quantify the impact of dysfunction on cognition.MethodsPatients presenting with subjective hearing loss presenting to a tertiary care otologic/audiologic clinic were identified and underwent multisensory testing using the Affordable, Rapid Olfactory Measurement Array (AROMA), pure tone audiometric evaluations, and the Timed “Up and Go” test. Cognitive impairment (CI) was assessed via the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was also administered.Key Results180 patients were enrolled. Thirty one percentage (n = 57) screened positive for cognitive impairment. When evaluating single sensory impairments, we found that olfactory dysfunction, gait impairment, and sensorineural hearing loss were all statistically significantly (p < 0.05) associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment (ORs 3.89, 3.49, and 2.78, respectively) for CI. Multisensory impairment was significantly associated with cognitive impairment. Subjects with dysfunction in all domains were at the highest risk for cognitive impairment (OR 15.7, p < 0.001) vs. those with impairment in 2 domains (OR 5.32, p < 0.001).ConclusionDysfunction of the olfactory, auditory, and vestibular systems is associated with a significantly increased risk of CI. The dramatically increased risk of CI with multisensory dysfunction in all three systems indicated that MSD may synergistically contribute to CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C. Lucas
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Jacob C. Lucas
| | - Zack Arambula
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Arambula
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Katherine Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Nathan Farrokhian
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Linda D'Silva
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Hinrich Staecker
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Villwock
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
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Torske A, Koch K, Eickhoff S, Freiherr J. Localizing the human brain response to olfactory stimulation: A meta-analytic approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 134:104512. [PMID: 34968523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human sense of smell and the ability to detect and distinguish odors allows for the extraction of valuable information from the environment, thereby driving human behavior. Not only can the sense of smell help to monitor the safety of inhaled air, but it can also help to evaluate the edibility of food. Therefore, in an effort to further our understanding of the human sense of smell, the aim of this meta-analysis was to provide the scientific community with activation probability maps of the functional anatomy of the olfactory system, in addition to separate activation maps for specific odor categories (pleasant, food, and aversive odors). The activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method was utilized to quantify all relevant and available data to perform a formal statistical analysis on the inter-study concordance of various odor categories. A total of 81 studies (108 contrasts, 1053 foci) fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Significant ALE peaks were observed in all odor categories in brain areas typically associated with the functional neuroanatomy of olfaction including the piriform cortex, amygdala, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex, amongst others. Additional contrast analyses indicate clear differences in neural activation patterns between odor categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Torske
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - K Koch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - S Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - J Freiherr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Freising, Germany.
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Decreased activity of piriform cortex and orbitofrontal hyperactivation in Usher Syndrome, a human disorder of ciliary dysfunction. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:1176-1185. [PMID: 34850367 PMCID: PMC9107447 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is a condition characterized by ciliary dysfunction leading to retinal degeneration and hearing/vestibular loss. Putative olfactory deficits in humans have been documented at the psychophysical level and remain to be proven at the neurophysiological level. Thus, we aimed to study USH olfactory impairment using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We analyzed differences in whole-brain responses between 27 USH patients and 26 healthy participants during an olfactory detection task with a bimodal odorant (n-butanol). The main research question was whether between-group differences could be identified using a conservative whole-brain approach and in a ROI-based approach in key olfactory brain regions. Results indicated higher olfactory thresholds in USH patients, thereby confirming the hypothesis of reduced olfactory acuity. Importantly, we found decreased BOLD activity for USH patients in response to odorant stimulation in the right piriform cortex, while right orbitofrontal cortex showed increased activity. We also found decreased activity in other higher-level regions in a whole brain approach. We suggest that the hyper activation in the orbitofrontal cortex possibly occurs as a compensatory mechanism after the under-recruitment of the piriform cortex. This study suggests that olfactory deficits in USH can be objectively assessed using functional neuroimaging which reveals differential patterns of activity both in low- and high-level regions of the olfactory network. 1. Psychophysical olfactory deficits are present in Usher Syndrome, a ciliary disorder. 2. USH patients show decreased BOLD activity in the right piriform olfactory cortex; 3. USH patients show increased activity in the orbitofrontal olfactory cortex; 4. USH patients show patterns of decreased activity in high-level cortical regions; 5. Functional neuroimaging unravels USH olfactory deficits at the population level.
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Yan Y, Aierken A, Wang C, Song D, Ni J, Wang Z, Quan Z, Qing H. A potential biomarker of preclinical Alzheimer's disease: The olfactory dysfunction and its pathogenesis-based neural circuitry impairments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:857-869. [PMID: 34810025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory dysfunction can signal and act as a potential biomarker of preclinical AD. However, the precise regulatory mechanism of olfactory function on the neural pathogenesis of AD is still unclear. The impairment of neural networks in olfaction system has been shown to be tightly associated with AD. As key brain regions of the olfactory system, the olfactory bulb (OB) and the piriform cortex (PCx) have a profound influence on the olfactory function. Therefore, this review will explore the mechanism of olfactory dysfunction in preclinical AD in the perspective of abnormal neural networks in the OB and PCx and their associated brain regions, especially from two aspects of aberrant oscillations and synaptic plasticity damages, which help better understand the underlying mechanism of olfactory neural network damages related to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ailikemu Aierken
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Da Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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11
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Tremblay C, Iravani B, Aubry Lafontaine É, Steffener J, Fischmeister FPS, Lundström JN, Frasnelli J. Parkinson's Disease Affects Functional Connectivity within the Olfactory-Trigeminal Network. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 10:1587-1600. [PMID: 32597818 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a frequent symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) that appears years prior to diagnosis. Previous studies suggest that PD-related OD is different from non-parkinsonian forms of olfactory dysfunction (NPOD) as PD patients maintain trigeminal sensitivity as opposed to patients with NPOD who typically exhibit reduced trigeminal sensitivity. We hypothesize the presence of a specific alteration of functional connectivity between trigeminal and olfactory processing areas in PD. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess potential differences in functional connectivity within the chemosensory network in 15 PD patients and compared them to 15 NPOD patients, and to 15 controls. METHODS Functional MRI scanning session included resting-state and task-related scans where participants carried out an olfactory and a trigeminal task. We compared functional connectivity, using a seed-based correlation approach, and brain network modularity of the chemosensory network. RESULTS PD patients had impaired functional connectivity within the chemosensory network while no such changes were observed for NPOD patients. No group differences we found in modularity of the identified networks. Both patient groups exhibited impaired connectivity when executing an olfactory task, while network modularity was significantly weaker for PD patients than both other groups. When performing a trigeminal task, no changes were found for PD patients, but NPOD patients exhibited impaired connectivity. Conversely, PD patients exhibited a significantly higher network modularity than both other groups. CONCLUSION In summary, the specific pattern of functional connectivity and chemosensory network recruitment in PD-related OD may explain distinct behavioral chemosensory features in PD when compared to NPOD patients and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Tremblay
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Behzad Iravani
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Émilie Aubry Lafontaine
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Jason Steffener
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Johan N Lundström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada.,Research Center, Sacré-Coeur Hospital of Montrealéal, Québec, Canada
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12
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Odorant-induced brain activation as a function of normal aging and Alzheimer's disease: A preliminary study. Behav Brain Res 2021; 402:113078. [PMID: 33359846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction consistently occurs in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), beyond the mild and gradual decline in olfactory ability found in normal aging. This dysfunction begins early in the disease course, typically before clinical diagnosis, and progresses with disease severity. While odor identification and detection deficits clearly differentiate AD from controls, there remains uncertainty as to whether these are determined by olfactory threshold. The purpose of the current preliminary fMRI study was to examine the neural correlates of olfactory processing in healthy young and old adults and compare them with AD patients. We also explored the interplay between age and disease-related psychophysical olfactory declines and odorant-induced brain activation. Results indicated AD patients had decreased odor detection task-related signal in all regions of the primary olfactory cortex, with activity in the entorhinal cortex best differentiating the groups. Moderated-mediation analyses on neuro-psychophysical relationships found that increased brain activation in the entorhinal cortex moderated the negative effect of disease-related threshold changes on olfactory detection. Therefore, even in the face of higher (worse) olfactory thresholds, older adults and AD patients compensated for this effect with increased brain activation in a primary olfactory brain region. This was the case for odor detection but not odor identification. fMRI activation induced by an olfactory detection task may eventually be useful in improving early discovery of AD and may, eventually, facilitate early treatment interventions in subjects at risk for AD.
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13
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Cecchini MP, Riello M, Sandri A, Zanini A, Fiorio M, Tinazzi M. Smell and taste dissociations in the modulation of tonic pain perception induced by a capsaicin cream application. Eur J Pain 2020; 24:1946-1955. [PMID: 32780473 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a subjective experience characterized by sensory (intensity) and emotional (unpleasantness) aspects. Although literature reports behavioural effects on pain due to smell and taste influence, to our knowledge the relationship between tonic pain induced by a capsaicin cream and these chemosensory systems has never been explored before. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of olfactory and gustatory substances having different valence on tonic pain perception mediated by a capsaicin cream application. METHODS Sixty healthy volunteers were included in two separated experiments (N = 30 smell; N = 30 taste) and underwent different valence smell and taste stimulations, while receiving painful stimuli. Perception of pain intensity (the sensory component) and unpleasantness (the affective component) was measured with a numerical rating scale, both during the two aforementioned experiments. RESULTS Pain unpleasantness rating showed differences only in the smell experiment between the two odourous conditions. In particular, pleasant odour induced lower ratings of pain unpleasantness, while no significant results were found for intensity. Regarding taste, we could not observe significant effects nor for pain unpleasantness or intensity. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the potential role of pleasant odours in influencing the affective aspects of pain perception induced by this kind of tonic pain. Such evidence might provide new insight for using chemosensory substances as analgesics for modulating the cognitive aspects of neuropathic pain. SIGNIFICANCE This work shows the effect of smell on the emotional component of tonic pain, experimentally induced by capsaicin cream application. Previous literature investigated tonic pain in interaction with smell and/or taste stimuli, but mainly with physical methods such as temperature. Our findings add new information in this field, contributing to a deeper insight on the role of olfaction on this particular kind of tonic pain perception. This approach could open to new investigations aimed to consider odours for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Cecchini
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marianna Riello
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angela Sandri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Zanini
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirta Fiorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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14
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Karunanayaka PR, Lu J, Yang QX, Sathian K. Olfactory Costimulation Influences Intranasal Somatosensory Perception. Multisens Res 2020; 33:723-736. [PMID: 33706271 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-bja10008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory sensitivity is influenced by intranasal trigeminal sensation. For instance, sniffing is central to how humans and animals perceive odorants. Here, we investigated the influence of olfactory costimulation on the perception of intranasal somatosensory stimulation. In this study, 22 healthy human subjects, with normal olfactory function, performed a localization task for stimulation using weak air puffs, a pure odorant, phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA; rose odor), or their combination. Visual cues were used to inform participants to briefly hold their breath while weak, poorly localizable, air puffs and/or PEA were delivered to either nostril. Although PEA alone could not be localized to the correct nostril, when it accompanied a weak air puff in the ipsilateral nostril, localization accuracy significantly improved, relative to presentation of the air puff without the odorant. The enhancement of localization was absent when the air puff and PEA were presented to opposite nostrils. Since ipsilateral but not contralateral costimulation with PEA increased the accuracy of weak air puff localization, the results argue against a non-specific alerting effect of PEA. These findings suggest an interaction between olfactory and intranasal somatosensory stimuli leading to their integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna R Karunanayaka
- 1Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,2Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,3Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jiaming Lu
- 1Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,4Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing X Yang
- 1Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,5Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - K Sathian
- 2Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,6Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,7Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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15
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DeGuzman P, Jain A, Tabert MH, Parra LC. Olfaction Modulates Inter-Subject Correlation of Neural Responses. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:702. [PMID: 32754012 PMCID: PMC7366795 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Odors can be powerful stimulants. It is well-established that odors provide strong cues for recall of locations, people and events. The effects of specific scents on other cognitive functions are less well-established. We hypothesized that scents with different odor qualities will have a different effect on attention. To assess attention, we used Inter-Subject Correlation of the EEG because this metric is strongly modulated by attentional engagement with natural audiovisual stimuli. We predicted that scents known to be "energizing" would increase Inter-Subject Correlation during watching of videos as compared to "calming" scents. In a first experiment, we confirmed this for eucalyptol and linalool while participants watched animated autobiographical narratives. The result was replicated in a second experiment, but did not generalize to limonene, also considered an "energizing" odorant. In a third, double-blind experiment, we tested a battery of scents including single molecules, as well as mixtures, as participants watched various short video clips. We found a varying effect of odor on Inter-Subject Correlation across the various scents. This study provides a basis for reliably and reproducibly assessing effects of odors on brain activity. Future research is needed to further explore the effect of scent-based up-modulation in engagement on learning and memory performance. Educators, product developers and fragrance brands might also benefit from such objective neurophysiological measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anshul Jain
- International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., R&D, Union Beach, NJ, United States
| | - Matthias H. Tabert
- International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., R&D, Union Beach, NJ, United States
| | - Lucas C. Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
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16
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OuYang Q, Wang Y, Zhang YW, Yu M, Wang X. Change in Functional Brain Activation Patterns Induced by Olfactory Stimulation in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1451-1458. [PMID: 32606698 PMCID: PMC7294099 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s252933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory disorder is one of the commonly appearing symptoms in diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, reports of olfactory changes in multiple sclerosis (MS) are scarce and usually ignored or seldom recognized by clinicians. The majority of current research is based on subjective answers obtained by smelling odorants. OBJECTIVE To gain better insights into the central brain regions involved in the olfactory process. We measured preliminary contrast assessment characteristics of brain activation in MS patients and healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) under an odor stimulation task. METHODS Olfactory event-related fMRI was used to assess the olfactory network neuronal activity during passively inhaled volatile gases of lavender and rose solutions alternately in 18 MS patients and 20 healthy sex- and age-matched adults. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted between the lesions in central and olfactory-induced activated brain regions. RESULTS We observed significant reductions in the number of activated brain areas compared with healthy controls in MS patients under a standard activation mode; the right insula, right amygdala, right inferior frontal gyrus, right frontal middle gyrus, and left supramarginal gyrus were activated in MS patients (t = 2.04, P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the intensity of the activated olfactory brain network revealed attenuation. The Spearman correlation analysis indicated the distribution and number of demyelination lesions, exerting a little impact on major activation of brain regions during olfactory stimulation (r = -0.524, P = 0.054). CONCLUSION This study establishes that olfaction-related brain regions were altered in patients with MS confirmed by fMRI. The finding refreshes the awareness that olfactory disturbance involved just in structural pathology like olfactory bulbs and tracts or olfactory sulcus, which reportedly is responsible for the deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrong OuYang
- Department of Neurology, Suining Central Hospital, Sui Ning 629000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinxu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Suining Central Hospital, Sui Ning 629000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Neurology, Suining Central Hospital, Sui Ning 629000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, People's Republic of China
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17
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Lu J, Testa N, Jordan R, Elyan R, Kanekar S, Wang J, Eslinger P, Yang QX, Zhang B, Karunanayaka PR. Functional Connectivity between the Resting-State Olfactory Network and the Hippocampus in Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9120338. [PMID: 31775369 PMCID: PMC6955985 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory impairment is associated with prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is a risk factor for the development of dementia. AD pathology is known to disrupt brain regions instrumental in olfactory information processing, such as the primary olfactory cortex (POC), the hippocampus, and other temporal lobe structures. This selective vulnerability suggests that the functional connectivity (FC) between the olfactory network (ON), consisting of the POC, insula and orbital frontal cortex (OFC) (Tobia et al., 2016), and the hippocampus may be impaired in early stage AD. Yet, the development trajectory of this potential FC impairment remains unclear. Here, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to investigate FC changes between the ON and hippocampus in four groups: aged-matched cognitively normal (CN), early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI), late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI), and AD. FC was calculated using low frequency fMRI signal fluctuations in the ON and hippocampus (Tobia et al., 2016). We found that the FC between the ON and the right hippocampus became progressively disrupted across disease states, with significant differences between EMCI and LMCI groups. Additionally, there were no significant differences in gray matter hippocampal volumes between EMCI and LMCI groups. Lastly, the FC between the ON and hippocampus was significantly correlated with neuropsychological test scores, suggesting that it is related to cognition in a meaningful way. These findings provide the first in vivo evidence for the involvement of FC between the ON and hippocampus in AD pathology. Results suggest that functional connectivity (FC) between the olfactory network (ON) and hippocampus may be a sensitive marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression, preceding gray matter volume loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Lu
- Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.L.); (N.T.); (R.J.); (R.E.); (P.E.); (Q.X.Y.)
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China;
| | - Nicole Testa
- Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.L.); (N.T.); (R.J.); (R.E.); (P.E.); (Q.X.Y.)
| | - Rebecca Jordan
- Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.L.); (N.T.); (R.J.); (R.E.); (P.E.); (Q.X.Y.)
| | - Rommy Elyan
- Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.L.); (N.T.); (R.J.); (R.E.); (P.E.); (Q.X.Y.)
| | - Sangam Kanekar
- Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.L.); (N.T.); (R.J.); (R.E.); (P.E.); (Q.X.Y.)
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.L.); (N.T.); (R.J.); (R.E.); (P.E.); (Q.X.Y.)
| | - Paul Eslinger
- Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.L.); (N.T.); (R.J.); (R.E.); (P.E.); (Q.X.Y.)
- Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Qing X. Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.L.); (N.T.); (R.J.); (R.E.); (P.E.); (Q.X.Y.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China;
| | - Prasanna R. Karunanayaka
- Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (J.L.); (N.T.); (R.J.); (R.E.); (P.E.); (Q.X.Y.)
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-717-531-6069; Fax: +1-717-531-8486
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18
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Melero H, Borromeo S, Cristobal-Huerta A, Manzanedo E, Luna G, Toledano A, Hernández-Tamames JA. Sex Differences in the Olfactory System: a Functional MRI Study. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-018-9250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Wang J, Rupprecht S, Sun X, Freiberg D, Crowell C, Cartisano E, Vasavada M, Yang QX. A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28784958 DOI: 10.3791/54898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of human olfaction is a highly complex and valuable field with applications ranging from biomedical research to clinical evaluation. Currently, evaluation of the functions of the human central olfactory system with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is still a challenge because of several technical difficulties. There are some significant variables to take into account when considering an effective method for mapping the function of the central olfactory system using fMRI, including proper odorant selection, the interaction between odor presentation and respiration, and potential anticipation of or habituation to odorants. An event-related, respiration-triggered olfactory fMRI technique can accurately administer odorants to stimulate the olfactory system while minimizing potential interference. It can effectively capture the precise onsets of fMRI signals in the primary olfactory cortex using our data post-processing method. The technique presented here provides an efficient and practical means for generating reliable olfactory fMRI results. Such a technique can ultimately be applied in the clinical realm as a diagnostic tool for diseases associated with olfactory degeneration, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as we begin to further understand the complexities of the human olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Wang
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Sebastian Rupprecht
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Diana Freiberg
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Courtney Crowell
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Emma Cartisano
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Megha Vasavada
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Qing X Yang
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine;
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20
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Van de Bittner GC, Riley MM, Cao L, Ehses J, Herrick SP, Ricq EL, Wey HY, O’Neill MJ, Ahmed Z, Murray TK, Smith JE, Wang C, Schroeder FA, Albers MW, Hooker JM. Nasal neuron PET imaging quantifies neuron generation and degeneration. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:681-694. [PMID: 28112682 PMCID: PMC5272198 DOI: 10.1172/jci89162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is broadly associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases and predicts increased mortality rates in healthy individuals. Conventional measurements of olfactory health assess odor processing pathways within the brain and provide a limited understanding of primary odor detection. Quantification of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), which detect odors within the nasal cavity, would provide insight into the etiology of olfactory dysfunction associated with disease and mortality. Notably, OSNs are continually replenished by adult neurogenesis in mammals, including humans, so OSN measurements are primed to provide specialized insights into neurological disease. Here, we have evaluated a PET radiotracer, [11C]GV1-57, that specifically binds mature OSNs and quantifies the mature OSN population in vivo. [11C]GV1-57 monitored native OSN population dynamics in rodents, detecting OSN generation during postnatal development and aging-associated neurodegeneration. [11C]GV1-57 additionally measured rates of neuron regeneration after acute injury and early-stage OSN deficits in a rodent tauopathy model of neurodegenerative disease. Preliminary assessment in nonhuman primates suggested maintained uptake and saturable binding of [18F]GV1-57 in primate nasal epithelium, supporting its translational potential. Future applications for GV1-57 include monitoring additional diseases or conditions associated with olfactory dysregulation, including cognitive decline, as well as monitoring effects of neuroregenerative or neuroprotective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Misha M. Riley
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Luxiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janina Ehses
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Scott P. Herrick
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily L. Ricq
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Michael J. O’Neill
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Zeshan Ahmed
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey K. Murray
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jaclyn E. Smith
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | | | - Mark W. Albers
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
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21
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Vivancos J, Tena N, Morales MT, Aparicio R, García-González DL. A neuroimaging study of pleasant and unpleasant olfactory perceptions of virgin olive oil. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2016. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.0329161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to collect information from neurons that receive direct input from olfactory bulbs when subjects smell virgin olive oil. The pleasant aroma of three extra virgin olive oils (var. Royal, Arbequina and Picual) and three virgin olive oils with sensory defects (rancid, fusty and winey/vinegary) were presented to 14 subjects while a fMRI scan acquired data from the brain activity. Data were subjected to a two-sample t test analysis, which allows a better interpretation of results particularly when data are studied across different subjects. Most of the activations, which were located in the frontal lobe, are related to the olfactory task regardless of the hedonic component of perception (e.g. Brodmann areas 10, 11). Comparing the samples with pleasant and unpleasant aromas, differences were found at the anterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 32), at the temporal lobe (Brodmann area 38), and inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 47), while intense aromas activated Brodmann area 6. The actual perceptions described by the subjects and the concentration of the odorant compounds in the samples were considered in the interpretation of the results.
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22
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Karunanayaka PR, Wilson DA, Vasavada M, Wang J, Martinez B, Tobia MJ, Kong L, Eslinger P, Yang QX. Rapidly acquired multisensory association in the olfactory cortex. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00390. [PMID: 26664785 PMCID: PMC4667761 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of an odor percept in humans is strongly associated with visual information. However, much less is known about the roles of learning and memory in shaping the multisensory nature of odor representations in the brain. METHOD The dynamics of odor and visual association in olfaction was investigated using three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms. In two paradigms, a visual cue was paired with an odor. In the third, the same visual cue was never paired with an odor. In this experimental design, if the visual cue was not influenced by odor-visual pairing, then the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal elicited by subsequent visual cues should be similar across all three paradigms. Additionally, intensity, a major dimension of odor perception, was used as a modulator of associative learning which was characterized in terms of the spatiotemporal behavior of the BOLD signal in olfactory structures. RESULTS A single odor-visual pairing cue could subsequently induce primary olfactory cortex activity when only the visual cue was presented. This activity was intensity dependent and was also detected in secondary olfactory structures and hippocampus. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for a rapid learning response in the olfactory system by a visual cue following odor and visual cue pairing. The novel data and paradigms suggest new avenues to explore the dynamics of odor learning and multisensory representations that contribute to the construction of a unified odor percept in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna R Karunanayaka
- Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research) The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg New York ; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine New York City New York
| | - Megha Vasavada
- Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research) The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research) The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Brittany Martinez
- Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research) The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Tobia
- Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research) The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Public Health Sciences The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Paul Eslinger
- Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research) The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey Pennsylvania ; Department of Neurology The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research) The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey Pennsylvania ; Department of Neurosurgery The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey Pennsylvania
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23
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Tonacci A, Billeci L, Tartarisco G, Ruta L, Muratori F, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. [Formula: see text]Olfaction in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 23:1-25. [PMID: 26340690 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1081678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory function is a well-known early biomarker for neurodegeneration and neural functioning in the adult population, being supported by a number of brain structures that could be dysfunctioning in neurodegenerative processes. Evidence has suggested that atypical sensory and, particularly, olfactory processing is present in several neurodevelopmental conditions, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). In this paper, we present data obtained by a systematic literature review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, regarding the possible association between olfaction and ASDs, and analyze them critically in order to evaluate the occurrence of olfactory impairment in ASDs, as well as the possible usefulness of olfactory evaluation in such conditions. The results obtained in this analysis suggested a possible involvement of olfactory impairment in ASDs, underlining the importance of olfactory evaluation in the clinical assessment of ASDs. This assessment could be potentially included as a complementary evaluation in the diagnostic protocol of the condition. Methods for study selection and inclusion criteria were specified in advance and documented in PROSPERO protocol #CRD42014013939.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tonacci
- a National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Clinical Physiology , IFC-CNR, Pisa Unit , Pisa , Italy
| | - Lucia Billeci
- a National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Clinical Physiology , IFC-CNR, Pisa Unit , Pisa , Italy
| | - Gennaro Tartarisco
- b National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Clinical Physiology , IFC-CNR, Messina Unit , Messina , Italy
| | - Liliana Ruta
- b National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Clinical Physiology , IFC-CNR, Messina Unit , Messina , Italy.,c Department of Developmental Neuroscience , Stella Maris Scientific Institute , Calambrone, Pisa , Italy
| | - Filippo Muratori
- c Department of Developmental Neuroscience , Stella Maris Scientific Institute , Calambrone, Pisa , Italy
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- b National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Clinical Physiology , IFC-CNR, Messina Unit , Messina , Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- d Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University Hospital "G. Martino" , Messina , Italy
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García-Cabezas MÁ, Barbas H. A direct anterior cingulate pathway to the primate primary olfactory cortex may control attention to olfaction. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 219:1735-54. [PMID: 23797208 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and functional studies in humans suggest that attention plays a key role in activating the primary olfactory cortex through an unknown circuit mechanism. We report that a novel pathway from the anterior cingulate cortex, an area which has a key role in attention, projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex in rhesus monkeys, innervating mostly the anterior olfactory nucleus. Axons from the anterior cingulate cortex formed synapses mostly with spines of putative excitatory pyramidal neurons and with a small proportion of a neurochemical class of inhibitory neurons that are thought to have disinhibitory effect on excitatory neurons. This novel pathway from the anterior cingulate is poised to exert a powerful excitatory effect on the anterior olfactory nucleus, which is a critical hub for odorant processing via extensive bilateral connections with primary olfactory cortices and the olfactory bulb. Acting on the anterior olfactory nucleus, the anterior cingulate may activate the entire primary olfactory cortex to mediate the process of rapid attention to olfactory stimuli.
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25
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Kern DW, Wroblewski KE, Schumm LP, Pinto JM, Chen RC, McClintock MK. Olfactory function in Wave 2 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2015; 69 Suppl 2:S134-43. [PMID: 25360014 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbu093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the sense of smell, including sensitivity and odor identification, and characterize the U.S. national prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in older adults, thereby facilitating further investigation of the substantial risks for older adults associated with this basic sensory ability. METHOD The sense of smell was evaluated using the Olfactory Function Field Exam (OFFE), a measure designed specifically for field research, which assesses 3 components of olfaction: sensitivity to n-butanol (a standard testing odorant) and androstadienone (AND, a key social odor produced by humans), as well as the ability to identify odors. Respondents were randomly selected from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project Wave 2 sample to receive the OFFE (n = 2,304), and 2,212 consented to participate. RESULTS In the U.S. population aged 62-90, n-butanol detection ability was significantly worse at older ages (ordinal logistic regression, p < .001); however, there was no difference in detection ability between genders (p = .60). AND detection ability was also significantly worse at older ages (p = .003), but in contrast to n-butanol, women outperformed men (p = .001). As expected, odor identification ability was worse in older people than in younger (p < .001), and women were more accurate than men (p = .001). DISCUSSION We report for the first time 3 facets of olfactory function and its association with age and gender in a representative sample of U.S. older adults. Future analyses of these data are needed to elucidate the sense of smell's role in physical, social, and mental health with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Kern
- Department of Comparative Human Development, Institute for Mind and Biology,
| | | | | | - Jayant M Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | | | - Martha K McClintock
- Department of Comparative Human Development, Institute for Mind and Biology, Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Illinois
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Micarelli A, Pagani M, Chiaravalloti A, Bruno E, Pavone I, Candidi M, Danieli R, Schillaci O, Alessandrini M. Cortical metabolic arrangement during olfactory processing: proposal for a 18F FDG PET/CT methodological approach. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e103. [PMID: 25340494 PMCID: PMC4616321 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to investigate the cortical metabolic arrangements in olfactory processing by using F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography.Twenty-six normosmic individuals (14 women and 12 men; mean age 46.7 ± 10 years) were exposed to a neutral olfactory condition (NC) and, after 1 month, to a pure olfactory condition (OC) in a relatively ecological environment, that is, outside the scanner. All the subjects were injected with 185-210 megabecquerel of F FDG during both stimulations. Statistical parametric mapping version 2 was used in order to assess differences between NC and OC.As a result, we found a significant higher glucose consumption during OC in the cuneus, lingual, and parahippocampal gyri, mainly in the left hemisphere. During NC, our results show a relative higher glucose metabolism in the left superior, inferior, middle, medial frontal, and orbital gyri as well as in the anterior cingulate cortex.The present investigation, performed with a widely available functional imaging clinical tool, may help to better understand the neural responses associated to olfactory processing in healthy individuals and in patients with olfactory disorders by acquiring data in an ecologic, noise-free, and resting condition in which possible cerebral activations related to unwanted attentional processes might be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Micarelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine (AM, EB, IP, MA), Tor Vergata University; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies-CNR (MP), Rome, Italy; Department of Nuclear Medicine (MP), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention (AC, RD, OS), Tor Vergata University; Department of Psychology (MC), "Sapienza" University, Rome; and IRCCS Neuromed (OS), Pozzilli, Italy
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27
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Wang J, Sun X, Yang QX. Methods for olfactory fMRI studies: Implication of respiration. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:3616-24. [PMID: 24302701 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human olfactory system is under-studied using fMRI compared with other sensory systems. Because the perception (intensity, threshold, and valence) and detection of odors are tightly involved with respiration, the subject's respiration pattern modulates and interacts with the experimental paradigm, which presents difficulties for olfactory fMRI data acquisition, post-processing, and interpretation. Based on our investigation on the interactions of odor presentation and subject's respiration, we propose a respiration-triggered event-related olfactory fMRI technique and a data post-processing method that effectively captures precise onsets of olfactory blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the primary olfactory cortex. We compared the olfactory BOLD signals from seventeen normal healthy adults with diverse respiratory patterns and showed that the subjects' respiratory patterns modulated the olfactory stimulation paradigm, which significantly confounded the BOLD signal. The presented experimental technique provides a simple and effective means for generating reliable olfactory fMRI results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Wang
- Departments of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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28
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Karunanayaka P, Eslinger PJ, Wang JL, Weitekamp CW, Molitoris S, Gates KM, Molenaar PCM, Yang QX. Networks involved in olfaction and their dynamics using independent component analysis and unified structural equation modeling. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:2055-72. [PMID: 23818133 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human olfaction is complicated by the myriad of processing demands in conscious perceptual and emotional experiences of odors. Combining functional magnetic resonance imaging with convergent multivariate network analyses, we examined the spatiotemporal behavior of olfactory-generated blood-oxygenated-level-dependent signal in healthy adults. The experimental functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm was found to offset the limitations of olfactory habituation effects and permitted the identification of five functional networks. Analysis delineated separable neuronal circuits that were spatially centered in the primary olfactory cortex, striatum, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rostral prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate, and parietal-occipital junction. We hypothesize that these functional networks subserve primary perceptual, affective/motivational, and higher order olfactory-related cognitive processes. Results provided direct evidence for the existence of parallel networks with top-down modulation for olfactory processing and clearly distinguished brain activations that were sniffing-related versus odor-related. A comprehensive neurocognitive model for olfaction is presented that may be applied to broader translational studies of olfactory function, aging, and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Karunanayaka
- Department of Radiology (Center for NMR Research), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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29
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Seubert J, Freiherr J, Djordjevic J, Lundström JN. Statistical localization of human olfactory cortex. Neuroimage 2012; 66:333-42. [PMID: 23103688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging methods have been used extensively during the last decades to explore the neural substrates of olfactory processing. While a general consensus on the functional anatomy of olfactory cortex is beginning to emerge, the mechanisms behind the functions of individual processing nodes still remain debated. Further, it remains unclear to which extent divergent findings result from differences in methodological approaches. Using Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE), the aim of the present study was to statistically combine all published data on functional neuroimaging of olfaction to provide a probability map reflecting the state of the field to date. Additionally, we grouped studies according to various methodological approaches to investigate whether these systematically affected the reported findings. A total of 45 studies (69 contrasts, 594 foci) met our inclusion criteria. Significant ALE peaks for odor against baseline were observed in areas commonly labeled as primary and secondary olfactory cortex, such as the piriform and orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, anterior insula, and ventral putamen. In addition, differences were observed in the extent to which different methods were able to induce activation in these different nodes of the olfactory network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Johan N Lundström
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Toledano A, Borromeo S, Luna G, Molina E, Solana AB, García-Polo P, Hernández JA, Álvarez-linera J. Estudio objetivo del olfato mediante resonancia magnética funcional. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2012; 63:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otorri.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Toledano A, Borromeo S, Luna G, Molina E, Solana AB, García-Polo P, Hernández JA, Álvarez-linera J. Objective Assessment of Olfactory Function Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otoeng.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kjelvik G, Evensmoen HR, Brezova V, Håberg AK. The human brain representation of odor identification. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108:645-57. [PMID: 22539820 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01036.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Odor identification (OI) tests are increasingly used clinically as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to directly compare the neuronal correlates to identified odors vs. nonidentified odors. Seventeen females with normal olfactory function underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment with postscanning assessment of spontaneous uncued OI. An event-related analysis was performed to compare within-subject activity to spontaneously identified vs. nonidentified odors at the whole brain level, and in anatomic and functional regions of interest (ROIs) in the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Parameter estimate values and blood oxygenated level-dependent (BOLD) signal curves for correctly identified and nonidentified odors were derived from functional ROIs in hippocampus, entorhinal, piriform, and orbitofrontal cortices. Number of activated voxels and max parameter estimate values were obtained from anatomic ROIs in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex. At the whole brain level the correct OI gave rise to increased activity in the left entorhinal cortex and secondary olfactory structures, including the orbitofrontal cortex. Increased activation was also observed in fusiform, primary visual, and auditory cortices, inferior frontal plus inferior temporal gyri. The anatomic MTL ROI analysis showed increased activation in the left entorhinal cortex, right hippocampus, and posterior parahippocampal gyri in correct OI. In the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus the BOLD signal increased specifically in response to identified odors and decreased for nonidentified odors. In orbitofrontal and piriform cortices both identified and nonidentified odors gave rise to an increased BOLD signal, but the response to identified odors was significantly greater than that for nonidentified odors. These results support a specific role for entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in OI, whereas piriform and orbitofrontal cortices are active in both smelling and OI. Moreover, episodic as well as semantic memory systems appeared to support OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grete Kjelvik
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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García-González DL, Vivancos J, Aparicio R. Mapping brain activity induced by olfaction of virgin olive oil aroma. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10200-10210. [PMID: 21838262 DOI: 10.1021/jf202106b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The difficulty of explaining sensory descriptors of virgin olive oil aroma by the analysis of volatile compounds is partially due to the subjective opinions of panelists and the lack of information of the neural mechanisms that ultimately produce a sensory perception. In this study the technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been applied to study brain activity during the smelling of virgin olive oil of different qualities. The volatile compounds of the samples were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography to explain the differences in the aromas presented to the subjects during the fMRI experiments. Comparing the pleasant and unpleasant aromas, the most evident differences in brain activity were found at the anterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 32) and at the temporal lobe (Brodmann area 38). The activations were also observed when subjects smelled dilutions of heptanal and hexanoic acid, both compounds being responsible for off-flavors. Other areas were inherent to the olfaction task (e.g., Brodmann area 10) and to the intensity of the aroma (Brodmann area 6).
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34
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Kupers R, Beaulieu-Lefebvre M, Schneider FC, Kassuba T, Paulson OB, Siebner HR, Ptito M. Neural correlates of olfactory processing in congenital blindness. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:2037-44. [PMID: 21458471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive neuroplastic changes have been well documented in congenitally blind individuals for the processing of tactile and auditory information. By contrast, very few studies have investigated olfactory processing in the absence of vision. There is ample evidence that the olfactory system is highly plastic and that blind individuals rely more on their sense of smell than the sighted do. The olfactory system in the blind is therefore likely to be susceptible to cross-modal changes similar to those observed for the tactile and auditory modalities. To test this hypothesis, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure changes in the blood-oxygenation level-dependent signal in congenitally blind and blindfolded sighted control subjects during a simple odor detection task. We found several group differences in task-related activations. Compared to sighted controls, congenitally blind subjects more strongly activated primary (right amygdala) and secondary (right orbitofrontal cortex and bilateral hippocampus) olfactory areas. In addition, widespread task-related activations were found throughout the whole extent of the occipital cortex in blind but not in sighted participants. The stronger recruitment of the occipital cortex during odor detection demonstrates a preferential access of olfactory stimuli to this area when vision is lacking from birth. This finding expands current knowledge about the supramodal function of the visually deprived occipital cortex in congenital blindness, linking it also to olfactory processing in addition to tactile and auditory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kupers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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35
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Tubaldi F, Turella L, Pierno AC, Grodd W, Tirindelli R, Castiello U. Smelling odors, understanding actions. Soc Neurosci 2010; 6:31-47. [PMID: 20379900 DOI: 10.1080/17470911003691089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence indicates that we understand others' actions not only by perceiving their visual features but also by their sound. This raises the possibility that brain regions responsible for action understanding respond to cues coming from different sensory modalities. Yet no studies, to date, have examined if this extends to olfaction. Here we addressed this issue by using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We searched for brain activity related to the observation of an action executed towards an object that was smelled rather than seen. The results show that temporal, parietal, and frontal areas were activated when individuals observed a hand grasping a smelled object. This activity differed from that evoked during the observation of a mimed grasp. Furthermore, superadditive activity was revealed when the action target-object was both seen and smelled. Together these findings indicate the influence of olfaction on action understanding and its contribution to multimodal action representations.
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Mujica-Parodi LR, Strey HH, Frederick B, Savoy R, Cox D, Botanov Y, Tolkunov D, Rubin D, Weber J. Chemosensory cues to conspecific emotional stress activate amygdala in humans. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6415. [PMID: 19641623 PMCID: PMC2713432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alarm substances are airborne chemical signals, released by an individual into the environment, which communicate emotional stress between conspecifics. Here we tested whether humans, like other mammals, are able to detect emotional stress in others by chemosensory cues. Sweat samples collected from individuals undergoing an acute emotional stressor, with exercise as a control, were pooled and presented to a separate group of participants (blind to condition) during four experiments. In an fMRI experiment and its replication, we showed that scanned participants showed amygdala activation in response to samples obtained from donors undergoing an emotional, but not physical, stressor. An odor-discrimination experiment suggested the effect was primarily due to emotional, and not odor, differences between the two stimuli. A fourth experiment investigated behavioral effects, demonstrating that stress samples sharpened emotion-perception of ambiguous facial stimuli. Together, our findings suggest human chemosensory signaling of emotional stress, with neurobiological and behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilianne R Mujica-Parodi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America.
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Ryan D, Prenzler PD, Saliba AJ, Scollary GR. The significance of low impact odorants in global odour perception. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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